[red-knot] Port type inference tests to new test framework (#13719)

## Summary

Porting infer tests to new markdown tests framework.

Link to the corresponding issue: #13696

---------

Co-authored-by: Carl Meyer <carl@astral.sh>

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/binary/integers.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+## Binary operations on integers
+
+## Basic Arithmetic
+
+```py
+a = 2 + 1
+b = a - 4
+c = a * b
+d = c // 3
+e = c / 3
+f = 5 % 3
+
+reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[3]
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Literal[-1]
+reveal_type(c)  # revealed: Literal[-3]
+reveal_type(d)  # revealed: Literal[-1]
+reveal_type(e)  # revealed: float
+reveal_type(f)  # revealed: Literal[2]
+```
+
+## Division by Zero
+
+```py
+# TODO: `a` should be `int` and `e` should be `float` once we support inference.
+a = 1 / 0  # error: "Cannot divide object of type `Literal[1]` by zero"
+b = 2 // 0  # error: "Cannot floor divide object of type `Literal[2]` by zero"
+c = 3 % 0  # error: "Cannot reduce object of type `Literal[3]` modulo zero"
+d = int() / 0  # error: "Cannot divide object of type `int` by zero"
+e = 1.0 / 0  # error: "Cannot divide object of type `float` by zero"
+
+reveal_type(a)  # revealed: float
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: int
+reveal_type(c)  # revealed: int
+reveal_type(d)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(e)  # revealed: @Todo
+```