fix(docs): don't fail rustdoc due to termion (#503 )

Windows cannot compile termion, so it is not included in the docs. Rustdoc will fail if it cannot find a link, so the docs fail to build on windows. This replaces the link to TermionBackend with one that does not fail during checks. Fixes https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/498
fix(Layout): use LruCache for layout cache (#487 )
2023-09-15 09:47:10 -07:00 · 2023-09-14 15:20:38 -07:00 · 2023-09-13 10:48:00 +02:00 · 2023-09-12 12:38:51 -07:00 · 2023-09-12 11:53:43 -07:00 · 2023-09-11 18:39:15 -07:00
145 changed files with 20551 additions and 3372 deletions
--- a/.cargo-husky/hooks/pre-push
+++ b/.cargo-husky/hooks/pre-push
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+if !(command cargo-make >/dev/null 2>&1); then # Check if cargo-make is installed
+    echo Attempting to run cargo-make as part of the pre-push hook but it\'s not installed.
+    echo Please install it by running the following command:
+    echo
+    echo "    cargo install --force cargo-make"
+    echo
+    echo If you don\'t want to run cargo-make as part of the pre-push hook, you can run
+    echo the following command instead of git push:
+    echo
+    echo "    git push --no-verify"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+cargo make ci
--- a/.cz.toml
+++ b/.cz.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# configuration for https://github.com/commitizen/cz-cli
+
+[tool.commitizen]
+name = "cz_customize"
+tag_format = "$version"
+version_type = "semver"
+version_provider = "cargo"
+update_changelog_on_bump = true
+major_version_zero = true
+use_shortcuts = true
+
+[tool.commitizen.customize]
+message_template = """{{change_type}}({{scope}}): {{subject}}
+
+{% if body %}\
+{{body}}\
+{% endif %}
+
+{%if is_breaking_change %}\
+BREAKING_CHANGE: \
+{% endif %}\
+{{footer}}\
+"""
+example = "feature: this feature enable customize through config file"
+schema = "<type>(<scope>): <subject>\n\n<body>\n\n<footer>"
+schema_pattern = "(build|chore|ci|docs|feat|fix|perf|refactor|revert|style|test)\\(\\w+\\):\\s(?P<subject>.*)(\\n\\n(?P<body>.*))?(\\n\\n(?P<footer>.*))?"
+
+# The order needs to be preserved, as it influences the order when executing cz commit/cz c
+
+# Change types
+[[tool.commitizen.customize.questions]]
+type = "list"
+name = "change_type"
+choices = [
+    { value = "build", name = "build: Changes that affect the build system or external dependencies (example scopes: pip, docker, npm)", key = "b" },
+    { value = "chore", name = "chore: A modification that generally does not fall into any other category", key = "c" },
+    { value = "ci", name = "ci: Changes to our CI configuration files and scripts (example scopes: GitLabCI)", key = "i" },
+    { value = "docs", name = "docs: Documentation only changes", key = "d" },
+    { value = "feat", name = "feat: A new feature.", key = "f" },
+    { value = "fix", name = "fix: A bug fix.", key = "x" },
+    { value = "perf", name = "perf: A code change that improves performance", key = "p" },
+    { value = "refactor", name = "refactor: A code change that neither fixes a bug nor adds a feature", key = "r" },
+    { value = "revert", name = "revert: Revert previous commits", key = "v" },
+    { value = "style", name = "style: Changes that do not affect the meaning of the code (white-space, formatting, missing semi-colons, etc)", key = "s" },
+    { value = "test", name = "test: Adding missing or correcting existing tests", key = "t" },
+]
+message = "Select the type of change you are committing"
+
+# The scope of the change, can be a file, class name or other context
+[[tool.commitizen.customize.questions]]
+type = "input"
+name = "scope"
+message = "What is the scope of this change? (class or file name): (press [enter] to skip)\n"
+
+# Summary of the changes
+[[tool.commitizen.customize.questions]]
+"type" = "input"
+"name" = "subject"
+"message" = "Write a short and imperative summary of the code changes: (lower case and no period)\n"
+
+# The commit body, elaborate the changes if need be.
+[[tool.commitizen.customize.questions]]
+type = "input"
+name = "body"
+message = "Provide additional contextual information about the code changes: (press [enter] to skip)\n"
+
+# Specify if the changes are breaking
+[[tool.commitizen.customize.questions]]
+type = "confirm"
+name = "is_breaking_change"
+message = "Is this a BREAKING CHANGE?"
+default = false
+
+# Reference closing issues and share other
+[[tool.commitizen.customize.questions]]
+type = "input"
+name = "footer"
+message = "Footer. Information about Breaking Changes and reference issues that this commit closes: (press [enter] to skip)"
--- a/.editorconfig
+++ b/.editorconfig
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# configuration for https://editorconfig.org
+
+root = true
+
+[*.rs]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+
+[*.yml]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 2
--- a/.github/CODEOWNERS
+++ b/.github/CODEOWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# See https://help.github.com/articles/about-codeowners/
+# for more info about CODEOWNERS file
+
+# It uses the same pattern rule for gitignore file
+# https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore#_pattern_format
+
+# Maintainers
+* @orhun @mindoodoo @sayanarijit @sophacles @joshka @kdheepak
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ assignees: ''
 ---

 <!--
-Hi there, sorry `tui` is not working as expected.
+Hi there, sorry `ratatui` is not working as expected.
 Please fill this bug report conscientiously.
 A detailed and complete issue is more likely to be processed quickly.
 -->
--- a/.github/pull_request_template.md
+++ b/.github/pull_request_template.md
@@ -1,17 +1 @@
-## Description
-<!--
-A clear and concise description of what this PR changes.
-->
-
-## Testing guidelines
-<!--
-A clear and concise description of how the changes can be tested.
-For example, you can include a command to run the relevant tests or examples.
-You can also include screenshots of the expected behavior.
-->
-
-## Checklist
-
-* [ ] I have read the [contributing guidelines](../CONTRIBUTING.md).
-* [ ] I have added relevant tests.
-* [ ] I have documented all new additions.
+<!-- Please read CONTRIBUTING.md before submitting any pull request. -->
--- a/.github/workflows/cd.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cd.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+name: Continuous Deployment
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    # At 00:00 on Saturday
+    # https://crontab.guru/#0_0_*_*_6
+    - cron: "0 0 * * 6"
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - "v*.*.*"
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash
+
+jobs:
+  publish-alpha:
+    name: Create an alpha release
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout the repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: Calculate the next release
+        run: |
+          suffix="alpha"
+          last_tag="$(git tag --sort=committerdate | tail -1)"
+          if [[ "${last_tag}" = *"-${suffix}"* ]]; then
+            # increment the alpha version
+            # e.g. v0.22.1-alpha.12 -> v0.22.1-alpha.13
+            alpha="${last_tag##*-${suffix}.}"
+            next_alpha="$((alpha + 1))"
+            next_tag="${last_tag/%${alpha}/${next_alpha}}"
+          else
+            # increment the patch and start the alpha version from 0
+            # e.g. v0.22.0 -> v0.22.1-alpha.0
+            patch="${last_tag##*.}"
+            next_patch="$((patch + 1))"
+            next_tag="${last_tag/%${patch}/${next_patch}}-${suffix}.0"
+          fi
+          # update the crate version
+          msg="# crate version"
+          sed -E -i "s/^version = .* ${msg}$/version = \"${next_tag#v}\" ${msg}/" Cargo.toml
+          echo "NEXT_TAG=${next_tag}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "Next alpha release: ${next_tag} 🐭"
+
+      - name: Publish on crates.io
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: publish
+          args: --allow-dirty --token ${{ secrets.CARGO_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Generate a changelog
+        uses: orhun/git-cliff-action@v2
+        with:
+          config: cliff.toml
+          args: --unreleased --tag ${{ env.NEXT_TAG }} --strip header
+        env:
+          OUTPUT: BODY.md
+
+      - name: Publish on GitHub
+        uses: ncipollo/release-action@v1
+        with:
+          tag: ${{ env.NEXT_TAG }}
+          prerelease: true
+          bodyFile: BODY.md
+
+  publish-stable:
+    name: Create a stable release
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ startsWith(github.event.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout the repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Publish on crates.io
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: publish
+          args: --token ${{ secrets.CARGO_TOKEN }}
--- a/.github/workflows/check-pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check-pr.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+name: Check Pull Requests
+
+on:
+  pull_request_target:
+    types:
+      - opened
+      - edited
+      - synchronize
+      - labeled
+      - unlabeled
+  merge_group:
+
+permissions:
+  pull-requests: write
+
+jobs:
+  check-title:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Check PR title
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request_target'
+        uses: amannn/action-semantic-pull-request@v5
+        id: check_pr_title
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      # Add comment indicating we require pull request titles to follow conventional commits specification
+      - uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@v2
+        if: always() && (steps.check_pr_title.outputs.error_message != null)
+        with:
+          header: pr-title-lint-error
+          message: |
+            Thank you for opening this pull request!
+
+            We require pull request titles to follow the [Conventional Commits specification](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/) and it looks like your proposed title needs to be adjusted.
+
+            Details:
+
+            > ${{ steps.check_pr_title.outputs.error_message }}
+
+      # Delete a previous comment when the issue has been resolved
+      - if: ${{ steps.check_pr_title.outputs.error_message == null }}
+        uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@v2
+        with:
+          header: pr-title-lint-error
+          delete: true
+
+  check-breaking-change-label:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - name: Check breaking change label
+      id: check_breaking_change
+      run: |
+        pattern='^(build|chore|ci|docs|feat|fix|perf|refactor|revert|style|test)(\(\w+\))?!:'
+        # Check if pattern matches
+        if echo "${{ github.event.pull_request.title }}" | grep -qE "$pattern"; then
+          echo "breaking_change=true" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        else
+          echo "breaking_change=false" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        fi
+    - name: Add label
+      if: steps.check_breaking_change.outputs.breaking_change == 'true'
+      uses: actions/github-script@v6
+      with:
+        github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        script: |
+          github.rest.issues.addLabels({
+            issue_number: context.issue.number,
+            owner: context.repo.owner,
+            repo: context.repo.repo,
+            labels: ['breaking change']
+          })
+
+  do-not-merge:
+    if: ${{ contains(github.event.*.labels.*.name, 'do not merge') }}
+    name: Prevent Merging
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Check for label
+        run: |
+          echo "Pull request is labeled as 'do not merge'"
+          echo "This workflow fails so that the pull request cannot be merged"
+          exit 1
+
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -1,73 +1,157 @@
+name: Continuous Integration
+
 on:
+  # Allows you to run this workflow manually from the Actions tab
+  workflow_dispatch:
  push:
    branches:
-      - master
+      - main
  pull_request:
    branches:
-      - master
+      - main
+  merge_group:

-name: CI
+# ensure that the workflow is only triggered once per PR,  subsequent pushes to the PR will cancel
+# and restart the workflow. See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-jobs/using-concurrency
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true

 env:
-  CI_CARGO_MAKE_VERSION: 0.35.6
+  # don't install husky hooks during CI as they are only needed for for pre-push
+  CARGO_HUSKY_DONT_INSTALL_HOOKS: true

+# lint, clippy and coveraget jobs are intentionally early in the workflow to catch simple
+# formatting, typos, and missing tests as early as possible. This allows us to fix these and
+# resubmit the PR without having to wait for the comprehensive matrix of tests to complete.
 jobs:
-  linux:
-    name: Linux
+  lint:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        rust: ["1.52.1", "stable"]
    steps:
-      - name: "Install dependencies"
-        run: sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev
-      - uses: hecrj/setup-rust-action@967aec96c6a27a0ce15c1dac3aaba332d60565e2
+      - name: Checkout
+        if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Checkout
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
        with:
-          rust-version: ${{ matrix.rust }}
-          components: rustfmt,clippy
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-      - name: "Get cargo bin directory"
-        id: cargo-bin-dir
-        run: echo "::set-output name=dir::$HOME/.cargo/bin"
-      - name: "Cache cargo make"
-        id: cache-cargo-make
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
+          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
+      - name: Install Rust nightly
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
        with:
-          path: ${{ steps.cargo-bin-dir.outputs.dir }}/cargo-make
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.rust }}-cargo-make-${{ env.CI_CARGO_MAKE_VERSION }}
-      - name: "Install cargo-make"
-        if: steps.cache-cargo-make.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: cargo install cargo-make --version ${{ env.CI_CARGO_MAKE_VERSION }}
-      - name: "Format / Build / Test"
-        run: cargo make ci
+          components: rustfmt
+      - name: Install cargo-make
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
+      - name: Check formatting
+        run: cargo make lint-format
+      - name: Check documentation
+        run: cargo make lint-docs
+      - name: Check conventional commits
+        uses: crate-ci/committed@master
+        with:
+          args: "-vv"
+          commits: HEAD
+      - name: Check typos
+        uses: crate-ci/typos@master
+      - name: Lint dependencies
+        uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v1
+
+  clippy:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Install Rust stable
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          components: clippy
+      - name: Install cargo-make
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
+      - name: Run cargo make clippy-all
+        run: cargo make clippy
+
+  coverage:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Install Rust stable
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          components: llvm-tools
+      - name: Install cargo-llvm-cov and cargo-make
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
+        with:
+          tool: cargo-llvm-cov,cargo-make
+      - name: Generate coverage
+        run: cargo make coverage
+      - name: Upload to codecov.io
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          fail_ci_if_error: true
+
+  check:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [ ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest ]
+        toolchain: [ "1.67.0", "stable" ]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Install Rust {{ matrix.toolchain }}
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}
+      - name: Install cargo-make
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
+      - name: Run cargo make check
+        run: cargo make check
        env:
          RUST_BACKTRACE: full
-  windows:
-    name: Windows
-    runs-on: windows-latest
+
+  test-doc:
    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        rust: ["1.52.1", "stable"]
+        os: [ ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest ]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-      - uses: hecrj/setup-rust-action@967aec96c6a27a0ce15c1dac3aaba332d60565e2
-        with:
-          rust-version: ${{ matrix.rust }}
-          components: rustfmt,clippy
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-      - name: "Get cargo bin directory"
-        id: cargo-bin-dir
-        run: echo "::set-output name=dir::$HOME\.cargo\bin"
-      - name: "Cache cargo make"
-        id: cache-cargo-make
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: ${{ steps.cargo-bin-dir.outputs.dir }}\cargo-make.exe
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.rust }}-cargo-make-${{ env.CI_CARGO_MAKE_VERSION }}
-      - name: "Install cargo-make"
-        if: steps.cache-cargo-make.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: cargo install cargo-make --version ${{ env.CI_CARGO_MAKE_VERSION }}
-      - name: "Format / Build / Test"
-        run: cargo make ci
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Install Rust stable
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+      - name: Install cargo-make
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
+      - name: Test docs
+        run: cargo make test-doc
+        env:
+          RUST_BACKTRACE: full
+
+  test:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [ ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest ]
+        toolchain: [ "1.67.0", "stable" ]
+        backend: [ crossterm, termion, termwiz ]
+        exclude:
+          # termion is not supported on windows
+          - os: windows-latest
+            backend: termion
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Install Rust ${{ matrix.toolchain }}}
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}
+      - name: Install cargo-make
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
+      - name: Test ${{ matrix.backend }}
+        run: cargo make test-backend ${{ matrix.backend }}
        env:
          RUST_BACKTRACE: full
--- a/.markdownlint.yaml
+++ b/.markdownlint.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# configuration for https://github.com/DavidAnson/markdownlint
+
+no-inline-html:
+  allowed_elements:
+    - img
+    - details
+    - summary
+line-length:
+  line_length: 100
+
+# to support repeated headers in the changelog
+no-duplicate-heading: false
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -1,33 +1,215 @@
-# Contributing
+# Contribution guidelines

-## Building
+First off, thank you for considering contributing to Ratatui.

-[cargo-make]: https://github.com/sagiegurari/cargo-make "cargo-make"
+If your contribution is not straightforward, please first discuss the change you wish to make by
+creating a new issue before making the change, or starting a discussion on
+[discord](https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj).

-`tui` is an ordinary Rust project where common tasks are managed with [cargo-make].
-It wraps common `cargo` commands with sane defaults depending on your platform of choice.
-Building the project should be as easy as running `cargo make build`.
+## Reporting issues

-## :hammer_and_wrench: Pull requests
+Before reporting an issue on the [issue tracker](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues),
+please check that it has not already been reported by searching for some related keywords. Please
+also check [`tui-rs` issues](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/) and link any related issues
+found.

-All contributions are obviously welcome.
-Please include as many details as possible in your PR description to help the reviewer (follow the provided template).
-Make sure to highlight changes which may need additional attention or you are uncertain about.
-Any idea with a large scale impact on the crate or its users should ideally be discussed in a "Feature Request" issue beforehand.
+## Pull requests
+
+All contributions are obviously welcome. Please include as many details as possible in your PR
+description to help the reviewer (follow the provided template). Make sure to highlight changes
+which may need additional attention or you are uncertain about. Any idea with a large scale impact
+on the crate or its users should ideally be discussed in a "Feature Request" issue beforehand.
+
+### Keep PRs small, intentional and focused
+
+Try to do one pull request per change. The time taken to review a PR grows exponential with the size
+of the change. Small focused PRs will generally be much more faster to review. PRs that include both
+refactoring (or reformatting) with actual changes are more difficult to review as every line of the
+change becomes a place where a bug may have been introduced. Consider splitting refactoring /
+reformatting changes into a separate PR from those that make a behavioral change, as the tests help
+guarantee that the behavior is unchanged.
+
+### Code formatting
+
+Run `cargo make format` before committing to ensure that code is consistently formatted with
+rustfmt. Configuration is in [rustfmt.toml](./rustfmt.toml).
+
+### Search `tui-rs` for similar work
+
+The original fork of Ratatui, [`tui-rs`](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/), has a large amount of
+history of the project. Please search, read, link, and summarize any relevant
+[issues](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/),
+[discussions](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/discussions/) and [pull
+requests](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/pulls).
+
+### Use conventional commits
+
+We use [conventional commits](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/) and check for them as
+a lint build step. To help adhere to the format, we recommend to install
+[Commitizen](https://commitizen-tools.github.io/commitizen/). By using this tool you automatically
+follow the configuration defined in [.cz.toml](.cz.toml). Your commit messages should have enough
+information to help someone reading the [CHANGELOG](./CHANGELOG.md) understand what is new just from
+the title. The summary helps expand on that to provide information that helps provide more context,
+describes the nature of the problem that the commit is solving and any unintuitive effects of the
+change. It's rare that code changes can easily communicate intent, so make sure this is clearly
+documented.
+
+### Clean up your commits
+
+The final version of your PR that will be committed to the repository should be rebased and tested
+against main. Every commit will end up as a line in the changelog, so please squash commits that are
+only formatting or incremental fixes to things brought up as part of the PR review. Aim for a single
+commit (unless there is a strong reason to stack the commits). See [Git Best Practices - On Sausage
+Making](https://sethrobertson.github.io/GitBestPractices/#sausage) for more on this.
+
+### Run CI tests before pushing a PR
+
+We're using [cargo-husky](https://github.com/rhysd/cargo-husky) to automatically run git hooks,
+which will run `cargo make ci` before each push. To initialize the hook  run `cargo test`. If
+`cargo-make` is not installed, it will provide instructions to install it for you. This will ensure
+that your code is formatted, compiles and passes all tests before you push. If you need to skip this
+check, you can use `git push --no-verify`.
+
+### Sign your commits
+
+We use commit signature verification, which will block commits from being merged via the UI unless
+they are signed. To set up your machine to sign commits, see [managing commit signature
+verification](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/managing-commit-signature-verification/about-commit-signature-verification)
+in GitHub docs.
+
+## Implementation Guidelines
+
+### Setup
+
+Clone the repo and build it using [cargo-make](https://sagiegurari.github.io/cargo-make/)
+
+Ratatui is an ordinary Rust project where common tasks are managed with
+[cargo-make](https://github.com/sagiegurari/cargo-make/). It wraps common `cargo` commands with sane
+defaults depending on your platform of choice. Building the project should be as easy as running
+`cargo make build`.
+
+```shell
+git clone https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui.git
+cd ratatui
+cargo make build
+```
+
+### Tests
+
+The [test coverage](https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui) of the crate is reasonably
+good, but this can always be improved. Focus on keeping the tests simple and obvious and write unit
+tests for all new or modified code. Beside the usual doc and unit tests, one of the most valuable
+test you can write for Ratatui is a test against the `TestBackend`. It allows you to assert the
+content of the output buffer that would have been flushed to the terminal after a given draw call.
+See `widgets_block_renders` in [tests/widgets_block.rs](./tests/widget_block.rs) for an example.
+
+When writing tests, generally prefer to write unit tests and doc tests directly in the code file
+being tested rather than integration tests in the `tests/` folder.
+
+If an area that you're making a change in is not tested, write tests to characterize the existing
+behavior before changing it. This helps ensure that we don't introduce bugs to existing software
+using Ratatui (and helps make it easy to migrate apps still using `tui-rs`).
+
+For coverage, we have two [bacon](https://dystroy.org/bacon/) jobs (one for all tests, and one for
+unit tests, keyboard shortcuts `v` and `u` respectively) that run
+[cargo-llvm-cov](https://github.com/taiki-e/cargo-llvm-cov) to report the coverage. Several plugins
+exist to show coverage directly in your editor. E.g.:
+
+- <https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ryanluker.vscode-coverage-gutters>
+- <https://github.com/alepez/vim-llvmcov>
+
+### Documentation
+
+Here are some guidelines for writing documentation in Ratatui.  
+Every public API **must** be documented.
+
+Keep in mind that Ratatui tends to attract beginner Rust users that may not be familiar with Rust
+concepts.
+
+#### Content
+
+The main doc comment should talk about the general features that the widget supports and introduce
+the concepts pointing to the various methods. Focus on interaction with various features and giving
+enough information that helps understand why you might want something.
+
+Examples should help users understand a particular usage, not test a feature. They should be as
+simple as possible.  
+Prefer hiding imports and using wildcards to keep things concise. Some imports may still be shown
+to demonstrate a particular non-obvious import (e.g. `Stylize` trait to use style methods).  
+Speaking of `Stylize`, you should use it over the more verbose style setters:
+
+```rust
+let style = Style::new().red().bold();
+// not
+let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifiers::BOLD);
+```
+
+#### Format
+
+- First line is summary, second is blank, third onward is more detail  
+
+```rust
+/// Summary
+///
+/// A detailed description
+/// with examples.
+fn foo() {}
+```
+
+- Max line length is 100 characters  
+See [vscode rewrap extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=stkb.rewrap)
+
+- Doc comments are above macros  
+i.e.
+
+```rust
+/// doc comment
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Foo {}
+```
+
+- Code items should be between backticks  
+i.e. ``[`Block`]``, **NOT** ``[Block]``
+
+### Use of unsafe for optimization purposes
+
+We don't currently use any unsafe code in Ratatui, and would like to keep it that way. However there
+may be specific cases that this becomes necessary in order to avoid slowness. Please see [this
+discussion](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/discussions/66) for more about the decision.

 ## Continuous Integration

 We use Github Actions for the CI where we perform the following checks:
+
 - The code should compile on `stable` and the Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV).
 - The tests (docs, lib, tests and examples) should pass.
 - The code should conform to the default format enforced by `rustfmt`.
 - The code should not contain common style issues `clippy`.

-You can also check most of those things yourself locally using `cargo make ci` which will offer you a shorter feedback loop.
+You can also check most of those things yourself locally using `cargo make ci` which will offer you
+a shorter feedback loop than pushing to github.

-## Tests
+## Relationship with `tui-rs`

-The test coverage of the crate is far from being ideal but we already have a fair amount of tests in place.
-Beside the usual doc and unit tests, one of the most valuable test you can write for `tui` is a test again the `TestBackend`.
-It allows you to assert the content of the output buffer that would have been flushed to the terminal after a given draw call.
-See `widgets_block_renders` in [tests/widgets_block.rs](./tests/widget_block.rs) for an example.
+This project was forked from [`tui-rs`](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/) in February 2023, with the
+[blessing of the original author](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/654), Florian Dehau
+([@fdehau](https://github.com/fdehau)).
+
+The original repository contains all the issues, PRs and discussion that were raised originally, and
+it is useful to refer to when contributing code, documentation, or issues with Ratatui.
+
+We imported all the PRs from the original repository and implemented many of the smaller ones and
+made notes on the leftovers. These are marked as draft PRs and labelled as [imported from
+tui](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22imported+from+tui%22).
+We have documented the current state of those PRs, and anyone is welcome to pick them up and
+continue the work on them.
+
+We have not imported all issues opened on the previous repository. For that reason, anyone wanting
+to **work on or discuss** an issue will have to follow the following workflow:
+
+- Recreate the issue
+- Start by referencing the **original issue**: ```Referencing issue #[<issue number>](<original
+  issue link>)```
+- Then, paste the original issues **opening** text
+
+You can then resume the conversation by replying to this new issue you have created.
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,95 +1,221 @@
 [package]
-name = "tui"
-version = "0.16.0"
-authors = ["Florian Dehau <work@fdehau.com>"]
-description = """
-A library to build rich terminal user interfaces or dashboards
-"""
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/tui/0.16.0/tui/"
+name = "ratatui"
+version = "0.23.0" # crate version
+authors = ["Florian Dehau <work@fdehau.com>", "The Ratatui Developers"]
+description = "A library that's all about cooking up terminal user interfaces"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/"
 keywords = ["tui", "terminal", "dashboard"]
-repository = "https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs"
+repository = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
-exclude = ["assets/*", ".github", "Makefile.toml", "CONTRIBUTING.md", "*.log", "tags"]
+exclude = [
+  "assets/*",
+  ".github",
+  "Makefile.toml",
+  "CONTRIBUTING.md",
+  "*.log",
+  "tags",
+]
 autoexamples = true
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
+rust-version = "1.67.0"

 [badges]

-[features]
-default = ["crossterm"]
-
 [dependencies]
-tracing = "0.1"
-bitflags = "1.3"
+#! The crate provides a set of optional features that can be enabled in your `cargo.toml` file.
+#!
+#! Generally an application will only use one backend, so you should only enable one of the following features:
+## enables the [`CrosstermBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Crossterm crate].
+crossterm = { version = "0.27", optional = true }
+## enables the [`TermionBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Termion crate].
+termion = { version = "2.0", optional = true }
+## enables the [`TermwizBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Termwiz crate].
+termwiz = { version = "0.20.0", optional = true }
+
+serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["derive"] }
+bitflags = "2.3"
 cassowary = "0.3"
-unicode-segmentation = "1.2"
+indoc = "2.0"
+itertools = "0.11"
+paste = "1.0.2"
+strum = { version = "0.25", features = ["derive"] }
+time = { version = "0.3.11", optional = true, features = ["local-offset"] }
+unicode-segmentation = "1.10"
 unicode-width = "0.1"
-termion = { version = "1.5", optional = true }
-crossterm = { version = "0.22", optional = true }
-serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["derive"]}
+document-features = { version = "0.2.7", optional = true }
+lru = "0.11.1"

 [dev-dependencies]
-tracing-subscriber = "0.2"
-rand = "0.8"
+anyhow = "1.0.71"
 argh = "0.1"
+better-panic = "0.3.0"
+cargo-husky = { version = "1.5.0", default-features = false, features = [
+  "user-hooks",
+] }
+criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
+fakeit = "1.1"
+rand = "0.8"
+pretty_assertions = "1.4.0"
+
+[features]
+default = ["crossterm"]
+#! The following optional features are available for all backends:
+## enables serialization and deserialization of style and color types using the [Serde crate].
+## This is useful if you want to save themes to a file.
+serde = ["dep:serde", "bitflags/serde"]
+
+## enables the [`border!`] macro.
+macros = []
+
+## enables all widgets.
+all-widgets = ["widget-calendar"]
+
+#! Widgets that add dependencies are gated behind feature flags to prevent unused transitive
+#! dependencies. The available features are:
+## enables the [`calendar`] widget module and adds a dependency on the [Time crate].
+widget-calendar = ["dep:time"]
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+all-features = true
+# see https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustdoc/scraped-examples.html
+cargo-args = ["-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples"]
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "barchart"
+harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "block"
+harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "list"
+harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "paragraph"
+harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "sparkline"
+harness = false
+

 [[example]]
 name = "barchart"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true

 [[example]]
 name = "block"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true

 [[example]]
 name = "canvas"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
+[[example]]
+name = "calendar"
+required-features = ["crossterm", "widget-calendar"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true

 [[example]]
 name = "chart"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
+[[example]]
+name = "colors"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+# this example is a bit verbose, so we don't want to include it in the docs
+doc-scrape-examples = false
+
+[[example]]
+name = "colors_rgb"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true

 [[example]]
 name = "custom_widget"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
+[[example]]
+name = "demo"
+# this runs for all of the terminal backends, so it can't be built using --all-features or scraped
+doc-scrape-examples = false

 [[example]]
 name = "gauge"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
+[[example]]
+name = "hello_world"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true

 [[example]]
 name = "layout"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true

 [[example]]
 name = "list"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
+[[example]]
+name = "modifiers"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+# this example is a bit verbose, so we don't want to include it in the docs
+doc-scrape-examples = false
+
+[[example]]
+name = "panic"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true

 [[example]]
 name = "paragraph"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true

 [[example]]
 name = "popup"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
+[[example]]
+name = "scrollbar"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true

 [[example]]
 name = "sparkline"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true

 [[example]]
 name = "table"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true

 [[example]]
 name = "tabs"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true

 [[example]]
 name = "user_input"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true

 [[example]]
 name = "inline"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
--- a/3
+++ b/3
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)

-Copyright (c) 2016 Florian Dehau
+Copyright (c) 2016-2022 Florian Dehau
+Copyright (c) 2023 The Ratatui Developers

 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
--- a/Makefile.toml
+++ b/Makefile.toml
@@ -1,130 +1,133 @@
+# configuration for https://github.com/sagiegurari/cargo-make
+
 [config]
 skip_core_tasks = true

+[env]
+# all features except the backend ones
+ALL_FEATURES = "all-widgets,macros,serde"
+
+# Windows does not support building termion, so this avoids the build failure by providing two
+# sets of flags, one for Windows and one for other platforms.
+# Windows: --features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termwiz
+# Other: --all-features
+ALL_FEATURES_FLAG = { source = "${CARGO_MAKE_RUST_TARGET_OS}", default_value = "--all-features", mapping = { "windows" = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termwiz" } }
+
+[tasks.default]
+alias = "ci"
+
 [tasks.ci]
-run_task = [
-    { name = "ci-unix", condition = { platforms = ["linux", "mac"] } },
-    { name = "ci-windows", condition = { platforms = ["windows"] } },
-]
+description = "Run continuous integration tasks"
+dependencies = ["lint-style", "clippy", "check", "test"]

-[tasks.ci-unix]
-private = true
-dependencies = [
-    "fmt",
-    "check-crossterm",
-    "check-termion",
-    "test-crossterm",
-    "test-termion",
-    "clippy-crossterm",
-    "clippy-termion",
-    "test-doc",
-]
+[tasks.lint-style]
+description = "Lint code style (formatting, typos, docs)"
+dependencies = ["lint-format", "lint-typos", "lint-docs"]

-[tasks.ci-windows]
-private = true
-dependencies = [
-    "fmt",
-    "check-crossterm",
-    "test-crossterm",
-    "clippy-crossterm",
-    "test-doc",
-]
+[tasks.lint-format]
+description = "Lint code formatting"
+toolchain = "nightly"
+command = "cargo"
+args = ["fmt", "--all", "--check"]

-[tasks.fmt]
+[tasks.format]
+description = "Fix code formatting"
+toolchain = "nightly"
+command = "cargo"
+args = ["fmt", "--all"]
+
+[tasks.lint-typos]
+description = "Run typo checks"
+install_crate = { crate_name = "typos-cli", binary = "typos", test_arg = "--version" }
+command = "typos"
+
+[tasks.lint-docs]
+description = "Check documentation for errors and warnings"
+toolchain = "nightly"
 command = "cargo"
 args = [
-  "fmt",
-  "--all",
+  "rustdoc",
+  "--no-default-features",
+  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
  "--",
+  "-Zunstable-options",
  "--check",
+  "-Dwarnings",
 ]

-[tasks.check-crossterm]
-env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,crossterm" }
-run_task = "check"
-
-[tasks.check-termion]
-env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termion" }
-run_task = "check"
-
 [tasks.check]
+description = "Check code for errors and warnings"
 command = "cargo"
-condition = { env_set = ["TUI_FEATURES"] }
 args = [
  "check",
-  "--no-default-features",
-  "--features",
-  "${TUI_FEATURES}",
  "--all-targets",
+  "--no-default-features",
+  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
 ]

-[tasks.build-crossterm]
-env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,crossterm" }
-run_task = "build"
-
-[tasks.build-termion]
-env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termion" }
-run_task = "build"
-
 [tasks.build]
+description = "Compile the project"
 command = "cargo"
-condition = { env_set = ["TUI_FEATURES"] }
 args = [
  "build",
-  "--no-default-features",
-  "--features",
-  "${TUI_FEATURES}",
  "--all-targets",
+  "--no-default-features",
+  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
 ]

-[tasks.clippy-crossterm]
-env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,crossterm" }
-run_task = "clippy"
-
-[tasks.clippy-termion]
-env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termion" }
-run_task = "clippy"
-
 [tasks.clippy]
+description = "Run Clippy for linting"
 command = "cargo"
-condition = { env_set = ["TUI_FEATURES"] }
 args = [
  "clippy",
  "--all-targets",
+  "--tests",
+  "--benches",
  "--no-default-features",
-  "--features",
-  "${TUI_FEATURES}",
+  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
  "--",
  "-D",
  "warnings",
 ]

-[tasks.test-crossterm]
-env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,crossterm" }
-run_task = "test"
-
-[tasks.test-termion]
-env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termion" }
-run_task = "test"
-
 [tasks.test]
+description = "Run tests"
+dependencies = ["test-doc"]
 command = "cargo"
-condition = { env_set = ["TUI_FEATURES"] }
 args = [
  "test",
+  "--all-targets",
  "--no-default-features",
-  "--features",
-  "${TUI_FEATURES}",
-  "--lib",
-  "--tests",
-  "--examples",
+  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
 ]

 [tasks.test-doc]
+description = "Run documentation tests"
+command = "cargo"
+args = ["test", "--doc", "--no-default-features", "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}"]
+
+[tasks.test-backend]
+# takes a command line parameter to specify the backend to test (e.g. "crossterm")
+description = "Run backend-specific tests"
 command = "cargo"
 args = [
  "test",
-  "--doc",
+  "--all-targets",
+  "--no-default-features",
+  "--features",
+  "${ALL_FEATURES},${@}",
+]
+
+[tasks.coverage]
+description = "Generate code coverage report"
+command = "cargo"
+args = [
+  "llvm-cov",
+  "--lcov",
+  "--output-path",
+  "target/lcov.info",
+  "--no-default-features",
+  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
 ]

 [tasks.run-example]
@@ -132,21 +135,21 @@ private = true
 condition = { env_set = ["TUI_EXAMPLE_NAME"] }
 command = "cargo"
 args = [
-    "run",
-    "--release",
-    "--example",
-    "${TUI_EXAMPLE_NAME}"
+  "run",
+  "--release",
+  "--example",
+  "${TUI_EXAMPLE_NAME}",
+  "--features",
+  "all-widgets",
 ]

 [tasks.build-examples]
+description = "Compile project examples"
 command = "cargo"
-args = [
-    "build",
-    "--examples",
-    "--release"
-]
+args = ["build", "--examples", "--release", "--features", "all-widgets"]

 [tasks.run-examples]
+description = "Run project examples"
 dependencies = ["build-examples"]
 script = '''
 #!@duckscript
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,119 +1,259 @@
-# tui-rs
+# Ratatui

-[![Build Status](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/actions?query=workflow%3ACI+)
-[![Crate Status](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/tui.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/tui)
-[![Docs Status](https://docs.rs/tui/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/crate/tui/)
+<img align="left" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/125200832?s=128&v=4">

-<img src="./assets/demo.gif" alt="Demo cast under Linux Termite with Inconsolata font 12pt">
+`ratatui` is a [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org) library that is all about cooking up terminal user interfaces.
+It is a community fork of the original [tui-rs](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs)
+project.

-`tui-rs` is a [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org) library to build rich terminal
-user interfaces and dashboards. It is heavily inspired by the `Javascript`
-library [blessed-contrib](https://github.com/yaronn/blessed-contrib) and the
-`Go` library [termui](https://github.com/gizak/termui).
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square)](https://crates.io/crates/ratatui)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square)](./LICENSE) [![GitHub CI
+Status](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github)](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions?query=workflow%3ACI+)
+[![Docs.rs](https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square)](https://docs.rs/crate/ratatui/)  
+[![Dependency
+Status](https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui/status.svg?style=flat-square)](https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui)
+[![Codecov](https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST)](https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui)
+[![Discord](https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square)](https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj)
+[![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix)](https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org)

-The library supports multiple backends:
-  - [crossterm](https://github.com/crossterm-rs/crossterm) [default]
-  - [termion](https://github.com/ticki/termion)
+<!-- See RELEASE.md for instructions on creating the demo gif --->
+![Demo of Ratatui](https://vhs.charm.sh/vhs-tF0QbuPbtHgUeG0sTVgFr.gif)

-The library is based on the principle of immediate rendering with intermediate
-buffers. This means that at each new frame you should build all widgets that are
-supposed to be part of the UI. While providing a great flexibility for rich and
-interactive UI, this may introduce overhead for highly dynamic content. So, the
-implementation try to minimize the number of ansi escapes sequences generated to
-draw the updated UI. In practice, given the speed of `Rust` the overhead rather
-comes from the terminal emulator than the library itself.
+<details>
+<summary>Table of Contents</summary>

-Moreover, the library does not provide any input handling nor any event system and
-you may rely on the previously cited libraries to achieve such features.
+* [Ratatui](#ratatui)
+  * [Installation](#installation)
+  * [Introduction](#introduction)
+  * [Quickstart](#quickstart)
+  * [Status of this fork](#status-of-this-fork)
+  * [Rust version requirements](#rust-version-requirements)
+  * [Documentation](#documentation)
+  * [Examples](#examples)
+  * [Widgets](#widgets)
+    * [Built in](#built-in)
+    * [Third\-party libraries, bootstrapping templates and
+      widgets](#third-party-libraries-bootstrapping-templates-and-widgets)
+  * [Apps](#apps)
+  * [Alternatives](#alternatives)
+  * [Contributors](#contributors)
+  * [Acknowledgments](#acknowledgments)
+  * [License](#license)

-### Rust version requirements
+</details>

-Since version 0.17.0, `tui` requires **rustc version 1.52.1 or greater**.
-
-### [Documentation](https://docs.rs/tui)
-
-### Demo
-
-The demo shown in the gif can be run with all available backends.
+## Installation

+```shell
+cargo add ratatui --features all-widgets
 ```
+
+Or modify your `Cargo.toml`
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+ratatui = { version = "0.23.0", features = ["all-widgets"]}
+```
+
+## Introduction
+
+`ratatui` is a terminal UI library that supports multiple backends:
+
+* [crossterm](https://github.com/crossterm-rs/crossterm) [default]
+* [termion](https://github.com/ticki/termion)
+* [termwiz](https://github.com/wez/wezterm/tree/master/termwiz)
+
+The library is based on the principle of immediate rendering with intermediate buffers. This means
+that at each new frame you should build all widgets that are supposed to be part of the UI. While
+providing a great flexibility for rich and interactive UI, this may introduce overhead for highly
+dynamic content. So, the implementation try to minimize the number of ansi escapes sequences
+generated to draw the updated UI. In practice, given the speed of `Rust` the overhead rather comes
+from the terminal emulator than the library itself.
+
+Moreover, the library does not provide any input handling nor any event system and you may rely on
+the previously cited libraries to achieve such features.
+
+We keep a [CHANGELOG](./CHANGELOG.md) generated by [git-cliff](https://github.com/orhun/git-cliff)
+utilizing [Conventional Commits](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/).
+
+## Quickstart
+
+The following example demonstrates the minimal amount of code necessary to setup a terminal and
+render "Hello World!". The full code for this example which contains a little more detail is in
+[hello_world.rs](./examples/hello_world.rs). For more guidance on how to create Ratatui apps, see
+the [Docs](https://docs.rs/ratatui) and [Examples](#examples). There is also a starter template
+available at [rust-tui-template](https://github.com/ratatui-org/rust-tui-template).
+
+```rust
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let mut terminal = setup_terminal()?;
+    run(&mut terminal)?;
+    restore_terminal(&mut terminal)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    Ok(Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout))?)
+}
+
+fn restore_terminal(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>,
+) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen,)?;
+    Ok(terminal.show_cursor()?)
+}
+
+fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    Ok(loop {
+        terminal.draw(|frame| {
+            let greeting = Paragraph::new("Hello World!");
+            frame.render_widget(greeting, frame.size());
+        })?;
+        if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250))? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if KeyCode::Char('q') == key.code {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+```
+
+## Status of this fork
+
+In response to the original maintainer [**Florian Dehau**](https://github.com/fdehau)'s issue
+regarding the [future of `tui-rs`](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/654), several members of
+the community forked the project and created this crate. We look forward to continuing the work
+started by Florian 🚀
+
+In order to organize ourselves, we currently use a [Discord server](https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj),
+feel free to join and come chat! There is also a [Matrix](https://matrix.org/) bridge available at
+[#ratatui:matrix.org](https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org).
+
+While we do utilize Discord for coordinating, it's not essential for contributing.
+Our primary open-source workflow is centered around GitHub.
+For significant discussions, we rely on GitHub — please open an issue, a discussion or a PR.
+
+Please make sure you read the updated [contributing](./CONTRIBUTING.md) guidelines, especially if
+you are interested in working on a PR or issue opened in the previous repository.
+
+## Rust version requirements
+
+Since version 0.23.0, The Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) of `ratatui` is 1.67.0.
+
+## Documentation
+
+The documentation can be found on [docs.rs.](https://docs.rs/ratatui)
+
+## Examples
+
+The demo shown in the gif above is available on all available backends.
+
+```shell
 # crossterm
-cargo run --example demo --release -- --tick-rate 200
+cargo run --example demo
 # termion
-cargo run --example demo --no-default-features --features=termion --release -- --tick-rate 200
+cargo run --example demo --no-default-features --features=termion
+# termwiz
+cargo run --example demo --no-default-features --features=termwiz
 ```

-where `tick-rate` is the UI refresh rate in ms.
+The UI code for this is in [examples/demo/ui.rs](./examples/demo/ui.rs) while the application state
+is in [examples/demo/app.rs](./examples/demo/app.rs).

-The UI code is in [examples/demo/ui.rs](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/examples/demo/ui.rs) while the
-application state is in [examples/demo/app.rs](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/examples/demo/app.rs).
+If the user interface contains glyphs that are not displayed correctly by your terminal, you may
+want to run the demo without those symbols:

-If the user interface contains glyphs that are not displayed correctly by your terminal, you may want to run
-the demo without those symbols:
-
-```
+```shell
 cargo run --example demo --release -- --tick-rate 200 --enhanced-graphics false
 ```

-### Widgets
+More examples are available in the [examples](./examples/) folder.

-The library comes with the following list of widgets:
+## Widgets

-  * [Block](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/examples/block.rs)
-  * [Gauge](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/examples/gauge.rs)
-  * [Sparkline](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/examples/sparkline.rs)
-  * [Chart](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/examples/chart.rs)
-  * [BarChart](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/examples/barchart.rs)
-  * [List](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/examples/list.rs)
-  * [Table](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/examples/table.rs)
-  * [Paragraph](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/examples/paragraph.rs)
-  * [Canvas (with line, point cloud, map)](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/examples/canvas.rs)
-  * [Tabs](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/examples/tabs.rs)
+### Built in

-Click on each item to see the source of the example. Run the examples with with 
-cargo (e.g. to run the gauge example `cargo run --example gauge`), and quit by pressing `q`.
+The library comes with the following
+[widgets](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/index.html):

-You can run all examples by running `cargo make run-examples` (require
-`cargo-make` that can be installed with `cargo install cargo-make`).
+* [BarChart](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.BarChart.html)
+* [Block](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/block/struct.Block.html)
+* [Calendar](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/calendar/index.html)
+* [Canvas](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/canvas/struct.Canvas.html) which allows
+  rendering [points, lines, shapes and a world
+  map](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/canvas/index.html)
+* [Chart](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Chart.html)
+* [Clear](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Clear.html)
+* [Gauge](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Gauge.html)
+* [List](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.List.html)
+* [Paragraph](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Paragraph.html)
+* [Scrollbar](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/scrollbar/struct.Scrollbar.html)
+* [Sparkline](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Sparkline.html)
+* [Table](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Table.html)
+* [Tabs](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Tabs.html)

-### Third-party widgets
+Each widget has an associated example which can be found in the [examples](./examples/) folder. Run
+each examples with cargo (e.g. to run the gauge example `cargo run --example gauge`), and quit by
+pressing `q`.

-* [tui-logger](https://github.com/gin66/tui-logger)
+You can also run all examples by running `cargo make run-examples` (requires `cargo-make` that can
+be installed with `cargo install cargo-make`).

-### Apps using tui
+### Third-party libraries, bootstrapping templates and widgets

-* [spotify-tui](https://github.com/Rigellute/spotify-tui)
-* [bandwhich](https://github.com/imsnif/bandwhich)
-* [kmon](https://github.com/orhun/kmon)
-* [gpg-tui](https://github.com/orhun/gpg-tui)
-* [ytop](https://github.com/cjbassi/ytop)
-* [zenith](https://github.com/bvaisvil/zenith)
-* [bottom](https://github.com/ClementTsang/bottom)
-* [oha](https://github.com/hatoo/oha)
-* [gitui](https://github.com/extrawurst/gitui)
-* [rust-sadari-cli](https://github.com/24seconds/rust-sadari-cli)
-* [desed](https://github.com/SoptikHa2/desed)
-* [diskonaut](https://github.com/imsnif/diskonaut)
-* [tickrs](https://github.com/tarkah/tickrs)
-* [rusty-krab-manager](https://github.com/aryakaul/rusty-krab-manager)
-* [termchat](https://github.com/lemunozm/termchat)
-* [taskwarrior-tui](https://github.com/kdheepak/taskwarrior-tui)
-* [gping](https://github.com/orf/gping/)
-* [Vector](https://vector.dev)
-* [KDash](https://github.com/kdash-rs/kdash)
-* [xplr](https://github.com/sayanarijit/xplr)
-* [minesweep](https://github.com/cpcloud/minesweep-rs)
-* [Battleship.rs](https://github.com/deepu105/battleship-rs)
-* [termscp](https://github.com/veeso/termscp)
-* [joshuto](https://github.com/kamiyaa/joshuto)
-* [adsb_deku/radar](https://github.com/wcampbell0x2a/adsb_deku#radar-tui)
-* [hoard](https://github.com/Hyde46/hoard)
+* [ansi-to-tui](https://github.com/uttarayan21/ansi-to-tui) — Convert ansi colored text to
+  `ratatui::text::Text`
+* [color-to-tui](https://github.com/uttarayan21/color-to-tui) — Parse hex colors to
+  `ratatui::style::Color`
+* [rust-tui-template](https://github.com/ratatui-org/rust-tui-template) — A template for bootstrapping a
+  Rust TUI application with Tui-rs & crossterm
+* [simple-tui-rs](https://github.com/pmsanford/simple-tui-rs) — A simple example tui-rs app
+* [tui-builder](https://github.com/jkelleyrtp/tui-builder) — Batteries-included MVC framework for
+  Tui-rs + Crossterm apps
+* [tui-clap](https://github.com/kegesch/tui-clap-rs) — Use clap-rs together with Tui-rs
+* [tui-log](https://github.com/kegesch/tui-log-rs) — Example of how to use logging with Tui-rs
+* [tui-logger](https://github.com/gin66/tui-logger) — Logger and Widget for Tui-rs
+* [tui-realm](https://github.com/veeso/tui-realm) — Tui-rs framework to build stateful applications
+  with a React/Elm inspired approach
+* [tui-realm-treeview](https://github.com/veeso/tui-realm-treeview) — Treeview component for
+  Tui-realm
+* [tui-rs-tree-widgets](https://github.com/EdJoPaTo/tui-rs-tree-widget): Widget for tree data
+  structures.
+* [tui-windows](https://github.com/markatk/tui-windows-rs) — Tui-rs abstraction to handle multiple
+  windows and their rendering
+* [tui-textarea](https://github.com/rhysd/tui-textarea): Simple yet powerful multi-line text editor
+  widget supporting several key shortcuts, undo/redo, text search, etc.
+* [tui-input](https://github.com/sayanarijit/tui-input): TUI input library supporting multiple
+  backends and tui-rs.
+* [tui-term](https://github.com/a-kenji/tui-term): A pseudoterminal widget library
+  that enables the rendering of terminal applications as ratatui widgets.

-### Alternatives
+## Apps

-You might want to checkout [Cursive](https://github.com/gyscos/Cursive) for an
-alternative solution to build text user interfaces in Rust.
+Check out the list of more than 50 [Apps using
+`Ratatui`](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/wiki/Apps-using-Ratatui)!
+
+## Alternatives
+
+You might want to checkout [Cursive](https://github.com/gyscos/Cursive) for an alternative solution
+to build text user interfaces in Rust.
+
+## Contributors
+
+[![GitHub
+Contributors](https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=ratatui-org/ratatui)](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/graphs/contributors)
+
+## Acknowledgments
+
+Special thanks to [**Pavel Fomchenkov**](https://github.com/nawok) for his work in designing **an
+awesome logo** for the ratatui project and ratatui-org organization.

 ## License

-[MIT](LICENSE)
+[MIT](./LICENSE)
--- a/RELEASE.md
+++ b/RELEASE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Creating a Release
+
+[crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/ratatui) releases are automated via [GitHub
+actions](.github/workflows/cd.yml) and triggered by pushing a tag.
+
+1. Record a new demo gif if necessary. The preferred tool for this is
+[vhs](https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs) (installation instructions in README).
+
+   ```shell
+   cargo build --example demo
+   vhs examples/demo.tape --publish --quiet
+   ```
+
+   Then update the link in the [examples README](./examples/README) and the main README. Avoid
+   adding the gif to the git repo as binary files tend to bloat repositories.
+
+1. Bump the version in [Cargo.toml](Cargo.toml).
+1. Bump versions in the doc comments of [lib.rs](src/lib.rs).
+1. Ensure [CHANGELOG.md](CHANGELOG.md) is updated. [git-cliff](https://github.com/orhun/git-cliff)
+   can be used for generating the entries.
+1. Commit and push the changes.
+1. Create a new tag: `git tag -a v[X.Y.Z]`
+1. Push the tag: `git push --tags`
+1. Wait for [Continuous Deployment](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions) workflow to
+   finish.
--- a/assets/demo.gif
+++ b/assets/demo.gif
--- a/assets/favicon.ico
+++ b/assets/favicon.ico
--- a/assets/logo.png
+++ b/assets/logo.png
--- a/bacon.toml
+++ b/bacon.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# This is a configuration file for the bacon tool
+#
+# Bacon repository: https://github.com/Canop/bacon
+# Complete help on configuration: https://dystroy.org/bacon/config/
+# You can also check bacon's own bacon.toml file
+#  as an example: https://github.com/Canop/bacon/blob/main/bacon.toml
+
+default_job = "check"
+
+[jobs.check]
+command = ["cargo", "check", "--all-features", "--color", "always"]
+need_stdout = false
+
+[jobs.check-all]
+command = ["cargo", "check", "--all-targets", "--all-features", "--color", "always"]
+need_stdout = false
+
+[jobs.check-crossterm]
+command = ["cargo", "check", "--color", "always", "--all-targets", "--no-default-features", "--features", "crossterm"]
+need_stdout = false
+
+[jobs.check-termion]
+command = ["cargo", "check", "--color", "always", "--all-targets", "--no-default-features", "--features", "termion"]
+need_stdout = false
+
+[jobs.check-termwiz]
+command = ["cargo", "check", "--color", "always", "--all-targets", "--no-default-features", "--features", "termwiz"]
+need_stdout = false
+
+[jobs.clippy]
+command = [
+    "cargo", "clippy",
+    "--all-targets",
+    "--color", "always",
+]
+need_stdout = false
+
+[jobs.test]
+command = [
+    "cargo", "test",
+    "--all-features",
+    "--color", "always",
+    "--", "--color", "always", # see https://github.com/Canop/bacon/issues/124
+]
+need_stdout = true
+
+[jobs.doc]
+command = [
+    "cargo", "+nightly", "doc",
+    "-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples",
+    "--all-features",
+    "--color", "always",
+    "--no-deps",
+]
+env.RUSTDOCFLAGS = "--cfg docsrs"
+need_stdout = false
+
+# If the doc compiles, then it opens in your browser and bacon switches
+# to the previous job
+[jobs.doc-open]
+command = [
+    "cargo", "+nightly", "doc",
+    "-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples",
+    "--all-features",
+    "--color", "always",
+    "--no-deps",
+    "--open",
+]
+env.RUSTDOCFLAGS = "--cfg docsrs"
+need_stdout = false
+on_success = "job:doc" # so that we don't open the browser at each change
+
+[jobs.coverage]
+command = [
+    "cargo", "llvm-cov",
+    "--lcov", "--output-path", "target/lcov.info",
+    "--all-features", 
+    "--color", "always",
+]
+
+[jobs.coverage-unit-tests-only]
+command = [
+    "cargo", "llvm-cov",
+    "--lcov", "--output-path", "target/lcov.info",
+    "--lib",
+    "--all-features",
+    "--color", "always",
+]
+
+# You may define here keybindings that would be specific to
+# a project, for example a shortcut to launch a specific job.
+# Shortcuts to internal functions (scrolling, toggling, etc.)
+# should go in your personal global prefs.toml file instead.
+[keybindings]
+# alt-m = "job:my-job"
+ctrl-c = "job:check-crossterm"
+ctrl-t = "job:check-termion"
+ctrl-w = "job:check-termwiz"
+v = "job:coverage"
+u = "job:coverage-unit-tests-only"
--- a/benches/barchart.rs
+++ b/benches/barchart.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use rand::Rng;
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    prelude::Direction,
+    widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Widget},
+};
+
+/// Benchmark for rendering a barchart.
+pub fn barchart(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("barchart");
+    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+
+    for data_count in [64, 256, 2048] {
+        let data: Vec<Bar> = (0..data_count)
+            .map(|i| {
+                Bar::default()
+                    .label(format!("B{i}").into())
+                    .value(rng.gen_range(0..data_count))
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let bargroup = BarGroup::default().bars(&data);
+
+        // Render a basic barchart
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("render", data_count),
+            &BarChart::default().data(bargroup.clone()),
+            render,
+        );
+
+        // Render an horizontal barchart
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("render_horizontal", data_count),
+            &BarChart::default()
+                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+                .data(bargroup.clone()),
+            render,
+        );
+
+        // Render a barchart with multiple groups
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("render_grouped", data_count),
+            &BarChart::default()
+                // We call `data` multiple time to add multiple groups.
+                // This is not a duplicated call.
+                .data(bargroup.clone())
+                .data(bargroup.clone())
+                .data(bargroup.clone()),
+            render,
+        );
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+/// Render the widget in a classical size buffer
+fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, barchart: &BarChart) {
+    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 50));
+    // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
+    // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
+    bencher.iter_batched(
+        || barchart.clone(),
+        |bench_barchart| {
+            bench_barchart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
+        },
+        criterion::BatchSize::LargeInput,
+    )
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, barchart);
+criterion_main!(benches);
--- a/benches/block.rs
+++ b/benches/block.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    prelude::Alignment,
+    widgets::{
+        block::{Position, Title},
+        Block, Borders, Padding, Widget,
+    },
+};
+
+/// Benchmark for rendering a block.
+pub fn block(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("block");
+
+    for buffer_size in &[
+        Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 50),  // vertically split screen
+        Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 50),  // 1080p fullscreen with medium font
+        Rect::new(0, 0, 256, 256), // Max sized area
+    ] {
+        let buffer_area = buffer_size.area();
+
+        // Render an empty block
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("render_empty", buffer_area),
+            &Block::new(),
+            |b, block| render(b, block, buffer_size),
+        );
+
+        // Render with all features
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("render_all_feature", buffer_area),
+            &Block::new()
+                .borders(Borders::ALL)
+                .title("test title")
+                .title(
+                    Title::from("bottom left title")
+                        .alignment(Alignment::Right)
+                        .position(Position::Bottom),
+                )
+                .padding(Padding::new(5, 5, 2, 2)),
+            |b, block| render(b, block, buffer_size),
+        );
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+/// render the block into a buffer of the given `size`
+fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, block: &Block, size: &Rect) {
+    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(*size);
+    // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
+    // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
+    bencher.iter_batched(
+        || block.to_owned(),
+        |bench_block| {
+            bench_block.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
+        },
+        BatchSize::SmallInput,
+    )
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, block);
+criterion_main!(benches);
--- a/benches/list.rs
+++ b/benches/list.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    widgets::{List, ListItem, ListState, StatefulWidget, Widget},
+};
+
+/// Benchmark for rendering a list.
+/// It only benchmarks the render with a different amount of items.
+pub fn list(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("list");
+
+    for line_count in [64, 2048, 16384] {
+        let lines: Vec<ListItem> = (0..line_count)
+            .map(|_| ListItem::new(fakeit::words::sentence(10)))
+            .collect();
+
+        // Render default list
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("render", line_count),
+            &List::new(lines.clone()),
+            render,
+        );
+
+        // Render with an offset to the middle of the list and a selected item
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("render_scroll_half", line_count),
+            &List::new(lines.clone()).highlight_symbol(">>"),
+            |b, list| {
+                render_stateful(
+                    b,
+                    list,
+                    ListState::default()
+                        .with_offset(line_count / 2)
+                        .with_selected(Some(line_count / 2)),
+                )
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+/// render the list into a common size buffer
+fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, list: &List) {
+    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 50));
+    // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
+    // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
+    bencher.iter_batched(
+        || list.to_owned(),
+        |bench_list| {
+            Widget::render(bench_list, buffer.area, &mut buffer);
+        },
+        BatchSize::LargeInput,
+    )
+}
+
+/// render the list into a common size buffer with a state
+fn render_stateful(bencher: &mut Bencher, list: &List, mut state: ListState) {
+    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 50));
+    // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
+    // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
+    bencher.iter_batched(
+        || list.to_owned(),
+        |bench_list| {
+            StatefulWidget::render(bench_list, buffer.area, &mut buffer, &mut state);
+        },
+        BatchSize::LargeInput,
+    )
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, list);
+criterion_main!(benches);
--- a/benches/paragraph.rs
+++ b/benches/paragraph.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+use criterion::{
+    black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion,
+};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    widgets::{Paragraph, Widget, Wrap},
+};
+
+/// because the scroll offset is a u16, the maximum number of lines that can be scrolled is 65535.
+/// This is a limitation of the current implementation and may be fixed by changing the type of the
+/// scroll offset to a u32.
+const MAX_SCROLL_OFFSET: u16 = u16::MAX;
+const NO_WRAP_WIDTH: u16 = 200;
+const WRAP_WIDTH: u16 = 100;
+
+/// Benchmark for rendering a paragraph with a given number of lines. The design of this benchmark
+/// allows comparison of the performance of rendering a paragraph with different numbers of lines.
+/// as well as comparing with the various settings on the scroll and wrap features.
+pub fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("paragraph");
+    for &line_count in [64, 2048, MAX_SCROLL_OFFSET].iter() {
+        let lines = random_lines(line_count);
+        let lines = lines.as_str();
+
+        // benchmark that measures the overhead of creating a paragraph separately from rendering
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new("new", line_count), lines, |b, lines| {
+            b.iter(|| Paragraph::new(black_box(lines)))
+        });
+
+        // render the paragraph with no scroll
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("render", line_count),
+            &Paragraph::new(lines),
+            |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, NO_WRAP_WIDTH),
+        );
+
+        // scroll the paragraph by half the number of lines and render
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("render_scroll_half", line_count),
+            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0u16, line_count / 2)),
+            |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, NO_WRAP_WIDTH),
+        );
+
+        // scroll the paragraph by the full number of lines and render
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("render_scroll_full", line_count),
+            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0u16, line_count)),
+            |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, NO_WRAP_WIDTH),
+        );
+
+        // render the paragraph wrapped to 100 characters
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("render_wrap", line_count),
+            &Paragraph::new(lines).wrap(Wrap { trim: false }),
+            |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, WRAP_WIDTH),
+        );
+
+        // scroll the paragraph by the full number of lines and render wrapped to 100 characters
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("render_wrap_scroll_full", line_count),
+            &Paragraph::new(lines)
+                .wrap(Wrap { trim: false })
+                .scroll((0u16, line_count)),
+            |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, WRAP_WIDTH),
+        );
+    }
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+/// render the paragraph into a buffer with the given width
+fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, paragraph: &Paragraph, width: u16) {
+    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, width, 50));
+    // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
+    // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
+    bencher.iter_batched(
+        || paragraph.to_owned(),
+        |bench_paragraph| {
+            bench_paragraph.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
+        },
+        BatchSize::LargeInput,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Create a string with the given number of lines filled with nonsense words
+///
+/// English language has about 5.1 average characters per word so including the space between words
+/// this should emit around 200 characters per paragraph on average.
+fn random_lines(count: u16) -> String {
+    let count = count as i64;
+    let sentence_count = 3;
+    let word_count = 11;
+    fakeit::words::paragraph(count, sentence_count, word_count, "\n".into())
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, paragraph);
+criterion_main!(benches);
--- a/benches/sparkline.rs
+++ b/benches/sparkline.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use rand::Rng;
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    widgets::{Sparkline, Widget},
+};
+
+/// Benchmark for rendering a sparkline.
+pub fn sparkline(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("sparkline");
+    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+
+    for data_count in [64, 256, 2048] {
+        let data: Vec<u64> = (0..data_count)
+            .map(|_| rng.gen_range(0..data_count))
+            .collect();
+
+        // Render a basic sparkline
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::new("render", data_count),
+            &Sparkline::default().data(&data),
+            render,
+        );
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+/// render the block into a buffer of the given `size`
+fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, sparkline: &Sparkline) {
+    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 50));
+    // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
+    // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
+    bencher.iter_batched(
+        || sparkline.clone(),
+        |bench_sparkline| {
+            bench_sparkline.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
+        },
+        criterion::BatchSize::LargeInput,
+    )
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, sparkline);
+criterion_main!(benches);
--- a/cliff.toml
+++ b/cliff.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# configuration for https://github.com/orhun/git-cliff
+
+[changelog]
+# changelog header
+header = """
+# Changelog
+
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+"""
+# template for the changelog body
+# https://keats.github.io/tera/docs/#introduction
+# note that the - before / after the % controls whether whitespace is rendered between each line.
+# Getting this right so that the markdown renders with the correct number of lines between headings
+# code fences and list items is pretty finicky. Note also that the 4 backticks in the commit macro
+# is intentional as this escapes any backticks in the commit body.
+body = """
+{%- if not version %}
+## [unreleased]
+{% else -%}
+## [{{ version }}](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/{{ version }}) - {{ timestamp | date(format="%Y-%m-%d") }}
+{% endif -%}
+
+{% macro commit(commit) -%}
+- [{{ commit.id | truncate(length=7, end="") }}]({{ "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/" ~ commit.id }})
+  *({{commit.scope | default(value = "uncategorized") | lower }})* {{ commit.message | upper_first }}
+{%- if commit.breaking %} [**breaking**]{% endif %}
+{%- if commit.body %}
+
+  ````text {#- 4 backticks escape any backticks in body #}
+  {{commit.body | indent(prefix="  ") }}
+  ````
+{%- endif %}
+{% endmacro -%}
+
+{% for group, commits in commits | group_by(attribute="group") %}
+### {{ group | striptags | trim | upper_first }}
+{% for commit in commits | filter(attribute="scope") | sort(attribute="scope") %}
+{{ self::commit(commit=commit) }}
+{%- endfor -%}
+{% for commit in commits %}
+{%- if not commit.scope %}
+{{ self::commit(commit=commit) }}
+{%- endif -%}
+{%- endfor -%}
+{%- endfor %}
+"""
+
+
+# remove the leading and trailing whitespace from the template
+trim = false
+# changelog footer
+footer = """
+<!-- generated by git-cliff -->
+"""
+
+[git]
+# parse the commits based on https://www.conventionalcommits.org
+conventional_commits = true
+# filter out the commits that are not conventional
+filter_unconventional = true
+# process each line of a commit as an individual commit
+split_commits = false
+# regex for preprocessing the commit messages
+commit_preprocessors = [
+  { pattern = '\((\w+\s)?#([0-9]+)\)', replace = "([#${2}](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/${2}))" },
+  { pattern = '(better safe shared layout cache)', replace = "perf(layout): ${1}" },
+  { pattern = '(Clarify README.md)', replace = "docs(readme): ${1}" },
+  { pattern = '(Update README.md)', replace = "docs(readme): ${1}" },
+  { pattern = '(fix typos|Fix typos)', replace = "fix: ${1}" },
+]
+# regex for parsing and grouping commits
+commit_parsers = [
+  { message = "^feat", group = "<!-- 00 -->Features" },
+  { message = "^[fF]ix", group = "<!-- 01 -->Bug Fixes" },
+  { message = "^refactor", group = "<!-- 02 -->Refactor" },
+  { message = "^doc", group = "<!-- 03 -->Documentation" },
+  { message = "^perf", group = "<!-- 04 -->Performance" },
+  { message = "^style", group = "<!-- 05 -->Styling" },
+  { message = "^test", group = "<!-- 06 -->Testing" },
+  { message = "^chore\\(release\\): prepare for", skip = true },
+  { message = "^chore\\(pr\\)", skip = true },
+  { message = "^chore\\(pull\\)", skip = true },
+  { message = "^[cC]hore", group = "<!-- 07 -->Miscellaneous Tasks" },
+  { body = ".*security", group = "<!-- 08 -->Security" },
+  { message = "^build", group = "<!-- 09 -->Build" },
+  { message = "^ci", group = "<!-- 10 -->Continuous Integration" },
+  { message = "^revert", group = "<!-- 11 -->Reverted Commits" },
+  # handle some old commits styles from pre 0.4
+  { message = "^(Buffer|buffer|Frame|frame|Gauge|gauge|Paragraph|paragraph):", group = "<!-- 07 -->Miscellaneous Tasks" },
+  { message = "^\\[", group = "<!-- 07 -->Miscellaneous Tasks" },
+]
+# protect breaking changes from being skipped due to matching a skipping commit_parser
+protect_breaking_commits = false
+# filter out the commits that are not matched by commit parsers
+filter_commits = false
+# glob pattern for matching git tags
+tag_pattern = "v[0-9]*"
+# regex for skipping tags
+skip_tags = "v0.1.0-rc.1"
+# regex for ignoring tags
+ignore_tags = "alpha"
+# sort the tags topologically
+topo_order = false
+# sort the commits inside sections by oldest/newest order
+sort_commits = "newest"
--- a/codecov.yml
+++ b/codecov.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+ignore:
+  - "examples"
+  - "benches"
--- a/committed.toml
+++ b/committed.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# configuration for https://github.com/crate-ci/committed
+
+# https://www.conventionalcommits.org
+style = "conventional"
+# disallow merge commits
+merge_commit = false
+# subject is not required to be capitalized
+subject_capitalized = false
+# subject should start with an imperative verb
+imperative_subject = true
+# subject should not end with a punctuation
+subject_not_punctuated = true
+# disable line length
+line_length = 0
+# disable subject length
+subject_length = 0
+# default allowed_types [ "chore", "docs", "feat", "fix", "perf", "refactor", "style", "test" ]
+allowed_types = [
+  "build",
+  "chore",
+  "ci",
+  "docs",
+  "feat",
+  "fix",
+  "perf",
+  "refactor",
+  "revert",
+  "style",
+  "test",
+]
--- a/deny.toml
+++ b/deny.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# configuration for https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny
+
+[licenses]
+default = "deny"
+unlicensed = "deny"
+copyleft = "deny"
+confidence-threshold = 0.8
+allow = [
+    "Apache-2.0",
+    "BSD-2-Clause",
+    "BSD-3-Clause",
+    "ISC",
+    "MIT",
+    "Unicode-DFS-2016",
+    "WTFPL",
+]
+
+[advisories]
+unmaintained = "deny"
+yanked = "deny"
+
+[bans]
+multiple-versions = "allow"
+
+[sources]
+unknown-registry = "deny"
+unknown-git = "warn"
+allow-registry = ["https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"]
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+# Examples
+
+These gifs were created using [Charm VHS](https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs).
+
+VHS has a problem rendering some background color transitions, which shows up in several examples
+below. See <https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs/issues/344> for more info. These problems don't
+occur in a terminal.
+
+## Demo
+
+This is the demo example from the main README. It is available for each of the backends. Source:
+[demo.rs](./demo/).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=demo --features=crossterm
+cargo run --example=demo --no-default-features --features=termion
+cargo run --example=demo --no-default-features --features=termwiz
+```
+
+![Demo][demo.gif]
+
+## Hello World
+
+This is a pretty boring example, but it contains some good documentation
+on writing tui apps. Source: [hello_world.rs](./hello_world.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=hello_world --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Hello World][hello_world.gif]
+
+## Barchart
+
+Demonstrates the [`BarChart`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.BarChart.html)
+widget. Source: [barchart.rs](./barchart.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=barchart --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Barchart][barchart.gif]
+
+## Block
+
+Demonstrates the [`Block`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/block/struct.Block.html)
+widget. Source: [block.rs](./block.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=block --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Block][block.gif]
+
+## Calendar
+
+Demonstrates the [`Calendar`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/calendar/index.html)
+widget. Source: [calendar.rs](./calendar.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=calendar --features=crossterm widget-calendar
+```
+
+![Calendar][calendar.gif]
+
+## Canvas
+
+Demonstrates the [`Canvas`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/canvas/index.html) widget
+and related shapes in the
+[`canvas`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/canvas/index.html) module. Source:
+[canvas.rs](./canvas.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=canvas --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Canvas][canvas.gif]
+
+## Chart
+
+Demonstrates the [`Chart`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Chart.html) widget.
+Source: [chart.rs](./chart.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=chart --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Chart][chart.gif]
+
+## Colors
+
+Demonstrates the available [`Color`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/style/enum.Color.html)
+options. These can be used in any style field. Source: [colors.rs](./colors.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=colors --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Colors][colors.gif]
+
+## Colors (RGB)
+
+Demonstrates the available RGB
+[`Color`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/style/enum.Color.html) options. These can be used
+in any style field. Source: [colors_rgb.rs](./colors_rgb.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=colors_rgb --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Colors RGB][colors_rgb.gif]
+
+## Custom Widget
+
+Demonstrates how to implement the
+[`Widget`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/trait.Widget.html) trait. Source:
+[custom_widget.rs](./custom_widget.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=custom_widget --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Custom Widget][custom_widget.gif]
+
+## Gauge
+
+Demonstrates the [`Gauge`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Gauge.html) widget.
+Source: [gauge.rs](./gauge.rs).
+
+> [!NOTE] The backgrounds render poorly when we generate this example using VHS. This problem
+> doesn't generally happen during normal rendering in a terminal. See
+> [vhs#344](https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs/issues/344) for more details.
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=gauge --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Gauge][gauge.gif]
+
+## Inline
+
+Demonstrates the
+[`Inline`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/terminal/enum.Viewport.html#variant.Inline)
+Viewport mode for ratatui apps. Source: [inline.rs](./inline.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=inline --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Inline][inline.gif]
+
+## Layout
+
+Demonstrates the [`Layout`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/layout/struct.Layout.html) and
+interaction between each constraint. Source:  [layout.rs](./layout.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=layout --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Layout][layout.gif]
+
+## List
+
+Demonstrates the [`List`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.List.html) widget.
+Source: [list.rs](./list.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=list --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![List][list.gif]
+
+## Modifiers
+
+Demonstrates the style
+[`Modifiers`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/style/struct.Modifier.html). Source:
+[modifiers.rs](./modifiers.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=modifiers --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Modifiers][modifiers.gif]
+
+## Panic
+
+Demonstrates how to handle panics by ensuring that panic messages are written correctly to the
+screen. Source: [panic.rs](./panic.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=panic --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Panic][panic.gif]
+
+## Paragraph
+
+Demonstrates the [`Paragraph`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Paragraph.html)
+widget. Source: [paragraph.rs](./paragraph.rs)
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=paragraph --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Paragraph][paragraph.gif]
+
+## Popup
+
+Demonstrates how to render a widget over the top of previously rendered widgets using the
+[`Clear`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Clear.html) widget. Source:
+[popup.rs](./popup.rs).
+
+>
+```shell
+cargo run --example=popup --features=crossterm
+```
+
+> [!NOTE] The background renders poorly after the popup when we generate this example using VHS.
+> This problem doesn't generally happen during normal rendering in a terminal. See
+> [vhs#344](https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs/issues/344) for more details.
+
+![Popup][popup.gif]
+
+## Scrollbar
+
+Demonstrates the [`Scrollbar`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Scrollbar.html)
+widget. Source: [scrollbar.rs](./scrollbar.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=scrollbar --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Scrollbar][scrollbar.gif]
+
+## Sparkline
+
+Demonstrates the [`Sparkline`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Sparkline.html)
+widget. Source: [sparkline.rs](./sparkline.rs).
+
+> [!NOTE] The background renders poorly in the second sparkline when we generate this example using
+> VHS. This problem doesn't generally happen during normal rendering in a terminal. See
+> [vhs#344](https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs/issues/344) for more details.
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=sparkline --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Sparkline][sparkline.gif]
+
+## Table
+
+Demonstrates the [`Table`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Table.html) widget.
+Source: [table.rs](./table.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=table --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Table][table.gif]
+
+## Tabs
+
+Demonstrates the [`Tabs`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Tabs.html) widget.
+Source: [tabs.rs](./tabs.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=tabs --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Tabs][tabs.gif]
+
+## User Input
+
+Demonstrates one approach to accepting user input. Source [user_input.rs](./user_input.rs).
+
+> [!NOTE] Consider using [`tui-textarea`](https://crates.io/crates/tui-textarea) or
+> [`tui-input`](https://crates.io/crates/tui-input) crates for more functional text entry UIs.
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=user_input --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![User Input][user_input.gif]
+
+<!--
+links to images to make it easier to update in bulk
+These are generated with `vhs publish examples/xxx.gif`
+
+To update these examples in bulk:
+```shell
+examples/generate.bash
+```
+-->
+[barchart.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/barchart.gif?raw=true
+[block.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/block.gif?raw=true
+[calendar.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/calendar.gif?raw=true
+[canvas.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/canvas.gif?raw=true
+[chart.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/chart.gif?raw=true
+[colors.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/colors.gif?raw=true
+[colors_rgb.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/colors_rgb.gif?raw=true
+[custom_widget.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/custom_widget.gif?raw=true
+[demo.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo.gif?raw=true
+[gauge.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/gauge.gif?raw=true
+[hello_world.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/hello_world.gif?raw=true
+[inline.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/inline.gif?raw=true
+[layout.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/layout.gif?raw=true
+[list.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/list.gif?raw=true
+[modifiers.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/modifiers.gif?raw=true
+[panic.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/panic.gif?raw=true
+[paragraph.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/paragraph.gif?raw=true
+[popup.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/popup.gif?raw=true
+[scrollbar.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/scrollbar.gif?raw=true
+[sparkline.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/sparkline.gif?raw=true
+[table.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/table.gif?raw=true
+[tabs.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/tabs.gif?raw=true
+[user_input.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/user_input.gif?raw=true
--- a/examples/barchart.rs
+++ b/examples/barchart.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,30 @@
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use std::{
    error::Error,
    io,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    widgets::{BarChart, Block, Borders},
-    Frame, Terminal,
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+
+struct Company<'a> {
+    revenue: [u64; 4],
+    label: &'a str,
+    bar_style: Style,
+}

 struct App<'a> {
    data: Vec<(&'a str, u64)>,
+    months: [&'a str; 4],
+    companies: [Company<'a>; 3],
 }

+const TOTAL_REVENUE: &str = "Total Revenue";
+
 impl<'a> App<'a> {
    fn new() -> App<'a> {
        App {
@@ -49,6 +54,24 @@ impl<'a> App<'a> {
                ("B23", 3),
                ("B24", 5),
            ],
+            companies: [
+                Company {
+                    label: "Comp.A",
+                    revenue: [9500, 12500, 5300, 8500],
+                    bar_style: Style::default().fg(Color::Green),
+                },
+                Company {
+                    label: "Comp.B",
+                    revenue: [1500, 2500, 3000, 500],
+                    bar_style: Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
+                },
+                Company {
+                    label: "Comp.C",
+                    revenue: [10500, 10600, 9000, 4200],
+                    bar_style: Style::default().fg(Color::White),
+                },
+            ],
+            months: ["Mars", "Apr", "May", "Jun"],
        }
    }

@@ -81,7 +104,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -116,9 +139,9 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
 fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
    let chunks = Layout::default()
        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-        .margin(2)
-        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .constraints([Constraint::Ratio(1, 3), Constraint::Ratio(2, 3)].as_ref())
        .split(f.size());
+
    let barchart = BarChart::default()
        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
        .data(&app.data)
@@ -132,30 +155,139 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
        .split(chunks[1]);

-    let barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Data2").borders(Borders::ALL))
-        .data(&app.data)
-        .bar_width(5)
-        .bar_gap(3)
-        .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
-        .value_style(
-            Style::default()
-                .bg(Color::Green)
-                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-        );
-    f.render_widget(barchart, chunks[0]);
-
-    let barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Data3").borders(Borders::ALL))
-        .data(&app.data)
-        .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red))
-        .bar_width(7)
-        .bar_gap(0)
-        .value_style(Style::default().bg(Color::Red))
-        .label_style(
-            Style::default()
-                .fg(Color::Cyan)
-                .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
-        );
-    f.render_widget(barchart, chunks[1]);
+    draw_bar_with_group_labels(f, app, chunks[0]);
+    draw_horizontal_bars(f, app, chunks[1]);
+}
+
+fn create_groups<'a>(app: &'a App, combine_values_and_labels: bool) -> Vec<BarGroup<'a>> {
+    app.months
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, &month)| {
+            let bars: Vec<Bar> = app
+                .companies
+                .iter()
+                .map(|c| {
+                    let mut bar = Bar::default()
+                        .value(c.revenue[i])
+                        .style(c.bar_style)
+                        .value_style(
+                            Style::default()
+                                .bg(c.bar_style.fg.unwrap())
+                                .fg(Color::Black),
+                        );
+
+                    if combine_values_and_labels {
+                        bar = bar.text_value(format!(
+                            "{} ({:.1} M)",
+                            c.label,
+                            (c.revenue[i] as f64) / 1000.
+                        ));
+                    } else {
+                        bar = bar
+                            .text_value(format!("{:.1}", (c.revenue[i] as f64) / 1000.))
+                            .label(c.label.into());
+                    }
+                    bar
+                })
+                .collect();
+            BarGroup::default()
+                .label(Line::from(month).alignment(Alignment::Center))
+                .bars(&bars)
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn draw_bar_with_group_labels<B>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App, area: Rect)
+where
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    let groups = create_groups(app, false);
+
+    let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .bar_width(7)
+        .group_gap(3);
+
+    for group in groups {
+        barchart = barchart.data(group)
+    }
+
+    f.render_widget(barchart, area);
+
+    const LEGEND_HEIGHT: u16 = 6;
+    if area.height >= LEGEND_HEIGHT && area.width >= TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2 {
+        let legend_width = TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2;
+        let legend_area = Rect {
+            height: LEGEND_HEIGHT,
+            width: legend_width,
+            y: area.y,
+            x: area.right() - legend_width,
+        };
+        draw_legend(f, legend_area);
+    }
+}
+
+fn draw_horizontal_bars<B>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App, area: Rect)
+where
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    let groups = create_groups(app, true);
+
+    let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .bar_width(1)
+        .group_gap(1)
+        .bar_gap(0)
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal);
+
+    for group in groups {
+        barchart = barchart.data(group)
+    }
+
+    f.render_widget(barchart, area);
+
+    const LEGEND_HEIGHT: u16 = 6;
+    if area.height >= LEGEND_HEIGHT && area.width >= TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2 {
+        let legend_width = TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2;
+        let legend_area = Rect {
+            height: LEGEND_HEIGHT,
+            width: legend_width,
+            y: area.y,
+            x: area.right() - legend_width,
+        };
+        draw_legend(f, legend_area);
+    }
+}
+
+fn draw_legend<B>(f: &mut Frame<B>, area: Rect)
+where
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    let text = vec![
+        Line::from(Span::styled(
+            TOTAL_REVENUE,
+            Style::default()
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+                .fg(Color::White),
+        )),
+        Line::from(Span::styled(
+            "- Company A",
+            Style::default().fg(Color::Green),
+        )),
+        Line::from(Span::styled(
+            "- Company B",
+            Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
+        )),
+        Line::from(vec![Span::styled(
+            "- Company C",
+            Style::default().fg(Color::White),
+        )]),
+    ];
+
+    let block = Block::default()
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::White));
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text).block(block);
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, area);
 }
--- a/examples/barchart.tape
+++ b/examples/barchart.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/barchart.tape`
+Output "target/barchart.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 800
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=barchart"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/block.rs
+++ b/examples/block.rs
@@ -1,119 +1,253 @@
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io::{stdout, Stdout},
+    ops::ControlFlow,
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
 use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
    execute,
    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    text::Span,
-    widgets::{Block, BorderType, Borders},
-    Frame, Terminal,
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use ratatui::{
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::{
+        block::{Position, Title},
+        Block, BorderType, Borders, Padding, Paragraph, Wrap,
+    },
 };

-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+// These type aliases are used to make the code more readable by reducing repetition of the generic
+// types. They are not necessary for the functionality of the code.
+type Frame<'a> = ratatui::Frame<'a, CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>;
+type Terminal = ratatui::Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>;
+type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;

-    // create app and run it
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal);
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = setup_terminal()?;
+    let result = run(&mut terminal);
+    restore_terminal(terminal)?;

-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+    if let Err(err) = result {
+        eprintln!("{err:?}");
    }
-
    Ok(())
 }

-fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
+fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal> {
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    Ok(terminal)
+}
+
+fn restore_terminal(mut terminal: Terminal) -> Result<()> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal) -> Result<()> {
    loop {
        terminal.draw(ui)?;
-
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
-                return Ok(());
-            }
+        if handle_events()?.is_break() {
+            return Ok(());
        }
    }
 }

-fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>) {
-    // Wrapping block for a group
-    // Just draw the block and the group on the same area and build the group
-    // with at least a margin of 1
-    let size = f.size();
-
-    // Surrounding block
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
-        .title("Main block with round corners")
-        .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-        .border_type(BorderType::Rounded);
-    f.render_widget(block, size);
-
-    let chunks = Layout::default()
-        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-        .margin(4)
-        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
-        .split(f.size());
-
-    // Top two inner blocks
-    let top_chunks = Layout::default()
-        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
-        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
-        .split(chunks[0]);
-
-    // Top left inner block with green background
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .title(vec![
-            Span::styled("With", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)),
-            Span::from(" background"),
-        ])
-        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Green));
-    f.render_widget(block, top_chunks[0]);
-
-    // Top right inner block with styled title aligned to the right
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .title(Span::styled(
-            "Styled title",
-            Style::default()
-                .fg(Color::White)
-                .bg(Color::Red)
-                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-        ))
-        .title_alignment(Alignment::Right);
-    f.render_widget(block, top_chunks[1]);
-
-    // Bottom two inner blocks
-    let bottom_chunks = Layout::default()
-        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
-        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
-        .split(chunks[1]);
-
-    // Bottom left block with all default borders
-    let block = Block::default().title("With borders").borders(Borders::ALL);
-    f.render_widget(block, bottom_chunks[0]);
-
-    // Bottom right block with styled left and right border
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .title("With styled borders and doubled borders")
-        .border_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan))
-        .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
-        .border_type(BorderType::Double);
-    f.render_widget(block, bottom_chunks[1]);
+fn handle_events() -> Result<ControlFlow<()>> {
+    if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(100))? {
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                return Ok(ControlFlow::Break(()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(ControlFlow::Continue(()))
+}
+
+fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
+    let (title_area, layout) = calculate_layout(frame.size());
+
+    render_title(frame, title_area);
+
+    let paragraph = placeholder_paragraph();
+
+    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::ALL, frame, layout[0][0]);
+    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::NONE, frame, layout[0][1]);
+    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::LEFT, frame, layout[1][0]);
+    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::RIGHT, frame, layout[1][1]);
+    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::TOP, frame, layout[2][0]);
+    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::BOTTOM, frame, layout[2][1]);
+
+    render_border_type(&paragraph, BorderType::Plain, frame, layout[3][0]);
+    render_border_type(&paragraph, BorderType::Rounded, frame, layout[3][1]);
+    render_border_type(&paragraph, BorderType::Double, frame, layout[4][0]);
+    render_border_type(&paragraph, BorderType::Thick, frame, layout[4][1]);
+
+    render_styled_block(&paragraph, frame, layout[5][0]);
+    render_styled_borders(&paragraph, frame, layout[5][1]);
+    render_styled_title(&paragraph, frame, layout[6][0]);
+    render_styled_title_content(&paragraph, frame, layout[6][1]);
+    render_multiple_titles(&paragraph, frame, layout[7][0]);
+    render_multiple_title_positions(&paragraph, frame, layout[7][1]);
+    render_padding(&paragraph, frame, layout[8][0]);
+    render_nested_blocks(&paragraph, frame, layout[8][1]);
+}
+
+/// Calculate the layout of the UI elements.
+///
+/// Returns a tuple of the title area and the main areas.
+fn calculate_layout(area: Rect) -> (Rect, Vec<Vec<Rect>>) {
+    let layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(vec![Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Min(0)])
+        .split(area);
+    let title_area = layout[0];
+    let main_areas = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(vec![Constraint::Max(4); 9])
+        .split(layout[1])
+        .iter()
+        .map(|&area| {
+            Layout::default()
+                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+                .constraints(vec![Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)])
+                .split(area)
+                .to_vec()
+        })
+        .collect_vec();
+    (title_area, main_areas)
+}
+
+fn render_title(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    frame.render_widget(
+        Paragraph::new("Block example. Press q to quit")
+            .dark_gray()
+            .alignment(Alignment::Center),
+        area,
+    );
+}
+
+fn placeholder_paragraph() -> Paragraph<'static> {
+    let text = "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.";
+    Paragraph::new(text.dark_gray()).wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
+}
+
+fn render_borders(paragraph: &Paragraph, border: Borders, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let block = Block::new()
+        .borders(border)
+        .title(format!("Borders::{border:#?}", border = border));
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
+}
+
+fn render_border_type(
+    paragraph: &Paragraph,
+    border_type: BorderType,
+    frame: &mut Frame,
+    area: Rect,
+) {
+    let block = Block::new()
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .border_type(border_type)
+        .title(format!("BorderType::{border_type:#?}"));
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
+}
+fn render_styled_borders(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let block = Block::new()
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .border_style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic())
+        .title("Styled borders");
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
+}
+
+fn render_styled_block(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let block = Block::new()
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic())
+        .title("Styled block");
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
+}
+
+// Note: this currently renders incorrectly, see https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/349
+fn render_styled_title(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let block = Block::new()
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .title("Styled title")
+        .title_style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic());
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
+}
+
+fn render_styled_title_content(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let title = Line::from(vec![
+        "Styled ".blue().on_white().bold().italic(),
+        "title content".red().on_white().bold().italic(),
+    ]);
+    let block = Block::new().borders(Borders::ALL).title(title);
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
+}
+
+fn render_multiple_titles(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let block = Block::new()
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .title("Multiple".blue().on_white().bold().italic())
+        .title("Titles".red().on_white().bold().italic());
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
+}
+
+fn render_multiple_title_positions(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let block = Block::new()
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .title(
+            Title::from("top left")
+                .position(Position::Top)
+                .alignment(Alignment::Left),
+        )
+        .title(
+            Title::from("top center")
+                .position(Position::Top)
+                .alignment(Alignment::Center),
+        )
+        .title(
+            Title::from("top right")
+                .position(Position::Top)
+                .alignment(Alignment::Right),
+        )
+        .title(
+            Title::from("bottom left")
+                .position(Position::Bottom)
+                .alignment(Alignment::Left),
+        )
+        .title(
+            Title::from("bottom center")
+                .position(Position::Bottom)
+                .alignment(Alignment::Center),
+        )
+        .title(
+            Title::from("bottom right")
+                .position(Position::Bottom)
+                .alignment(Alignment::Right),
+        );
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
+}
+
+fn render_padding(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let block = Block::new()
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .title("Padding")
+        .padding(Padding::new(5, 10, 1, 2));
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
+}
+
+fn render_nested_blocks(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let outer_block = Block::new().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Outer block");
+    let inner_block = Block::new().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Inner block");
+    let inner = outer_block.inner(area);
+    frame.render_widget(outer_block, area);
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(inner_block), inner);
 }
--- a/examples/block.tape
+++ b/examples/block.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/block.tape`
+Output "target/block.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 1200
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=block"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Show
+Sleep 2s
--- a/examples/calendar.rs
+++ b/examples/calendar.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+use std::{error::Error, io, rc::Rc};
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::calendar::*};
+use time::{Date, Month, OffsetDateTime};
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+
+    loop {
+        let _ = terminal.draw(|f| draw(f));
+
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            #[allow(clippy::single_match)]
+            match key.code {
+                KeyCode::Char(_) => {
+                    break;
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn draw<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>) {
+    let app_area = f.size();
+
+    let calarea = Rect {
+        x: app_area.x + 1,
+        y: app_area.y + 1,
+        height: app_area.height - 1,
+        width: app_area.width - 1,
+    };
+
+    let mut start = OffsetDateTime::now_local()
+        .unwrap()
+        .date()
+        .replace_month(Month::January)
+        .unwrap()
+        .replace_day(1)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let list = make_dates(start.year());
+
+    for chunk in split_rows(&calarea)
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|row| split_cols(row).to_vec())
+    {
+        let cal = cals::get_cal(start.month(), start.year(), &list);
+        f.render_widget(cal, chunk);
+        start = start.replace_month(start.month().next()).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+fn split_rows(area: &Rect) -> Rc<[Rect]> {
+    let list_layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(0)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Percentage(33),
+                Constraint::Percentage(33),
+                Constraint::Percentage(33),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        );
+
+    list_layout.split(*area)
+}
+
+fn split_cols(area: &Rect) -> Rc<[Rect]> {
+    let list_layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .margin(0)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        );
+
+    list_layout.split(*area)
+}
+
+fn make_dates(current_year: i32) -> CalendarEventStore {
+    let mut list = CalendarEventStore::today(
+        Style::default()
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+            .bg(Color::Blue),
+    );
+
+    // Holidays
+    let holiday_style = Style::default()
+        .fg(Color::Red)
+        .add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED);
+
+    // new year's
+    list.add(
+        Date::from_calendar_date(current_year, Month::January, 1).unwrap(),
+        holiday_style,
+    );
+    // next new_year's for December "show surrounding"
+    list.add(
+        Date::from_calendar_date(current_year + 1, Month::January, 1).unwrap(),
+        holiday_style,
+    );
+    // groundhog day
+    list.add(
+        Date::from_calendar_date(current_year, Month::February, 2).unwrap(),
+        holiday_style,
+    );
+    // april fool's
+    list.add(
+        Date::from_calendar_date(current_year, Month::April, 1).unwrap(),
+        holiday_style,
+    );
+    // earth day
+    list.add(
+        Date::from_calendar_date(current_year, Month::April, 22).unwrap(),
+        holiday_style,
+    );
+    // star wars day
+    list.add(
+        Date::from_calendar_date(current_year, Month::May, 4).unwrap(),
+        holiday_style,
+    );
+    // festivus
+    list.add(
+        Date::from_calendar_date(current_year, Month::December, 23).unwrap(),
+        holiday_style,
+    );
+    // new year's eve
+    list.add(
+        Date::from_calendar_date(current_year, Month::December, 31).unwrap(),
+        holiday_style,
+    );
+
+    // seasons
+    let season_style = Style::default()
+        .fg(Color::White)
+        .bg(Color::Yellow)
+        .add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED);
+    // spring equinox
+    list.add(
+        Date::from_calendar_date(current_year, Month::March, 22).unwrap(),
+        season_style,
+    );
+    // summer solstice
+    list.add(
+        Date::from_calendar_date(current_year, Month::June, 21).unwrap(),
+        season_style,
+    );
+    // fall equinox
+    list.add(
+        Date::from_calendar_date(current_year, Month::September, 22).unwrap(),
+        season_style,
+    );
+    list.add(
+        Date::from_calendar_date(current_year, Month::December, 21).unwrap(),
+        season_style,
+    );
+    list
+}
+
+mod cals {
+    use super::*;
+
+    pub(super) fn get_cal<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
+        use Month::*;
+        match m {
+            May => example1(m, y, es),
+            June => example2(m, y, es),
+            July => example3(m, y, es),
+            December => example3(m, y, es),
+            February => example4(m, y, es),
+            November => example5(m, y, es),
+            _ => default(m, y, es),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn default<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
+        let default_style = Style::default()
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+            .bg(Color::Rgb(50, 50, 50));
+
+        Monthly::new(Date::from_calendar_date(y, m, 1).unwrap(), es)
+            .show_month_header(Style::default())
+            .default_style(default_style)
+    }
+
+    fn example1<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
+        let default_style = Style::default()
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+            .bg(Color::Rgb(50, 50, 50));
+
+        Monthly::new(Date::from_calendar_date(y, m, 1).unwrap(), es)
+            .show_surrounding(default_style)
+            .default_style(default_style)
+            .show_month_header(Style::default())
+    }
+
+    fn example2<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
+        let header_style = Style::default()
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::DIM)
+            .fg(Color::LightYellow);
+
+        let default_style = Style::default()
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+            .bg(Color::Rgb(50, 50, 50));
+
+        Monthly::new(Date::from_calendar_date(y, m, 1).unwrap(), es)
+            .show_weekdays_header(header_style)
+            .default_style(default_style)
+            .show_month_header(Style::default())
+    }
+
+    fn example3<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
+        let header_style = Style::default()
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+            .fg(Color::Green);
+
+        let default_style = Style::default()
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+            .bg(Color::Rgb(50, 50, 50));
+
+        Monthly::new(Date::from_calendar_date(y, m, 1).unwrap(), es)
+            .show_surrounding(Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::DIM))
+            .show_weekdays_header(header_style)
+            .default_style(default_style)
+            .show_month_header(Style::default())
+    }
+
+    fn example4<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
+        let header_style = Style::default()
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+            .fg(Color::Green);
+
+        let default_style = Style::default()
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+            .bg(Color::Rgb(50, 50, 50));
+
+        Monthly::new(Date::from_calendar_date(y, m, 1).unwrap(), es)
+            .show_weekdays_header(header_style)
+            .default_style(default_style)
+    }
+
+    fn example5<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
+        let header_style = Style::default()
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+            .fg(Color::Green);
+
+        let default_style = Style::default()
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+            .bg(Color::Rgb(50, 50, 50));
+
+        Monthly::new(Date::from_calendar_date(y, m, 1).unwrap(), es)
+            .show_month_header(header_style)
+            .default_style(default_style)
+    }
+}
--- a/examples/calendar.tape
+++ b/examples/calendar.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/calendar.tape`
+Output "target/calendar.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 800
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=calendar --features=crossterm,widget-calendar"
+Enter
+Sleep 3s
+Show
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/canvas.rs
+++ b/examples/canvas.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,17 @@
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use std::{
    error::Error,
    io,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Style},
-    text::Span,
-    widgets::{
-        canvas::{Canvas, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
-        Block, Borders,
-    },
-    Frame, Terminal,
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use ratatui::{
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
 };

 struct App {
@@ -29,6 +23,8 @@ struct App {
    vy: f64,
    dir_x: bool,
    dir_y: bool,
+    tick_count: u64,
+    marker: Marker,
 }

 impl App {
@@ -48,10 +44,22 @@ impl App {
            vy: 1.0,
            dir_x: true,
            dir_y: true,
+            tick_count: 0,
+            marker: Marker::Dot,
        }
    }

    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
+        self.tick_count += 1;
+        // only change marker every 4 ticks (1s) to avoid stroboscopic effect
+        if (self.tick_count % 4) == 0 {
+            self.marker = match self.marker {
+                Marker::Dot => Marker::Block,
+                Marker::Block => Marker::Bar,
+                Marker::Bar => Marker::Braille,
+                Marker::Braille => Marker::Dot,
+            };
+        }
        if self.ball.x < self.playground.left() as f64
            || self.ball.x + self.ball.width > self.playground.right() as f64
        {
@@ -100,7 +108,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -155,22 +163,20 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
        .split(f.size());
    let canvas = Canvas::default()
        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("World"))
+        .marker(app.marker)
        .paint(|ctx| {
            ctx.draw(&Map {
                color: Color::White,
                resolution: MapResolution::High,
            });
-            ctx.print(
-                app.x,
-                -app.y,
-                Span::styled("You are here", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)),
-            );
+            ctx.print(app.x, -app.y, "You are here".yellow());
        })
        .x_bounds([-180.0, 180.0])
        .y_bounds([-90.0, 90.0]);
    f.render_widget(canvas, chunks[0]);
    let canvas = Canvas::default()
        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Pong"))
+        .marker(app.marker)
        .paint(|ctx| {
            ctx.draw(&app.ball);
        })
--- a/examples/canvas.tape
+++ b/examples/canvas.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/canvas.tape`
+Output "target/canvas.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 800
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=canvas --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/chart.rs
+++ b/examples/chart.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,15 @@
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use std::{
    error::Error,
    io,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    symbols,
-    text::Span,
-    widgets::{Axis, Block, Borders, Chart, Dataset, GraphType},
-    Frame, Terminal,
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};

 const DATA: [(f64, f64); 5] = [(0.0, 0.0), (1.0, 1.0), (2.0, 2.0), (3.0, 3.0), (4.0, 4.0)];
 const DATA2: [(f64, f64); 7] = [
@@ -117,7 +110,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -189,12 +182,7 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
    let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
        .block(
            Block::default()
-                .title(Span::styled(
-                    "Chart 1",
-                    Style::default()
-                        .fg(Color::Cyan)
-                        .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-                ))
+                .title("Chart 1".cyan().bold())
                .borders(Borders::ALL),
        )
        .x_axis(
@@ -208,11 +196,7 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
            Axis::default()
                .title("Y Axis")
                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                .labels(vec![
-                    Span::styled("-20", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                    Span::raw("0"),
-                    Span::styled("20", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                ])
+                .labels(vec!["-20".bold(), "0".into(), "20".bold()])
                .bounds([-20.0, 20.0]),
        );
    f.render_widget(chart, chunks[0]);
@@ -226,12 +210,7 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
    let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
        .block(
            Block::default()
-                .title(Span::styled(
-                    "Chart 2",
-                    Style::default()
-                        .fg(Color::Cyan)
-                        .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-                ))
+                .title("Chart 2".cyan().bold())
                .borders(Borders::ALL),
        )
        .x_axis(
@@ -239,22 +218,14 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
                .title("X Axis")
                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
                .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
-                .labels(vec![
-                    Span::styled("0", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                    Span::raw("2.5"),
-                    Span::styled("5.0", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                ]),
+                .labels(vec!["0".bold(), "2.5".into(), "5.0".bold()]),
        )
        .y_axis(
            Axis::default()
                .title("Y Axis")
                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
                .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
-                .labels(vec![
-                    Span::styled("0", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                    Span::raw("2.5"),
-                    Span::styled("5.0", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                ]),
+                .labels(vec!["0".bold(), "2.5".into(), "5.0".bold()]),
        );
    f.render_widget(chart, chunks[1]);

@@ -267,12 +238,7 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
    let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
        .block(
            Block::default()
-                .title(Span::styled(
-                    "Chart 3",
-                    Style::default()
-                        .fg(Color::Cyan)
-                        .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-                ))
+                .title("Chart 3".cyan().bold())
                .borders(Borders::ALL),
        )
        .x_axis(
@@ -280,22 +246,14 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
                .title("X Axis")
                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
                .bounds([0.0, 50.0])
-                .labels(vec![
-                    Span::styled("0", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                    Span::raw("25"),
-                    Span::styled("50", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                ]),
+                .labels(vec!["0".bold(), "25".into(), "50".bold()]),
        )
        .y_axis(
            Axis::default()
                .title("Y Axis")
                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
                .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
-                .labels(vec![
-                    Span::styled("0", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                    Span::raw("2.5"),
-                    Span::styled("5", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                ]),
+                .labels(vec!["0".bold(), "2.5".into(), "5".bold()]),
        );
    f.render_widget(chart, chunks[2]);
 }
--- a/examples/chart.tape
+++ b/examples/chart.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/chart.tape`
+Output "target/chart.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 800
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=chart --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/colors.rs
+++ b/examples/colors.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+/// This example shows all the colors supported by ratatui. It will render a grid of foreground
+/// and background colors with their names and indexes.
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io::{self, Stdout},
+    result,
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+
+type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = setup_terminal()?;
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal);
+    restore_terminal(terminal)?;
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        eprintln!("{err:?}");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(ui)?;
+
+        if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250))? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(frame: &mut Frame<B>) {
+    let layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(vec![
+            Constraint::Length(30),
+            Constraint::Length(17),
+            Constraint::Length(2),
+        ])
+        .split(frame.size());
+
+    render_named_colors(frame, layout[0]);
+    render_indexed_colors(frame, layout[1]);
+    render_indexed_grayscale(frame, layout[2]);
+}
+
+const NAMED_COLORS: [Color; 16] = [
+    Color::Black,
+    Color::Red,
+    Color::Green,
+    Color::Yellow,
+    Color::Blue,
+    Color::Magenta,
+    Color::Cyan,
+    Color::Gray,
+    Color::DarkGray,
+    Color::LightRed,
+    Color::LightGreen,
+    Color::LightYellow,
+    Color::LightBlue,
+    Color::LightMagenta,
+    Color::LightCyan,
+    Color::White,
+];
+
+fn render_named_colors<B: Backend>(frame: &mut Frame<B>, area: Rect) {
+    let layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(vec![Constraint::Length(3); 10])
+        .split(area);
+
+    render_fg_named_colors(frame, Color::Reset, layout[0]);
+    render_fg_named_colors(frame, Color::Black, layout[1]);
+    render_fg_named_colors(frame, Color::DarkGray, layout[2]);
+    render_fg_named_colors(frame, Color::Gray, layout[3]);
+    render_fg_named_colors(frame, Color::White, layout[4]);
+
+    render_bg_named_colors(frame, Color::Reset, layout[5]);
+    render_bg_named_colors(frame, Color::Black, layout[6]);
+    render_bg_named_colors(frame, Color::DarkGray, layout[7]);
+    render_bg_named_colors(frame, Color::Gray, layout[8]);
+    render_bg_named_colors(frame, Color::White, layout[9]);
+}
+
+fn render_fg_named_colors<B: Backend>(frame: &mut Frame<B>, bg: Color, area: Rect) {
+    let block = title_block(format!("Foreground colors on {bg} background"));
+    let inner = block.inner(area);
+    frame.render_widget(block, area);
+
+    let layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(vec![Constraint::Length(1); 2])
+        .split(inner)
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|area| {
+            Layout::default()
+                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+                .constraints(vec![Constraint::Ratio(1, 8); 8])
+                .split(*area)
+                .to_vec()
+        })
+        .collect_vec();
+    for (i, &fg) in NAMED_COLORS.iter().enumerate() {
+        let color_name = fg.to_string();
+        let paragraph = Paragraph::new(color_name).fg(fg).bg(bg);
+        frame.render_widget(paragraph, layout[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+fn render_bg_named_colors<B: Backend>(frame: &mut Frame<B>, fg: Color, area: Rect) {
+    let block = title_block(format!("Background colors with {fg} foreground"));
+    let inner = block.inner(area);
+    frame.render_widget(block, area);
+
+    let layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(vec![Constraint::Length(1); 2])
+        .split(inner)
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|area| {
+            Layout::default()
+                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+                .constraints(vec![Constraint::Ratio(1, 8); 8])
+                .split(*area)
+                .to_vec()
+        })
+        .collect_vec();
+    for (i, &bg) in NAMED_COLORS.iter().enumerate() {
+        let color_name = bg.to_string();
+        let paragraph = Paragraph::new(color_name).fg(fg).bg(bg);
+        frame.render_widget(paragraph, layout[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+fn render_indexed_colors<B: Backend>(frame: &mut Frame<B>, area: Rect) {
+    let block = title_block("Indexed colors".into());
+    let inner = block.inner(area);
+    frame.render_widget(block, area);
+
+    let layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(vec![
+            Constraint::Length(1), // 0 - 15
+            Constraint::Length(1), // blank
+            Constraint::Min(6),    // 16 - 123
+            Constraint::Length(1), // blank
+            Constraint::Min(6),    // 124 - 231
+            Constraint::Length(1), // blank
+        ])
+        .split(inner);
+
+    //    0   1   2   3   4   5    6   7   8   9  10  11   12  13  14  15
+    let color_layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints(vec![Constraint::Length(5); 16])
+        .split(layout[0]);
+    for i in 0..16 {
+        let color = Color::Indexed(i);
+        let color_index = format!("{i:0>2}");
+        let bg = if i < 1 { Color::DarkGray } else { Color::Black };
+        let paragraph = Paragraph::new(Line::from(vec![
+            color_index.fg(color).bg(bg),
+            "██".bg(color).fg(color),
+        ]));
+        frame.render_widget(paragraph, color_layout[i as usize]);
+    }
+
+    //   16  17  18  19  20  21   52  53  54  55  56  57   88  89  90  91  92  93
+    //   22  23  24  25  26  27   58  59  60  61  62  63   94  95  96  97  98  99
+    //   28  29  30  31  32  33   64  65  66  67  68  69  100 101 102 103 104 105
+    //   34  35  36  37  38  39   70  71  72  73  74  75  106 107 108 109 110 111
+    //   40  41  42  43  44  45   76  77  78  79  80  81  112 113 114 115 116 117
+    //   46  47  48  49  50  51   82  83  84  85  86  87  118 119 120 121 122 123
+    //
+    //  124 125 126 127 128 129  160 161 162 163 164 165  196 197 198 199 200 201
+    //  130 131 132 133 134 135  166 167 168 169 170 171  202 203 204 205 206 207
+    //  136 137 138 139 140 141  172 173 174 175 176 177  208 209 210 211 212 213
+    //  142 143 144 145 146 147  178 179 180 181 182 183  214 215 216 217 218 219
+    //  148 149 150 151 152 153  184 185 186 187 188 189  220 221 222 223 224 225
+    //  154 155 156 157 158 159  190 191 192 193 194 195  226 227 228 229 230 231
+
+    // the above looks complex but it's so the colors are grouped into blocks that display nicely
+    let index_layout = [layout[2], layout[4]]
+        .iter()
+        // two rows of 3 columns
+        .flat_map(|area| {
+            Layout::default()
+                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+                .constraints(vec![Constraint::Length(27); 3])
+                .split(*area)
+                .to_vec()
+        })
+        // each with 6 rows
+        .flat_map(|area| {
+            Layout::default()
+                .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+                .constraints(vec![Constraint::Length(1); 6])
+                .split(area)
+                .to_vec()
+        })
+        // each with 6 columns
+        .flat_map(|area| {
+            Layout::default()
+                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+                .constraints(vec![Constraint::Min(4); 6])
+                .split(area)
+                .to_vec()
+        })
+        .collect_vec();
+
+    for i in 16..=231 {
+        let color = Color::Indexed(i);
+        let color_index = format!("{i:0>3}");
+        let paragraph = Paragraph::new(Line::from(vec![
+            color_index.fg(color).bg(Color::Reset),
+            ".".bg(color).fg(color),
+            // There's a bug in VHS that seems to bleed backgrounds into the next
+            // character. This is a workaround to make the bug less obvious.
+            "███".reversed(),
+        ]));
+        frame.render_widget(paragraph, index_layout[i as usize - 16]);
+    }
+}
+
+fn title_block(title: String) -> Block<'static> {
+    Block::default()
+        .borders(Borders::TOP)
+        .border_style(Style::new().dark_gray())
+        .title(title)
+        .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .title_style(Style::new().reset())
+}
+
+fn render_indexed_grayscale<B: Backend>(frame: &mut Frame<B>, area: Rect) {
+    let layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(vec![
+            Constraint::Length(1), // 232 - 243
+            Constraint::Length(1), // 244 - 255
+        ])
+        .split(area)
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|area| {
+            Layout::default()
+                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+                .constraints(vec![Constraint::Length(6); 12])
+                .split(*area)
+                .to_vec()
+        })
+        .collect_vec();
+
+    for i in 232..=255 {
+        let color = Color::Indexed(i);
+        let color_index = format!("{i:0>3}");
+        // make the dark colors easier to read
+        let bg = if i < 244 { Color::Gray } else { Color::Black };
+        let paragraph = Paragraph::new(Line::from(vec![
+            color_index.fg(color).bg(bg),
+            "██".bg(color).fg(color),
+            // There's a bug in VHS that seems to bleed backgrounds into the next
+            // character. This is a workaround to make the bug less obvious.
+            "███████".reversed(),
+        ]));
+        frame.render_widget(paragraph, layout[i as usize - 232]);
+    }
+}
+
+fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
+    Ok(terminal)
+}
+
+fn restore_terminal(mut terminal: Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
--- a/examples/colors.tape
+++ b/examples/colors.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/colors.tape`
+Output "target/colors.gif"
+# The OceanicMaterial theme is a good choice for this example (Obsidian is almost as good) because:
+# - Black is dark and distinct from the default background
+# - White is light and distinct from the default foreground
+# - Normal and bright colors are distinct
+# - Black and DarkGray are distinct
+# - White and Gray are distinct
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 1410
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=colors --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Show
+Sleep 1s
--- a/examples/colors_rgb.rs
+++ b/examples/colors_rgb.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+/// This example shows the full range of RGB colors that can be displayed in the terminal.
+///
+/// Requires a terminal that supports 24-bit color (true color) and unicode.
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io::{stdout, Stdout},
+    rc::Rc,
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    ExecutableCommand,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+
+type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    install_panic_hook();
+    App::new()?.run()
+}
+
+struct App {
+    terminal: Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>,
+    should_quit: bool,
+}
+
+impl App {
+    pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            terminal: Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))?,
+            should_quit: false,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn run(mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        init_terminal()?;
+        self.terminal.clear()?;
+        while !self.should_quit {
+            self.draw()?;
+            self.handle_events()?;
+        }
+        restore_terminal()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn draw(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.terminal.draw(|frame| {
+            frame.render_widget(RgbColors, frame.size());
+        })?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(100))? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                    self.should_quit = true;
+                };
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for App {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+    }
+}
+
+struct RgbColors;
+
+impl Widget for RgbColors {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let layout = Self::layout(area);
+        let rgb_colors = Self::create_rgb_color_grid(area.width, area.height * 2);
+        Self::render_title(layout[0], buf);
+        Self::render_colors(layout[1], buf, rgb_colors);
+    }
+}
+
+impl RgbColors {
+    fn layout(area: Rect) -> Rc<[Rect]> {
+        Layout::default()
+            .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+            .constraints(vec![Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Min(0)])
+            .split(area)
+    }
+
+    fn render_title(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        Paragraph::new("colors_rgb example. Press q to quit")
+            .dark_gray()
+            .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+            .render(area, buf);
+    }
+
+    /// Render a colored grid of half block characters (`"▀"`) each with a different RGB color.
+    fn render_colors(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, rgb_colors: Vec<Vec<Color>>) {
+        for (x, column) in (area.left()..area.right()).zip(rgb_colors.iter()) {
+            for (y, (fg, bg)) in (area.top()..area.bottom()).zip(column.iter().tuples()) {
+                let cell = buf.get_mut(x, y);
+                cell.fg = *fg;
+                cell.bg = *bg;
+                cell.symbol = "▀".into();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Generate a smooth grid of colors
+    ///
+    /// Red ranges from 0 to 255 across the x axis. Green ranges from 0 to 255 across the y axis.
+    /// Blue repeats every 32 pixels in both directions, but flipped every 16 pixels so that it
+    /// doesn't transition sharply from light to dark.
+    ///
+    /// The result stored in a 2d vector of colors with the x axis as the first dimension, and the
+    /// y axis the second dimension.
+    fn create_rgb_color_grid(width: u16, height: u16) -> Vec<Vec<Color>> {
+        let mut result = vec![];
+        for x in 0..width {
+            let mut column = vec![];
+            for y in 0..height {
+                // flip both axes every 16 pixels. E.g. [0, 1, ... 15, 15, ... 1, 0]
+                let yy = if (y % 32) < 16 { y % 32 } else { 31 - y % 32 };
+                let xx = if (x % 32) < 16 { x % 32 } else { 31 - x % 32 };
+                let r = (256 * x / width) as u8;
+                let g = (256 * y / height) as u8;
+                let b = (yy * 16 + xx) as u8;
+                column.push(Color::Rgb(r, g, b))
+            }
+            result.push(column);
+        }
+        result
+    }
+}
+
+/// Install a panic hook that restores the terminal before panicking.
+fn install_panic_hook() {
+    better_panic::install();
+    let prev_hook = std::panic::take_hook();
+    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+        prev_hook(info);
+    }));
+}
+
+fn init_terminal() -> Result<()> {
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn restore_terminal() -> Result<()> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
--- a/examples/colors_rgb.tape
+++ b/examples/colors_rgb.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/colors_rgb.tape`
+Output "target/colors_rgb.gif"
+# The OceanicMaterial theme is a good choice for this example (Obsidian is almost as good) because:
+# - Black is dark and distinct from the default background
+# - White is light and distinct from the default foreground
+# - Normal and bright colors are distinct
+# - Black and DarkGray are distinct
+# - White and Gray are distinct
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 1410
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=colors_rgb --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Show
+Sleep 1s
--- a/examples/custom_widget.rs
+++ b/examples/custom_widget.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,11 @@
+use std::{error::Error, io};
+
 use crossterm::{
    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
    execute,
    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::Rect,
-    style::Style,
-    widgets::Widget,
-    Frame, Terminal,
-};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};

 #[derive(Default)]
 struct Label<'a> {
@@ -52,7 +46,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
--- a/examples/custom_widget.tape
+++ b/examples/custom_widget.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/custom_widget.tape`
+Output "target/custom_widget.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 200
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=custom_widget --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/demo.tape
+++ b/examples/demo.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
+Output "target/demo.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 1200
+Set PlaybackSpeed 0.5
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example demo"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Show
+Sleep 1s
+Down@1s 12
+Right
+Sleep 4s
+Right
+Sleep 4s
--- a/examples/demo/app.rs
+++ b/examples/demo/app.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use rand::{
    distributions::{Distribution, Uniform},
    rngs::ThreadRng,
 };
-use tui::widgets::ListState;
+use ratatui::widgets::*;

 const TASKS: [&str; 24] = [
    "Item1", "Item2", "Item3", "Item4", "Item5", "Item6", "Item7", "Item8", "Item9", "Item10",
--- a/examples/demo/crossterm.rs
+++ b/examples/demo/crossterm.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
-use crate::{app::App, ui};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use std::{
    error::Error,
    io,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    Terminal,
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
+use ratatui::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::{app::App, ui};

 pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    // setup terminal
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn E
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -56,13 +55,15 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                match key.code {
-                    KeyCode::Char(c) => app.on_key(c),
-                    KeyCode::Left => app.on_left(),
-                    KeyCode::Up => app.on_up(),
-                    KeyCode::Right => app.on_right(),
-                    KeyCode::Down => app.on_down(),
-                    _ => {}
+                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
+                    match key.code {
+                        KeyCode::Char(c) => app.on_key(c),
+                        KeyCode::Left => app.on_left(),
+                        KeyCode::Up => app.on_up(),
+                        KeyCode::Right => app.on_right(),
+                        KeyCode::Down => app.on_down(),
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
                }
            }
        }
--- a/examples/demo/main.rs
+++ b/examples/demo/main.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
+use std::{error::Error, time::Duration};
+
+use argh::FromArgs;
+
 mod app;
 #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
 mod crossterm;
 #[cfg(feature = "termion")]
 mod termion;
-mod ui;
+#[cfg(feature = "termwiz")]
+mod termwiz;

-#[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
-use crate::crossterm::run;
-#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
-use crate::termion::run;
-use argh::FromArgs;
-use std::{error::Error, time::Duration};
+mod ui;

 /// Demo
 #[derive(Debug, FromArgs)]
@@ -26,6 +26,11 @@ struct Cli {
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let cli: Cli = argh::from_env();
    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(cli.tick_rate);
-    run(tick_rate, cli.enhanced_graphics)?;
+    #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+    crate::crossterm::run(tick_rate, cli.enhanced_graphics)?;
+    #[cfg(feature = "termion")]
+    crate::termion::run(tick_rate, cli.enhanced_graphics)?;
+    #[cfg(feature = "termwiz")]
+    crate::termwiz::run(tick_rate, cli.enhanced_graphics)?;
    Ok(())
 }
--- a/examples/demo/termion.rs
+++ b/examples/demo/termion.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
-use crate::{app::App, ui};
 use std::{error::Error, io, sync::mpsc, thread, time::Duration};
+
+use ratatui::prelude::*;
 use termion::{
    event::Key,
    input::{MouseTerminal, TermRead},
    raw::IntoRawMode,
-    screen::AlternateScreen,
-};
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, TermionBackend},
-    Terminal,
+    screen::IntoAlternateScreen,
 };

+use crate::{app::App, ui};
+
 pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    // setup terminal
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
+    let stdout = io::stdout()
+        .into_raw_mode()
+        .unwrap()
+        .into_alternate_screen()
+        .unwrap();
    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;

@@ -64,14 +66,14 @@ fn events(tick_rate: Duration) -> mpsc::Receiver<Event> {
        let stdin = io::stdin();
        for key in stdin.keys().flatten() {
            if let Err(err) = keys_tx.send(Event::Input(key)) {
-                eprintln!("{}", err);
+                eprintln!("{err}");
                return;
            }
        }
    });
    thread::spawn(move || loop {
        if let Err(err) = tx.send(Event::Tick) {
-            eprintln!("{}", err);
+            eprintln!("{err}");
            break;
        }
        thread::sleep(tick_rate);
--- a/examples/demo/termwiz.rs
+++ b/examples/demo/termwiz.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+
+use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use termwiz::{input::*, terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal};
+
+use crate::{app::App, ui};
+
+pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let backend = TermwizBackend::new()?;
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
+
+    // create app and run it
+    let app = App::new("Termwiz Demo", enhanced_graphics);
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
+
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+    terminal.flush()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{err:?}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_app(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<TermwizBackend>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui::draw(f, &mut app))?;
+
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if let Ok(Some(input)) = terminal
+            .backend_mut()
+            .buffered_terminal_mut()
+            .terminal()
+            .poll_input(Some(timeout))
+        {
+            match input {
+                InputEvent::Key(key_code) => match key_code.key {
+                    KeyCode::UpArrow => app.on_up(),
+                    KeyCode::DownArrow => app.on_down(),
+                    KeyCode::LeftArrow => app.on_left(),
+                    KeyCode::RightArrow => app.on_right(),
+                    KeyCode::Char(c) => app.on_key(c),
+                    _ => {}
+                },
+                InputEvent::Resized { cols, rows } => {
+                    terminal
+                        .backend_mut()
+                        .buffered_terminal_mut()
+                        .resize(cols, rows);
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            app.on_tick();
+            last_tick = Instant::now();
+        }
+        if app.should_quit {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/examples/demo/ui.rs
+++ b/examples/demo/ui.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,10 @@
-use crate::app::App;
-use tui::{
-    backend::Backend,
-    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    symbols,
-    text::{Span, Spans},
-    widgets::canvas::{Canvas, Line, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
-    widgets::{
-        Axis, BarChart, Block, Borders, Cell, Chart, Dataset, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem,
-        Paragraph, Row, Sparkline, Table, Tabs, Wrap,
-    },
-    Frame,
+use ratatui::{
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
 };

+use crate::app::App;
+
 pub fn draw<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
    let chunks = Layout::default()
        .constraints([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)].as_ref())
@@ -21,7 +13,7 @@ pub fn draw<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
        .tabs
        .titles
        .iter()
-        .map(|t| Spans::from(Span::styled(*t, Style::default().fg(Color::Green))))
+        .map(|t| text::Line::from(Span::styled(*t, Style::default().fg(Color::Green))))
        .collect();
    let tabs = Tabs::new(titles)
        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title(app.title))
@@ -82,6 +74,7 @@ where
                .bg(Color::Black)
                .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
        )
+        .use_unicode(app.enhanced_graphics)
        .label(label)
        .ratio(app.progress);
    f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[0]);
@@ -137,7 +130,7 @@ where
                .tasks
                .items
                .iter()
-                .map(|i| ListItem::new(vec![Spans::from(Span::raw(*i))]))
+                .map(|i| ListItem::new(vec![text::Line::from(Span::raw(*i))]))
                .collect();
            let tasks = List::new(tasks)
                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"))
@@ -161,8 +154,8 @@ where
                        "WARNING" => warning_style,
                        _ => info_style,
                    };
-                    let content = vec![Spans::from(vec![
-                        Span::styled(format!("{:<9}", level), s),
+                    let content = vec![text::Line::from(vec![
+                        Span::styled(format!("{level:<9}"), s),
                        Span::raw(evt),
                    ])];
                    ListItem::new(content)
@@ -261,9 +254,9 @@ where
    B: Backend,
 {
    let text = vec![
-        Spans::from("This is a paragraph with several lines. You can change style your text the way you want"),
-        Spans::from(""),
-        Spans::from(vec![
+        text::Line::from("This is a paragraph with several lines. You can change style your text the way you want"),
+        text::Line::from(""),
+        text::Line::from(vec![
            Span::from("For example: "),
            Span::styled("under", Style::default().fg(Color::Red)),
            Span::raw(" "),
@@ -272,7 +265,7 @@ where
            Span::styled("rainbow", Style::default().fg(Color::Blue)),
            Span::raw("."),
        ]),
-        Spans::from(vec![
+        text::Line::from(vec![
            Span::raw("Oh and if you didn't "),
            Span::styled("notice", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)),
            Span::raw(" you can "),
@@ -283,7 +276,7 @@ where
            Span::styled("text", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED)),
            Span::raw(".")
        ]),
-        Spans::from(
+        text::Line::from(
            "One more thing is that it should display unicode characters: 10€"
        ),
    ];
@@ -346,9 +339,15 @@ where
                height: 10.0,
                color: Color::Yellow,
            });
+            ctx.draw(&Circle {
+                x: app.servers[2].coords.1,
+                y: app.servers[2].coords.0,
+                radius: 10.0,
+                color: Color::Green,
+            });
            for (i, s1) in app.servers.iter().enumerate() {
                for s2 in &app.servers[i + 1..] {
-                    ctx.draw(&Line {
+                    ctx.draw(&canvas::Line {
                        x1: s1.coords.1,
                        y1: s1.coords.0,
                        y2: s2.coords.0,
@@ -411,7 +410,7 @@ where
        .iter()
        .map(|c| {
            let cells = vec![
-                Cell::from(Span::raw(format!("{:?}: ", c))),
+                Cell::from(Span::raw(format!("{c:?}: "))),
                Cell::from(Span::styled("Foreground", Style::default().fg(*c))),
                Cell::from(Span::styled("Background", Style::default().bg(*c))),
            ];
--- a/examples/gauge.rs
+++ b/examples/gauge.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,15 @@
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use std::{
    error::Error,
    io,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    text::Span,
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Gauge},
-    Frame, Terminal,
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};

 struct App {
    progress1: u16,
@@ -77,7 +71,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -112,7 +106,6 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
 fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
    let chunks = Layout::default()
        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-        .margin(2)
        .constraints(
            [
                Constraint::Percentage(25),
@@ -152,9 +145,9 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
        .use_unicode(true);
    f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[2]);

-    let label = format!("{}/100", app.progress2);
+    let label = format!("{}/100", app.progress4);
    let gauge = Gauge::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge4"))
+        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge4").borders(Borders::ALL))
        .gauge_style(
            Style::default()
                .fg(Color::Cyan)
--- a/examples/gauge.tape
+++ b/examples/gauge.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/gauge.tape`
+Output "target/gauge.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 600
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=gauge --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 20s
--- a/examples/generate.bash
+++ b/examples/generate.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# This script is used to generate the images for the examples README
+# It requires the following tools:
+# - cargo: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/getting-started/installation.html
+# - gh: https://github.com/cli/cli
+# - git: https://git-scm.com/
+# - vhs: https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs
+
+# Exit on error. Append "|| true" if you expect an error.
+set -o errexit
+# Exit on error inside any functions or subshells.
+set -o errtrace
+# Do not allow use of undefined vars. Use ${VAR:-} to use an undefined VAR
+set -o nounset
+# Catch the error in case mysqldump fails (but gzip succeeds) in `mysqldump |gzip`
+set -o pipefail
+# Turn on traces, useful while debugging but commented out by default
+# set -o xtrace
+
+# ensure that running each example doesn't have to wait for the build
+cargo build --examples --features=crossterm,all-widgets
+
+for tape in examples/*.tape
+do
+    gif=${tape/examples\/}
+    gif=${gif/.tape/.gif}
+    vhs $tape --quiet
+    # this can be pasted into the examples README.md
+    echo "[${gif}]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/${gif}?raw=true"
+done
+git switch images
+git pull --rebase upstream images
+cp target/*.gif examples/
+git add examples/*.gif
+git commit -m 'docs(examples): update images'
+gh pr create
+git sw main
--- a/examples/hello_world.rs
+++ b/examples/hello_world.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+use std::{
+    io::{self, Stdout},
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+
+/// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
+/// this is not meant to be prescriptive. It is only meant to demonstrate the basic setup and
+/// teardown of a terminal application.
+///
+/// A more robust application would probably want to handle errors and ensure that the terminal is
+/// restored to a sane state before exiting. This example does not do that. It also does not handle
+/// events or update the application state. It just draws a greeting and exits when the user
+/// presses 'q'.
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = setup_terminal().context("setup failed")?;
+    run(&mut terminal).context("app loop failed")?;
+    restore_terminal(&mut terminal).context("restore terminal failed")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Setup the terminal. This is where you would enable raw mode, enter the alternate screen, and
+/// hide the cursor. This example does not handle errors. A more robust application would probably
+/// want to handle errors and ensure that the terminal is restored to a sane state before exiting.
+fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    enable_raw_mode().context("failed to enable raw mode")?;
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen).context("unable to enter alternate screen")?;
+    Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout)).context("creating terminal failed")
+}
+
+/// Restore the terminal. This is where you disable raw mode, leave the alternate screen, and show
+/// the cursor.
+fn restore_terminal(terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
+    disable_raw_mode().context("failed to disable raw mode")?;
+    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)
+        .context("unable to switch to main screen")?;
+    terminal.show_cursor().context("unable to show cursor")
+}
+
+/// Run the application loop. This is where you would handle events and update the application
+/// state. This example exits when the user presses 'q'. Other styles of application loops are
+/// possible, for example, you could have multiple application states and switch between them based
+/// on events, or you could have a single application state and update it based on events.
+fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(crate::render_app)?;
+        if should_quit()? {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Render the application. This is where you would draw the application UI. This example just
+/// draws a greeting.
+fn render_app(frame: &mut ratatui::Frame<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) {
+    let greeting = Paragraph::new("Hello World! (press 'q' to quit)");
+    frame.render_widget(greeting, frame.size());
+}
+
+/// Check if the user has pressed 'q'. This is where you would handle events. This example just
+/// checks if the user has pressed 'q' and returns true if they have. It does not handle any other
+/// events. There is a 250ms timeout on the event poll so that the application can exit in a timely
+/// manner, and to ensure that the terminal is rendered at least once every 250ms.
+fn should_quit() -> Result<bool> {
+    if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250)).context("event poll failed")? {
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read().context("event read failed")? {
+            return Ok(KeyCode::Char('q') == key.code);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(false)
+}
--- a/examples/hello_world.tape
+++ b/examples/hello_world.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/hello_world.tape`
+Output "target/hello_world.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 200
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=hello_world --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/inline.rs
+++ b/examples/inline.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use rand::distributions::{Distribution, Uniform};
 use std::{
    collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque},
    error::Error,
@@ -7,16 +6,9 @@ use std::{
    thread,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
-use tracing::{event, span, Level};
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    symbols,
-    text::{Span, Spans},
-    widgets::{Block, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem, Paragraph, Widget},
-    Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, ViewportVariant,
-};
+
+use rand::distributions::{Distribution, Uniform};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};

 const NUM_DOWNLOADS: usize = 10;

@@ -72,18 +64,13 @@ struct Worker {
 }

 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    tracing_subscriber::fmt()
-        .with_env_filter(tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::from_default_env())
-        .with_writer(io::stderr)
-        .init();
-
    crossterm::terminal::enable_raw_mode()?;
    let stdout = io::stdout();
    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
    let mut terminal = Terminal::with_options(
        backend,
        TerminalOptions {
-            viewport: ViewportVariant::Inline(8),
+            viewport: Viewport::Inline(8),
        },
    )?;

@@ -181,8 +168,6 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
        }
        redraw = true;

-        let span = span!(Level::INFO, "recv");
-        let _guard = span.enter();
        match rx.recv()? {
            Event::Input(event) => {
                if event.code == crossterm::event::KeyCode::Char('q') {
@@ -190,32 +175,21 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
                }
            }
            Event::Resize => {
-                event!(Level::INFO, "resize");
-                terminal.resize()?;
+                terminal.autoresize()?;
            }
-            Event::Tick => {
-                event!(Level::INFO, "tick");
-            }
-            Event::DownloadUpdate(worker_id, download_id, progress) => {
-                event!(
-                    Level::INFO,
-                    worker_id,
-                    download_id,
-                    progress,
-                    "download update"
-                );
+            Event::Tick => {}
+            Event::DownloadUpdate(worker_id, _download_id, progress) => {
                let download = downloads.in_progress.get_mut(&worker_id).unwrap();
                download.progress = progress;
                redraw = false
            }
            Event::DownloadDone(worker_id, download_id) => {
-                event!(Level::INFO, worker_id, download_id, "download done");
                let download = downloads.in_progress.remove(&worker_id).unwrap();
                terminal.insert_before(1, |buf| {
-                    Paragraph::new(Spans::from(vec![
+                    Paragraph::new(Line::from(vec![
                        Span::from("Finished "),
                        Span::styled(
-                            format!("download {}", download_id),
+                            format!("download {download_id}"),
                            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
                        ),
                        Span::from(format!(
@@ -245,9 +219,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
 fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, downloads: &Downloads) {
    let size = f.size();

-    let block = Block::default()
-        .title("Progress")
-        .title_alignment(Alignment::Center);
+    let block = Block::default().title(block::Title::from("Progress").alignment(Alignment::Center));
    f.render_widget(block, size);

    let chunks = Layout::default()
@@ -259,7 +231,7 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, downloads: &Downloads) {
    let done = NUM_DOWNLOADS - downloads.pending.len() - downloads.in_progress.len();
    let progress = LineGauge::default()
        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
-        .label(format!("{}/{}", done, NUM_DOWNLOADS))
+        .label(format!("{done}/{NUM_DOWNLOADS}"))
        .ratio(done as f64 / NUM_DOWNLOADS as f64);
    f.render_widget(progress, chunks[0]);

@@ -271,9 +243,9 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, downloads: &Downloads) {
    // in progress downloads
    let items: Vec<ListItem> = downloads
        .in_progress
-        .iter()
-        .map(|(_worker_id, download)| {
-            ListItem::new(Spans::from(vec![
+        .values()
+        .map(|download| {
+            ListItem::new(Line::from(vec![
                Span::raw(symbols::DOT),
                Span::styled(
                    format!(" download {:>2}", download.id),
--- a/examples/inline.tape
+++ b/examples/inline.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/inline.tape`
+Output "target/inline.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 600
+Type "cargo run --example=inline --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 20s
--- a/examples/layout.rs
+++ b/examples/layout.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
+use std::{error::Error, io};
+
 use crossterm::{
    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
    execute,
    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders},
-    Frame, Terminal,
-};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use ratatui::{layout::Constraint::*, prelude::*, widgets::*};

 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    // setup terminal
@@ -32,7 +29,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -50,21 +47,177 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
    }
 }

-fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>) {
-    let chunks = Layout::default()
+fn ui<B: Backend>(frame: &mut Frame<B>) {
+    let main_layout = Layout::default()
        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-        .constraints(
-            [
-                Constraint::Percentage(10),
-                Constraint::Percentage(80),
-                Constraint::Percentage(10),
-            ]
-            .as_ref(),
-        )
-        .split(f.size());
+        .constraints(vec![
+            Length(4),  // text
+            Length(50), // examples
+            Min(0),     // fills remaining space
+        ])
+        .split(frame.size());

-    let block = Block::default().title("Block").borders(Borders::ALL);
-    f.render_widget(block, chunks[0]);
-    let block = Block::default().title("Block 2").borders(Borders::ALL);
-    f.render_widget(block, chunks[2]);
+    // title
+    frame.render_widget(
+        Paragraph::new(vec![
+            Line::from("Horizontal Layout Example. Press q to quit".dark_gray())
+                .alignment(Alignment::Center),
+            Line::from("Each line has 2 constraints, plus Min(0) to fill the remaining space."),
+            Line::from("E.g. the second line of the Len/Min box is [Length(2), Min(2), Min(0)]"),
+            Line::from("Note: constraint labels that don't fit are truncated"),
+        ]),
+        main_layout[0],
+    );
+
+    let example_rows = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(vec![
+            Length(9),
+            Length(9),
+            Length(9),
+            Length(9),
+            Length(9),
+            Min(0), // fills remaining space
+        ])
+        .split(main_layout[1]);
+    let example_areas = example_rows
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|area| {
+            Layout::default()
+                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+                .constraints(vec![
+                    Length(14),
+                    Length(14),
+                    Length(14),
+                    Length(14),
+                    Length(14),
+                    Min(0), // fills remaining space
+                ])
+                .split(*area)
+                .iter()
+                .copied()
+                .take(5) // ignore Min(0)
+                .collect_vec()
+        })
+        .collect_vec();
+
+    // the examples are a cartesian product of the following constraints
+    // e.g. Len/Len, Len/Min, Len/Max, Len/Perc, Len/Ratio, Min/Len, Min/Min, ...
+    let examples = [
+        (
+            "Len",
+            vec![
+                Length(0),
+                Length(2),
+                Length(3),
+                Length(6),
+                Length(10),
+                Length(15),
+            ],
+        ),
+        (
+            "Min",
+            vec![Min(0), Min(2), Min(3), Min(6), Min(10), Min(15)],
+        ),
+        (
+            "Max",
+            vec![Max(0), Max(2), Max(3), Max(6), Max(10), Max(15)],
+        ),
+        (
+            "Perc",
+            vec![
+                Percentage(0),
+                Percentage(25),
+                Percentage(50),
+                Percentage(75),
+                Percentage(100),
+                Percentage(150),
+            ],
+        ),
+        (
+            "Ratio",
+            vec![
+                Ratio(0, 4),
+                Ratio(1, 4),
+                Ratio(2, 4),
+                Ratio(3, 4),
+                Ratio(4, 4),
+                Ratio(6, 4),
+            ],
+        ),
+    ];
+
+    for (i, (a, b)) in examples
+        .iter()
+        .cartesian_product(examples.iter())
+        .enumerate()
+    {
+        let (name_a, examples_a) = a;
+        let (name_b, examples_b) = b;
+        let constraints = examples_a
+            .iter()
+            .copied()
+            .zip(examples_b.iter().copied())
+            .collect_vec();
+        render_example_combination(
+            frame,
+            example_areas[i],
+            &format!("{name_a}/{name_b}"),
+            constraints,
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// Renders a single example box
+fn render_example_combination<B: Backend>(
+    frame: &mut Frame<B>,
+    area: Rect,
+    title: &str,
+    constraints: Vec<(Constraint, Constraint)>,
+) {
+    let block = Block::default()
+        .title(title.gray())
+        .style(Style::reset())
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .border_style(Style::default().fg(Color::DarkGray));
+    let inner = block.inner(area);
+    frame.render_widget(block, area);
+    let layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(vec![Length(1); constraints.len() + 1])
+        .split(inner);
+    for (i, (a, b)) in constraints.iter().enumerate() {
+        render_single_example(frame, layout[i], vec![*a, *b, Min(0)]);
+    }
+    // This is to make it easy to visually see the alignment of the examples
+    // with the constraints.
+    frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("123456789012"), layout[6]);
+}
+
+/// Renders a single example line
+fn render_single_example<B: Backend>(
+    frame: &mut Frame<B>,
+    area: Rect,
+    constraints: Vec<Constraint>,
+) {
+    let red = Paragraph::new(constraint_label(constraints[0])).on_red();
+    let blue = Paragraph::new(constraint_label(constraints[1])).on_blue();
+    let green = Paragraph::new("·".repeat(12)).on_green();
+    let layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints(constraints)
+        .split(area);
+    frame.render_widget(red, layout[0]);
+    frame.render_widget(blue, layout[1]);
+    frame.render_widget(green, layout[2]);
+}
+
+fn constraint_label(constraint: Constraint) -> String {
+    match constraint {
+        Length(n) => format!("{n}"),
+        Min(n) => format!("{n}"),
+        Max(n) => format!("{n}"),
+        Percentage(n) => format!("{n}"),
+        Ratio(a, b) => format!("{a}:{b}"),
+    }
 }
--- a/examples/layout.tape
+++ b/examples/layout.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/layout.tape`
+Output "target/layout.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 1410
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=layout --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 2s
--- a/examples/list.rs
+++ b/examples/list.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,15 @@
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use std::{
    error::Error,
    io,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Constraint, Corner, Direction, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    text::{Span, Spans},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, List, ListItem, ListState},
-    Frame, Terminal,
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};

 struct StatefulList<T> {
    state: ListState,
@@ -63,9 +57,9 @@ impl<T> StatefulList<T> {
    }
 }

-/// This struct holds the current state of the app. In particular, it has the `items` field which is a wrapper
-/// around `ListState`. Keeping track of the items state let us render the associated widget with its state
-/// and have access to features such as natural scrolling.
+/// This struct holds the current state of the app. In particular, it has the `items` field which is
+/// a wrapper around `ListState`. Keeping track of the items state let us render the associated
+/// widget with its state and have access to features such as natural scrolling.
 ///
 /// Check the event handling at the bottom to see how to change the state on incoming events.
 /// Check the drawing logic for items on how to specify the highlighting style for selected items.
@@ -166,7 +160,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -186,12 +180,14 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                match key.code {
-                    KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
-                    KeyCode::Left => app.items.unselect(),
-                    KeyCode::Down => app.items.next(),
-                    KeyCode::Up => app.items.previous(),
-                    _ => {}
+                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
+                    match key.code {
+                        KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                        KeyCode::Left => app.items.unselect(),
+                        KeyCode::Down => app.items.next(),
+                        KeyCode::Up => app.items.previous(),
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
                }
            }
        }
@@ -215,12 +211,13 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
        .items
        .iter()
        .map(|i| {
-            let mut lines = vec![Spans::from(i.0)];
+            let mut lines = vec![Line::from(i.0)];
            for _ in 0..i.1 {
-                lines.push(Spans::from(Span::styled(
-                    "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.",
-                    Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
-                )));
+                lines.push(
+                    "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit."
+                        .italic()
+                        .into(),
+                );
            }
            ListItem::new(lines).style(Style::default().fg(Color::Black).bg(Color::White))
        })
@@ -255,16 +252,13 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
                _ => Style::default(),
            };
            // Add a example datetime and apply proper spacing between them
-            let header = Spans::from(vec![
-                Span::styled(format!("{:<9}", level), s),
-                Span::raw(" "),
-                Span::styled(
-                    "2020-01-01 10:00:00",
-                    Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
-                ),
+            let header = Line::from(vec![
+                Span::styled(format!("{level:<9}"), s),
+                " ".into(),
+                "2020-01-01 10:00:00".italic(),
            ]);
            // The event gets its own line
-            let log = Spans::from(vec![Span::raw(event)]);
+            let log = Line::from(vec![event.into()]);

            // Here several things happen:
            // 1. Add a `---` spacing line above the final list entry
@@ -272,9 +266,9 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
            // 3. Add a spacer line
            // 4. Add the actual event
            ListItem::new(vec![
-                Spans::from("-".repeat(chunks[1].width as usize)),
+                Line::from("-".repeat(chunks[1].width as usize)),
                header,
-                Spans::from(""),
+                Line::from(""),
                log,
            ])
        })
--- a/examples/list.tape
+++ b/examples/list.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/list.tape`
+Output "target/list.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 600
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=list --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Down@1s 4
+Up@1s 2
+Left@1s 1
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/modifiers.rs
+++ b/examples/modifiers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/// This example is useful for testing how your terminal emulator handles different modifiers.
+/// It will render a grid of combinations of foreground and background colors with all
+/// modifiers applied to them.
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io::{self, Stdout},
+    iter::once,
+    result,
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+
+type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = setup_terminal()?;
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal);
+    restore_terminal(terminal)?;
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        eprintln!("{err:?}");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(ui)?;
+
+        if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250))? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(frame: &mut Frame<B>) {
+    let layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(vec![Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Min(0)])
+        .split(frame.size());
+    frame.render_widget(
+        Paragraph::new("Note: not all terminals support all modifiers")
+            .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+        layout[0],
+    );
+    let layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(vec![Constraint::Length(1); 50])
+        .split(layout[1])
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|area| {
+            Layout::default()
+                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+                .constraints(vec![Constraint::Percentage(20); 5])
+                .split(*area)
+                .to_vec()
+        })
+        .collect_vec();
+
+    let colors = [
+        Color::Black,
+        Color::DarkGray,
+        Color::Gray,
+        Color::White,
+        Color::Red,
+    ];
+    let all_modifiers = once(Modifier::empty())
+        .chain(Modifier::all().iter())
+        .collect_vec();
+    let mut index = 0;
+    for bg in colors.iter() {
+        for fg in colors.iter() {
+            for modifier in &all_modifiers {
+                let modifier_name = format!("{modifier:11?}");
+                let padding = (" ").repeat(12 - modifier_name.len());
+                let paragraph = Paragraph::new(Line::from(vec![
+                    modifier_name.fg(*fg).bg(*bg).add_modifier(*modifier),
+                    padding.fg(*fg).bg(*bg).add_modifier(*modifier),
+                    // This is a hack to work around a bug in VHS which is used for rendering the
+                    // examples to gifs. The bug is that the background color of a paragraph seems
+                    // to bleed into the next character.
+                    ".".black().on_black(),
+                ]));
+                frame.render_widget(paragraph, layout[index]);
+                index += 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
+    Ok(terminal)
+}
+
+fn restore_terminal(mut terminal: Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
--- a/examples/modifiers.tape
+++ b/examples/modifiers.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/modifiers.tape`
+Output "target/modifiers.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 1460
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=modifiers --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Show
+Sleep 1s
--- a/examples/panic.rs
+++ b/examples/panic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+//! How to use a panic hook to reset the terminal before printing the panic to
+//! the terminal.
+//!
+//! When exiting normally or when handling `Result::Err`, we can reset the
+//! terminal manually at the end of `main` just before we print the error.
+//!
+//! Because a panic interrupts the normal control flow, manually resetting the
+//! terminal at the end of `main` won't do us any good. Instead, we need to
+//! make sure to set up a panic hook that first resets the terminal before
+//! handling the panic. This both reuses the standard panic hook to ensure a
+//! consistent panic handling UX and properly resets the terminal to not
+//! distort the output.
+//!
+//! That's why this example is set up to show both situations, with and without
+//! the chained panic hook, to see the difference.
+
+use std::{error::Error, io};
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+
+type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct App {
+    hook_enabled: bool,
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn chain_hook(&mut self) {
+        let original_hook = std::panic::take_hook();
+
+        std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |panic| {
+            reset_terminal().unwrap();
+            original_hook(panic);
+        }));
+
+        self.hook_enabled = true;
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
+
+    let mut app = App::default();
+    let res = run_tui(&mut terminal, &mut app);
+
+    reset_terminal()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{err:?}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Initializes the terminal.
+fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<io::Stdout>>> {
+    crossterm::execute!(io::stdout(), EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(io::stdout());
+
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
+
+    Ok(terminal)
+}
+
+/// Resets the terminal.
+fn reset_terminal() -> Result<()> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    crossterm::execute!(io::stdout(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Runs the TUI loop.
+fn run_tui<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, app: &mut App) -> io::Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, app))?;
+
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            match key.code {
+                KeyCode::Char('p') => {
+                    panic!("intentional demo panic");
+                }
+
+                KeyCode::Char('e') => {
+                    app.chain_hook();
+                }
+
+                _ => {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Render the TUI.
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let text = vec![
+        if app.hook_enabled {
+            Line::from("HOOK IS CURRENTLY **ENABLED**")
+        } else {
+            Line::from("HOOK IS CURRENTLY **DISABLED**")
+        },
+        Line::from(""),
+        Line::from("press `p` to panic"),
+        Line::from("press `e` to enable the terminal-resetting panic hook"),
+        Line::from("press any other key to quit without panic"),
+        Line::from(""),
+        Line::from("when you panic without the chained hook,"),
+        Line::from("you will likely have to reset your terminal afterwards"),
+        Line::from("with the `reset` command"),
+        Line::from(""),
+        Line::from("with the chained panic hook enabled,"),
+        Line::from("you should see the panic report as you would without ratatui"),
+        Line::from(""),
+        Line::from("try first without the panic handler to see the difference"),
+    ];
+
+    let b = Block::default()
+        .title("Panic Handler Demo")
+        .borders(Borders::ALL);
+
+    let p = Paragraph::new(text).block(b).alignment(Alignment::Center);
+
+    f.render_widget(p, f.size());
+}
--- a/examples/panic.tape
+++ b/examples/panic.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/panic.tape`
+Output "target/panic.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 600
+Type "cargo run --example=panic --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 5s
+Type p
+Sleep 2s
+Type reset
+Enter
+Type "cargo run --example=panic --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Type e
+Sleep 2s
+Type p
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/paragraph.rs
+++ b/examples/paragraph.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,15 @@
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use std::{
    error::Error,
    io,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    text::{Span, Spans},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph, Wrap},
-    Frame, Terminal,
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};

 struct App {
    scroll: u16,
@@ -55,7 +49,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -95,12 +89,11 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
    let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(size.width) / s.len() + 4);
    long_line.push('\n');

-    let block = Block::default().style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black));
+    let block = Block::default().black();
    f.render_widget(block, size);

    let chunks = Layout::default()
        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-        .margin(5)
        .constraints(
            [
                Constraint::Percentage(25),
@@ -113,59 +106,54 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
        .split(size);

    let text = vec![
-        Spans::from("This is a line "),
-        Spans::from(Span::styled(
-            "This is a line   ",
-            Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
-        )),
-        Spans::from(Span::styled(
-            "This is a line",
-            Style::default().bg(Color::Blue),
-        )),
-        Spans::from(Span::styled(
-            "This is a longer line",
-            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT),
-        )),
-        Spans::from(Span::styled(&long_line, Style::default().bg(Color::Green))),
-        Spans::from(Span::styled(
-            "This is a line",
-            Style::default()
-                .fg(Color::Green)
-                .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
-        )),
+        Line::from("This is a line "),
+        Line::from("This is a line   ".red()),
+        Line::from("This is a line".on_blue()),
+        Line::from("This is a longer line".crossed_out()),
+        Line::from(long_line.on_green()),
+        Line::from("This is a line".green().italic()),
+        Line::from(vec![
+            "Masked text: ".into(),
+            Span::styled(
+                Masked::new("password", '*'),
+                Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
+            ),
+        ]),
    ];

    let create_block = |title| {
        Block::default()
            .borders(Borders::ALL)
-            .style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black))
+            .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
            .title(Span::styled(
                title,
                Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
            ))
    };
+
    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black))
-        .block(create_block("Left, no wrap"))
-        .alignment(Alignment::Left);
+        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
+        .block(create_block("Default alignment (Left), no wrap"));
    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[0]);
+
    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black))
-        .block(create_block("Left, wrap"))
-        .alignment(Alignment::Left)
+        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
+        .block(create_block("Default alignment (Left), with wrap"))
        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[1]);
+
    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black))
-        .block(create_block("Center, wrap"))
+        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
+        .block(create_block("Right alignment, with wrap"))
+        .alignment(Alignment::Right)
+        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[2]);
+
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
+        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
+        .block(create_block("Center alignment, with wrap, with scroll"))
        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
        .scroll((app.scroll, 0));
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[2]);
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
-        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black))
-        .block(create_block("Right, wrap"))
-        .alignment(Alignment::Right)
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[3]);
 }
--- a/examples/paragraph.tape
+++ b/examples/paragraph.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/paragraph.tape`
+Output "target/paragraph.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 1800
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=paragraph --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/popup.rs
+++ b/examples/popup.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,11 @@
 use std::{error::Error, io};
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    text::Span,
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Clear, Paragraph, Wrap},
-    Frame, Terminal,
-};

 use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
    execute,
    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};

 struct App {
    show_popup: bool,
@@ -46,7 +39,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -57,10 +50,12 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;

        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            match key.code {
-                KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
-                KeyCode::Char('p') => app.show_popup = !app.show_popup,
-                _ => {}
+            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
+                match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                    KeyCode::Char('p') => app.show_popup = !app.show_popup,
+                    _ => {}
+                }
            }
        }
    }
@@ -78,18 +73,15 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
    } else {
        "Press p to show the popup"
    };
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(Span::styled(
-        text,
-        Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK),
-    ))
-    .alignment(Alignment::Center)
-    .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.slow_blink())
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[0]);

    let block = Block::default()
        .title("Content")
        .borders(Borders::ALL)
-        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Blue));
+        .on_blue();
    f.render_widget(block, chunks[1]);

    if app.show_popup {
--- a/examples/popup.tape
+++ b/examples/popup.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/popup.tape`
+Output "target/popup.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 600
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=popup --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 2s
+Type p
+Sleep 2s
+Type p
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/scrollbar.rs
+++ b/examples/scrollbar.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, symbols::scrollbar, widgets::*};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct App {
+    pub vertical_scroll_state: ScrollbarState,
+    pub horizontal_scroll_state: ScrollbarState,
+    pub vertical_scroll: usize,
+    pub horizontal_scroll: usize,
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+
+    // create app and run it
+    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
+    let app = App::default();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
+
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{err:?}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &mut app))?;
+
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                    KeyCode::Char('j') => {
+                        app.vertical_scroll = app.vertical_scroll.saturating_add(1);
+                        app.vertical_scroll_state =
+                            app.vertical_scroll_state.position(app.vertical_scroll);
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Char('k') => {
+                        app.vertical_scroll = app.vertical_scroll.saturating_sub(1);
+                        app.vertical_scroll_state =
+                            app.vertical_scroll_state.position(app.vertical_scroll);
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Char('h') => {
+                        app.horizontal_scroll = app.horizontal_scroll.saturating_sub(1);
+                        app.horizontal_scroll_state =
+                            app.horizontal_scroll_state.position(app.horizontal_scroll);
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Char('l') => {
+                        app.horizontal_scroll = app.horizontal_scroll.saturating_add(1);
+                        app.horizontal_scroll_state =
+                            app.horizontal_scroll_state.position(app.horizontal_scroll);
+                    }
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            last_tick = Instant::now();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
+    let size = f.size();
+
+    // Words made "loooong" to demonstrate line breaking.
+    let s = "Veeeeeeeeeeeeeeeery    loooooooooooooooooong   striiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiing.   ";
+    let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(size.width) / s.len() + 4);
+    long_line.push('\n');
+
+    let block = Block::default().black();
+    f.render_widget(block, size);
+
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Min(1),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(size);
+
+    let text = vec![
+        Line::from("This is a line "),
+        Line::from("This is a line   ".red()),
+        Line::from("This is a line".on_dark_gray()),
+        Line::from("This is a longer line".crossed_out()),
+        Line::from(long_line.clone()),
+        Line::from("This is a line".reset()),
+        Line::from(vec![
+            Span::raw("Masked text: "),
+            Span::styled(
+                Masked::new("password", '*'),
+                Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
+            ),
+        ]),
+        Line::from("This is a line "),
+        Line::from("This is a line   ".red()),
+        Line::from("This is a line".on_dark_gray()),
+        Line::from("This is a longer line".crossed_out()),
+        Line::from(long_line.clone()),
+        Line::from("This is a line".reset()),
+        Line::from(vec![
+            Span::raw("Masked text: "),
+            Span::styled(
+                Masked::new("password", '*'),
+                Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
+            ),
+        ]),
+    ];
+    app.vertical_scroll_state = app.vertical_scroll_state.content_length(text.len());
+    app.horizontal_scroll_state = app.horizontal_scroll_state.content_length(long_line.len());
+
+    let create_block = |title| {
+        Block::default()
+            .borders(Borders::ALL)
+            .gray()
+            .title(Span::styled(
+                title,
+                Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+            ))
+    };
+
+    let title = Block::default()
+        .title("Use h j k l to scroll ◄ ▲ ▼ ►")
+        .title_alignment(Alignment::Center);
+    f.render_widget(title, chunks[0]);
+
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
+        .gray()
+        .block(create_block("Vertical scrollbar with arrows"))
+        .scroll((app.vertical_scroll as u16, 0));
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[1]);
+    f.render_stateful_widget(
+        Scrollbar::default()
+            .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalRight)
+            .begin_symbol(Some("↑"))
+            .end_symbol(Some("↓")),
+        chunks[1],
+        &mut app.vertical_scroll_state,
+    );
+
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
+        .gray()
+        .block(create_block(
+            "Vertical scrollbar without arrows, without track symbol and mirrored",
+        ))
+        .scroll((app.vertical_scroll as u16, 0));
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[2]);
+    f.render_stateful_widget(
+        Scrollbar::default()
+            .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalLeft)
+            .symbols(scrollbar::VERTICAL)
+            .begin_symbol(None)
+            .track_symbol(None)
+            .end_symbol(None),
+        chunks[2].inner(&Margin {
+            vertical: 1,
+            horizontal: 0,
+        }),
+        &mut app.vertical_scroll_state,
+    );
+
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
+        .gray()
+        .block(create_block(
+            "Horizontal scrollbar with only begin arrow & custom thumb symbol",
+        ))
+        .scroll((0, app.horizontal_scroll as u16));
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[3]);
+    f.render_stateful_widget(
+        Scrollbar::default()
+            .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
+            .thumb_symbol("🬋")
+            .end_symbol(None),
+        chunks[3].inner(&Margin {
+            vertical: 0,
+            horizontal: 1,
+        }),
+        &mut app.horizontal_scroll_state,
+    );
+
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
+        .gray()
+        .block(create_block(
+            "Horizontal scrollbar without arrows & custom thumb and track symbol",
+        ))
+        .scroll((0, app.horizontal_scroll as u16));
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[4]);
+    f.render_stateful_widget(
+        Scrollbar::default()
+            .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
+            .thumb_symbol("░")
+            .track_symbol(Some("─")),
+        chunks[4].inner(&Margin {
+            vertical: 0,
+            horizontal: 1,
+        }),
+        &mut app.horizontal_scroll_state,
+    );
+}
--- a/examples/scrollbar.tape
+++ b/examples/scrollbar.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/scrollbar.tape`
+Output "target/scrollbar.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 1200
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=scrollbar --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/sparkline.rs
+++ b/examples/sparkline.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+
 use crossterm::{
    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
    execute,
@@ -7,18 +13,7 @@ use rand::{
    distributions::{Distribution, Uniform},
    rngs::ThreadRng,
 };
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Style},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Sparkline},
-    Frame, Terminal,
-};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};

 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct RandomSignal {
@@ -99,7 +94,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -134,12 +129,10 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
 fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
    let chunks = Layout::default()
        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-        .margin(2)
        .constraints(
            [
                Constraint::Length(3),
                Constraint::Length(3),
-                Constraint::Length(7),
                Constraint::Min(0),
            ]
            .as_ref(),
--- a/examples/sparkline.tape
+++ b/examples/sparkline.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/sparkline.tape`
+Output "target/sparkline.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 600
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=sparkline --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/table.rs
+++ b/examples/table.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,11 @@
+use std::{error::Error, io};
+
 use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
    execute,
    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Cell, Row, Table, TableState},
-    Frame, Terminal,
-};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};

 struct App<'a> {
    state: TableState,
@@ -95,7 +90,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -106,11 +101,13 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &mut app))?;

        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            match key.code {
-                KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
-                KeyCode::Down => app.next(),
-                KeyCode::Up => app.previous(),
-                _ => {}
+            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
+                match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                    KeyCode::Down => app.next(),
+                    KeyCode::Up => app.previous(),
+                    _ => {}
+                }
            }
        }
    }
@@ -119,7 +116,6 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
 fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
    let rects = Layout::default()
        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(100)].as_ref())
-        .margin(5)
        .split(f.size());

    let selected_style = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED);
@@ -148,7 +144,7 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
        .highlight_symbol(">> ")
        .widths(&[
            Constraint::Percentage(50),
-            Constraint::Length(30),
+            Constraint::Max(30),
            Constraint::Min(10),
        ]);
    f.render_stateful_widget(t, rects[0], &mut app.state);
--- a/examples/table.tape
+++ b/examples/table.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/table.tape`
+Output "target/table.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 600
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=table --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Down@1s 4
+Up@1s 2
+Down@1s 8
+Up@1s 12
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/tabs.rs
+++ b/examples/tabs.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,11 @@
+use std::{error::Error, io};
+
 use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
    execute,
    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    text::{Span, Spans},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Tabs},
-    Frame, Terminal,
-};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};

 struct App<'a> {
    pub titles: Vec<&'a str>,
@@ -61,7 +55,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -72,11 +66,13 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;

        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            match key.code {
-                KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
-                KeyCode::Right => app.next(),
-                KeyCode::Left => app.previous(),
-                _ => {}
+            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
+                match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                    KeyCode::Right => app.next(),
+                    KeyCode::Left => app.previous(),
+                    _ => {}
+                }
            }
        }
    }
@@ -86,21 +82,17 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
    let size = f.size();
    let chunks = Layout::default()
        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-        .margin(5)
        .constraints([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)].as_ref())
        .split(size);

-    let block = Block::default().style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black));
+    let block = Block::default().on_white().black();
    f.render_widget(block, size);
    let titles = app
        .titles
        .iter()
        .map(|t| {
            let (first, rest) = t.split_at(1);
-            Spans::from(vec![
-                Span::styled(first, Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)),
-                Span::styled(rest, Style::default().fg(Color::Green)),
-            ])
+            Line::from(vec![first.yellow(), rest.green()])
        })
        .collect();
    let tabs = Tabs::new(titles)
--- a/examples/tabs.tape
+++ b/examples/tabs.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/tabs.tape`
+Output "target/tabs.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 300
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=tabs --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Right@1s 4
+Left@1s 2
+Sleep 5s
--- a/examples/user_input.rs
+++ b/examples/user_input.rs
@@ -1,29 +1,25 @@
+use std::{error::Error, io};
+
 /// A simple example demonstrating how to handle user input. This is
 /// a bit out of the scope of the library as it does not provide any
 /// input handling out of the box. However, it may helps some to get
 /// started.
 ///
 /// This is a very simple example:
-///   * A input box always focused. Every character you type is registered
-///   here
-///   * Pressing Backspace erases a character
+///   * An input box always focused. Every character you type is registered
+///   here.
+///   * An entered character is inserted at the cursor position.
+///   * Pressing Backspace erases the left character before the cursor position
 ///   * Pressing Enter pushes the current input in the history of previous
-///   messages
+///   messages.
+/// **Note: ** as this is a relatively simple example unicode characters are unsupported and
+/// their use will result in undefined behaviour.
 use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
    execute,
    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-use tui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    text::{Span, Spans, Text},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, List, ListItem, Paragraph},
-    Frame, Terminal,
-};
-use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};

 enum InputMode {
    Normal,
@@ -34,6 +30,8 @@ enum InputMode {
 struct App {
    /// Current value of the input box
    input: String,
+    /// Position of cursor in the editor area.
+    cursor_position: usize,
    /// Current input mode
    input_mode: InputMode,
    /// History of recorded messages
@@ -46,10 +44,65 @@ impl Default for App {
            input: String::new(),
            input_mode: InputMode::Normal,
            messages: Vec::new(),
+            cursor_position: 0,
        }
    }
 }

+impl App {
+    fn move_cursor_left(&mut self) {
+        let cursor_moved_left = self.cursor_position.saturating_sub(1);
+        self.cursor_position = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_left);
+    }
+
+    fn move_cursor_right(&mut self) {
+        let cursor_moved_right = self.cursor_position.saturating_add(1);
+        self.cursor_position = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_right);
+    }
+
+    fn enter_char(&mut self, new_char: char) {
+        self.input.insert(self.cursor_position, new_char);
+
+        self.move_cursor_right();
+    }
+
+    fn delete_char(&mut self) {
+        let is_not_cursor_leftmost = self.cursor_position != 0;
+        if is_not_cursor_leftmost {
+            // Method "remove" is not used on the saved text for deleting the selected char.
+            // Reason: Using remove on String works on bytes instead of the chars.
+            // Using remove would require special care because of char boundaries.
+
+            let current_index = self.cursor_position;
+            let from_left_to_current_index = current_index - 1;
+
+            // Getting all characters before the selected character.
+            let before_char_to_delete = self.input.chars().take(from_left_to_current_index);
+            // Getting all characters after selected character.
+            let after_char_to_delete = self.input.chars().skip(current_index);
+
+            // Put all characters together except the selected one.
+            // By leaving the selected one out, it is forgotten and therefore deleted.
+            self.input = before_char_to_delete.chain(after_char_to_delete).collect();
+            self.move_cursor_left();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn clamp_cursor(&self, new_cursor_pos: usize) -> usize {
+        new_cursor_pos.clamp(0, self.input.len())
+    }
+
+    fn reset_cursor(&mut self) {
+        self.cursor_position = 0;
+    }
+
+    fn submit_message(&mut self) {
+        self.messages.push(self.input.clone());
+        self.input.clear();
+        self.reset_cursor();
+    }
+}
+
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    // setup terminal
    enable_raw_mode()?;
@@ -72,7 +125,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    terminal.show_cursor()?;

    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{:?}", err)
+        println!("{err:?}");
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -93,21 +146,26 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
                    }
                    _ => {}
                },
-                InputMode::Editing => match key.code {
-                    KeyCode::Enter => {
-                        app.messages.push(app.input.drain(..).collect());
-                    }
-                    KeyCode::Char(c) => {
-                        app.input.push(c);
+                InputMode::Editing if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Enter => app.submit_message(),
+                    KeyCode::Char(to_insert) => {
+                        app.enter_char(to_insert);
                    }
                    KeyCode::Backspace => {
-                        app.input.pop();
+                        app.delete_char();
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Left => {
+                        app.move_cursor_left();
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Right => {
+                        app.move_cursor_right();
                    }
                    KeyCode::Esc => {
                        app.input_mode = InputMode::Normal;
                    }
                    _ => {}
                },
+                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }
@@ -116,7 +174,6 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
 fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
    let chunks = Layout::default()
        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-        .margin(2)
        .constraints(
            [
                Constraint::Length(1),
@@ -130,31 +187,31 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
    let (msg, style) = match app.input_mode {
        InputMode::Normal => (
            vec![
-                Span::raw("Press "),
-                Span::styled("q", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                Span::raw(" to exit, "),
-                Span::styled("e", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                Span::raw(" to start editing."),
+                "Press ".into(),
+                "q".bold(),
+                " to exit, ".into(),
+                "e".bold(),
+                " to start editing.".bold(),
            ],
            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK),
        ),
        InputMode::Editing => (
            vec![
-                Span::raw("Press "),
-                Span::styled("Esc", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                Span::raw(" to stop editing, "),
-                Span::styled("Enter", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-                Span::raw(" to record the message"),
+                "Press ".into(),
+                "Esc".bold(),
+                " to stop editing, ".into(),
+                "Enter".bold(),
+                " to record the message".into(),
            ],
            Style::default(),
        ),
    };
-    let mut text = Text::from(Spans::from(msg));
+    let mut text = Text::from(Line::from(msg));
    text.patch_style(style);
    let help_message = Paragraph::new(text);
    f.render_widget(help_message, chunks[0]);

-    let input = Paragraph::new(app.input.as_ref())
+    let input = Paragraph::new(app.input.as_str())
        .style(match app.input_mode {
            InputMode::Normal => Style::default(),
            InputMode::Editing => Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
@@ -167,10 +224,12 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
            {}

        InputMode::Editing => {
-            // Make the cursor visible and ask tui-rs to put it at the specified coordinates after rendering
+            // Make the cursor visible and ask ratatui to put it at the specified coordinates after
+            // rendering
            f.set_cursor(
-                // Put cursor past the end of the input text
-                chunks[1].x + app.input.width() as u16 + 1,
+                // Draw the cursor at the current position in the input field.
+                // This position is can be controlled via the left and right arrow key
+                chunks[1].x + app.cursor_position as u16 + 1,
                // Move one line down, from the border to the input line
                chunks[1].y + 1,
            )
@@ -182,7 +241,7 @@ fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
        .iter()
        .enumerate()
        .map(|(i, m)| {
-            let content = vec![Spans::from(Span::raw(format!("{}: {}", i, m)))];
+            let content = Line::from(Span::raw(format!("{i}: {m}")));
            ListItem::new(content)
        })
        .collect();
--- a/examples/user_input.tape
+++ b/examples/user_input.tape
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/user_input.tape`
+Output "target/user_input.gif"
+Set Theme "OceanicMaterial"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 600
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=user_input --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 2s
+Type e
+Sleep 1s
+Type "Hello, world!"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Backspace 13
+Sleep 1s
+Type "Goodbye, world!"
+Enter
+Sleep 5s
--- a/rust-toolchain.toml
+++ b/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "stable"
--- a/rustfmt.toml
+++ b/rustfmt.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# configuration for https://rust-lang.github.io/rustfmt/
+group_imports = "StdExternalCrate"
+imports_granularity = "Crate"
+wrap_comments = true
+comment_width = 100
--- a/src/backend.rs
+++ b/src/backend.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+#![warn(missing_docs)]
+//! This module provides the backend implementations for different terminal libraries.
+//!
+//! It defines the [`Backend`] trait which is used to abstract over the specific terminal library
+//! being used.
+//!
+//! Supported terminal backends:
+//! - [Crossterm]: enable the `crossterm` feature (enabled by default) and use [`CrosstermBackend`]
+//! - [Termion]: enable the `termion` feature and use [`TermionBackend`]
+//! - [Termwiz]: enable the `termwiz` feature and use [`TermwizBackend`]
+//!
+//! Additionally, a [`TestBackend`] is provided for testing purposes.
+//!
+//! See the [Backend Comparison] section of the [Ratatui Book] for more details on the different
+//! backends.
+//!
+//! Each backend supports a number of features, such as [raw mode](#raw-mode), [alternate
+//! screen](#alternate-screen), and [mouse capture](#mouse-capture). These features are generally
+//! not enabled by default, and must be enabled by the application before they can be used. See the
+//! documentation for each backend for more details.
+//!
+//! Note: most applications should use the [`Terminal`] struct instead of directly calling methods
+//! on the backend.
+//!
+//! # Example
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run
+//! use std::io::stdout;
+//! use ratatui::prelude::*;
+//!
+//! let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+//! let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+//! terminal.clear()?;
+//! terminal.draw(|frame| {
+//!     // -- snip --
+//! })?;
+//! # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+//! ```
+//!
+//! See the the [examples] directory for more examples.
+//!
+//! # Raw Mode
+//!
+//! Raw mode is a mode where the terminal does not perform any processing or handling of the input
+//! and output. This means that features such as echoing input characters, line buffering, and
+//! special character processing (e.g., CTRL-C for SIGINT) are disabled. This is useful for
+//! applications that want to have complete control over the terminal input and output, processing
+//! each keystroke themselves.
+//!
+//! For example, in raw mode, the terminal will not perform line buffering on the input, so the
+//! application will receive each key press as it is typed, instead of waiting for the user to
+//! press enter. This makes it suitable for real-time applications like text editors,
+//! terminal-based games, and more.
+//!
+//! Each backend handles raw mode differently, so the behavior may vary depending on the backend
+//! being used. Be sure to consult the backend's specific documentation for exact details on how it
+//! implements raw mode.
+
+//! # Alternate Screen
+//!
+//! The alternate screen is a separate buffer that some terminals provide, distinct from the main
+//! screen. When activated, the terminal will display the alternate screen, hiding the current
+//! content of the main screen. Applications can write to this screen as if it were the regular
+//! terminal display, but when the application exits, the terminal will switch back to the main
+//! screen, and the contents of the alternate screen will be cleared. This is useful for
+//! applications like text editors or terminal games that want to use the full terminal window
+//! without disrupting the command line or other terminal content.
+//!
+//! This creates a seamless transition between the application and the regular terminal session, as
+//! the content displayed before launching the application will reappear after the application
+//! exits.
+//!
+//! Note that not all terminal emulators support the alternate screen, and even those that do may
+//! handle it differently. As a result, the behavior may vary depending on the backend being used.
+//! Always consult the specific backend's documentation to understand how it implements the
+//! alternate screen.
+//!
+//! # Mouse Capture
+//!
+//! Mouse capture is a mode where the terminal captures mouse events such as clicks, scrolls, and
+//! movement, and sends them to the application as special sequences or events. This enables the
+//! application to handle and respond to mouse actions, providing a more interactive and graphical
+//! user experience within the terminal. It's particularly useful for applications like
+//! terminal-based games, text editors, or other programs that require more direct interaction from
+//! the user.
+//!
+//! Each backend handles mouse capture differently, with variations in the types of events that can
+//! be captured and how they are represented. As such, the behavior may vary depending on the
+//! backend being used, and developers should consult the specific backend's documentation to
+//! understand how it implements mouse capture.
+//!
+//! [`TermionBackend`]: termion/struct.TermionBackend.html
+//! [`Terminal`]: crate::terminal::Terminal
+//! [Crossterm]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
+//! [Termion]: https://crates.io/crates/termion
+//! [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
+//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/main/examples#readme
+//! [Backend Comparison]:
+//!     https://ratatui-org.github.io/ratatui-book/concepts/backends/comparison.html
+//! [Ratatui Book]: https://ratatui-org.github.io/ratatui-book
+use std::io;
+
+use strum::{Display, EnumString};
+
+use crate::{buffer::Cell, layout::Size, prelude::Rect};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
+mod termion;
+#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
+pub use self::termion::TermionBackend;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+mod crossterm;
+#[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+pub use self::crossterm::CrosstermBackend;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "termwiz")]
+mod termwiz;
+#[cfg(feature = "termwiz")]
+pub use self::termwiz::TermwizBackend;
+
+mod test;
+pub use self::test::TestBackend;
+
+/// Enum representing the different types of clearing operations that can be performed
+/// on the terminal screen.
+#[derive(Debug, Display, EnumString, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub enum ClearType {
+    /// Clear the entire screen.
+    All,
+    /// Clear everything after the cursor.
+    AfterCursor,
+    /// Clear everything before the cursor.
+    BeforeCursor,
+    /// Clear the current line.
+    CurrentLine,
+    /// Clear everything from the cursor until the next newline.
+    UntilNewLine,
+}
+
+/// The window size in characters (columns / rows) as well as pixels.
+pub struct WindowSize {
+    /// Size of the window in characters (columns / rows).
+    pub columns_rows: Size,
+    /// Size of the window in pixels.
+    ///
+    /// The `pixels` fields may not be implemented by all terminals and return `0,0`. See
+    /// <https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man4/tty_ioctl.4.html> under section "Get and set window
+    /// size" / TIOCGWINSZ where the fields are commented as "unused".
+    pub pixels: Size,
+}
+
+/// The `Backend` trait provides an abstraction over different terminal libraries. It defines the
+/// methods required to draw content, manipulate the cursor, and clear the terminal screen.
+///
+/// Most applications should not need to interact with the `Backend` trait directly as the
+/// [`Terminal`] struct provides a higher level interface for interacting with the terminal.
+///
+/// [`Terminal`]: crate::terminal::Terminal
+pub trait Backend {
+    /// Draw the given content to the terminal screen.
+    ///
+    /// The content is provided as an iterator over `(u16, u16, &Cell)` tuples, where the first two
+    /// elements represent the x and y coordinates, and the third element is a reference to the
+    /// [`Cell`] to be drawn.
+    fn draw<'a, I>(&mut self, content: I) -> io::Result<()>
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = (u16, u16, &'a Cell)>;
+
+    /// Insert `n` line breaks to the terminal screen.
+    ///
+    /// This method is optional and may not be implemented by all backends.
+    fn append_lines(&mut self, _n: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Hide the cursor on the terminal screen.
+    ///
+    ///
+    /// See also [`show_cursor`].
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::{Backend, TestBackend};
+    /// # let mut backend = TestBackend::new(80, 25);
+    /// backend.hide_cursor()?;
+    /// // do something with hidden cursor
+    /// backend.show_cursor()?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`show_cursor`]: Backend::show_cursor
+    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()>;
+
+    /// Show the cursor on the terminal screen.
+    ///
+    /// See [`hide_cursor`] for an example.
+    ///
+    /// [`hide_cursor`]: Backend::hide_cursor
+    fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()>;
+
+    /// Get the current cursor position on the terminal screen.
+    ///
+    /// The returned tuple contains the x and y coordinates of the cursor. The origin
+    /// (0, 0) is at the top left corner of the screen.
+    ///
+    /// See [`set_cursor`] for an example.
+    ///
+    /// [`set_cursor`]: Backend::set_cursor
+    fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<(u16, u16)>;
+
+    /// Set the cursor position on the terminal screen to the given x and y coordinates.
+    ///
+    /// The origin (0, 0) is at the top left corner of the screen.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::{Backend, TestBackend};
+    /// # let mut backend = TestBackend::new(80, 25);
+    /// backend.set_cursor(10, 20)?;
+    /// assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor()?, (10, 20));
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`get_cursor`]: Backend::get_cursor
+    fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> io::Result<()>;
+
+    /// Clears the whole terminal scree
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::{Backend, TestBackend};
+    /// # let mut backend = TestBackend::new(80, 25);
+    /// backend.clear()?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    fn clear(&mut self) -> io::Result<()>;
+
+    /// Clears a specific region of the terminal specified by the [`ClearType`] parameter
+    ///
+    /// This method is optional and may not be implemented by all backends. The default
+    /// implementation calls [`clear`] if the `clear_type` is [`ClearType::All`] and returns an
+    /// error otherwise.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, backend::{TestBackend, ClearType}};
+    /// # let mut backend = TestBackend::new(80, 25);
+    /// backend.clear_region(ClearType::All)?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// This method will return an error if the terminal screen could not be cleared. It will also
+    /// return an error if the `clear_type` is not supported by the backend.
+    ///
+    /// [`clear`]: Backend::clear
+    fn clear_region(&mut self, clear_type: ClearType) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match clear_type {
+            ClearType::All => self.clear(),
+            ClearType::AfterCursor
+            | ClearType::BeforeCursor
+            | ClearType::CurrentLine
+            | ClearType::UntilNewLine => Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::Other,
+                format!("clear_type [{clear_type:?}] not supported with this backend"),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the size of the terminal screen in columns/rows as a [`Rect`].
+    ///
+    /// The returned [`Rect`] contains the width and height of the terminal screen.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, backend::TestBackend};
+    /// let backend = TestBackend::new(80, 25);
+    /// assert_eq!(backend.size()?, Rect::new(0, 0, 80, 25));
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Rect>;
+
+    /// Get the size of the terminal screen in columns/rows and pixels as a [`WindowSize`].
+    ///
+    /// The reason for this not returning only the pixel size, given the redundancy with the
+    /// `size()` method, is that the underlying backends most likely get both values with one
+    /// syscall, and the user is also most likely to need columns and rows along with pixel size.
+    fn window_size(&mut self) -> io::Result<WindowSize>;
+
+    /// Flush any buffered content to the terminal screen.
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()>;
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use strum::ParseError;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn clear_type_tostring() {
+        assert_eq!(ClearType::All.to_string(), "All");
+        assert_eq!(ClearType::AfterCursor.to_string(), "AfterCursor");
+        assert_eq!(ClearType::BeforeCursor.to_string(), "BeforeCursor");
+        assert_eq!(ClearType::CurrentLine.to_string(), "CurrentLine");
+        assert_eq!(ClearType::UntilNewLine.to_string(), "UntilNewLine");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn clear_type_from_str() {
+        assert_eq!("All".parse::<ClearType>(), Ok(ClearType::All));
+        assert_eq!(
+            "AfterCursor".parse::<ClearType>(),
+            Ok(ClearType::AfterCursor)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "BeforeCursor".parse::<ClearType>(),
+            Ok(ClearType::BeforeCursor)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "CurrentLine".parse::<ClearType>(),
+            Ok(ClearType::CurrentLine)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "UntilNewLine".parse::<ClearType>(),
+            Ok(ClearType::UntilNewLine)
+        );
+        assert_eq!("".parse::<ClearType>(), Err(ParseError::VariantNotFound));
+    }
+}
--- a/src/backend/crossterm.rs
+++ b/src/backend/crossterm.rs
@@ -1,30 +1,101 @@
-use crate::{
-    backend::{Backend, ClearType},
-    buffer::Cell,
-    layout::Rect,
-    style::{Color, Modifier},
-};
+//! This module provides the [`CrosstermBackend`] implementation for the [`Backend`] trait. It uses
+//! the [Crossterm] crate to interact with the terminal.
+//!
+//! [Crossterm]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
+use std::io::{self, Write};
+
 use crossterm::{
    cursor::{Hide, MoveTo, Show},
    execute, queue,
    style::{
        Attribute as CAttribute, Color as CColor, Print, SetAttribute, SetBackgroundColor,
-        SetForegroundColor,
+        SetForegroundColor, SetUnderlineColor,
    },
    terminal::{self, Clear},
 };
-use std::io::{self, Write};

+use crate::{
+    backend::{Backend, ClearType, WindowSize},
+    buffer::Cell,
+    layout::Size,
+    prelude::Rect,
+    style::{Color, Modifier},
+};
+
+/// A [`Backend`] implementation that uses [Crossterm] to render to the terminal.
+///
+/// The `CrosstermBackend` struct is a wrapper around a writer implementing [`Write`], which is
+/// used to send commands to the terminal. It provides methods for drawing content, manipulating
+/// the cursor, and clearing the terminal screen.
+///
+/// Most applications should not call the methods on `CrosstermBackend` directly, but will instead
+/// use the [`Terminal`] struct, which provides a more ergonomic interface.
+///
+/// Usually applications will enable raw mode and switch to alternate screen mode after creating
+/// a `CrosstermBackend`. This is done by calling [`crossterm::terminal::enable_raw_mode`] and
+/// [`crossterm::terminal::EnterAlternateScreen`] (and the corresponding disable/leave functions
+/// when the application exits). This is not done automatically by the backend because it is
+/// possible that the application may want to use the terminal for other purposes (like showing
+/// help text) before entering alternate screen mode.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run
+/// use std::io::{stdout, stderr};
+/// use crossterm::{
+///     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+///     ExecutableCommand,
+/// };
+/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+///
+/// let mut backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+/// // or
+/// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stderr());
+/// let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+///
+/// enable_raw_mode()?;
+/// stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+///
+/// terminal.clear()?;
+/// terminal.draw(|frame| {
+///     // -- snip --
+/// })?;
+///
+/// stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+/// disable_raw_mode()?;
+///
+/// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+/// ```
+///
+/// See the the [examples] directory for more examples. See the [`backend`] module documentation
+/// for more details on raw mode and alternate screen.
+///
+/// [`Write`]: std::io::Write
+/// [`Terminal`]: crate::terminal::Terminal
+/// [`backend`]: crate::backend
+/// [Crossterm]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
+/// [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/main/examples#examples
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct CrosstermBackend<W: Write> {
-    buffer: W,
+    /// The writer used to send commands to the terminal.
+    writer: W,
 }

 impl<W> CrosstermBackend<W>
 where
    W: Write,
 {
-    pub fn new(buffer: W) -> CrosstermBackend<W> {
-        CrosstermBackend { buffer }
+    /// Creates a new `CrosstermBackend` with the given writer.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use std::io::stdout;
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new(writer: W) -> CrosstermBackend<W> {
+        CrosstermBackend { writer }
    }
 }

@@ -32,12 +103,14 @@ impl<W> Write for CrosstermBackend<W>
 where
    W: Write,
 {
+    /// Writes a buffer of bytes to the underlying buffer.
    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        self.buffer.write(buf)
+        self.writer.write(buf)
    }

+    /// Flushes the underlying buffer.
    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.buffer.flush()
+        self.writer.flush()
    }
 }

@@ -51,12 +124,13 @@ where
    {
        let mut fg = Color::Reset;
        let mut bg = Color::Reset;
+        let mut underline_color = Color::Reset;
        let mut modifier = Modifier::empty();
        let mut last_pos: Option<(u16, u16)> = None;
        for (x, y, cell) in content {
            // Move the cursor if the previous location was not (x - 1, y)
            if !matches!(last_pos, Some(p) if x == p.0 + 1 && y == p.1) {
-                queue!(self.buffer, MoveTo(x, y))?;
+                queue!(self.writer, MoveTo(x, y))?;
            }
            last_pos = Some((x, y));
            if cell.modifier != modifier {
@@ -64,50 +138,61 @@ where
                    from: modifier,
                    to: cell.modifier,
                };
-                diff.queue(&mut self.buffer)?;
+                diff.queue(&mut self.writer)?;
                modifier = cell.modifier;
            }
            if cell.fg != fg {
                let color = CColor::from(cell.fg);
-                queue!(self.buffer, SetForegroundColor(color))?;
+                queue!(self.writer, SetForegroundColor(color))?;
                fg = cell.fg;
            }
            if cell.bg != bg {
                let color = CColor::from(cell.bg);
-                queue!(self.buffer, SetBackgroundColor(color))?;
+                queue!(self.writer, SetBackgroundColor(color))?;
                bg = cell.bg;
            }
+            if cell.underline_color != underline_color {
+                let color = CColor::from(cell.underline_color);
+                queue!(self.writer, SetUnderlineColor(color))?;
+                underline_color = cell.underline_color;
+            }

-            queue!(self.buffer, Print(&cell.symbol))?;
+            queue!(self.writer, Print(&cell.symbol))?;
        }

        queue!(
-            self.buffer,
+            self.writer,
            SetForegroundColor(CColor::Reset),
            SetBackgroundColor(CColor::Reset),
+            SetUnderlineColor(CColor::Reset),
            SetAttribute(CAttribute::Reset)
        )
    }

    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        execute!(self.buffer, Hide)
+        execute!(self.writer, Hide)
    }

    fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        execute!(self.buffer, Show)
+        execute!(self.writer, Show)
    }

    fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<(u16, u16)> {
        crossterm::cursor::position()
+            .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e.to_string()))
    }

    fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
-        execute!(self.buffer, MoveTo(x, y))
+        execute!(self.writer, MoveTo(x, y))
    }

-    fn clear(&mut self, clear_type: ClearType) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn clear(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.clear_region(ClearType::All)
+    }
+
+    fn clear_region(&mut self, clear_type: ClearType) -> io::Result<()> {
        execute!(
-            self.buffer,
+            self.writer,
            Clear(match clear_type {
                ClearType::All => crossterm::terminal::ClearType::All,
                ClearType::AfterCursor => crossterm::terminal::ClearType::FromCursorDown,
@@ -120,20 +205,34 @@ where

    fn append_lines(&mut self, n: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
        for _ in 0..n {
-            queue!(self.buffer, Print("\n"))?;
+            queue!(self.writer, Print("\n"))?;
        }
-        self.buffer.flush()
+        self.writer.flush()
    }

    fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Rect> {
-        let (width, height) =
-            terminal::size().map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e.to_string()))?;
-
+        let (width, height) = terminal::size()?;
        Ok(Rect::new(0, 0, width, height))
    }

+    fn window_size(&mut self) -> Result<WindowSize, io::Error> {
+        let crossterm::terminal::WindowSize {
+            columns,
+            rows,
+            width,
+            height,
+        } = terminal::window_size()?;
+        Ok(WindowSize {
+            columns_rows: Size {
+                width: columns,
+                height: rows,
+            },
+            pixels: Size { width, height },
+        })
+    }
+
    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.buffer.flush()
+        self.writer.flush()
    }
 }

@@ -163,7 +262,10 @@ impl From<Color> for CColor {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
+/// The `ModifierDiff` struct is used to calculate the difference between two `Modifier`
+/// values. This is useful when updating the terminal display, as it allows for more
+/// efficient updates by only sending the necessary changes.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 struct ModifierDiff {
    pub from: Modifier,
    pub to: Modifier,
--- a/src/backend/mod.rs
+++ b/src/backend/mod.rs
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-use std::io;
-
-use crate::buffer::Cell;
-use crate::layout::Rect;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
-mod termion;
-#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
-pub use self::termion::TermionBackend;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
-mod crossterm;
-#[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
-pub use self::crossterm::CrosstermBackend;
-
-mod test;
-pub use self::test::TestBackend;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
-pub enum ClearType {
-    All,
-    AfterCursor,
-    BeforeCursor,
-    CurrentLine,
-    UntilNewLine,
-}
-
-pub trait Backend {
-    fn draw<'a, I>(&mut self, content: I) -> Result<(), io::Error>
-    where
-        I: Iterator<Item = (u16, u16, &'a Cell)>;
-    fn append_lines(&mut self, n: u16) -> io::Result<()>;
-    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error>;
-    fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error>;
-    fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(u16, u16), io::Error>;
-    fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> Result<(), io::Error>;
-    fn clear(&mut self, clear_type: ClearType) -> Result<(), io::Error>;
-    fn size(&self) -> Result<Rect, io::Error>;
-    fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error>;
-}
--- a/src/backend/termion.rs
+++ b/src/backend/termion.rs
@@ -1,27 +1,86 @@
-use crate::{
-    backend::{Backend, ClearType},
-    buffer::Cell,
-    layout::Rect,
-    style::{Color, Modifier},
-};
+//! This module provides the [`TermionBackend`] implementation for the [`Backend`] trait. It uses
+//! the [Termion] crate to interact with the terminal.
+//!
+//! [`Backend`]: crate::backend::Backend
+//! [`TermionBackend`]: crate::backend::TermionBackend
+//! [Termion]: https://docs.rs/termion
 use std::{
    fmt,
    io::{self, Write},
 };

+use crate::{
+    backend::{Backend, ClearType, WindowSize},
+    buffer::Cell,
+    prelude::Rect,
+    style::{Color, Modifier},
+};
+
+/// A [`Backend`] implementation that uses [Termion] to render to the terminal.
+///
+/// The `TermionBackend` struct is a wrapper around a writer implementing [`Write`], which is used
+/// to send commands to the terminal. It provides methods for drawing content, manipulating the
+/// cursor, and clearing the terminal screen.
+///
+/// Most applications should not call the methods on `TermionBackend` directly, but will instead
+/// use the [`Terminal`] struct, which provides a more ergonomic interface.
+///
+/// Usually applications will enable raw mode and switch to alternate screen mode when starting.
+/// This is done by calling [`IntoRawMode::into_raw_mode()`] and
+/// [`IntoAlternateScreen::into_alternate_screen()`] on the writer before creating the backend.
+/// This is not done automatically by the backend because it is possible that the application may
+/// want to use the terminal for other purposes (like showing help text) before entering alternate
+/// screen mode. This backend automatically disable raw mode and switches back to the primary
+/// screen when the writer is dropped.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run
+/// use std::io::{stdout, stderr};
+/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use termion::{raw::IntoRawMode, screen::IntoAlternateScreen};
+///
+/// let writer = stdout().into_raw_mode()?.into_alternate_screen()?;
+/// let mut backend = TermionBackend::new(writer);
+/// // or
+/// let writer = stderr().into_raw_mode()?.into_alternate_screen()?;
+/// let backend = TermionBackend::new(stderr());
+/// let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+///
+/// terminal.clear()?;
+/// terminal.draw(|frame| {
+///     // -- snip --
+/// })?;
+/// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+/// ```
+///
+/// [`IntoRawMode::into_raw_mode()`]: termion::raw::IntoRawMode
+/// [`IntoAlternateScreen::into_alternate_screen()`]: termion::screen::IntoAlternateScreen
+/// [`Terminal`]: crate::terminal::Terminal
+/// [Termion]: https://docs.rs/termion
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct TermionBackend<W>
 where
    W: Write,
 {
-    stdout: W,
+    writer: W,
 }

 impl<W> TermionBackend<W>
 where
    W: Write,
 {
-    pub fn new(stdout: W) -> TermionBackend<W> {
-        TermionBackend { stdout }
+    /// Creates a new Termion backend with the given writer.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use std::io::stdout;
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new(writer: W) -> TermionBackend<W> {
+        TermionBackend { writer }
    }
 }

@@ -30,11 +89,11 @@ where
    W: Write,
 {
    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        self.stdout.write(buf)
+        self.writer.write(buf)
    }

    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.stdout.flush()
+        self.writer.flush()
    }
 }

@@ -42,45 +101,45 @@ impl<W> Backend for TermionBackend<W>
 where
    W: Write,
 {
-    fn clear(&mut self, clear_type: ClearType) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn clear(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.clear_region(ClearType::All)
+    }
+
+    fn clear_region(&mut self, clear_type: ClearType) -> io::Result<()> {
        match clear_type {
-            ClearType::All => write!(self.stdout, "{}", termion::clear::All)?,
-            ClearType::AfterCursor => write!(self.stdout, "{}", termion::clear::AfterCursor)?,
-            ClearType::BeforeCursor => write!(self.stdout, "{}", termion::clear::BeforeCursor)?,
-            ClearType::CurrentLine => write!(self.stdout, "{}", termion::clear::CurrentLine)?,
-            ClearType::UntilNewLine => write!(self.stdout, "{}", termion::clear::UntilNewline)?,
+            ClearType::All => write!(self.writer, "{}", termion::clear::All)?,
+            ClearType::AfterCursor => write!(self.writer, "{}", termion::clear::AfterCursor)?,
+            ClearType::BeforeCursor => write!(self.writer, "{}", termion::clear::BeforeCursor)?,
+            ClearType::CurrentLine => write!(self.writer, "{}", termion::clear::CurrentLine)?,
+            ClearType::UntilNewLine => write!(self.writer, "{}", termion::clear::UntilNewline)?,
        };
-        self.stdout.flush()
+        self.writer.flush()
    }

    fn append_lines(&mut self, n: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
        for _ in 0..n {
-            writeln!(self.stdout)?;
+            writeln!(self.writer)?;
        }
-        self.stdout.flush()
+        self.writer.flush()
    }

-    /// Hides cursor
    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        write!(self.stdout, "{}", termion::cursor::Hide)?;
-        self.stdout.flush()
+        write!(self.writer, "{}", termion::cursor::Hide)?;
+        self.writer.flush()
    }

-    /// Shows cursor
    fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        write!(self.stdout, "{}", termion::cursor::Show)?;
-        self.stdout.flush()
+        write!(self.writer, "{}", termion::cursor::Show)?;
+        self.writer.flush()
    }

-    /// Gets cursor position (0-based index)
    fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<(u16, u16)> {
-        termion::cursor::DetectCursorPos::cursor_pos(&mut self.stdout).map(|(x, y)| (x - 1, y - 1))
+        termion::cursor::DetectCursorPos::cursor_pos(&mut self.writer).map(|(x, y)| (x - 1, y - 1))
    }

-    /// Sets cursor position (0-based index)
    fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
-        write!(self.stdout, "{}", termion::cursor::Goto(x + 1, y + 1))?;
-        self.stdout.flush()
+        write!(self.writer, "{}", termion::cursor::Goto(x + 1, y + 1))?;
+        self.writer.flush()
    }

    fn draw<'a, I>(&mut self, content: I) -> io::Result<()>
@@ -123,30 +182,40 @@ where
            string.push_str(&cell.symbol);
        }
        write!(
-            self.stdout,
-            "{}{}{}{}",
-            string,
+            self.writer,
+            "{string}{}{}{}",
            Fg(Color::Reset),
            Bg(Color::Reset),
            termion::style::Reset,
        )
    }

-    /// Return the size of the terminal
    fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Rect> {
        let terminal = termion::terminal_size()?;
        Ok(Rect::new(0, 0, terminal.0, terminal.1))
    }

+    fn window_size(&mut self) -> Result<WindowSize, io::Error> {
+        Ok(WindowSize {
+            columns_rows: termion::terminal_size()?.into(),
+            pixels: termion::terminal_size_pixels()?.into(),
+        })
+    }
+
    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.stdout.flush()
+        self.writer.flush()
    }
 }
-
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 struct Fg(Color);

+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 struct Bg(Color);

+/// The `ModifierDiff` struct is used to calculate the difference between two `Modifier`
+/// values. This is useful when updating the terminal display, as it allows for more
+/// efficient updates by only sending the necessary changes.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 struct ModifierDiff {
    from: Modifier,
    to: Modifier,
--- a/src/backend/termwiz.rs
+++ b/src/backend/termwiz.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+//! This module provides the `TermwizBackend` implementation for the [`Backend`] trait. It uses the
+//! [Termwiz] crate to interact with the terminal.
+//!
+//! [`Backend`]: trait.Backend.html
+//! [`TermwizBackend`]: crate::backend::TermionBackend
+//! [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
+
+use std::{error::Error, io};
+
+use termwiz::{
+    caps::Capabilities,
+    cell::{AttributeChange, Blink, Intensity, Underline},
+    color::{AnsiColor, ColorAttribute, SrgbaTuple},
+    surface::{Change, CursorVisibility, Position},
+    terminal::{buffered::BufferedTerminal, ScreenSize, SystemTerminal, Terminal},
+};
+
+use crate::{
+    backend::{Backend, WindowSize},
+    buffer::Cell,
+    layout::Size,
+    prelude::Rect,
+    style::{Color, Modifier},
+};
+
+/// A [`Backend`] implementation that uses [Termwiz] to render to the terminal.
+///
+/// The `TermwizBackend` struct is a wrapper around a [`BufferedTerminal`], which is used to send
+/// commands to the terminal. It provides methods for drawing content, manipulating the cursor, and
+/// clearing the terminal screen.
+///
+/// Most applications should not call the methods on `TermwizBackend` directly, but will instead
+/// use the [`Terminal`] struct, which provides a more ergonomic interface.
+///
+/// This backend automatically enables raw mode and switches to the alternate screen when it is
+/// created using the [`TermwizBackend::new`] method (and disables raw mode and returns to the main
+/// screen when dropped). Use the [`TermwizBackend::with_buffered_terminal`] to create a new
+/// instance with a custom [`BufferedTerminal`] if this is not desired.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run
+/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+///
+/// let backend = TermwizBackend::new()?;
+/// let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+///
+/// terminal.clear()?;
+/// terminal.draw(|frame| {
+///     // -- snip --
+/// })?;
+/// # std::result::Result::Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
+/// ```
+///
+/// See the the [examples] directory for more examples. See the [`backend`] module documentation
+/// for more details on raw mode and alternate screen.
+///
+/// [`backend`]: crate::backend
+/// [`Terminal`]: crate::terminal::Terminal
+/// [`BufferedTerminal`]: termwiz::terminal::buffered::BufferedTerminal
+/// [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
+/// [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/main/examples#readme
+pub struct TermwizBackend {
+    buffered_terminal: BufferedTerminal<SystemTerminal>,
+}
+
+impl TermwizBackend {
+    /// Creates a new Termwiz backend instance.
+    ///
+    /// The backend will automatically enable raw mode and enter the alternate screen.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if unable to do any of the following:
+    /// - query the terminal capabilities.
+    /// - enter raw mode.
+    /// - enter the alternate screen.
+    /// - create the system or buffered terminal.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// let backend = TermwizBackend::new()?;
+    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new() -> Result<TermwizBackend, Box<dyn Error>> {
+        let mut buffered_terminal =
+            BufferedTerminal::new(SystemTerminal::new(Capabilities::new_from_env()?)?)?;
+        buffered_terminal.terminal().set_raw_mode()?;
+        buffered_terminal.terminal().enter_alternate_screen()?;
+        Ok(TermwizBackend { buffered_terminal })
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new Termwiz backend instance with the given buffered terminal.
+    pub fn with_buffered_terminal(instance: BufferedTerminal<SystemTerminal>) -> TermwizBackend {
+        TermwizBackend {
+            buffered_terminal: instance,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the buffered terminal used by the backend.
+    pub fn buffered_terminal(&self) -> &BufferedTerminal<SystemTerminal> {
+        &self.buffered_terminal
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the buffered terminal used by the backend.
+    pub fn buffered_terminal_mut(&mut self) -> &mut BufferedTerminal<SystemTerminal> {
+        &mut self.buffered_terminal
+    }
+}
+
+impl Backend for TermwizBackend {
+    fn draw<'a, I>(&mut self, content: I) -> Result<(), io::Error>
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = (u16, u16, &'a Cell)>,
+    {
+        for (x, y, cell) in content {
+            self.buffered_terminal.add_changes(vec![
+                Change::CursorPosition {
+                    x: Position::Absolute(x as usize),
+                    y: Position::Absolute(y as usize),
+                },
+                Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Foreground(cell.fg.into())),
+                Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Background(cell.bg.into())),
+            ]);
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Intensity(
+                    if cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::BOLD) {
+                        Intensity::Bold
+                    } else if cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::DIM) {
+                        Intensity::Half
+                    } else {
+                        Intensity::Normal
+                    },
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Italic(
+                    cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::ITALIC),
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Underline(
+                    if cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
+                        Underline::Single
+                    } else {
+                        Underline::None
+                    },
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Reverse(
+                    cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::REVERSED),
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Invisible(
+                    cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::HIDDEN),
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::StrikeThrough(
+                    cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT),
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Blink(
+                    if cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK) {
+                        Blink::Slow
+                    } else if cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK) {
+                        Blink::Rapid
+                    } else {
+                        Blink::None
+                    },
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal.add_change(&cell.symbol);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+        self.buffered_terminal
+            .add_change(Change::CursorVisibility(CursorVisibility::Hidden));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+        self.buffered_terminal
+            .add_change(Change::CursorVisibility(CursorVisibility::Visible));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<(u16, u16)> {
+        let (x, y) = self.buffered_terminal.cursor_position();
+        Ok((x as u16, y as u16))
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.buffered_terminal.add_change(Change::CursorPosition {
+            x: Position::Absolute(x as usize),
+            y: Position::Absolute(y as usize),
+        });
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn clear(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+        self.buffered_terminal
+            .add_change(Change::ClearScreen(termwiz::color::ColorAttribute::Default));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn size(&self) -> Result<Rect, io::Error> {
+        let (cols, rows) = self.buffered_terminal.dimensions();
+        Ok(Rect::new(0, 0, u16_max(cols), u16_max(rows)))
+    }
+
+    fn window_size(&mut self) -> Result<WindowSize, io::Error> {
+        let ScreenSize {
+            cols,
+            rows,
+            xpixel,
+            ypixel,
+        } = self
+            .buffered_terminal
+            .terminal()
+            .get_screen_size()
+            .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e))?;
+        Ok(WindowSize {
+            columns_rows: Size {
+                width: u16_max(cols),
+                height: u16_max(rows),
+            },
+            pixels: Size {
+                width: u16_max(xpixel),
+                height: u16_max(ypixel),
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+        self.buffered_terminal
+            .flush()
+            .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Color> for ColorAttribute {
+    fn from(color: Color) -> ColorAttribute {
+        match color {
+            Color::Reset => ColorAttribute::Default,
+            Color::Black => AnsiColor::Black.into(),
+            Color::Gray | Color::DarkGray => AnsiColor::Grey.into(),
+            Color::Red => AnsiColor::Maroon.into(),
+            Color::LightRed => AnsiColor::Red.into(),
+            Color::Green => AnsiColor::Green.into(),
+            Color::LightGreen => AnsiColor::Lime.into(),
+            Color::Yellow => AnsiColor::Olive.into(),
+            Color::LightYellow => AnsiColor::Yellow.into(),
+            Color::Magenta => AnsiColor::Purple.into(),
+            Color::LightMagenta => AnsiColor::Fuchsia.into(),
+            Color::Cyan => AnsiColor::Teal.into(),
+            Color::LightCyan => AnsiColor::Aqua.into(),
+            Color::White => AnsiColor::White.into(),
+            Color::Blue => AnsiColor::Navy.into(),
+            Color::LightBlue => AnsiColor::Blue.into(),
+            Color::Indexed(i) => ColorAttribute::PaletteIndex(i),
+            Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => {
+                ColorAttribute::TrueColorWithDefaultFallback(SrgbaTuple::from((r, g, b)))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+fn u16_max(i: usize) -> u16 {
+    u16::try_from(i).unwrap_or(u16::MAX)
+}
--- a/src/backend/test.rs
+++ b/src/backend/test.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,39 @@
-use crate::{
-    backend::{Backend, ClearType},
-    buffer::{Buffer, Cell},
-    layout::Rect,
+//! This module provides the `TestBackend` implementation for the [`Backend`] trait.
+//! It is used in the integration tests to verify the correctness of the library.
+
+use std::{
+    fmt::{Display, Write},
+    io,
 };
-use std::{fmt::Write, io};
+
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;

-/// A backend used for the integration tests.
-#[derive(Debug)]
+use crate::{
+    backend::{Backend, WindowSize},
+    buffer::{Buffer, Cell},
+    layout::{Rect, Size},
+};
+
+/// A [`Backend`] implementation used for integration testing that that renders to an in memory
+/// buffer.
+///
+/// Note: that although many of the integration and unit tests in ratatui are written using this
+/// backend, it is preferable to write unit tests for widgets directly against the buffer rather
+/// than using this backend. This backend is intended for integration tests that test the entire
+/// terminal UI.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use ratatui::{backend::TestBackend, prelude::*};
+///
+/// let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+/// backend.clear()?;
+/// backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 2]));
+/// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub struct TestBackend {
    width: u16,
    buffer: Buffer,
@@ -17,6 +43,11 @@ pub struct TestBackend {
 }

 /// Returns a string representation of the given buffer for debugging purpose.
+///
+/// This function is used to visualize the buffer content in a human-readable format.
+/// It iterates through the buffer content and appends each cell's symbol to the view string.
+/// If a cell is hidden by a multi-width symbol, it is added to the overwritten vector and
+/// displayed at the end of the line.
 fn buffer_view(buffer: &Buffer) -> String {
    let mut view = String::with_capacity(buffer.content.len() + buffer.area.height as usize * 3);
    for cells in buffer.content.chunks(buffer.area.width as usize) {
@@ -27,18 +58,13 @@ fn buffer_view(buffer: &Buffer) -> String {
            if skip == 0 {
                view.push_str(&c.symbol);
            } else {
-                overwritten.push((x, &c.symbol))
+                overwritten.push((x, &c.symbol));
            }
            skip = std::cmp::max(skip, c.symbol.width()).saturating_sub(1);
        }
        view.push('"');
        if !overwritten.is_empty() {
-            write!(
-                &mut view,
-                " Hidden by multi-width symbols: {:?}",
-                overwritten
-            )
-            .unwrap();
+            write!(&mut view, " Hidden by multi-width symbols: {overwritten:?}").unwrap();
        }
        view.push('\n');
    }
@@ -46,6 +72,7 @@ fn buffer_view(buffer: &Buffer) -> String {
 }

 impl TestBackend {
+    /// Creates a new TestBackend with the specified width and height.
    pub fn new(width: u16, height: u16) -> TestBackend {
        TestBackend {
            width,
@@ -56,16 +83,22 @@ impl TestBackend {
        }
    }

+    /// Returns a reference to the internal buffer of the TestBackend.
    pub fn buffer(&self) -> &Buffer {
        &self.buffer
    }

+    /// Resizes the TestBackend to the specified width and height.
    pub fn resize(&mut self, width: u16, height: u16) {
        self.buffer.resize(Rect::new(0, 0, width, height));
        self.width = width;
        self.height = height;
    }

+    /// Asserts that the TestBackend's buffer is equal to the expected buffer.
+    /// If the buffers are not equal, a panic occurs with a detailed error message
+    /// showing the differences between the expected and actual buffers.
+    #[track_caller]
    pub fn assert_buffer(&self, expected: &Buffer) {
        assert_eq!(expected.area, self.buffer.area);
        let diff = expected.diff(&self.buffer);
@@ -93,15 +126,20 @@ impl TestBackend {
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(i, (x, y, cell))| {
                let expected_cell = expected.get(*x, *y);
-                format!(
-                    "{}: at ({}, {}) expected {:?} got {:?}",
-                    i, x, y, expected_cell, cell
-                )
+                format!("{i}: at ({x}, {y}) expected {expected_cell:?} got {cell:?}")
            })
            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
            .join("\n");
        debug_info.push_str(&nice_diff);
-        panic!("{}", debug_info);
+        panic!("{debug_info}");
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for TestBackend {
+    /// Formats the TestBackend for display by calling the buffer_view function
+    /// on its internal buffer.
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", buffer_view(&self.buffer))
    }
 }

@@ -117,10 +155,6 @@ impl Backend for TestBackend {
        Ok(())
    }

-    fn append_lines(&mut self, _n: u16) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
        self.cursor = false;
        Ok(())
@@ -140,7 +174,7 @@ impl Backend for TestBackend {
        Ok(())
    }

-    fn clear(&mut self, _clear_type: ClearType) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    fn clear(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
        self.buffer.reset();
        Ok(())
    }
@@ -149,7 +183,151 @@ impl Backend for TestBackend {
        Ok(Rect::new(0, 0, self.width, self.height))
    }

+    fn window_size(&mut self) -> Result<WindowSize, io::Error> {
+        // Some arbitrary window pixel size, probably doesn't need much testing.
+        static WINDOW_PIXEL_SIZE: Size = Size {
+            width: 640,
+            height: 480,
+        };
+        Ok(WindowSize {
+            columns_rows: (self.width, self.height).into(),
+            pixels: WINDOW_PIXEL_SIZE,
+        })
+    }
+
    fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
        Ok(())
    }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn new() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            TestBackend::new(10, 2),
+            TestBackend {
+                width: 10,
+                height: 2,
+                buffer: Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 2]),
+                cursor: false,
+                pos: (0, 0),
+            }
+        );
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_buffer_view() {
+        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaa"; 2]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer_view(&buffer), "\"aaaa\"\n\"aaaa\"\n");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn buffer_view_with_overwrites() {
+        let multi_byte_char = "👨‍👩‍👧‍👦"; // renders 8 wide
+        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![multi_byte_char]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            buffer_view(&buffer),
+            format!(
+                r#""{multi_byte_char}" Hidden by multi-width symbols: [(1, " "), (2, " "), (3, " "), (4, " "), (5, " "), (6, " "), (7, " ")]
+"#,
+                multi_byte_char = multi_byte_char
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn buffer() {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+        assert_eq!(backend.buffer(), &Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 2]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resize() {
+        let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+        backend.resize(5, 5);
+        assert_eq!(backend.buffer(), &Buffer::with_lines(vec!["     "; 5]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn assert_buffer() {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 2]);
+        backend.assert_buffer(&buffer);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn assert_buffer_panics() {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaaaaaaaa"; 2]);
+        backend.assert_buffer(&buffer);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn display() {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", backend), "\"          \"\n\"          \"\n");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn draw() {
+        let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+        let mut cell = Cell::default();
+        cell.set_symbol("a");
+        backend.draw([(0, 0, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
+        backend.draw([(0, 1, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
+        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec!["a         "; 2]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hide_cursor() {
+        let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+        backend.hide_cursor().unwrap();
+        assert!(!backend.cursor);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn show_cursor() {
+        let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+        backend.show_cursor().unwrap();
+        assert!(backend.cursor);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn get_cursor() {
+        let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+        assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor().unwrap(), (0, 0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn set_cursor() {
+        let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 10);
+        backend.set_cursor(5, 5).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(backend.pos, (5, 5));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn clear() {
+        let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+        let mut cell = Cell::default();
+        cell.set_symbol("a");
+        backend.draw([(0, 0, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
+        backend.draw([(0, 1, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
+        backend.clear().unwrap();
+        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 2]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn size() {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+        assert_eq!(backend.size().unwrap(), Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 2));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flush() {
+        let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+        backend.flush().unwrap();
+    }
+}
--- a/src/buffer.rs
+++ b/src/buffer.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,29 @@
-use crate::{
-    layout::Rect,
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    text::{Span, Spans},
+use std::{
+    cmp::min,
+    fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result},
 };
-use std::cmp::min;
+
 use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;

+#[allow(deprecated)]
+use crate::{
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    text::{Line, Span, Spans},
+};
+
 /// A buffer cell
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub struct Cell {
    pub symbol: String,
    pub fg: Color,
    pub bg: Color,
+    #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+    pub underline_color: Color,
    pub modifier: Modifier,
+    pub skip: bool,
 }

 impl Cell {
@@ -46,11 +56,25 @@ impl Cell {
        if let Some(c) = style.bg {
            self.bg = c;
        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+        if let Some(c) = style.underline_color {
+            self.underline_color = c;
+        }
        self.modifier.insert(style.add_modifier);
        self.modifier.remove(style.sub_modifier);
        self
    }

+    #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+    pub fn style(&self) -> Style {
+        Style::default()
+            .fg(self.fg)
+            .bg(self.bg)
+            .underline_color(self.underline_color)
+            .add_modifier(self.modifier)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "crossterm"))]
    pub fn style(&self) -> Style {
        Style::default()
            .fg(self.fg)
@@ -58,12 +82,26 @@ impl Cell {
            .add_modifier(self.modifier)
    }

+    /// Sets the cell to be skipped when copying (diffing) the buffer to the screen.
+    ///
+    /// This is helpful when it is necessary to prevent the buffer from overwriting a cell that is
+    /// covered by an image from some terminal graphics protocol (Sixel / iTerm / Kitty ...).
+    pub fn set_skip(&mut self, skip: bool) -> &mut Cell {
+        self.skip = skip;
+        self
+    }
+
    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
        self.symbol.clear();
        self.symbol.push(' ');
        self.fg = Color::Reset;
        self.bg = Color::Reset;
+        #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+        {
+            self.underline_color = Color::Reset;
+        }
        self.modifier = Modifier::empty();
+        self.skip = false;
    }
 }

@@ -73,7 +111,10 @@ impl Default for Cell {
            symbol: " ".into(),
            fg: Color::Reset,
            bg: Color::Reset,
+            #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+            underline_color: Color::Reset,
            modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+            skip: false,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -88,9 +129,7 @@ impl Default for Cell {
 /// # Examples:
 ///
 /// ```
-/// use tui::buffer::{Buffer, Cell};
-/// use tui::layout::Rect;
-/// use tui::style::{Color, Style, Modifier};
+/// use ratatui::{prelude::*, buffer::Cell};
 ///
 /// let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect{x: 0, y: 0, width: 10, height: 5});
 /// buf.get_mut(0, 2).set_symbol("x");
@@ -100,12 +139,16 @@ impl Default for Cell {
 ///     symbol: String::from("r"),
 ///     fg: Color::Red,
 ///     bg: Color::White,
-///     modifier: Modifier::empty()
+///     #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+///     underline_color: Color::Reset,
+///     modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+///     skip: false
 /// });
 /// buf.get_mut(5, 0).set_char('x');
 /// assert_eq!(buf.get(5, 0).symbol, "x");
 /// ```
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default)]
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub struct Buffer {
    /// The area represented by this buffer
    pub area: Rect,
@@ -117,7 +160,7 @@ pub struct Buffer {
 impl Buffer {
    /// Returns a Buffer with all cells set to the default one
    pub fn empty(area: Rect) -> Buffer {
-        let cell: Cell = Default::default();
+        let cell = Cell::default();
        Buffer::filled(area, &cell)
    }

@@ -132,24 +175,16 @@ impl Buffer {
    }

    /// Returns a Buffer containing the given lines
-    pub fn with_lines<S>(lines: Vec<S>) -> Buffer
+    pub fn with_lines<'a, S>(lines: Vec<S>) -> Buffer
    where
-        S: AsRef<str>,
+        S: Into<Line<'a>>,
    {
+        let lines = lines.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let height = lines.len() as u16;
-        let width = lines
-            .iter()
-            .map(|i| i.as_ref().width() as u16)
-            .max()
-            .unwrap_or_default();
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect {
-            x: 0,
-            y: 0,
-            width,
-            height,
-        });
+        let width = lines.iter().map(Line::width).max().unwrap_or_default() as u16;
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, width, height));
        for (y, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
-            buffer.set_string(0, y as u16, line, Style::default());
+            buffer.set_line(0, y as u16, line, width);
        }
        buffer
    }
@@ -176,15 +211,14 @@ impl Buffer {
        &mut self.content[i]
    }

-    /// Returns the index in the Vec<Cell> for the given global (x, y) coordinates.
+    /// Returns the index in the `Vec<Cell>` for the given global (x, y) coordinates.
    ///
    /// Global coordinates are offset by the Buffer's area offset (`x`/`y`).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
-    /// # use tui::buffer::Buffer;
-    /// # use tui::layout::Rect;
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
    /// let rect = Rect::new(200, 100, 10, 10);
    /// let buffer = Buffer::empty(rect);
    /// // Global coordinates to the top corner of this buffer's area
@@ -196,8 +230,7 @@ impl Buffer {
    /// Panics when given an coordinate that is outside of this Buffer's area.
    ///
    /// ```should_panic
-    /// # use tui::buffer::Buffer;
-    /// # use tui::layout::Rect;
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
    /// let rect = Rect::new(200, 100, 10, 10);
    /// let buffer = Buffer::empty(rect);
    /// // Top coordinate is outside of the buffer in global coordinate space, as the Buffer's area
@@ -210,9 +243,7 @@ impl Buffer {
                && x < self.area.right()
                && y >= self.area.top()
                && y < self.area.bottom(),
-            "Trying to access position outside the buffer: x={}, y={}, area={:?}",
-            x,
-            y,
+            "Trying to access position outside the buffer: x={x}, y={y}, area={:?}",
            self.area
        );
        ((y - self.area.y) * self.area.width + (x - self.area.x)) as usize
@@ -225,8 +256,7 @@ impl Buffer {
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
-    /// # use tui::buffer::Buffer;
-    /// # use tui::layout::Rect;
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
    /// let rect = Rect::new(200, 100, 10, 10);
    /// let buffer = Buffer::empty(rect);
    /// assert_eq!(buffer.pos_of(0), (200, 100));
@@ -238,8 +268,7 @@ impl Buffer {
    /// Panics when given an index that is outside the Buffer's content.
    ///
    /// ```should_panic
-    /// # use tui::buffer::Buffer;
-    /// # use tui::layout::Rect;
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
    /// let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 10); // 100 cells in total
    /// let buffer = Buffer::empty(rect);
    /// // Index 100 is the 101th cell, which lies outside of the area of this Buffer.
@@ -248,13 +277,12 @@ impl Buffer {
    pub fn pos_of(&self, i: usize) -> (u16, u16) {
        debug_assert!(
            i < self.content.len(),
-            "Trying to get the coords of a cell outside the buffer: i={} len={}",
-            i,
+            "Trying to get the coords of a cell outside the buffer: i={i} len={}",
            self.content.len()
        );
        (
-            self.area.x + i as u16 % self.area.width,
-            self.area.y + i as u16 / self.area.width,
+            self.area.x + (i as u16) % self.area.width,
+            self.area.y + (i as u16) / self.area.width,
        )
    }

@@ -289,7 +317,7 @@ impl Buffer {
                continue;
            }
            // `x_offset + width > max_offset` could be integer overflow on 32-bit machines if we
-            // change dimenstions to usize or u32 and someone resizes the terminal to 1x2^32.
+            // change dimensions to usize or u32 and someone resizes the terminal to 1x2^32.
            if width > max_offset.saturating_sub(x_offset) {
                break;
            }
@@ -306,7 +334,9 @@ impl Buffer {
        (x_offset as u16, y)
    }

-    pub fn set_spans<'a>(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, spans: &Spans<'a>, width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    #[deprecated(note = "Use `Buffer::set_line` instead")]
+    pub fn set_spans(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, spans: &Spans<'_>, width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
        let mut remaining_width = width;
        let mut x = x;
        for span in &spans.0 {
@@ -327,7 +357,28 @@ impl Buffer {
        (x, y)
    }

-    pub fn set_span<'a>(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, span: &Span<'a>, width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
+    pub fn set_line(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, line: &Line<'_>, width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
+        let mut remaining_width = width;
+        let mut x = x;
+        for span in &line.spans {
+            if remaining_width == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+            let pos = self.set_stringn(
+                x,
+                y,
+                span.content.as_ref(),
+                remaining_width as usize,
+                span.style,
+            );
+            let w = pos.0.saturating_sub(x);
+            x = pos.0;
+            remaining_width = remaining_width.saturating_sub(w);
+        }
+        (x, y)
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, span: &Span<'_>, width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
        self.set_stringn(x, y, span.content.as_ref(), width as usize, span.style)
    }

@@ -358,7 +409,7 @@ impl Buffer {
        if self.content.len() > length {
            self.content.truncate(length);
        } else {
-            self.content.resize(length, Default::default());
+            self.content.resize(length, Cell::default());
        }
        self.area = area;
    }
@@ -373,7 +424,7 @@ impl Buffer {
    /// Merge an other buffer into this one
    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: &Buffer) {
        let area = self.area.union(other.area);
-        let cell: Cell = Default::default();
+        let cell = Cell::default();
        self.content.resize(area.area() as usize, cell.clone());

        // Move original content to the appropriate space
@@ -433,13 +484,13 @@ impl Buffer {
        let next_buffer = &other.content;

        let mut updates: Vec<(u16, u16, &Cell)> = vec![];
-        // Cells invalidated by drawing/replacing preceeding multi-width characters:
+        // Cells invalidated by drawing/replacing preceding multi-width characters:
        let mut invalidated: usize = 0;
-        // Cells from the current buffer to skip due to preceeding multi-width characters taking their
-        // place (the skipped cells should be blank anyway):
+        // Cells from the current buffer to skip due to preceding multi-width characters taking
+        // their place (the skipped cells should be blank anyway), or due to per-cell-skipping:
        let mut to_skip: usize = 0;
        for (i, (current, previous)) in next_buffer.iter().zip(previous_buffer.iter()).enumerate() {
-            if (current != previous || invalidated > 0) && to_skip == 0 {
+            if !current.skip && (current != previous || invalidated > 0) && to_skip == 0 {
                let (x, y) = self.pos_of(i);
                updates.push((x, y, &next_buffer[i]));
            }
@@ -453,6 +504,128 @@ impl Buffer {
    }
 }

+/// Assert that two buffers are equal by comparing their areas and content.
+///
+/// On panic, displays the areas or the content and a diff of the contents.
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! assert_buffer_eq {
+    ($actual_expr:expr, $expected_expr:expr) => {
+        match (&$actual_expr, &$expected_expr) {
+            (actual, expected) => {
+                if actual.area != expected.area {
+                    panic!(
+                        indoc::indoc!(
+                            "
+                            buffer areas not equal
+                            expected:  {:?}
+                            actual:    {:?}"
+                        ),
+                        expected, actual
+                    );
+                }
+                let diff = expected.diff(&actual);
+                if !diff.is_empty() {
+                    let nice_diff = diff
+                        .iter()
+                        .enumerate()
+                        .map(|(i, (x, y, cell))| {
+                            let expected_cell = expected.get(*x, *y);
+                            indoc::formatdoc! {"
+                                {i}: at ({x}, {y})
+                                  expected: {expected_cell:?}
+                                  actual:   {cell:?}
+                            "}
+                        })
+                        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                        .join("\n");
+                    panic!(
+                        indoc::indoc!(
+                            "
+                            buffer contents not equal
+                            expected: {:?}
+                            actual: {:?}
+                            diff:
+                            {}"
+                        ),
+                        expected, actual, nice_diff
+                    );
+                }
+                // shouldn't get here, but this guards against future behavior
+                // that changes equality but not area or content
+                assert_eq!(actual, expected, "buffers not equal");
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl Debug for Buffer {
+    /// Writes a debug representation of the buffer to the given formatter.
+    ///
+    /// The format is like a pretty printed struct, with the following fields:
+    /// * `area`: displayed as `Rect { x: 1, y: 2, width: 3, height: 4 }`
+    /// * `content`: displayed as a list of strings representing the content of the buffer
+    /// * `styles`: displayed as a list of: `{ x: 1, y: 2, fg: Color::Red, bg: Color::Blue,
+    ///   modifier: Modifier::BOLD }` only showing a value when there is a change in style.
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        f.write_fmt(format_args!(
+            "Buffer {{\n    area: {:?},\n    content: [\n",
+            &self.area
+        ))?;
+        let mut last_style = None;
+        let mut styles = vec![];
+        for (y, line) in self.content.chunks(self.area.width as usize).enumerate() {
+            let mut overwritten = vec![];
+            let mut skip: usize = 0;
+            f.write_str("        \"")?;
+            for (x, c) in line.iter().enumerate() {
+                if skip == 0 {
+                    f.write_str(&c.symbol)?;
+                } else {
+                    overwritten.push((x, &c.symbol));
+                }
+                skip = std::cmp::max(skip, c.symbol.width()).saturating_sub(1);
+                #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+                {
+                    let style = (c.fg, c.bg, c.underline_color, c.modifier);
+                    if last_style != Some(style) {
+                        last_style = Some(style);
+                        styles.push((x, y, c.fg, c.bg, c.underline_color, c.modifier));
+                    }
+                }
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "crossterm"))]
+                {
+                    let style = (c.fg, c.bg, c.modifier);
+                    if last_style != Some(style) {
+                        last_style = Some(style);
+                        styles.push((x, y, c.fg, c.bg, c.modifier));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if !overwritten.is_empty() {
+                f.write_fmt(format_args!(
+                    "// hidden by multi-width symbols: {overwritten:?}"
+                ))?;
+            }
+            f.write_str("\",\n")?;
+        }
+        f.write_str("    ],\n    styles: [\n")?;
+        for s in styles {
+            #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+            f.write_fmt(format_args!(
+                "        x: {}, y: {}, fg: {:?}, bg: {:?}, underline: {:?}, modifier: {:?},\n",
+                s.0, s.1, s.2, s.3, s.4, s.5
+            ))?;
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "crossterm"))]
+            f.write_fmt(format_args!(
+                "        x: {}, y: {}, fg: {:?}, bg: {:?}, modifier: {:?},\n",
+                s.0, s.1, s.2, s.3, s.4
+            ))?;
+        }
+        f.write_str("    ]\n}")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
@@ -463,6 +636,81 @@ mod tests {
        cell
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn it_implements_debug() {
+        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 2));
+        buf.set_string(0, 0, "Hello World!", Style::default());
+        buf.set_string(
+            0,
+            1,
+            "G'day World!",
+            Style::default()
+                .fg(Color::Green)
+                .bg(Color::Yellow)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+        );
+        #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{buf:?}"),
+            indoc::indoc!(
+                "
+                Buffer {
+                    area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 12, height: 2 },
+                    content: [
+                        \"Hello World!\",
+                        \"G'day World!\",
+                    ],
+                    styles: [
+                        x: 0, y: 0, fg: Reset, bg: Reset, underline: Reset, modifier: NONE,
+                        x: 0, y: 1, fg: Green, bg: Yellow, underline: Reset, modifier: BOLD,
+                    ]
+                }"
+            )
+        );
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "crossterm"))]
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{buf:?}"),
+            indoc::indoc!(
+                "
+                Buffer {
+                    area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 12, height: 2 },
+                    content: [
+                        \"Hello World!\",
+                        \"G'day World!\",
+                    ],
+                    styles: [
+                        x: 0, y: 0, fg: Reset, bg: Reset, modifier: NONE,
+                        x: 0, y: 1, fg: Green, bg: Yellow, modifier: BOLD,
+                    ]
+                }"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn assert_buffer_eq_does_not_panic_on_equal_buffers() {
+        let buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
+        let other_buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, other_buffer);
+    }
+
+    #[should_panic]
+    #[test]
+    fn assert_buffer_eq_panics_on_unequal_area() {
+        let buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
+        let other_buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1));
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, other_buffer);
+    }
+
+    #[should_panic]
+    #[test]
+    fn assert_buffer_eq_panics_on_unequal_style() {
+        let buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
+        let mut other_buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
+        other_buffer.set_string(0, 0, " ", Style::default().fg(Color::Red));
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, other_buffer);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn it_translates_to_and_from_coordinates() {
        let rect = Rect::new(200, 100, 50, 80);
@@ -504,21 +752,38 @@ mod tests {

        // Zero-width
        buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, "aaa", 0, Style::default());
-        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["     "]));
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["     "]));

        buffer.set_string(0, 0, "aaa", Style::default());
-        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaa  "]));
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaa  "]));

        // Width limit:
        buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, "bbbbbbbbbbbbbb", 4, Style::default());
-        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["bbbb "]));
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["bbbb "]));

        buffer.set_string(0, 0, "12345", Style::default());
-        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["12345"]));
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["12345"]));

        // Width truncation:
        buffer.set_string(0, 0, "123456", Style::default());
-        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["12345"]));
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["12345"]));
+
+        // multi-line
+        buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 2));
+        buffer.set_string(0, 0, "12345", Style::default());
+        buffer.set_string(0, 1, "67890", Style::default());
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["12345", "67890"]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn buffer_set_string_multi_width_overwrite() {
+        let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(area);
+
+        // multi-width overwrite
+        buffer.set_string(0, 0, "aaaaa", Style::default());
+        buffer.set_string(0, 0, "称号", Style::default());
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["称号a"]));
    }

    #[test]
@@ -529,12 +794,12 @@ mod tests {
        // Leading grapheme with zero width
        let s = "\u{1}a";
        buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, s, 1, Style::default());
-        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["a"]));
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["a"]));

        // Trailing grapheme with zero with
        let s = "a\u{1}";
        buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, s, 1, Style::default());
-        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["a"]));
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["a"]));
    }

    #[test]
@@ -542,11 +807,11 @@ mod tests {
        let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(area);
        buffer.set_string(0, 0, "コン", Style::default());
-        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["コン "]));
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["コン "]));

        // Only 1 space left.
        buffer.set_string(0, 0, "コンピ", Style::default());
-        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["コン "]));
+        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["コン "]));
    }

    #[test]
@@ -650,6 +915,18 @@ mod tests {
        );
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn buffer_diffing_skip() {
+        let prev = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["123"]);
+        let mut next = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["456"]);
+        for i in 1..3 {
+            next.content[i].set_skip(true);
+        }
+
+        let diff = prev.diff(&next);
+        assert_eq!(diff, vec![(0, 0, &cell("4"))],);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn buffer_merge() {
        let mut one = Buffer::filled(
@@ -671,7 +948,7 @@ mod tests {
            Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
        );
        one.merge(&two);
-        assert_eq!(one, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["11", "11", "22", "22"]));
+        assert_buffer_eq!(one, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["11", "11", "22", "22"]));
    }

    #[test]
@@ -695,7 +972,7 @@ mod tests {
            Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
        );
        one.merge(&two);
-        assert_eq!(
+        assert_buffer_eq!(
            one,
            Buffer::with_lines(vec!["22  ", "22  ", "  11", "  11"])
        );
@@ -729,6 +1006,65 @@ mod tests {
            width: 4,
            height: 4,
        };
-        assert_eq!(one, merged);
+        assert_buffer_eq!(one, merged);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn buffer_merge_skip() {
+        let mut one = Buffer::filled(
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 2,
+                height: 2,
+            },
+            Cell::default().set_symbol("1"),
+        );
+        let two = Buffer::filled(
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 1,
+                width: 2,
+                height: 2,
+            },
+            Cell::default().set_symbol("2").set_skip(true),
+        );
+        one.merge(&two);
+        let skipped: Vec<bool> = one.content().iter().map(|c| c.skip).collect();
+        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![false, false, true, true, true, true]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn buffer_merge_skip2() {
+        let mut one = Buffer::filled(
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 2,
+                height: 2,
+            },
+            Cell::default().set_symbol("1").set_skip(true),
+        );
+        let two = Buffer::filled(
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 1,
+                width: 2,
+                height: 2,
+            },
+            Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
+        );
+        one.merge(&two);
+        let skipped: Vec<bool> = one.content().iter().map(|c| c.skip).collect();
+        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![true, true, false, false, false, false]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn with_lines_accepts_into_lines() {
+        use crate::style::Stylize;
+        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 2));
+        buf.set_string(0, 0, "foo", Style::new().red());
+        buf.set_string(0, 1, "bar", Style::new().blue());
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["foo".red(), "bar".blue()]));
    }
 }
--- a/src/layout.rs
+++ b/src/layout.rs
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
-//! [tui](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs) is a library used to build rich
-//! terminal users interfaces and dashboards.
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+
+//! [ratatui](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui) is a library that is all about cooking up terminal user
+//! interfaces (TUIs).
 //!
-//! ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/fdehau/tui-rs/master/assets/demo.gif)
+//! ![Demo](https://vhs.charm.sh/vhs-tF0QbuPbtHgUeG0sTVgFr.gif)
 //!
 //! # Get started
 //!
-//! ## Adding `tui` as a dependency
+//! ## Adding `ratatui` as a dependency
 //!
+//! Add the following to your `Cargo.toml`:
 //! ```toml
 //! [dependencies]
-//! tui = "0.16"
-//! crossterm = "0.22"
+//! crossterm = "0.27"
+//! ratatui = "0.23"
 //! ```
 //!
 //! The crate is using the `crossterm` backend by default that works on most platforms. But if for
@@ -19,21 +22,21 @@
 //!
 //! ```toml
 //! [dependencies]
-//! termion = "1.5"
-//! tui = { version = "0.16", default-features = false, features = ['termion'] }
+//! termion = "2.0.1"
+//! ratatui = { version = "0.23", default-features = false, features = ['termion'] }
 //! ```
 //!
 //! The same logic applies for all other available backends.
 //!
 //! ## Creating a `Terminal`
 //!
-//! Every application using `tui` should start by instantiating a `Terminal`. It is a light
+//! Every application using `ratatui` should start by instantiating a `Terminal`. It is a light
 //! abstraction over available backends that provides basic functionalities such as clearing the
 //! screen, hiding the cursor, etc.
 //!
 //! ```rust,no_run
 //! use std::io;
-//! use tui::{backend::CrosstermBackend, Terminal};
+//! use ratatui::prelude::*;
 //!
 //! fn main() -> Result<(), io::Error> {
 //!     let stdout = io::stdout();
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@
 //!
 //! ```rust,ignore
 //! use std::io;
-//! use tui::{backend::TermionBackend, Terminal};
+//! use ratatui::prelude::*;
 //! use termion::raw::IntoRawMode;
 //!
 //! fn main() -> Result<(), io::Error> {
@@ -69,21 +72,16 @@
 //! implement your own.
 //!
 //! Each widget follows a builder pattern API providing a default configuration along with methods
-//! to customize them. The widget is then rendered using [`Frame::render_widget`] which takes
-//! your widget instance and an area to draw to.
+//! to customize them. The widget is then rendered using [`Frame::render_widget`] which takes your
+//! widget instance and an area to draw to.
 //!
 //! The following example renders a block of the size of the terminal:
 //!
 //! ```rust,no_run
 //! use std::{io, thread, time::Duration};
-//! use tui::{
-//!     backend::CrosstermBackend,
-//!     widgets::{Widget, Block, Borders},
-//!     layout::{Layout, Constraint, Direction},
-//!     Terminal
-//! };
+//! use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 //! use crossterm::{
-//!     event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+//!     event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture},
 //!     execute,
 //!     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 //! };
@@ -104,6 +102,12 @@
 //!         f.render_widget(block, size);
 //!     })?;
 //!
+//!     // Start a thread to discard any input events. Without handling events, the
+//!     // stdin buffer will fill up, and be read into the shell when the program exits.
+//!     thread::spawn(|| loop {
+//!         event::read();
+//!     });
+//!
 //!     thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5000));
 //!
 //!     // restore terminal
@@ -126,12 +130,8 @@
 //! full customization. And `Layout` is no exception:
 //!
 //! ```rust,no_run
-//! use tui::{
-//!     backend::Backend,
-//!     layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
-//!     widgets::{Block, Borders},
-//!     Frame,
-//! };
+//! use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+//!
 //! fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>) {
 //!    let chunks = Layout::default()
 //!         .direction(Direction::Vertical)
@@ -155,10 +155,32 @@
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
-//! This let you describe responsive terminal UI by nesting layouts. You should note that by
-//! default the computed layout tries to fill the available space completely. So if for any reason
-//! you might need a blank space somewhere, try to pass an additional constraint and don't use the
+//! This let you describe responsive terminal UI by nesting layouts. You should note that by default
+//! the computed layout tries to fill the available space completely. So if for any reason you might
+//! need a blank space somewhere, try to pass an additional constraint and don't use the
 //! corresponding area.
+//!
+//! # Features
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "document-features", doc = document_features::document_features!())]
+//!
+//! [`Layout`]: layout::Layout
+//! [`backend`]: backend
+//! [`calendar`]: widgets::calendar
+//! [`CrosstermBackend`]: backend::CrosstermBackend
+//! [`TermionBackend`]: backend::TermionBackend
+//! [`TermwizBackend`]: backend::TermwizBackend
+//! [Crossterm crate]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
+//! [Serde crate]: https://crates.io/crates/serde
+//! [Termion crate]: https://crates.io/crates/termion
+//! [Termwiz crate]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
+//! [Time crate]: https://crates.io/crates/time
+
+// show the feature flags in the generated documentation
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
+#![doc(
+    html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/main/assets/logo.png",
+    html_favicon_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/main/assets/favicon.ico"
+)]

 pub mod backend;
 pub mod buffer;
@@ -169,4 +191,7 @@ pub mod terminal;
 pub mod text;
 pub mod widgets;

-pub use self::terminal::{Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, ViewportVariant};
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use self::terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport};
+
+pub mod prelude;
--- a/src/prelude.rs
+++ b/src/prelude.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//! A prelude for conveniently writing applications using this library.
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run
+//! use ratatui::prelude::*;
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Aside from the main types that are used in the library, this prelude also re-exports several
+//! modules to make it easy to qualify types that would otherwise collide. E.g.:
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+//!
+//! #[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+//! struct Line;
+//!
+//! assert_eq!(Line::default(), Line);
+//! assert_eq!(text::Line::default(), ratatui::text::Line::from(vec![]));
+//! ```
+
+#[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+pub use crate::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
+pub use crate::backend::TermionBackend;
+#[cfg(feature = "termwiz")]
+pub use crate::backend::TermwizBackend;
+pub use crate::{
+    backend::{self, Backend},
+    buffer::{self, Buffer},
+    layout::{self, Alignment, Constraint, Corner, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Styled, Stylize},
+    symbols::{self, Marker},
+    terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport},
+    text::{self, Line, Masked, Span, Text},
+};
--- a/src/style.rs
+++ b/src/style.rs
@@ -1,30 +1,73 @@
 //! `style` contains the primitives used to control how your user interface will look.
+//!
+//! There are two ways to set styles:
+//! - Creating and using the [`Style`] struct. (e.g. `Style::new().fg(Color::Red)`).
+//! - Using style shorthands. (e.g. `"hello".red()`).
+//!
+//! # Using the `Style` struct
+//!
+//! This is the original approach to styling and likely the most common. This is useful when
+//! creating style variables to reuse, however the shorthands are often more convenient and
+//! readable for most use cases.
+//!
+//! ## Example
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use ratatui::prelude::*;
+//!
+//! let heading_style = Style::new()
+//!    .fg(Color::Black)
+//!    .bg(Color::Green)
+//!    .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD);
+//! let span = Span::styled("hello", heading_style);
+//! ```
+//!
+//! # Using style shorthands
+//!
+//! Originally Ratatui only had the ability to set styles using the `Style` struct. This is still
+//! supported, but there are now shorthands for all the styles that can be set. These save you from
+//! having to create a `Style` struct every time you want to set a style.
+//!
+//! The shorthands are implemented in the [`Stylize`] trait which is automatically implemented for
+//! many types via the [`Styled`] trait. This means that you can use the shorthands on any type
+//! that implements [`Styled`]. E.g.:
+//! - Strings and string slices when styled return a [`Span`]
+//! - [`Span`]s can be styled again, which will merge the styles.
+//! - Many widget types can be styled directly rather than calling their style() method.
+//!
+//! See the [`Stylize`] and [`Styled`] traits for more information. These traits are re-exported in
+//! the [`prelude`] module for convenience.
+//!
+//! ## Example
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+//!
+//! assert_eq!(
+//!    "hello".red().on_blue().bold(),
+//!     Span::styled(
+//!         "hello",
+//!         Style::default().fg(Color::Red).bg(Color::Blue).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
+//! );
+//!
+//! assert_eq!(
+//!     Paragraph::new("hello").red().on_blue().bold(),
+//!     Paragraph::new("hello")
+//!         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red).bg(Color::Blue).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
+//! );
+//! ```
+//!
+//! [`prelude`]: crate::prelude
+//! [`Span`]: crate::text::Span
+
+use std::fmt::{self, Debug};

 use bitflags::bitflags;

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
-pub enum Color {
-    Reset,
-    Black,
-    Red,
-    Green,
-    Yellow,
-    Blue,
-    Magenta,
-    Cyan,
-    Gray,
-    DarkGray,
-    LightRed,
-    LightGreen,
-    LightYellow,
-    LightBlue,
-    LightMagenta,
-    LightCyan,
-    White,
-    Rgb(u8, u8, u8),
-    Indexed(u8),
-}
+mod stylize;
+pub use stylize::{Styled, Stylize};
+mod color;
+pub use color::Color;

 bitflags! {
    /// Modifier changes the way a piece of text is displayed.
@@ -34,11 +77,12 @@ bitflags! {
    /// ## Examples
    ///
    /// ```rust
-    /// # use tui::style::Modifier;
+    /// use ratatui::{prelude::*};
    ///
    /// let m = Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC;
    /// ```
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
+    #[derive(Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
    pub struct Modifier: u16 {
        const BOLD              = 0b0000_0000_0001;
        const DIM               = 0b0000_0000_0010;
@@ -52,27 +96,52 @@ bitflags! {
    }
 }

-/// Style let you control the main characteristics of the displayed elements.
+/// Implement the `Debug` trait for `Modifier` manually.
+///
+/// This will avoid printing the empty modifier as 'Borders(0x0)' and instead print it as 'NONE'.
+impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
+    /// Format the modifier as `NONE` if the modifier is empty or as a list of flags separated by
+    /// `|` otherwise.
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        if self.is_empty() {
+            return write!(f, "NONE");
+        }
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Style lets you control the main characteristics of the displayed elements.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+/// use ratatui::{prelude::*};
+///
 /// Style::default()
 ///     .fg(Color::Black)
 ///     .bg(Color::Green)
 ///     .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD);
 /// ```
 ///
-/// It represents an incremental change. If you apply the styles S1, S2, S3 to a cell of the
+/// Styles can also be created with a [shorthand notation](crate::style#using-style-shorthands).
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// Style::new().black().on_green().italic().bold();
+/// ```
+///
+/// For more information about the style shorthands, see the [`Stylize`] trait.
+///
+/// Styles represents an incremental change. If you apply the styles S1, S2, S3 to a cell of the
 /// terminal buffer, the style of this cell will be the result of the merge of S1, S2 and S3, not
 /// just S3.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
-/// # use tui::buffer::Buffer;
-/// # use tui::layout::Rect;
+/// use ratatui::{prelude::*};
+///
 /// let styles = [
 ///     Style::default().fg(Color::Blue).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC),
-///     Style::default().bg(Color::Red),
+///     Style::default().bg(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED),
+///     #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+///     Style::default().underline_color(Color::Green),
 ///     Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow).remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
 /// ];
 /// let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1));
@@ -83,7 +152,9 @@ bitflags! {
 ///     Style {
 ///         fg: Some(Color::Yellow),
 ///         bg: Some(Color::Red),
-///         add_modifier: Modifier::BOLD,
+///         #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+///         underline_color: Some(Color::Green),
+///         add_modifier: Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::UNDERLINED,
 ///         sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
 ///     },
 ///     buffer.get(0, 0).style(),
@@ -94,9 +165,8 @@ bitflags! {
 /// reset all properties until that point use [`Style::reset`].
 ///
 /// ```
-/// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
-/// # use tui::buffer::Buffer;
-/// # use tui::layout::Rect;
+/// use ratatui::{prelude::*};
+///
 /// let styles = [
 ///     Style::default().fg(Color::Blue).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC),
 ///     Style::reset().fg(Color::Yellow),
@@ -109,38 +179,61 @@ bitflags! {
 ///     Style {
 ///         fg: Some(Color::Yellow),
 ///         bg: Some(Color::Reset),
+///         #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+///         underline_color: Some(Color::Reset),
 ///         add_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
 ///         sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
 ///     },
 ///     buffer.get(0, 0).style(),
 /// );
 /// ```
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub struct Style {
    pub fg: Option<Color>,
    pub bg: Option<Color>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+    pub underline_color: Option<Color>,
    pub add_modifier: Modifier,
    pub sub_modifier: Modifier,
 }

 impl Default for Style {
    fn default() -> Style {
+        Style::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Styled for Style {
+    type Item = Style;
+
+    fn style(&self) -> Style {
+        *self
+    }
+
+    fn set_style(self, style: Style) -> Self::Item {
+        self.patch(style)
+    }
+}
+impl Style {
+    pub const fn new() -> Style {
        Style {
            fg: None,
            bg: None,
+            #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+            underline_color: None,
            add_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
            sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
        }
    }
-}

-impl Style {
    /// Returns a `Style` resetting all properties.
-    pub fn reset() -> Style {
+    pub const fn reset() -> Style {
        Style {
            fg: Some(Color::Reset),
            bg: Some(Color::Reset),
+            #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+            underline_color: Some(Color::Reset),
            add_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
            sub_modifier: Modifier::all(),
        }
@@ -151,12 +244,12 @@ impl Style {
    /// ## Examples
    ///
    /// ```rust
-    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Style};
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
    /// let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Blue);
    /// let diff = Style::default().fg(Color::Red);
    /// assert_eq!(style.patch(diff), Style::default().fg(Color::Red));
    /// ```
-    pub fn fg(mut self, color: Color) -> Style {
+    pub const fn fg(mut self, color: Color) -> Style {
        self.fg = Some(color);
        self
    }
@@ -166,16 +259,37 @@ impl Style {
    /// ## Examples
    ///
    /// ```rust
-    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Style};
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
    /// let style = Style::default().bg(Color::Blue);
    /// let diff = Style::default().bg(Color::Red);
    /// assert_eq!(style.patch(diff), Style::default().bg(Color::Red));
    /// ```
-    pub fn bg(mut self, color: Color) -> Style {
+    pub const fn bg(mut self, color: Color) -> Style {
        self.bg = Some(color);
        self
    }

+    /// Changes the underline color. The text must be underlined with a modifier for this to work.
+    ///
+    /// This uses a non-standard ANSI escape sequence. It is supported by most terminal emulators,
+    /// but is only implemented in the crossterm backend.
+    ///
+    /// See [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#SGR_(Select_Graphic_Rendition)_parameters) code `58` and `59` for more information.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// let style = Style::default().underline_color(Color::Blue).add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED);
+    /// let diff = Style::default().underline_color(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED);
+    /// assert_eq!(style.patch(diff), Style::default().underline_color(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED));
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+    pub const fn underline_color(mut self, color: Color) -> Style {
+        self.underline_color = Some(color);
+        self
+    }
+
    /// Changes the text emphasis.
    ///
    /// When applied, it adds the given modifier to the `Style` modifiers.
@@ -183,16 +297,16 @@ impl Style {
    /// ## Examples
    ///
    /// ```rust
-    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
    /// let style = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD);
    /// let diff = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
    /// let patched = style.patch(diff);
    /// assert_eq!(patched.add_modifier, Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC);
    /// assert_eq!(patched.sub_modifier, Modifier::empty());
    /// ```
-    pub fn add_modifier(mut self, modifier: Modifier) -> Style {
-        self.sub_modifier.remove(modifier);
-        self.add_modifier.insert(modifier);
+    pub const fn add_modifier(mut self, modifier: Modifier) -> Style {
+        self.sub_modifier = self.sub_modifier.difference(modifier);
+        self.add_modifier = self.add_modifier.union(modifier);
        self
    }

@@ -203,16 +317,16 @@ impl Style {
    /// ## Examples
    ///
    /// ```rust
-    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
    /// let style = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC);
    /// let diff = Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
    /// let patched = style.patch(diff);
    /// assert_eq!(patched.add_modifier, Modifier::BOLD);
    /// assert_eq!(patched.sub_modifier, Modifier::ITALIC);
    /// ```
-    pub fn remove_modifier(mut self, modifier: Modifier) -> Style {
-        self.add_modifier.remove(modifier);
-        self.sub_modifier.insert(modifier);
+    pub const fn remove_modifier(mut self, modifier: Modifier) -> Style {
+        self.add_modifier = self.add_modifier.difference(modifier);
+        self.sub_modifier = self.sub_modifier.union(modifier);
        self
    }

@@ -221,7 +335,7 @@ impl Style {
    ///
    /// ## Examples
    /// ```
-    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
    /// let style_1 = Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow);
    /// let style_2 = Style::default().bg(Color::Red);
    /// let combined = style_1.patch(style_2);
@@ -233,6 +347,11 @@ impl Style {
        self.fg = other.fg.or(self.fg);
        self.bg = other.bg.or(self.bg);

+        #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+        {
+            self.underline_color = other.underline_color.or(self.underline_color);
+        }
+
        self.add_modifier.remove(other.sub_modifier);
        self.add_modifier.insert(other.add_modifier);
        self.sub_modifier.remove(other.add_modifier);
@@ -278,4 +397,229 @@ mod tests {
            }
        }
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn combine_individual_modifiers() {
+        use crate::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect};
+
+        let mods = vec![
+            Modifier::BOLD,
+            Modifier::DIM,
+            Modifier::ITALIC,
+            Modifier::UNDERLINED,
+            Modifier::SLOW_BLINK,
+            Modifier::RAPID_BLINK,
+            Modifier::REVERSED,
+            Modifier::HIDDEN,
+            Modifier::CROSSED_OUT,
+        ];
+
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1));
+
+        for m in &mods {
+            buffer.get_mut(0, 0).set_style(Style::reset());
+            buffer
+                .get_mut(0, 0)
+                .set_style(Style::default().add_modifier(*m));
+            let style = buffer.get(0, 0).style();
+            assert!(style.add_modifier.contains(*m));
+            assert!(!style.sub_modifier.contains(*m));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn modifier_debug() {
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::empty()), "NONE");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::BOLD), "BOLD");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::DIM), "DIM");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::ITALIC), "ITALIC");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::UNDERLINED), "UNDERLINED");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::SLOW_BLINK), "SLOW_BLINK");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::RAPID_BLINK), "RAPID_BLINK");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::REVERSED), "REVERSED");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::HIDDEN), "HIDDEN");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::CROSSED_OUT), "CROSSED_OUT");
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{:?}", Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::DIM),
+            "BOLD | DIM"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{:?}", Modifier::all()),
+            "BOLD | DIM | ITALIC | UNDERLINED | SLOW_BLINK | RAPID_BLINK | REVERSED | HIDDEN | CROSSED_OUT"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn style_can_be_const() {
+        const RED: Color = Color::Red;
+        const BLACK: Color = Color::Black;
+        const BOLD: Modifier = Modifier::BOLD;
+        const ITALIC: Modifier = Modifier::ITALIC;
+
+        const _RESET: Style = Style::reset();
+        const _RED_FG: Style = Style::new().fg(RED);
+        const _BLACK_BG: Style = Style::new().bg(BLACK);
+        const _ADD_BOLD: Style = Style::new().add_modifier(BOLD);
+        const _REMOVE_ITALIC: Style = Style::new().remove_modifier(ITALIC);
+        const ALL: Style = Style::new()
+            .fg(RED)
+            .bg(BLACK)
+            .add_modifier(BOLD)
+            .remove_modifier(ITALIC);
+        assert_eq!(
+            ALL,
+            Style::new()
+                .fg(Color::Red)
+                .bg(Color::Black)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+                .remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn style_can_be_stylized() {
+        // foreground colors
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().black(), Style::new().fg(Color::Black));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().red(), Style::new().fg(Color::Red));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().green(), Style::new().fg(Color::Green));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().yellow(), Style::new().fg(Color::Yellow));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().blue(), Style::new().fg(Color::Blue));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().magenta(), Style::new().fg(Color::Magenta));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().cyan(), Style::new().fg(Color::Cyan));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().white(), Style::new().fg(Color::White));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().gray(), Style::new().fg(Color::Gray));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().dark_gray(), Style::new().fg(Color::DarkGray));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().light_red(), Style::new().fg(Color::LightRed));
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().light_green(),
+            Style::new().fg(Color::LightGreen)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().light_yellow(),
+            Style::new().fg(Color::LightYellow)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().light_blue(), Style::new().fg(Color::LightBlue));
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().light_magenta(),
+            Style::new().fg(Color::LightMagenta)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().light_cyan(), Style::new().fg(Color::LightCyan));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().white(), Style::new().fg(Color::White));
+
+        // Background colors
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_black(), Style::new().bg(Color::Black));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_red(), Style::new().bg(Color::Red));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_green(), Style::new().bg(Color::Green));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_yellow(), Style::new().bg(Color::Yellow));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_blue(), Style::new().bg(Color::Blue));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_magenta(), Style::new().bg(Color::Magenta));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_cyan(), Style::new().bg(Color::Cyan));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_white(), Style::new().bg(Color::White));
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_gray(), Style::new().bg(Color::Gray));
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().on_dark_gray(),
+            Style::new().bg(Color::DarkGray)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().on_light_red(),
+            Style::new().bg(Color::LightRed)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().on_light_green(),
+            Style::new().bg(Color::LightGreen)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().on_light_yellow(),
+            Style::new().bg(Color::LightYellow)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().on_light_blue(),
+            Style::new().bg(Color::LightBlue)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().on_light_magenta(),
+            Style::new().bg(Color::LightMagenta)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().on_light_cyan(),
+            Style::new().bg(Color::LightCyan)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_white(), Style::new().bg(Color::White));
+
+        // Add Modifiers
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().bold(),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().dim(), Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::DIM));
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().italic(),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().underlined(),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().slow_blink(),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().rapid_blink(),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().reversed(),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().hidden(),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::HIDDEN)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().crossed_out(),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT)
+        );
+
+        // Remove Modifiers
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().not_bold(),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().not_dim(),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::DIM)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().not_italic(),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().not_underlined(),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().not_slow_blink(),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().not_rapid_blink(),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().not_reversed(),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().not_hidden(),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::HIDDEN)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::new().not_crossed_out(),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT)
+        );
+
+        // reset
+        assert_eq!(Style::new().reset(), Style::reset());
+    }
 }
--- a/src/style/color.rs
+++ b/src/style/color.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+use std::{
+    fmt::{self, Debug, Display},
+    str::FromStr,
+};
+
+/// ANSI Color
+///
+/// All colors from the [ANSI color table] are supported (though some names are not exactly the
+/// same).
+///
+/// | Color Name     | Color                   | Foreground | Background |
+/// |----------------|-------------------------|------------|------------|
+/// | `black`        | [`Color::Black`]        | 30         | 40         |
+/// | `red`          | [`Color::Red`]          | 31         | 41         |
+/// | `green`        | [`Color::Green`]        | 32         | 42         |
+/// | `yellow`       | [`Color::Yellow`]       | 33         | 43         |
+/// | `blue`         | [`Color::Blue`]         | 34         | 44         |
+/// | `magenta`      | [`Color::Magenta`]      | 35         | 45         |
+/// | `cyan`         | [`Color::Cyan`]         | 36         | 46         |
+/// | `gray`*        | [`Color::Gray`]         | 37         | 47         |
+/// | `darkgray`*    | [`Color::DarkGray`]     | 90         | 100        |
+/// | `lightred`     | [`Color::LightRed`]     | 91         | 101        |
+/// | `lightgreen`   | [`Color::LightGreen`]   | 92         | 102        |
+/// | `lightyellow`  | [`Color::LightYellow`]  | 93         | 103        |
+/// | `lightblue`    | [`Color::LightBlue`]    | 94         | 104        |
+/// | `lightmagenta` | [`Color::LightMagenta`] | 95         | 105        |
+/// | `lightcyan`    | [`Color::LightCyan`]    | 96         | 106        |
+/// | `white`*       | [`Color::White`]        | 97         | 107        |
+///
+/// - `gray` is sometimes called `white` - this is not supported as we use `white` for bright white
+/// - `gray` is sometimes called `silver` - this is supported
+/// - `darkgray` is sometimes called `light black` or `bright black` (both are supported)
+/// - `white` is sometimes called `light white` or `bright white` (both are supported)
+/// - we support `bright` and `light` prefixes for all colors
+/// - we support `-` and `_` and ` ` as separators for all colors
+/// - we support both `gray` and `grey` spellings
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use std::str::FromStr;
+/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+///
+/// assert_eq!(Color::from_str("red"), Ok(Color::Red));
+/// assert_eq!("red".parse(), Ok(Color::Red));
+/// assert_eq!("lightred".parse(), Ok(Color::LightRed));
+/// assert_eq!("light red".parse(), Ok(Color::LightRed));
+/// assert_eq!("light-red".parse(), Ok(Color::LightRed));
+/// assert_eq!("light_red".parse(), Ok(Color::LightRed));
+/// assert_eq!("lightRed".parse(), Ok(Color::LightRed));
+/// assert_eq!("bright red".parse(), Ok(Color::LightRed));
+/// assert_eq!("bright-red".parse(), Ok(Color::LightRed));
+/// assert_eq!("silver".parse(), Ok(Color::Gray));
+/// assert_eq!("dark-grey".parse(), Ok(Color::DarkGray));
+/// assert_eq!("dark gray".parse(), Ok(Color::DarkGray));
+/// assert_eq!("light-black".parse(), Ok(Color::DarkGray));
+/// assert_eq!("white".parse(), Ok(Color::White));
+/// assert_eq!("bright white".parse(), Ok(Color::White));
+/// ```
+///
+/// [ANSI color table]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#Colors
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
+pub enum Color {
+    /// Resets the foreground or background color
+    #[default]
+    Reset,
+    /// ANSI Color: Black. Foreground: 30, Background: 40
+    Black,
+    /// ANSI Color: Red. Foreground: 31, Background: 41
+    Red,
+    /// ANSI Color: Green. Foreground: 32, Background: 42
+    Green,
+    /// ANSI Color: Yellow. Foreground: 33, Background: 43
+    Yellow,
+    /// ANSI Color: Blue. Foreground: 34, Background: 44
+    Blue,
+    /// ANSI Color: Magenta. Foreground: 35, Background: 45
+    Magenta,
+    /// ANSI Color: Cyan. Foreground: 36, Background: 46
+    Cyan,
+    /// ANSI Color: White. Foreground: 37, Background: 47
+    ///
+    /// Note that this is sometimes called `silver` or `white` but we use `white` for bright white
+    Gray,
+    /// ANSI Color: Bright Black. Foreground: 90, Background: 100
+    ///
+    /// Note that this is sometimes called `light black` or `bright black` but we use `dark gray`
+    DarkGray,
+    /// ANSI Color: Bright Red. Foreground: 91, Background: 101
+    LightRed,
+    /// ANSI Color: Bright Green. Foreground: 92, Background: 102
+    LightGreen,
+    /// ANSI Color: Bright Yellow. Foreground: 93, Background: 103
+    LightYellow,
+    /// ANSI Color: Bright Blue. Foreground: 94, Background: 104
+    LightBlue,
+    /// ANSI Color: Bright Magenta. Foreground: 95, Background: 105
+    LightMagenta,
+    /// ANSI Color: Bright Cyan. Foreground: 96, Background: 106
+    LightCyan,
+    /// ANSI Color: Bright White. Foreground: 97, Background: 107
+    /// Sometimes called `bright white` or `light white` in some terminals
+    White,
+    /// An RGB color.
+    ///
+    /// Note that only terminals that support 24-bit true color will display this correctly.
+    /// Notably versions of Windows Terminal prior to Windows 10 and macOS Terminal.app do not
+    /// support this.
+    ///
+    /// If the terminal does not support true color, code using the  [`TermwizBackend`] will
+    /// fallback to the default text color. Crossterm and Termion do not have this capability and
+    /// the display will be unpredictable (e.g. Terminal.app may display glitched blinking text).
+    /// See <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/475> for an example of this problem.
+    ///
+    /// See also: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#24-bit>
+    ///
+    /// [`TermwizBackend`]: crate::backend::TermwizBackend
+    Rgb(u8, u8, u8),
+    /// An 8-bit 256 color.
+    ///
+    /// See also <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#8-bit>
+    Indexed(u8),
+}
+
+/// Error type indicating a failure to parse a color string.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct ParseColorError;
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for ParseColorError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Failed to parse Colors")
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for ParseColorError {}
+
+/// Converts a string representation to a `Color` instance.
+///
+/// The `from_str` function attempts to parse the given string and convert it to the corresponding
+/// `Color` variant. It supports named colors, RGB values, and indexed colors. If the string cannot
+/// be parsed, a `ParseColorError` is returned.
+///
+/// See the [`Color`] documentation for more information on the supported color names.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use std::str::FromStr;
+/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+///
+/// let color: Color = Color::from_str("blue").unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(color, Color::Blue);
+///
+/// let color: Color = Color::from_str("#FF0000").unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0));
+///
+/// let color: Color = Color::from_str("10").unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(color, Color::Indexed(10));
+///
+/// let color: Result<Color, _> = Color::from_str("invalid_color");
+/// assert!(color.is_err());
+/// ```
+impl FromStr for Color {
+    type Err = ParseColorError;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        Ok(
+            // There is a mix of different color names and formats in the wild.
+            // This is an attempt to support as many as possible.
+            match s
+                .to_lowercase()
+                .replace([' ', '-', '_'], "")
+                .replace("bright", "light")
+                .replace("grey", "gray")
+                .replace("silver", "gray")
+                .replace("lightblack", "darkgray")
+                .replace("lightwhite", "white")
+                .replace("lightgray", "white")
+                .as_ref()
+            {
+                "reset" => Self::Reset,
+                "black" => Self::Black,
+                "red" => Self::Red,
+                "green" => Self::Green,
+                "yellow" => Self::Yellow,
+                "blue" => Self::Blue,
+                "magenta" => Self::Magenta,
+                "cyan" => Self::Cyan,
+                "gray" => Self::Gray,
+                "darkgray" => Self::DarkGray,
+                "lightred" => Self::LightRed,
+                "lightgreen" => Self::LightGreen,
+                "lightyellow" => Self::LightYellow,
+                "lightblue" => Self::LightBlue,
+                "lightmagenta" => Self::LightMagenta,
+                "lightcyan" => Self::LightCyan,
+                "white" => Self::White,
+                _ => {
+                    if let Ok(index) = s.parse::<u8>() {
+                        Self::Indexed(index)
+                    } else if let (Ok(r), Ok(g), Ok(b)) = {
+                        if !s.starts_with('#') || s.len() != 7 {
+                            return Err(ParseColorError);
+                        }
+                        (
+                            u8::from_str_radix(&s[1..3], 16),
+                            u8::from_str_radix(&s[3..5], 16),
+                            u8::from_str_radix(&s[5..7], 16),
+                        )
+                    } {
+                        Self::Rgb(r, g, b)
+                    } else {
+                        return Err(ParseColorError);
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Color {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Color::Reset => write!(f, "Reset"),
+            Color::Black => write!(f, "Black"),
+            Color::Red => write!(f, "Red"),
+            Color::Green => write!(f, "Green"),
+            Color::Yellow => write!(f, "Yellow"),
+            Color::Blue => write!(f, "Blue"),
+            Color::Magenta => write!(f, "Magenta"),
+            Color::Cyan => write!(f, "Cyan"),
+            Color::Gray => write!(f, "Gray"),
+            Color::DarkGray => write!(f, "DarkGray"),
+            Color::LightRed => write!(f, "LightRed"),
+            Color::LightGreen => write!(f, "LightGreen"),
+            Color::LightYellow => write!(f, "LightYellow"),
+            Color::LightBlue => write!(f, "LightBlue"),
+            Color::LightMagenta => write!(f, "LightMagenta"),
+            Color::LightCyan => write!(f, "LightCyan"),
+            Color::White => write!(f, "White"),
+            Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => write!(f, "#{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}", r, g, b),
+            Color::Indexed(i) => write!(f, "{}", i),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::error::Error;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_rgb_color() {
+        let color: Color = Color::from_str("#FF0000").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_indexed_color() {
+        let color: Color = Color::from_str("10").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(color, Color::Indexed(10));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_ansi_color() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("reset")?, Color::Reset);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("black")?, Color::Black);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("red")?, Color::Red);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("green")?, Color::Green);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("yellow")?, Color::Yellow);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("blue")?, Color::Blue);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("magenta")?, Color::Magenta);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("cyan")?, Color::Cyan);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("gray")?, Color::Gray);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("darkgray")?, Color::DarkGray);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("lightred")?, Color::LightRed);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("lightgreen")?, Color::LightGreen);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("lightyellow")?, Color::LightYellow);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("lightblue")?, Color::LightBlue);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("lightmagenta")?, Color::LightMagenta);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("lightcyan")?, Color::LightCyan);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("white")?, Color::White);
+
+        // aliases
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("lightblack")?, Color::DarkGray);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("lightwhite")?, Color::White);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("lightgray")?, Color::White);
+
+        // silver = grey = gray
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("grey")?, Color::Gray);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("silver")?, Color::Gray);
+
+        // spaces are ignored
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("light black")?, Color::DarkGray);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("light white")?, Color::White);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("light gray")?, Color::White);
+
+        // dashes are ignored
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("light-black")?, Color::DarkGray);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("light-white")?, Color::White);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("light-gray")?, Color::White);
+
+        // underscores are ignored
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("light_black")?, Color::DarkGray);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("light_white")?, Color::White);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("light_gray")?, Color::White);
+
+        // bright = light
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("bright-black")?, Color::DarkGray);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("bright-white")?, Color::White);
+
+        // bright = light
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("brightblack")?, Color::DarkGray);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_str("brightwhite")?, Color::White);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_invalid_colors() {
+        let bad_colors = [
+            "invalid_color", // not a color string
+            "abcdef0",       // 7 chars is not a color
+            " bcdefa",       // doesn't start with a '#'
+            "#abcdef00",     // too many chars
+            "resett",        // typo
+            "lightblackk",   // typo
+        ];
+
+        for bad_color in bad_colors {
+            assert!(
+                Color::from_str(bad_color).is_err(),
+                "bad color: '{bad_color}'"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn display() {
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::Black), "Black");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::Red), "Red");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::Green), "Green");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::Yellow), "Yellow");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::Blue), "Blue");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::Magenta), "Magenta");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::Cyan), "Cyan");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::Gray), "Gray");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::DarkGray), "DarkGray");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::LightRed), "LightRed");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::LightGreen), "LightGreen");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::LightYellow), "LightYellow");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::LightBlue), "LightBlue");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::LightMagenta), "LightMagenta");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::LightCyan), "LightCyan");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::White), "White");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::Indexed(10)), "10");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0)), "#FF0000");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Color::Reset), "Reset");
+    }
+}
--- a/src/style/stylize.rs
+++ b/src/style/stylize.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+use paste::paste;
+
+use crate::{
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    text::Span,
+};
+
+/// A trait for objects that have a `Style`.
+///
+/// This trait enables generic code to be written that can interact with any object that has a
+/// `Style`. This is used by the `Stylize` trait to allow generic code to be written that can
+/// interact with any object that can be styled.
+pub trait Styled {
+    type Item;
+
+    fn style(&self) -> Style;
+    fn set_style(self, style: Style) -> Self::Item;
+}
+
+/// Generates two methods for each color, one for setting the foreground color (`red()`, `blue()`,
+/// etc) and one for setting the background color (`on_red()`, `on_blue()`, etc.). Each method sets
+/// the color of the style to the corresponding color.
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// color!(black);
+///
+/// // generates
+///
+/// #[doc = "Sets the foreground color to [`black`](Color::Black)."]
+/// fn black(self) -> T {
+///     self.fg(Color::Black)
+/// }
+///
+/// #[doc = "Sets the background color to [`black`](Color::Black)."]
+/// fn on_black(self) -> T {
+///     self.bg(Color::Black)
+/// }
+/// ```
+macro_rules! color {
+    ( $color:ident ) => {
+        paste! {
+            #[doc = "Sets the foreground color to [`" $color "`](Color::" $color:camel ")."]
+            fn $color(self) -> T {
+                self.fg(Color::[<$color:camel>])
+            }
+
+            #[doc = "Sets the background color to [`" $color "`](Color::" $color:camel ")."]
+            fn [<on_ $color>](self) -> T {
+                self.bg(Color::[<$color:camel>])
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Generates a method for a modifier (`bold()`, `italic()`, etc.). Each method sets the modifier
+/// of the style to the corresponding modifier.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// modifier!(bold);
+///
+/// // generates
+///
+/// #[doc = "Adds the [`BOLD`](Modifier::BOLD) modifier."]
+/// fn bold(self) -> T {
+///     self.add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+/// }
+///
+/// #[doc = "Removes the [`BOLD`](Modifier::BOLD) modifier."]
+/// fn not_bold(self) -> T {
+///     self.remove_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+/// }
+/// ```
+macro_rules! modifier {
+    ( $modifier:ident ) => {
+        paste! {
+            #[doc = "Adds the [`" $modifier:upper "`](Modifier::" $modifier:upper ") modifier."]
+            fn [<$modifier>](self) -> T {
+                self.add_modifier(Modifier::[<$modifier:upper>])
+            }
+        }
+
+        paste! {
+            #[doc = "Removes the [`" $modifier:upper "`](Modifier::" $modifier:upper ") modifier."]
+            fn [<not_ $modifier>](self) -> T {
+                self.remove_modifier(Modifier::[<$modifier:upper>])
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// An extension trait for styling objects.
+///
+/// For any type that implements `Stylize`, the provided methods in this trait can be used to style
+/// the type further. This trait is automatically implemented for any type that implements the
+/// [`Styled`] trait which e.g.: [`String`], [`&str`], [`Span`], [`Style`] and many Widget types.
+///
+/// This results in much more ergonomic styling of text and widgets. For example, instead of
+/// writing:
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// let text = Span::styled("Hello", Style::default().fg(Color::Red).bg(Color::Blue));
+/// ```
+///
+/// You can write:
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// let text = "Hello".red().on_blue();
+/// ```
+///
+/// This trait implements a provided method for every color as both foreground and background
+/// (prefixed by `on_`), and all modifiers as both an additive and subtractive modifier (prefixed
+/// by `not_`). The `reset()` method is also provided to reset the style.
+///
+/// # Examples
+/// ```
+/// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+///
+/// let span = "hello".red().on_blue().bold();
+/// let line = Line::from(vec![
+///     "hello".red().on_blue().bold(),
+///     "world".green().on_yellow().not_bold(),
+/// ]);
+/// let paragraph = Paragraph::new(line).italic().underlined();
+/// let block = Block::default().title("Title").borders(Borders::ALL).on_white().bold();
+/// ```
+pub trait Stylize<'a, T>: Sized {
+    fn bg(self, color: Color) -> T;
+    fn fg<S: Into<Color>>(self, color: S) -> T;
+    fn reset(self) -> T;
+    fn add_modifier(self, modifier: Modifier) -> T;
+    fn remove_modifier(self, modifier: Modifier) -> T;
+
+    color!(black);
+    color!(red);
+    color!(green);
+    color!(yellow);
+    color!(blue);
+    color!(magenta);
+    color!(cyan);
+    color!(gray);
+    color!(dark_gray);
+    color!(light_red);
+    color!(light_green);
+    color!(light_yellow);
+    color!(light_blue);
+    color!(light_magenta);
+    color!(light_cyan);
+    color!(white);
+
+    modifier!(bold);
+    modifier!(dim);
+    modifier!(italic);
+    modifier!(underlined);
+    modifier!(slow_blink);
+    modifier!(rapid_blink);
+    modifier!(reversed);
+    modifier!(hidden);
+    modifier!(crossed_out);
+}
+
+impl<'a, T, U> Stylize<'a, T> for U
+where
+    U: Styled<Item = T>,
+{
+    fn bg(self, color: Color) -> T {
+        let style = self.style().bg(color);
+        self.set_style(style)
+    }
+
+    fn fg<S: Into<Color>>(self, color: S) -> T {
+        let style = self.style().fg(color.into());
+        self.set_style(style)
+    }
+
+    fn add_modifier(self, modifier: Modifier) -> T {
+        let style = self.style().add_modifier(modifier);
+        self.set_style(style)
+    }
+
+    fn remove_modifier(self, modifier: Modifier) -> T {
+        let style = self.style().remove_modifier(modifier);
+        self.set_style(style)
+    }
+
+    fn reset(self) -> T {
+        self.set_style(Style::reset())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Styled for &'a str {
+    type Item = Span<'a>;
+
+    fn style(&self) -> Style {
+        Style::default()
+    }
+
+    fn set_style(self, style: Style) -> Self::Item {
+        Span::styled(self, style)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Styled for String {
+    type Item = Span<'static>;
+
+    fn style(&self) -> Style {
+        Style::default()
+    }
+
+    fn set_style(self, style: Style) -> Self::Item {
+        Span::styled(self, style)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use itertools::Itertools;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn str_styled() {
+        assert_eq!("hello".style(), Style::default());
+        assert_eq!(
+            "hello".set_style(Style::new().cyan()),
+            Span::styled("hello", Style::new().cyan())
+        );
+        assert_eq!("hello".black(), Span::from("hello").black());
+        assert_eq!("hello".red(), Span::from("hello").red());
+        assert_eq!("hello".green(), Span::from("hello").green());
+        assert_eq!("hello".yellow(), Span::from("hello").yellow());
+        assert_eq!("hello".blue(), Span::from("hello").blue());
+        assert_eq!("hello".magenta(), Span::from("hello").magenta());
+        assert_eq!("hello".cyan(), Span::from("hello").cyan());
+        assert_eq!("hello".gray(), Span::from("hello").gray());
+        assert_eq!("hello".dark_gray(), Span::from("hello").dark_gray());
+        assert_eq!("hello".light_red(), Span::from("hello").light_red());
+        assert_eq!("hello".light_green(), Span::from("hello").light_green());
+        assert_eq!("hello".light_yellow(), Span::from("hello").light_yellow());
+        assert_eq!("hello".light_blue(), Span::from("hello").light_blue());
+        assert_eq!("hello".light_magenta(), Span::from("hello").light_magenta());
+        assert_eq!("hello".light_cyan(), Span::from("hello").light_cyan());
+        assert_eq!("hello".white(), Span::from("hello").white());
+
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_black(), Span::from("hello").on_black());
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_red(), Span::from("hello").on_red());
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_green(), Span::from("hello").on_green());
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_yellow(), Span::from("hello").on_yellow());
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_blue(), Span::from("hello").on_blue());
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_magenta(), Span::from("hello").on_magenta());
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_cyan(), Span::from("hello").on_cyan());
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_gray(), Span::from("hello").on_gray());
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_dark_gray(), Span::from("hello").on_dark_gray());
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_light_red(), Span::from("hello").on_light_red());
+        assert_eq!(
+            "hello".on_light_green(),
+            Span::from("hello").on_light_green()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "hello".on_light_yellow(),
+            Span::from("hello").on_light_yellow()
+        );
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_light_blue(), Span::from("hello").on_light_blue());
+        assert_eq!(
+            "hello".on_light_magenta(),
+            Span::from("hello").on_light_magenta()
+        );
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_light_cyan(), Span::from("hello").on_light_cyan());
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_white(), Span::from("hello").on_white());
+
+        assert_eq!("hello".bold(), Span::from("hello").bold());
+        assert_eq!("hello".dim(), Span::from("hello").dim());
+        assert_eq!("hello".italic(), Span::from("hello").italic());
+        assert_eq!("hello".underlined(), Span::from("hello").underlined());
+        assert_eq!("hello".slow_blink(), Span::from("hello").slow_blink());
+        assert_eq!("hello".rapid_blink(), Span::from("hello").rapid_blink());
+        assert_eq!("hello".reversed(), Span::from("hello").reversed());
+        assert_eq!("hello".hidden(), Span::from("hello").hidden());
+        assert_eq!("hello".crossed_out(), Span::from("hello").crossed_out());
+
+        assert_eq!("hello".not_bold(), Span::from("hello").not_bold());
+        assert_eq!("hello".not_dim(), Span::from("hello").not_dim());
+        assert_eq!("hello".not_italic(), Span::from("hello").not_italic());
+        assert_eq!(
+            "hello".not_underlined(),
+            Span::from("hello").not_underlined()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "hello".not_slow_blink(),
+            Span::from("hello").not_slow_blink()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "hello".not_rapid_blink(),
+            Span::from("hello").not_rapid_blink()
+        );
+        assert_eq!("hello".not_reversed(), Span::from("hello").not_reversed());
+        assert_eq!("hello".not_hidden(), Span::from("hello").not_hidden());
+        assert_eq!(
+            "hello".not_crossed_out(),
+            Span::from("hello").not_crossed_out()
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!("hello".reset(), Span::from("hello").reset());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn string_styled() {
+        let s = String::from("hello");
+        assert_eq!(s.style(), Style::default());
+        assert_eq!(
+            s.clone().set_style(Style::new().cyan()),
+            Span::styled("hello", Style::new().cyan())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(s.clone().black(), Span::from("hello").black());
+        assert_eq!(s.clone().on_black(), Span::from("hello").on_black());
+        assert_eq!(s.clone().bold(), Span::from("hello").bold());
+        assert_eq!(s.clone().not_bold(), Span::from("hello").not_bold());
+        assert_eq!(s.clone().reset(), Span::from("hello").reset());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn temporary_string_styled() {
+        // to_string() is used to create a temporary String, which is then styled. Without the
+        // `Styled` trait impl for `String`, this would fail to compile with the error: "temporary
+        // value dropped while borrowed"
+        let s = "hello".to_string().red();
+        assert_eq!(s, Span::from("hello").red());
+
+        // format!() is used to create a temporary String inside a closure, which suffers the same
+        // issue as above without the `Styled` trait impl for `String`
+        let items = vec![String::from("a"), String::from("b")];
+        let sss = items.iter().map(|s| format!("{s}{s}").red()).collect_vec();
+        assert_eq!(sss, vec![Span::from("aa").red(), Span::from("bb").red()]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reset() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            "hello".on_cyan().light_red().bold().underlined().reset(),
+            Span::styled("hello", Style::reset())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn fg() {
+        let cyan_fg = Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan);
+
+        assert_eq!("hello".cyan(), Span::styled("hello", cyan_fg));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bg() {
+        let cyan_bg = Style::default().bg(Color::Cyan);
+
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_cyan(), Span::styled("hello", cyan_bg));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn color_modifier() {
+        let cyan_bold = Style::default()
+            .fg(Color::Cyan)
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD);
+
+        assert_eq!("hello".cyan().bold(), Span::styled("hello", cyan_bold));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn fg_bg() {
+        let cyan_fg_bg = Style::default().bg(Color::Cyan).fg(Color::Cyan);
+
+        assert_eq!("hello".cyan().on_cyan(), Span::styled("hello", cyan_fg_bg));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn repeated_attributes() {
+        let cyan_bg = Style::default().bg(Color::Cyan);
+        let cyan_fg = Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan);
+
+        // Behavior: the last one set is the definitive one
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_red().on_cyan(), Span::styled("hello", cyan_bg));
+        assert_eq!("hello".red().cyan(), Span::styled("hello", cyan_fg));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn all_chained() {
+        let all_modifier_black = Style::default()
+            .bg(Color::Black)
+            .fg(Color::Black)
+            .add_modifier(
+                Modifier::UNDERLINED
+                    | Modifier::BOLD
+                    | Modifier::DIM
+                    | Modifier::SLOW_BLINK
+                    | Modifier::REVERSED
+                    | Modifier::CROSSED_OUT,
+            );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "hello"
+                .on_black()
+                .black()
+                .bold()
+                .underlined()
+                .dim()
+                .slow_blink()
+                .crossed_out()
+                .reversed(),
+            Span::styled("hello", all_modifier_black)
+        );
+    }
+}
--- a/src/symbols.rs
+++ b/src/symbols.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use strum::{Display, EnumString};
+
 pub mod block {
    pub const FULL: &str = "█";
    pub const SEVEN_EIGHTHS: &str = "▉";
@@ -8,7 +10,7 @@ pub mod block {
    pub const ONE_QUARTER: &str = "▎";
    pub const ONE_EIGHTH: &str = "▏";

-    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
    pub struct Set {
        pub full: &'static str,
        pub seven_eighths: &'static str,
@@ -21,6 +23,12 @@ pub mod block {
        pub empty: &'static str,
    }

+    impl Default for Set {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            NINE_LEVELS
+        }
+    }
+
    pub const THREE_LEVELS: Set = Set {
        full: FULL,
        seven_eighths: FULL,
@@ -56,7 +64,7 @@ pub mod bar {
    pub const ONE_QUARTER: &str = "▂";
    pub const ONE_EIGHTH: &str = "▁";

-    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
    pub struct Set {
        pub full: &'static str,
        pub seven_eighths: &'static str,
@@ -69,6 +77,12 @@ pub mod bar {
        pub empty: &'static str,
    }

+    impl Default for Set {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            NINE_LEVELS
+        }
+    }
+
    pub const THREE_LEVELS: Set = Set {
        full: FULL,
        seven_eighths: FULL,
@@ -143,7 +157,7 @@ pub mod line {
    pub const DOUBLE_CROSS: &str = "╬";
    pub const THICK_CROSS: &str = "╋";

-    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
    pub struct Set {
        pub vertical: &'static str,
        pub horizontal: &'static str,
@@ -158,6 +172,12 @@ pub mod line {
        pub cross: &'static str,
    }

+    impl Default for Set {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            NORMAL
+        }
+    }
+
    pub const NORMAL: Set = Set {
        vertical: VERTICAL,
        horizontal: HORIZONTAL,
@@ -222,12 +242,95 @@ pub mod braille {
 }

 /// Marker to use when plotting data points
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Display, EnumString, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum Marker {
-    /// One point per cell in shape of dot
+    /// One point per cell in shape of dot ("•")
+    #[default]
    Dot,
-    /// One point per cell in shape of a block
+    /// One point per cell in shape of a block ("█")
    Block,
-    /// Up to 8 points per cell
+    /// One point per cell in the shape of a bar ("▄")
+    Bar,
+    /// Use the [Unicode Braille Patterns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille_Patterns) block to
+    /// represent data points.
+    ///
+    /// This is a 2x4 grid of dots, where each dot can be either on or off.
+    ///
+    /// Note: Support for this marker is limited to terminals and fonts that support Unicode
+    /// Braille Patterns. If your terminal does not support this, you will see unicode replacement
+    /// characters (<28>) instead of Braille dots.
    Braille,
 }
+
+pub mod scrollbar {
+    use super::{block, line};
+
+    /// Scrollbar Set
+    /// ```text
+    /// <--▮------->
+    /// ^  ^   ^   ^
+    /// │  │   │   └ end
+    /// │  │   └──── track
+    /// │  └──────── thumb
+    /// └─────────── begin
+    /// ```
+    #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+    pub struct Set {
+        pub track: &'static str,
+        pub thumb: &'static str,
+        pub begin: &'static str,
+        pub end: &'static str,
+    }
+
+    pub const DOUBLE_VERTICAL: Set = Set {
+        track: line::DOUBLE_VERTICAL,
+        thumb: block::FULL,
+        begin: "▲",
+        end: "▼",
+    };
+
+    pub const DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL: Set = Set {
+        track: line::DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL,
+        thumb: block::FULL,
+        begin: "◄",
+        end: "►",
+    };
+
+    pub const VERTICAL: Set = Set {
+        track: line::VERTICAL,
+        thumb: block::FULL,
+        begin: "↑",
+        end: "↓",
+    };
+
+    pub const HORIZONTAL: Set = Set {
+        track: line::HORIZONTAL,
+        thumb: block::FULL,
+        begin: "←",
+        end: "→",
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use strum::ParseError;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn marker_tostring() {
+        assert_eq!(Marker::Dot.to_string(), "Dot");
+        assert_eq!(Marker::Block.to_string(), "Block");
+        assert_eq!(Marker::Bar.to_string(), "Bar");
+        assert_eq!(Marker::Braille.to_string(), "Braille");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn marker_from_str() {
+        assert_eq!("Dot".parse::<Marker>(), Ok(Marker::Dot));
+        assert_eq!("Block".parse::<Marker>(), Ok(Marker::Block));
+        assert_eq!("Bar".parse::<Marker>(), Ok(Marker::Bar));
+        assert_eq!("Braille".parse::<Marker>(), Ok(Marker::Braille));
+        assert_eq!("".parse::<Marker>(), Err(ParseError::VariantNotFound));
+    }
+}
--- a/src/terminal.rs
+++ b/src/terminal.rs
@@ -1,38 +1,135 @@
+#![deny(missing_docs)]
+//! Provides the [`Terminal`], [`Frame`] and related types.
+//!
+//! The [`Terminal`] is the main interface of this library. It is responsible for drawing and
+//! maintaining the state of the different widgets that compose your application.
+//!
+//! The [`Frame`] is a consistent view into the terminal state for rendering. It is obtained via
+//! the closure argument of [`Terminal::draw`]. It is used to render widgets to the terminal and
+//! control the cursor position.
+//!
+//! # Example
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run
+//! use std::io::stdout;
+//! use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
+//!
+//! let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+//! let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+//! terminal.draw(|frame| {
+//!     let area = frame.size();
+//!     frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("Hello world!"), area);
+//! })?;
+//! # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+//! ```
+//!
+//! [Crossterm]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
+//! [Termion]: https://crates.io/crates/termion
+//! [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
+//! [`backend`]: crate::backend
+//! [`Backend`]: crate::backend::Backend
+//! [`Buffer`]: crate::buffer::Buffer
+use std::{fmt, io};
+
 use crate::{
    backend::{Backend, ClearType},
    buffer::Buffer,
    layout::Rect,
    widgets::{StatefulWidget, Widget},
 };
-use std::io;
-use tracing::{event, span, Level};

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub enum ViewportVariant {
+/// Represents the viewport of the terminal. The viewport is the area of the terminal that is
+/// currently visible to the user. It can be either fullscreen, inline or fixed.
+///
+/// When the viewport is fullscreen, the whole terminal is used to draw the application.
+///
+/// When the viewport is inline, it is drawn inline with the rest of the terminal. The height of
+/// the viewport is fixed, but the width is the same as the terminal width.
+///
+/// When the viewport is fixed, it is drawn in a fixed area of the terminal. The area is specified
+/// by a [`Rect`].
+///
+/// See [`Terminal::with_options`] for more information.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub enum Viewport {
+    /// The viewport is fullscreen
+    #[default]
    Fullscreen,
+    /// The viewport is inline with the rest of the terminal.
+    ///
+    /// The viewport's height is fixed and specified in number of lines. The width is the same as
+    /// the terminal's width. The viewport is drawn below the cursor position.
    Inline(u16),
+    /// The viewport is drawn in a fixed area of the terminal. The area is specified by a [`Rect`].
    Fixed(Rect),
 }

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+impl fmt::Display for Viewport {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Viewport::Fullscreen => write!(f, "Fullscreen"),
+            Viewport::Inline(height) => write!(f, "Inline({})", height),
+            Viewport::Fixed(area) => write!(f, "Fixed({})", area),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Options to pass to [`Terminal::with_options`]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct TerminalOptions {
    /// Viewport used to draw to the terminal
-    pub viewport: ViewportVariant,
+    pub viewport: Viewport,
 }

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
-struct Viewport {
-    variant: ViewportVariant,
-    area: Rect,
-}
-
-/// Interface to the terminal backed by Termion
-#[derive(Debug)]
+/// An interface that Ratatui to interact and draw [`Frame`]s on the user's terminal.
+///
+/// This is the main entry point for Ratatui. It is responsible for drawing and maintaining the
+/// state of the buffers, cursor and viewport.
+///
+/// The [`Terminal`] is generic over a [`Backend`] implementation which is used to interface with
+/// the underlying terminal library. The [`Backend`] trait is implemented for three popular Rust
+/// terminal libraries: [Crossterm], [Termion] and [Termwiz]. See the [`backend`] module for more
+/// information.
+///
+/// The terminal has two buffers that are used to draw the application. The first buffer is the
+/// current buffer and the second buffer is the previous buffer. The two buffers are compared at
+/// the end of each draw pass to output only the changes to the terminal.
+///
+/// The terminal also has a viewport which is the area of the terminal that is currently visible to
+/// the user. It can be either fullscreen, inline or fixed. See [`Viewport`] for more information.
+///
+/// Applications should detect terminal resizes and call [`Terminal::draw`] to redraw the
+/// application with the new size. This will automatically resize the internal buffers to match the
+/// new size for inline and fullscreen viewports. Fixed viewports are not resized automatically.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run
+/// use std::io::stdout;
+/// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
+///
+/// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+/// let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+/// terminal.draw(|frame| {
+///     let area = frame.size();
+///     frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("Hello World!"), area);
+///     frame.set_cursor(0, 0);
+/// })?;
+/// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+/// ```
+///
+/// [Crossterm]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
+/// [Termion]: https://crates.io/crates/termion
+/// [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
+/// [`backend`]: crate::backend
+/// [`Backend`]: crate::backend::Backend
+/// [`Buffer`]: crate::buffer::Buffer
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Terminal<B>
 where
    B: Backend,
 {
+    /// The backend used to interface with the terminal
    backend: B,
    /// Holds the results of the current and previous draw calls. The two are compared at the end
    /// of each draw pass to output the necessary updates to the terminal
@@ -43,6 +140,8 @@ where
    hidden_cursor: bool,
    /// Viewport
    viewport: Viewport,
+    /// Area of the viewport
+    viewport_area: Rect,
    /// Last known size of the terminal. Used to detect if the internal buffers have to be resized.
    last_known_size: Rect,
    /// Last known position of the cursor. Used to find the new area when the viewport is inlined
@@ -50,103 +149,6 @@ where
    last_known_cursor_pos: (u16, u16),
 }

-/// Represents a consistent terminal interface for rendering.
-pub struct Frame<'a, B: 'a>
-where
-    B: Backend,
-{
-    terminal: &'a mut Terminal<B>,
-
-    /// Where should the cursor be after drawing this frame?
-    ///
-    /// If `None`, the cursor is hidden and its position is controlled by the backend. If `Some((x,
-    /// y))`, the cursor is shown and placed at `(x, y)` after the call to `Terminal::draw()`.
-    cursor_position: Option<(u16, u16)>,
-}
-
-impl<'a, B> Frame<'a, B>
-where
-    B: Backend,
-{
-    /// Frame size, guaranteed not to change when rendering.
-    pub fn size(&self) -> Rect {
-        self.terminal.viewport.area
-    }
-
-    /// Render a [`Widget`] to the current buffer using [`Widget::render`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use tui::Terminal;
-    /// # use tui::backend::TestBackend;
-    /// # use tui::layout::Rect;
-    /// # use tui::widgets::Block;
-    /// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
-    /// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-    /// let block = Block::default();
-    /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5);
-    /// let mut frame = terminal.get_frame();
-    /// frame.render_widget(block, area);
-    /// ```
-    pub fn render_widget<W>(&mut self, widget: W, area: Rect)
-    where
-        W: Widget,
-    {
-        widget.render(area, self.terminal.current_buffer_mut());
-    }
-
-    /// Render a [`StatefulWidget`] to the current buffer using [`StatefulWidget::render`].
-    ///
-    /// The last argument should be an instance of the [`StatefulWidget::State`] associated to the
-    /// given [`StatefulWidget`].
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # use tui::Terminal;
-    /// # use tui::backend::TestBackend;
-    /// # use tui::layout::Rect;
-    /// # use tui::widgets::{List, ListItem, ListState};
-    /// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
-    /// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-    /// let mut state = ListState::default();
-    /// state.select(Some(1));
-    /// let items = vec![
-    ///     ListItem::new("Item 1"),
-    ///     ListItem::new("Item 2"),
-    /// ];
-    /// let list = List::new(items);
-    /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5);
-    /// let mut frame = terminal.get_frame();
-    /// frame.render_stateful_widget(list, area, &mut state);
-    /// ```
-    pub fn render_stateful_widget<W>(&mut self, widget: W, area: Rect, state: &mut W::State)
-    where
-        W: StatefulWidget,
-    {
-        widget.render(area, self.terminal.current_buffer_mut(), state);
-    }
-
-    /// After drawing this frame, make the cursor visible and put it at the specified (x, y)
-    /// coordinates. If this method is not called, the cursor will be hidden.
-    ///
-    /// Note that this will interfere with calls to `Terminal::hide_cursor()`,
-    /// `Terminal::show_cursor()`, and `Terminal::set_cursor()`. Pick one of the APIs and stick
-    /// with it.
-    pub fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) {
-        self.cursor_position = Some((x, y));
-    }
-}
-
-/// CompletedFrame represents the state of the terminal after all changes performed in the last
-/// [`Terminal::draw`] call have been applied. Therefore, it is only valid until the next call to
-/// [`Terminal::draw`].
-pub struct CompletedFrame<'a> {
-    pub buffer: &'a Buffer,
-    pub area: Rect,
-}
-
 impl<B> Drop for Terminal<B>
 where
    B: Backend,
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ where
        // Attempt to restore the cursor state
        if self.hidden_cursor {
            if let Err(err) = self.show_cursor() {
-                eprintln!("Failed to show the cursor: {}", err);
+                eprintln!("Failed to show the cursor: {err}");
            }
        }
    }
@@ -165,51 +167,58 @@ impl<B> Terminal<B>
 where
    B: Backend,
 {
-    /// Wrapper around Terminal initialization. Each buffer is initialized with a blank string and
-    /// default colors for the foreground and the background
+    /// Creates a new [`Terminal`] with the given [`Backend`] with a full screen viewport.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use std::io::stdout;
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+    /// let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
    pub fn new(backend: B) -> io::Result<Terminal<B>> {
        Terminal::with_options(
            backend,
            TerminalOptions {
-                viewport: ViewportVariant::Fullscreen,
+                viewport: Viewport::Fullscreen,
            },
        )
    }

+    /// Creates a new [`Terminal`] with the given [`Backend`] and [`TerminalOptions`].
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use std::io::stdout;
+    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, backend::TestBackend};
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+    /// let viewport = Viewport::Fixed(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 10));
+    /// let terminal = Terminal::with_options(
+    ///     backend,
+    ///     TerminalOptions { viewport },
+    /// )?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
    pub fn with_options(mut backend: B, options: TerminalOptions) -> io::Result<Terminal<B>> {
-        let size = backend.size()?;
+        let size = match options.viewport {
+            Viewport::Fullscreen | Viewport::Inline(_) => backend.size()?,
+            Viewport::Fixed(area) => area,
+        };
        let (viewport_area, cursor_pos) = match options.viewport {
-            ViewportVariant::Fullscreen => (size, (0, 0)),
-            ViewportVariant::Inline(height) => {
-                let pos = backend.get_cursor()?;
-                let mut row = pos.1;
-                let max_height = size.height.min(height);
-                backend.append_lines(max_height.saturating_sub(1))?;
-                let missing_lines = row.saturating_add(max_height).saturating_sub(size.height);
-                if missing_lines > 0 {
-                    row = row.saturating_sub(missing_lines);
-                }
-                (
-                    Rect {
-                        x: 0,
-                        y: row,
-                        width: size.width,
-                        height: max_height,
-                    },
-                    pos,
-                )
-            }
-            ViewportVariant::Fixed(area) => (area, (area.left(), area.top())),
+            Viewport::Fullscreen => (size, (0, 0)),
+            Viewport::Inline(height) => compute_inline_size(&mut backend, height, size, 0)?,
+            Viewport::Fixed(area) => (area, (area.left(), area.top())),
        };
        Ok(Terminal {
            backend,
            buffers: [Buffer::empty(viewport_area), Buffer::empty(viewport_area)],
            current: 0,
            hidden_cursor: false,
-            viewport: Viewport {
-                variant: options.viewport,
-                area: viewport_area,
-            },
+            viewport: options.viewport,
+            viewport_area,
            last_known_size: size,
            last_known_cursor_pos: cursor_pos,
        })
@@ -223,14 +232,17 @@ where
        }
    }

+    /// Gets the current buffer as a mutable reference.
    pub fn current_buffer_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Buffer {
        &mut self.buffers[self.current]
    }

+    /// Gets the backend
    pub fn backend(&self) -> &B {
        &self.backend
    }

+    /// Gets the backend as a mutable reference
    pub fn backend_mut(&mut self) -> &mut B {
        &mut self.backend
    }
@@ -247,42 +259,21 @@ where
        self.backend.draw(updates.into_iter())
    }

-    /// Queries the backend for size and resizes if it doesn't match the previous size.
-    pub fn resize(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        let size = self.size()?;
-        if self.last_known_size == size {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        event!(Level::DEBUG, last_known_size = ?self.last_known_size, ?size, "terminal size changed");
-
-        let next_area = match self.viewport.variant {
-            ViewportVariant::Fullscreen => size,
-            ViewportVariant::Inline(height) => {
-                let (_, mut row) = self.get_cursor()?;
+    /// Updates the Terminal so that internal buffers match the requested size.
+    ///
+    /// Requested size will be saved so the size can remain consistent when rendering. This leads
+    /// to a full clear of the screen.
+    pub fn resize(&mut self, size: Rect) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let next_area = match self.viewport {
+            Viewport::Fullscreen => size,
+            Viewport::Inline(height) => {
                let offset_in_previous_viewport = self
                    .last_known_cursor_pos
                    .1
-                    .saturating_sub(self.viewport.area.top());
-                let max_height = height.min(size.height);
-                let lines_after_cursor = height
-                    .saturating_sub(offset_in_previous_viewport)
-                    .saturating_sub(1);
-                let available_lines = size.height.saturating_sub(row).saturating_sub(1);
-                let missing_lines = lines_after_cursor.saturating_sub(available_lines);
-                self.backend.append_lines(lines_after_cursor)?;
-                if missing_lines > 0 {
-                    row = row.saturating_sub(missing_lines);
-                }
-                row = row.saturating_sub(offset_in_previous_viewport);
-                Rect {
-                    x: 0,
-                    y: row,
-                    width: size.width,
-                    height: max_height,
-                }
+                    .saturating_sub(self.viewport_area.top());
+                compute_inline_size(&mut self.backend, height, size, offset_in_previous_viewport)?.0
            }
-            ViewportVariant::Fixed(area) => area,
+            Viewport::Fixed(area) => area,
        };
        self.set_viewport_area(next_area);
        self.clear()?;
@@ -292,24 +283,49 @@ where
    }

    fn set_viewport_area(&mut self, area: Rect) {
-        self.viewport.area = area;
        self.buffers[self.current].resize(area);
        self.buffers[1 - self.current].resize(area);
-        event!(Level::DEBUG, area = ?area, "viewport changed");
+        self.viewport_area = area;
+    }
+
+    /// Queries the backend for size and resizes if it doesn't match the previous size.
+    pub fn autoresize(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        // fixed viewports do not get autoresized
+        if matches!(self.viewport, Viewport::Fullscreen | Viewport::Inline(_)) {
+            let size = self.size()?;
+            if size != self.last_known_size {
+                self.resize(size)?;
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(())
    }

    /// Synchronizes terminal size, calls the rendering closure, flushes the current internal state
    /// and prepares for the next draw call.
+    ///
+    /// This is the main entry point for drawing to the terminal.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use std::io::stdout;
+    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+    /// let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    /// terminal.draw(|frame| {
+    ///     let area = frame.size();
+    ///     frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("Hello World!"), area);
+    ///     frame.set_cursor(0, 0);
+    /// })?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
    pub fn draw<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> io::Result<CompletedFrame>
    where
        F: FnOnce(&mut Frame<B>),
    {
-        let span = span!(Level::DEBUG, "draw");
-        let _guard = span.enter();
-
        // Autoresize - otherwise we get glitches if shrinking or potential desync between widgets
        // and the terminal (if growing), which may OOB.
-        self.resize()?;
+        self.autoresize()?;

        let mut frame = self.get_frame();
        f(&mut frame);
@@ -329,37 +345,40 @@ where
            }
        }

-        // Swap buffers
-        self.buffers[1 - self.current].reset();
-        self.current = 1 - self.current;
+        self.swap_buffers();

        // Flush
        self.backend.flush()?;

-        event!(Level::DEBUG, "completed frame");
-
        Ok(CompletedFrame {
            buffer: &self.buffers[1 - self.current],
            area: self.last_known_size,
        })
    }

+    /// Hides the cursor.
    pub fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        self.backend.hide_cursor()?;
        self.hidden_cursor = true;
        Ok(())
    }

+    /// Shows the cursor.
    pub fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        self.backend.show_cursor()?;
        self.hidden_cursor = false;
        Ok(())
    }

+    /// Gets the current cursor position.
+    ///
+    /// This is the position of the cursor after the last draw call and is returned as a tuple of
+    /// `(x, y)` coordinates.
    pub fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<(u16, u16)> {
        self.backend.get_cursor()
    }

+    /// Sets the cursor position.
    pub fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
        self.backend.set_cursor(x, y)?;
        self.last_known_cursor_pos = (x, y);
@@ -368,18 +387,17 @@ where

    /// Clear the terminal and force a full redraw on the next draw call.
    pub fn clear(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        event!(Level::DEBUG, "clear");
-        match self.viewport.variant {
-            ViewportVariant::Fullscreen => self.backend.clear(ClearType::All)?,
-            ViewportVariant::Inline(_) => {
+        match self.viewport {
+            Viewport::Fullscreen => self.backend.clear_region(ClearType::All)?,
+            Viewport::Inline(_) => {
                self.backend
-                    .set_cursor(self.viewport.area.left(), self.viewport.area.top())?;
-                self.backend.clear(ClearType::AfterCursor)?;
+                    .set_cursor(self.viewport_area.left(), self.viewport_area.top())?;
+                self.backend.clear_region(ClearType::AfterCursor)?;
            }
-            ViewportVariant::Fixed(area) => {
+            Viewport::Fixed(area) => {
                for row in area.top()..area.bottom() {
                    self.backend.set_cursor(0, row)?;
-                    self.backend.clear(ClearType::AfterCursor)?;
+                    self.backend.clear_region(ClearType::AfterCursor)?;
                }
            }
        }
@@ -388,6 +406,12 @@ where
        Ok(())
    }

+    /// Clears the inactive buffer and swaps it with the current buffer
+    pub fn swap_buffers(&mut self) {
+        self.buffers[1 - self.current].reset();
+        self.current = 1 - self.current;
+    }
+
    /// Queries the real size of the backend.
    pub fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Rect> {
        self.backend.size()
@@ -396,8 +420,8 @@ where
    /// Insert some content before the current inline viewport. This has no effect when the
    /// viewport is fullscreen.
    ///
-    /// This function scrolls down the current viewport by the given height. The newly freed space is
-    /// then made available to the `draw_fn` closure through a writable `Buffer`.
+    /// This function scrolls down the current viewport by the given height. The newly freed space
+    /// is then made available to the `draw_fn` closure through a writable `Buffer`.
    ///
    /// Before:
    /// ```ignore
@@ -425,15 +449,11 @@ where
    /// ## Insert a single line before the current viewport
    ///
    /// ```rust
-    /// # use tui::widgets::{Paragraph, Widget};
-    /// # use tui::text::{Spans, Span};
-    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Style};
-    /// # use tui::{Terminal};
-    /// # use tui::backend::TestBackend;
+    /// # use ratatui::{backend::TestBackend, prelude::*, widgets::*};
    /// # let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 10);
    /// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
    /// terminal.insert_before(1, |buf| {
-    ///     Paragraph::new(Spans::from(vec![
+    ///     Paragraph::new(Line::from(vec![
    ///         Span::raw("This line will be added "),
    ///         Span::styled("before", Style::default().fg(Color::Blue)),
    ///         Span::raw(" the current viewport")
@@ -444,9 +464,7 @@ where
    where
        F: FnOnce(&mut Buffer),
    {
-        let span = span!(Level::DEBUG, "insert_before");
-        let _guard = span.enter();
-        if !matches!(self.viewport.variant, ViewportVariant::Inline(_)) {
+        if !matches!(self.viewport, Viewport::Inline(_)) {
            return Ok(());
        }

@@ -454,11 +472,11 @@ where
        let height = height.min(self.last_known_size.height);
        self.backend.append_lines(height)?;
        let missing_lines =
-            height.saturating_sub(self.last_known_size.bottom() - self.viewport.area.top());
+            height.saturating_sub(self.last_known_size.bottom() - self.viewport_area.top());
        let area = Rect {
-            x: self.viewport.area.left(),
-            y: self.viewport.area.top().saturating_sub(missing_lines),
-            width: self.viewport.area.width,
+            x: self.viewport_area.left(),
+            y: self.viewport_area.top().saturating_sub(missing_lines),
+            width: self.viewport_area.width,
            height,
        };
        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(area);
@@ -473,16 +491,192 @@ where
        self.backend.flush()?;

        let remaining_lines = self.last_known_size.height - area.bottom();
-        let missing_lines = self.viewport.area.height.saturating_sub(remaining_lines);
-        self.backend.append_lines(self.viewport.area.height)?;
+        let missing_lines = self.viewport_area.height.saturating_sub(remaining_lines);
+        self.backend.append_lines(self.viewport_area.height)?;

        self.set_viewport_area(Rect {
            x: area.left(),
            y: area.bottom().saturating_sub(missing_lines),
            width: area.width,
-            height: self.viewport.area.height,
+            height: self.viewport_area.height,
        });

        Ok(())
    }
 }
+
+fn compute_inline_size<B: Backend>(
+    backend: &mut B,
+    height: u16,
+    size: Rect,
+    offset_in_previous_viewport: u16,
+) -> io::Result<(Rect, (u16, u16))> {
+    let pos = backend.get_cursor()?;
+    let mut row = pos.1;
+
+    let max_height = size.height.min(height);
+
+    let lines_after_cursor = height
+        .saturating_sub(offset_in_previous_viewport)
+        .saturating_sub(1);
+
+    backend.append_lines(lines_after_cursor)?;
+
+    let available_lines = size.height.saturating_sub(row).saturating_sub(1);
+    let missing_lines = lines_after_cursor.saturating_sub(available_lines);
+    if missing_lines > 0 {
+        row = row.saturating_sub(missing_lines);
+    }
+    row = row.saturating_sub(offset_in_previous_viewport);
+
+    Ok((
+        Rect {
+            x: 0,
+            y: row,
+            width: size.width,
+            height: max_height,
+        },
+        pos,
+    ))
+}
+
+/// A consistent view into the terminal state for rendering a single frame.
+///
+/// This is obtained via the closure argument of [`Terminal::draw`]. It is used to render widgets
+/// to the terminal and control the cursor position.
+///
+/// The changes drawn to the frame are not immediately applied to the terminal. They are only
+/// applied after the closure returns. This allows for widgets to be drawn in any order. The
+/// changes are then compared to the previous frame and only the necessary updates are applied to
+/// the terminal.
+///
+/// The [`Frame`] is generic over a [`Backend`] implementation which is used to interface with the
+/// underlying terminal library. The [`Backend`] trait is implemented for three popular Rust
+/// terminal libraries: [Crossterm], [Termion] and [Termwiz]. See the [`backend`] module for more
+/// information.
+///
+/// [Crossterm]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
+/// [Termion]: https://crates.io/crates/termion
+/// [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
+/// [`backend`]: crate::backend
+/// [`Backend`]: crate::backend::Backend
+/// [`Buffer`]: crate::buffer::Buffer
+#[derive(Debug, Hash)]
+pub struct Frame<'a, B: 'a>
+where
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    /// The terminal that this frame is associated with.
+    terminal: &'a mut Terminal<B>,
+
+    /// Where should the cursor be after drawing this frame?
+    ///
+    /// If `None`, the cursor is hidden and its position is controlled by the backend. If `Some((x,
+    /// y))`, the cursor is shown and placed at `(x, y)` after the call to `Terminal::draw()`.
+    cursor_position: Option<(u16, u16)>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, B> Frame<'a, B>
+where
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    /// The size of the current frame
+    ///
+    /// This is guaranteed not to change when rendering.
+    pub fn size(&self) -> Rect {
+        self.terminal.viewport_area
+    }
+
+    /// Render a [`Widget`] to the current buffer using [`Widget::render`].
+    ///
+    /// Usually the area argument is the size of the current frame or a sub-area of the current
+    /// frame (which can be obtained using [`Layout`] to split the total area).
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use ratatui::{backend::TestBackend, prelude::*, widgets::Block};
+    /// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
+    /// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    /// # let mut frame = terminal.get_frame();
+    /// let block = Block::default();
+    /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5);
+    /// frame.render_widget(block, area);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Layout`]: crate::layout::Layout
+    pub fn render_widget<W>(&mut self, widget: W, area: Rect)
+    where
+        W: Widget,
+    {
+        widget.render(area, self.terminal.current_buffer_mut());
+    }
+
+    /// Render a [`StatefulWidget`] to the current buffer using [`StatefulWidget::render`].
+    ///
+    /// Usually the area argument is the size of the current frame or a sub-area of the current
+    /// frame (which can be obtained using [`Layout`] to split the total area).
+    ///
+    /// The last argument should be an instance of the [`StatefulWidget::State`] associated to the
+    /// given [`StatefulWidget`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use ratatui::{backend::TestBackend, prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
+    /// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    /// # let mut frame = terminal.get_frame();
+    /// let mut state = ListState::default().with_selected(Some(1));
+    /// let list = List::new(vec![
+    ///     ListItem::new("Item 1"),
+    ///     ListItem::new("Item 2"),
+    /// ]);
+    /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5);
+    /// frame.render_stateful_widget(list, area, &mut state);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Layout`]: crate::layout::Layout
+    pub fn render_stateful_widget<W>(&mut self, widget: W, area: Rect, state: &mut W::State)
+    where
+        W: StatefulWidget,
+    {
+        widget.render(area, self.terminal.current_buffer_mut(), state);
+    }
+
+    /// After drawing this frame, make the cursor visible and put it at the specified (x, y)
+    /// coordinates. If this method is not called, the cursor will be hidden.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this will interfere with calls to `Terminal::hide_cursor()`,
+    /// `Terminal::show_cursor()`, and `Terminal::set_cursor()`. Pick one of the APIs and stick
+    /// with it.
+    pub fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) {
+        self.cursor_position = Some((x, y));
+    }
+}
+
+/// `CompletedFrame` represents the state of the terminal after all changes performed in the last
+/// [`Terminal::draw`] call have been applied. Therefore, it is only valid until the next call to
+/// [`Terminal::draw`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct CompletedFrame<'a> {
+    /// The buffer that was used to draw the last frame.
+    pub buffer: &'a Buffer,
+    /// The size of the last frame.
+    pub area: Rect,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn viewport_to_string() {
+        assert_eq!(Viewport::Fullscreen.to_string(), "Fullscreen");
+        assert_eq!(Viewport::Inline(5).to_string(), "Inline(5)");
+        assert_eq!(
+            Viewport::Fixed(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5)).to_string(),
+            "Fixed(5x5+0+0)"
+        );
+    }
+}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More