[red-knot] Support multiple overloads when binding parameters at call sites (#16568)

This updates the `Signature` and `CallBinding` machinery to support
multiple overloads for a callable. This is currently only used for
`KnownFunction`s that we special-case in our type inference code. It
does **_not_** yet update the semantic index builder to handle
`@overload` decorators and construct a multi-signature `Overloads`
instance for real Python functions.

While I was here, I updated many of the `try_call` special cases to use
signatures (possibly overloaded ones now) and `bind_call` to check
parameter lists. We still need some of the mutator methods on
`OverloadBinding` for the special cases where we need to update return
types based on some Rust code.

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/diagnostics/no_matching_overload.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# No matching overload diagnostics
+
+<!-- snapshot-diagnostics -->
+
+## Calls to overloaded functions
+
+TODO: Note that we do not yet support the `@overload` decorator to define overloaded functions in
+real Python code. We are instead testing a special-cased function where we create an overloaded
+signature internally. Update this to an `@overload` function in the Python snippet itself once we
+can.
+
+```py
+type("Foo", ())  # error: [no-matching-overload]
+```