chore: add filter example

.editorconfig

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-# configuration for https://editorconfig.org
-
-root = true
-
-[*]
-charset = utf-8
-end_of_line = lf
-insert_final_newline = true
-trim_trailing_whitespace = true
-
-[*.rs]
-indent_style = space
-indent_size = 4
-
-[*.yml]
-indent_style = space
-indent_size = 2

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -5,7 +5,4 @@
 # https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore#_pattern_format
 
 # Maintainers
-* @orhun @joshka @kdheepak @Valentin271 @EdJoPaTo
-
-# Past maintainers
-# @mindoodoo @sayanarijit
+* @orhun @mindoodoo @sayanarijit @sophacles @joshka

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -1,8 +1 @@
 blank_issues_enabled: false
-contact_links:
-  - name: Discord Chat
-    url: https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj
-    about: Ask questions about ratatui on Discord
-  - name: Matrix Chat
-    url: https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org
-    about: Ask questions about ratatui on Matrix

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# To get started with Dependabot version updates, you'll need to specify which
-# package ecosystems to update and where the package manifests are located.
-# Please see the documentation for all configuration options:
-# https://docs.github.com/github/administering-a-repository/configuration-options-for-dependency-updates
-
-version: 2
-updates:
-  # Maintain dependencies for Cargo
-  - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
-    directory: "/" # Location of package manifests
-    schedule:
-      interval: "weekly"
-  # Maintain dependencies for GitHub Actions
-  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
-    directory: "/"
-    schedule:
-      interval: weekly
-    open-pull-requests-limit: 10

.github/workflows/calculate-alpha-release.bash

@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# Exit on error. Append "|| true" if you expect an error.
-set -o errexit
-# Exit on error inside any functions or subshells.
-set -o errtrace
-# Do not allow use of undefined vars. Use ${VAR:-} to use an undefined VAR
-set -o nounset
-# Catch the error in case mysqldump fails (but gzip succeeds) in `mysqldump |gzip`
-set -o pipefail
-# Turn on traces, useful while debugging but commented out by default
-# set -o xtrace
-
-last_release="$(git tag --sort=committerdate | grep -P "v0+\.\d+\.\d+$" | tail -1)"
-echo "🐭 Last release: ${last_release}"
-
-# detect breaking changes
-if [ -n "$(git log --oneline ${last_release}..HEAD | grep '!:')" ]; then
-    echo "🐭 Breaking changes detected since ${last_release}"
-    git log --oneline ${last_release}..HEAD | grep '!:'
-    # increment the minor version
-    minor="${last_release##v0.}"
-    minor="${minor%.*}"
-    next_minor="$((minor + 1))"
-    next_release="v0.${next_minor}.0"
-else
-    # increment the patch version
-    patch="${last_release##*.}"
-    next_patch="$((patch + 1))"
-    next_release="${last_release/%${patch}/${next_patch}}"
-fi
-echo "🐭 Next release: ${next_release}"
-
-suffix="alpha"
-last_tag="$(git tag --sort=committerdate | tail -1)"
-if [[ "${last_tag}" = "${next_release}-${suffix}"* ]]; then
-    echo "🐭 Last alpha release: ${last_tag}"
-    # increment the alpha version
-    # e.g. v0.22.1-alpha.12 -> v0.22.1-alpha.13
-    alpha="${last_tag##*-${suffix}.}"
-    next_alpha="$((alpha + 1))"
-    next_tag="${last_tag/%${alpha}/${next_alpha}}"
-else
-    # increment the patch and start the alpha version from 0
-    # e.g. v0.22.0 -> v0.22.1-alpha.0
-    next_tag="${next_release}-${suffix}.0"
-fi
-# update the crate version
-msg="# crate version"
-sed -E -i "s/^version = .* ${msg}$/version = \"${next_tag#v}\" ${msg}/" Cargo.toml
-echo "NEXT_TAG=${next_tag}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-echo "🐭 Next alpha release: ${next_tag}"

.github/workflows/cd.yml

@@ -1,65 +1,18 @@
 name: Continuous Deployment
 
 on:
-  workflow_dispatch:
-  schedule:
-    # At 00:00 on Saturday
-    # https://crontab.guru/#0_0_*_*_6
-    - cron: "0 0 * * 6"
   push:
     tags:
       - "v*.*.*"
 
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell: bash
-
 jobs:
-  publish-alpha:
-    name: Create an alpha release
+  publish:
+    name: Publish on crates.io
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      contents: write
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout the repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-
-      - name: Calculate the next release
-        run: .github/workflows/calculate-alpha-release.bash
-
-      - name: Publish on crates.io
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: publish
-          args: --allow-dirty --token ${{ secrets.CARGO_TOKEN }}
-
-      - name: Generate a changelog
-        uses: orhun/git-cliff-action@v3
-        with:
-          config: cliff.toml
-          args: --unreleased --tag ${{ env.NEXT_TAG }} --strip header
-        env:
-          OUTPUT: BODY.md
-
-      - name: Publish on GitHub
-        uses: ncipollo/release-action@v1
-        with:
-          tag: ${{ env.NEXT_TAG }}
-          prerelease: true
-          bodyFile: BODY.md
-
-  publish-stable:
-    name: Create a stable release
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    if: ${{ startsWith(github.event.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout the repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Publish on crates.io
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Publish
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: publish

.github/workflows/check-pr.yml

@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-name: Check Pull Requests
-
-on:
-  pull_request_target:
-    types:
-      - opened
-      - edited
-      - synchronize
-      - labeled
-      - unlabeled
-  merge_group:
-
-permissions:
-  pull-requests: write
-
-jobs:
-  check-title:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Check PR title
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request_target'
-        uses: amannn/action-semantic-pull-request@v5
-        id: check_pr_title
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      # Add comment indicating we require pull request titles to follow conventional commits specification
-      - uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@v2
-        if: always() && (steps.check_pr_title.outputs.error_message != null)
-        with:
-          header: pr-title-lint-error
-          message: |
-            Thank you for opening this pull request!
-
-            We require pull request titles to follow the [Conventional Commits specification](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/) and it looks like your proposed title needs to be adjusted.
-
-            Details:
-
-            > ${{ steps.check_pr_title.outputs.error_message }}
-
-      # Delete a previous comment when the issue has been resolved
-      - if: ${{ steps.check_pr_title.outputs.error_message == null }}
-        uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@v2
-        with:
-          header: pr-title-lint-error
-          delete: true
-
-  check-breaking-change-label:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    env:
-      # use an environment variable to pass untrusted input to the script
-      # see https://securitylab.github.com/research/github-actions-untrusted-input/
-      PR_TITLE: ${{ github.event.pull_request.title }}
-    steps:
-    - name: Check breaking change label
-      id: check_breaking_change
-      run: |
-        pattern='^(build|chore|ci|docs|feat|fix|perf|refactor|revert|style|test)(\(\w+\))?!:'
-        # Check if pattern matches
-        if echo "${PR_TITLE}" | grep -qE "$pattern"; then
-          echo "breaking_change=true" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        else
-          echo "breaking_change=false" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        fi
-    - name: Add label
-      if: steps.check_breaking_change.outputs.breaking_change == 'true'
-      uses: actions/github-script@v7
-      with:
-        github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        script: |
-          github.rest.issues.addLabels({
-            issue_number: context.issue.number,
-            owner: context.repo.owner,
-            repo: context.repo.repo,
-            labels: ['breaking change']
-          })
-
-  do-not-merge:
-    if: ${{ contains(github.event.*.labels.*.name, 'do not merge') }}
-    name: Prevent Merging
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Check for label
-        run: |
-          echo "Pull request is labeled as 'do not merge'"
-          echo "This workflow fails so that the pull request cannot be merged"
-          exit 1

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -1,160 +1,121 @@
-name: Continuous Integration
-
 on:
-  # Allows you to run this workflow manually from the Actions tab
-  workflow_dispatch:
   push:
     branches:
+      - feat-wrapping
       - main
   pull_request:
     branches:
       - main
+      - feat-wrapping
   merge_group:
 
-# ensure that the workflow is only triggered once per PR,  subsequent pushes to the PR will cancel
-# and restart the workflow. See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-jobs/using-concurrency
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
 
-env:
-  # don't install husky hooks during CI as they are only needed for for pre-push
-  CARGO_HUSKY_DONT_INSTALL_HOOKS: true
+name: CI
 
-# lint, clippy and coveraget jobs are intentionally early in the workflow to catch simple
-# formatting, typos, and missing tests as early as possible. This allows us to fix these and
-# resubmit the PR without having to wait for the comprehensive matrix of tests to complete.
 jobs:
-  lint:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+  build:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest ]
+        toolchain: [ "1.65.0", "stable" ]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    needs: lint
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install Rust nightly
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Install Rust
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
         with:
-          components: rustfmt
+          toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}
       - name: Install cargo-make
         uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Check formatting
-        run: cargo make lint-format
-      - name: Check documentation
-        run: cargo make lint-docs
-      - name: Check typos
-        uses: crate-ci/typos@master
-      - name: Lint dependencies
-        uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v1
+      - name: "Check"
+        run: cargo make check
+        env:
+          RUST_BACKTRACE: full
+          CARGO_HUSKY_DONT_INSTALL_HOOKS: true
 
   clippy:
+    name: Clippy
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: lint
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install Rust stable
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Install Rust
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
           components: clippy
       - name: Install cargo-make
         uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Run cargo make clippy-all
+      - name: "Clippy"
         run: cargo make clippy
-
-  coverage:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install Rust stable
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-        with:
-          components: llvm-tools
-      - name: Install cargo-llvm-cov and cargo-make
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
-        with:
-          tool: cargo-llvm-cov,cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Generate coverage
-        run: cargo make coverage
-      - name: Upload to codecov.io
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4
-        with:
-          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
-          fail_ci_if_error: true
-
-  check:
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-        toolchain: ["1.74.0", "stable"]
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install Rust {{ matrix.toolchain }}
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
-        with:
-          toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}
-      - name: Install cargo-make
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Run cargo make check
-        run: cargo make check
-        env:
-          RUST_BACKTRACE: full
-
-  test-doc:
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install Rust stable
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - name: Install cargo-make
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Test docs
-        run: cargo make test-doc
         env:
           RUST_BACKTRACE: full
+          CARGO_HUSKY_DONT_INSTALL_HOOKS: true
 
   test:
     strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-        toolchain: ["1.74.0", "stable"]
-        backend: [crossterm, termion, termwiz]
-        exclude:
-          # termion is not supported on windows
-          - os: windows-latest
-            backend: termion
+        os: [ ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest ]
+        toolchain: [ "1.65.0", "stable" ]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    needs: lint
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install Rust ${{ matrix.toolchain }}}
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Install Rust
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
         with:
           toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}
       - name: Install cargo-make
         uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Install cargo-nextest
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Test ${{ matrix.backend }}
-        run: cargo make test-backend ${{ matrix.backend }}
+      - name: "Test"
+        run: cargo make test
         env:
           RUST_BACKTRACE: full
+          CARGO_HUSKY_DONT_INSTALL_HOOKS: true
+
+  lint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Checkout
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
+      - name: "Check conventional commits"
+        uses: crate-ci/committed@master
+        with:
+          args: "-vv"
+          commits: "HEAD"
+      - name: "Check typos"
+        uses: crate-ci/typos@master
+      - name: "Lint dependencies"
+        uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v1
+      - name: Install Rust
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
+        with:
+          components: rustfmt
+      - name: "Formatting"
+        run: cargo fmt --all --check
+
+  coverage:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: lint
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Install Rust
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          components: llvm-tools
+      - name: cargo install cargo-llvm-cov
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-llvm-cov
+      - name: cargo llvm-cov
+        run: cargo llvm-cov --all-features --lcov --output-path lcov.info
+        env:
+          CARGO_HUSKY_DONT_INSTALL_HOOKS: true
+      - name: Upload to codecov.io
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
+        with:
+          fail_ci_if_error: true

.markdownlint.yaml

@@ -1,15 +1,9 @@
 # configuration for https://github.com/DavidAnson/markdownlint
 
-first-line-heading: false
 no-inline-html:
   allowed_elements:
     - img
     - details
     - summary
-    - div
-    - br
 line-length:
   line_length: 100
-
-# to support repeated headers in the changelog
-no-duplicate-heading: false

BREAKING-CHANGES.md

@@ -1,473 +0,0 @@
-# Breaking Changes
-
-This document contains a list of breaking changes in each version and some notes to help migrate
-between versions. It is compiled manually from the commit history and changelog. We also tag PRs on
-GitHub with a [breaking change] label.
-
-[breaking change]: (https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues?q=label%3A%22breaking+change%22)
-
-## Summary
-
-This is a quick summary of the sections below:
-
-- [v0.26.0](#v0260)
-  - `Flex::Start` is the new default flex mode for `Layout`
-  - `patch_style` & `reset_style` now consume and return `Self`
-  - Removed deprecated `Block::title_on_bottom`
-  - `Line` now has an extra `style` field which applies the style to the entire line
-  - `Block` style methods cannot be created in a const context
-  - `Tabs::new()` now accepts `IntoIterator<Item: Into<Line<'a>>>`
-  - `Table::new` now accepts `IntoIterator<Item: Into<Row<'a>>>`.
-- [v0.25.0](#v0250)
-  - Removed `Axis::title_style` and `Buffer::set_background`
-  - `List::new()` now accepts `IntoIterator<Item = Into<ListItem<'a>>>`
-  - `Table::new()` now requires specifying the widths
-  - `Table::widths()` now accepts `IntoIterator<Item = AsRef<Constraint>>`
-  - Layout::new() now accepts direction and constraint parameters
-  - The default `Tabs::highlight_style` is now `Style::new().reversed()`
-- [v0.24.0](#v0240)
-  - MSRV is now 1.70.0
-  - `ScrollbarState`: `position`, `content_length`, and `viewport_content_length` are now `usize`
-  - `BorderType`: `line_symbols` is now `border_symbols` and returns `symbols::border::set`
-  - `Frame<'a, B: Backend>` is now `Frame<'a>`
-  - `Stylize` shorthands for `String` now consume the value and return `Span<'static>`
-  - `Spans` is removed
-- [v0.23.0](#v0230)
-  - `Scrollbar`: `track_symbol` now takes `Option<&str>`
-  - `Scrollbar`: symbols moved to `symbols` module
-  - MSRV is now 1.67.0
-- [v0.22.0](#v0220)
-  - `serde` representation of `Borders` and `Modifiers` has changed
-- [v0.21.0](#v0210)
-  - MSRV is now 1.65.0
-  - `terminal::ViewPort` is now an enum
-  - `"".as_ref()` must be annotated to implement `Into<Text<'a>>`
-  - `Marker::Block` renders as a block char instead of a bar char
-- [v0.20.0](#v0200)
-  - MSRV is now 1.63.0
-  - `List` no longer ignores empty strings
-
-## [v0.26.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.26.0)
-
-### `Flex::Start` is the new default flex mode for `Layout` ([#881])
-
-[#881]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/881
-
-Previously, constraints would stretch to fill all available space, violating constraints if
-necessary.
-
-With v0.26.0, `Flex` modes are introduced, and the default is `Flex::Start`, which will align
-areas associated with constraints to be beginning of the area. With v0.26.0, additionally,
-`Min` constraints grow to fill excess space. These changes will allow users to build layouts
-more easily.
-
-With v0.26.0, users will most likely not need to change what constraints they use to create
-existing layouts with `Flex::Start`. However, to get old behavior, use `Flex::Legacy`.
-
-```diff
-- let rects = Layout::horizontal([Length(1), Length(2)]).split(area);
-// becomes
-+ let rects = Layout::horizontal([Length(1), Length(2)]).flex(Flex::Legacy).split(area);
-```
-
-### `Table::new()` now accepts `IntoIterator<Item: Into<Row<'a>>>` ([#774])
-
-[#774]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/774
-
-Previously, `Table::new()` accepted `IntoIterator<Item=Row<'a>>`.  The argument change to
-`IntoIterator<Item: Into<Row<'a>>>`, This allows more flexible types from calling scopes, though it
-can some break type inference in the calling scope for empty containers.
-
-This can be resolved either by providing an explicit type (e.g. `Vec::<Row>::new()`), or by using
-`Table::default()`.
-
-```diff
-- let table = Table::new(vec![], widths);
-// becomes
-+ let table = Table::default().widths(widths);
-```
-
-### `Tabs::new()` now accepts `IntoIterator<Item: Into<Line<'a>>>` ([#776])
-
-[#776]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/776
-
-Previously, `Tabs::new()` accepted `Vec<T>` where `T: Into<Line<'a>>`.  This allows more flexible
-types from calling scopes, though it can break some type inference in the calling scope.
-
-This typically occurs when collecting an iterator prior to calling `Tabs::new`, and can be resolved
-by removing the call to `.collect()`.
-
-```diff
-- let tabs = Tabs::new((0.3).map(|i| format!("{i}")).collect());
-// becomes
-+ let tabs = Tabs::new((0.3).map(|i| format!("{i}")));
-```
-
-### Table::default() now sets segment_size to None and column_spacing to ([#751])
-
-[#751]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/751
-
-The default() implementation of Table now sets the column_spacing field to 1 and the segment_size
-field to `SegmentSize::None`. This will affect the rendering of a small amount of apps.
-
-To use the previous default values, call `table.segment_size(Default::default())` and
-`table.column_spacing(0)`.
-
-### `patch_style` & `reset_style` now consumes and returns `Self` ([#754])
-
-[#754]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/754
-
-Previously, `patch_style` and `reset_style` in `Text`, `Line` and `Span` were using a mutable
-reference to `Self`. To be more consistent with the rest of `ratatui`, which is using fluent
-setters, these now take ownership of `Self` and return it.
-
-The following example shows how to migrate for `Line`, but the same applies for `Text` and `Span`.
-
-```diff
-- let mut line = Line::from("foobar");
-- line.patch_style(style);
-// becomes
-+ let line = Line::new("foobar").patch_style(style);
-```
-
-### Remove deprecated `Block::title_on_bottom` ([#757])
-
-[#757]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/757
-
-`Block::title_on_bottom` was deprecated in v0.22. Use `Block::title` and `Title::position` instead.
-
-```diff
-- block.title("foobar").title_on_bottom();
-+ block.title(Title::from("foobar").position(Position::Bottom));
-```
-
-### `Block` style methods cannot be used in a const context ([#720])
-
-[#720]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/720
-
-Previously the `style()`, `border_style()` and `title_style()` methods could be used to create a
-`Block` in a constant context. These now accept `Into<Style>` instead of `Style`. These methods no
-longer can be called from a constant context.
-
-### `Line` now has a `style` field that applies to the entire line ([#708])
-
-[#708]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/708
-
-Previously the style of a `Line` was stored in the `Span`s that make up the line. Now the `Line`
-itself has a `style` field, which can be set with the `Line::styled` method. Any code that creates
-`Line`s using the struct initializer instead of constructors will fail to compile due to the added
-field. This can be easily fixed by adding `..Default::default()` to the field list or by using a
-constructor method (`Line::styled()`, `Line::raw()`) or conversion method (`Line::from()`).
-
-Each `Span` contained within the line will no longer have the style that is applied to the line in
-the `Span::style` field.
-
-```diff
-  let line = Line {
-      spans: vec!["".into()],
-      alignment: Alignment::Left,
-+     ..Default::default()
-  };
-
-  // or
-
-  let line = Line::raw(vec!["".into()])
-      .alignment(Alignment::Left);
-```
-
-## [v0.25.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.25.0)
-
-### Removed `Axis::title_style` and `Buffer::set_background` ([#691])
-
-[#691]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/691
-
-These items were deprecated since 0.10.
-
-- You should use styling capabilities of [`text::Line`] given as argument of [`Axis::title`]
-  instead of `Axis::title_style`
-- You should use styling capabilities of [`Buffer::set_style`] instead of `Buffer::set_background`
-
-[`text::Line`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/text/struct.Line.html
-[`Axis::title`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Axis.html#method.title
-[`Buffer::set_style`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/buffer/struct.Buffer.html#method.set_style
-
-### `List::new()` now accepts `IntoIterator<Item = Into<ListItem<'a>>>` ([#672])
-
-[#672]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/672
-
-Previously `List::new()` took `Into<Vec<ListItem<'a>>>`. This change will throw a compilation
-error for `IntoIterator`s with an indeterminate item (e.g. empty vecs).
-
-E.g.
-
-```diff
-- let list = List::new(vec![]);
-// becomes
-+ let list = List::default();
-```
-
-### The default `Tabs::highlight_style` is now `Style::new().reversed()` ([#635])
-
-[#635]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/635
-
-Previously the default highlight style for tabs was `Style::default()`, which meant that a `Tabs`
-widget in the default configuration would not show any indication of the selected tab.
-
-### The default `Tabs::highlight_style` is now `Style::new().reversed()` ([#635])
-
-Previously the default highlight style for tabs was `Style::default()`, which meant that a `Tabs`
-widget in the default configuration would not show any indication of the selected tab.
-
-### `Table::new()` now requires specifying the widths of the columns ([#664])
-
-[#664]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/664
-
-Previously `Table`s could be constructed without `widths`. In almost all cases this is an error.
-A new `widths` parameter is now mandatory on `Table::new()`. Existing code of the form:
-
-```diff
-- Table::new(rows).widths(widths)
-```
-
-Should be updated to:
-
-```diff
-+ Table::new(rows, widths)
-```
-
-For ease of automated replacement in cases where the amount of code broken by this change is large
-or complex, it may be convenient to replace `Table::new` with `Table::default().rows`.
-
-```diff
-- Table::new(rows).block(block).widths(widths);
-// becomes
-+ Table::default().rows(rows).widths(widths)
-```
-
-### `Table::widths()` now accepts `IntoIterator<Item = AsRef<Constraint>>` ([#663])
-
-[#663]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/663
-
-Previously `Table::widths()` took a slice (`&'a [Constraint]`). This change will introduce clippy
-`needless_borrow` warnings for places where slices are passed to this method. To fix these, remove
-the `&`.
-
-E.g.
-
-```diff
-- let table = Table::new(rows).widths(&[Constraint::Length(1)]);
-// becomes
-+ let table = Table::new(rows, [Constraint::Length(1)]);
-```
-
-### Layout::new() now accepts direction and constraint parameters ([#557])
-
-[#557]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/557
-
-Previously layout new took no parameters. Existing code should either use `Layout::default()` or
-the new constructor.
-
-```rust
-let layout = layout::new()
-  .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-  .constraints([Constraint::Min(1), Constraint::Max(2)]);
-// becomes either
-let layout = layout::default()
-  .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-  .constraints([Constraint::Min(1), Constraint::Max(2)]);
-// or
-let layout = layout::new(Direction::Vertical, [Constraint::Min(1), Constraint::Max(2)]);
-```
-
-## [v0.24.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.24.0)
-
-### `ScrollbarState` field type changed from `u16` to `usize` ([#456])
-
-[#456]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/456
-
-In order to support larger content lengths, the `position`, `content_length` and
-`viewport_content_length` methods on `ScrollbarState` now take `usize` instead of `u16`
-
-### `BorderType::line_symbols` renamed to `border_symbols` ([#529])
-
-[#529]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/529
-
-Applications can now set custom borders on a `Block` by calling `border_set()`. The
-`BorderType::line_symbols()` is renamed to `border_symbols()` and now returns a new struct
-`symbols::border::Set`. E.g.:
-
-```diff
-- let line_set: symbols::line::Set = BorderType::line_symbols(BorderType::Plain);
-// becomes
-+ let border_set: symbols::border::Set = BorderType::border_symbols(BorderType::Plain);
-```
-
-### Generic `Backend` parameter removed from `Frame` ([#530])
-
-[#530]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/530
-
-`Frame` is no longer generic over Backend. Code that accepted `Frame<Backend>` will now need to
-accept `Frame`. To migrate existing code, remove any generic parameters from code that uses an
-instance of a Frame. E.g.:
-
-```diff
-- fn ui<B: Backend>(frame: &mut Frame<B>) { ... }
-// becomes
-+ fn ui(frame: Frame) { ... }
-```
-
-### `Stylize` shorthands now consume rather than borrow `String` ([#466])
-
-[#466]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/466
-
-In order to support using `Stylize` shorthands (e.g. `"foo".red()`) on temporary `String` values, a
-new implementation of `Stylize` was added that returns a `Span<'static>`. This causes the value to
-be consumed rather than borrowed. Existing code that expects to use the string after a call will no
-longer compile. E.g.
-
-```diff
-- let s = String::new("foo");
-- let span1 = s.red();
-- let span2 = s.blue(); // will no longer compile as s is consumed by the previous line
-// becomes
-+ let span1 = s.clone().red();
-+ let span2 = s.blue();
-```
-
-### Deprecated `Spans` type removed (replaced with `Line`) ([#426])
-
-[#426]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/426
-
-`Spans` was replaced with `Line` in 0.21.0. `Buffer::set_spans` was replaced with
-`Buffer::set_line`.
-
-```diff
-- let spans = Spans::from(some_string_str_span_or_vec_span);
-- buffer.set_spans(0, 0, spans, 10);
-// becomes
-+ let line - Line::from(some_string_str_span_or_vec_span);
-+ buffer.set_line(0, 0, line, 10);
-```
-
-## [v0.23.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.23.0)
-
-### `Scrollbar::track_symbol()` now takes an `Option<&str>` instead of `&str` ([#360])
-
-[#360]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/360
-
-The track symbol of `Scrollbar` is now optional, this method now takes an optional value.
-
-```diff
-- let scrollbar = Scrollbar::default().track_symbol("|");
-// becomes
-+ let scrollbar = Scrollbar::default().track_symbol(Some("|"));
-```
-
-### `Scrollbar` symbols moved to `symbols::scrollbar` and `widgets::scrollbar` module is private ([#330])
-
-[#330]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/330
-
-The symbols for defining scrollbars have been moved to the `symbols` module from the
-`widgets::scrollbar` module which is no longer public. To update your code update any imports to the
-new module locations. E.g.:
-
-```diff
-- use ratatui::{widgets::scrollbar::{Scrollbar, Set}};
-// becomes
-+ use ratatui::{widgets::Scrollbar, symbols::scrollbar::Set}
-```
-
-### MSRV updated to 1.67 ([#361])
-
-[#361]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/361
-
-The MSRV of ratatui is now 1.67 due to an MSRV update in a dependency (`time`).
-
-## [v0.22.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.22.0)
-
-### `bitflags` updated to 2.3 ([#205])
-
-[#205]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/205
-
-The `serde` representation of `bitflags` has changed. Any existing serialized types that have Borders or
-Modifiers will need to be re-serialized. This is documented in the [`bitflags`
-changelog](https://github.com/bitflags/bitflags/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md#200-rc2)..
-
-## [v0.21.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.21.0)
-
-### MSRV is 1.65.0 ([#171])
-
-[#171]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/171
-
-The minimum supported rust version is now 1.65.0.
-
-### `Terminal::with_options()` stabilized to allow configuring the viewport ([#114])
-
-[#114]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/114
-
-In order to support inline viewports, the unstable method `Terminal::with_options()` was stabilized
-and `ViewPort` was changed from a struct to an enum.
-
-```diff
-let terminal = Terminal::with_options(backend, TerminalOptions {
--    viewport: Viewport::fixed(area),
-});
-// becomes
-let terminal = Terminal::with_options(backend, TerminalOptions {
-+    viewport: Viewport::Fixed(area),
-});
-```
-
-### Code that binds `Into<Text<'a>>` now requires type annotations ([#168])
-
-[#168]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/168
-
-A new type `Masked` was introduced that implements `From<Text<'a>>`. This causes any code that
-previously did not need to use type annotations to fail to compile. To fix this, annotate or call
-`to_string()` / `to_owned()` / `as_str()` on the value. E.g.:
-
-```diff
-- let paragraph = Paragraph::new("".as_ref());
-// becomes
-+ let paragraph = Paragraph::new("".as_str());
-```
-
-### `Marker::Block` now renders as a block rather than a bar character ([#133])
-
-[#133]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/133
-
-Code using the `Block` marker that previously rendered using a half block character (`'▀'``) now
-renders using the full block character (`'█'`). A new marker variant`Bar` is introduced to replace
-the existing code.
-
-```diff
-- let canvas = Canvas::default().marker(Marker::Block);
-// becomes
-+ let canvas = Canvas::default().marker(Marker::Bar);
-```
-
-## [v0.20.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.20.0)
-
-v0.20.0 was the first release of Ratatui - versions prior to this were release as tui-rs. See the
-[Changelog](./CHANGELOG.md) for more details.
-
-### MSRV is update to 1.63.0 ([#80])
-
-[#80]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/80
-
-The minimum supported rust version is 1.63.0
-
-### List no longer ignores empty string in items ([#42])
-
-[#42]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/42
-
-The following code now renders 3 items instead of 2. Code which relies on the previous behavior will
-need to manually filter empty items prior to display.
-
-```rust
-let items = vec![
-    ListItem::new("line one"),
-    ListItem::new(""),
-    ListItem::new("line four"),
-];
-```

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,213 +1,69 @@
-# Contribution guidelines
+# Fork Status
 
-First off, thank you for considering contributing to Ratatui.
+## Pull Requests
 
-If your contribution is not straightforward, please first discuss the change you wish to make by
-creating a new issue before making the change, or starting a discussion on
-[discord](https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj).
+**All** pull requests opened on the original repository have been imported. We'll be going through any open PRs in a timely manner, starting with the **smallest bug fixes and README updates**. If you have an open PR make sure to let us know about it on our [discord](https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj) as it helps to know you are still active.
 
-## Reporting issues
+## Issues
 
-Before reporting an issue on the [issue tracker](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues),
-please check that it has not already been reported by searching for some related keywords. Please
-also check [`tui-rs` issues](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/) and link any related issues
-found.
+We have been unsuccessful in importing all issues opened on the previous repository.
+For that reason, anyone wanting to **work on or discuss** an issue will have to follow the following workflow :
 
-## Pull requests
+- Recreate the issue
+- Start by referencing the **original issue**: ```Referencing issue #[<issue number>](<original issue link>)```
+- Then, paste the original issues **opening** text
 
-All contributions are obviously welcome. Please include as many details as possible in your PR
-description to help the reviewer (follow the provided template). Make sure to highlight changes
-which may need additional attention or you are uncertain about. Any idea with a large scale impact
-on the crate or its users should ideally be discussed in a "Feature Request" issue beforehand.
+You can then resume the conversation by replying to this new issue you have created.
 
-### Keep PRs small, intentional and focused
+### Closing Issues
 
-Try to do one pull request per change. The time taken to review a PR grows exponential with the size
-of the change. Small focused PRs will generally be much more faster to review. PRs that include both
-refactoring (or reformatting) with actual changes are more difficult to review as every line of the
-change becomes a place where a bug may have been introduced. Consider splitting refactoring /
-reformatting changes into a separate PR from those that make a behavioral change, as the tests help
-guarantee that the behavior is unchanged.
+If you close an issue that you have "imported" to this fork, please make sure that you add the issue to the **CLOSED_ISSUES.md**. This will enable us to keep track of which issues have been closed from the original repo, in case we are able to have the original repository transferred.
 
-### Code formatting
-
-Run `cargo make format` before committing to ensure that code is consistently formatted with
-rustfmt. Configuration is in [rustfmt.toml](./rustfmt.toml).
-
-### Search `tui-rs` for similar work
-
-The original fork of Ratatui, [`tui-rs`](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/), has a large amount of
-history of the project. Please search, read, link, and summarize any relevant
-[issues](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/),
-[discussions](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/discussions/) and [pull
-requests](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/pulls).
-
-### Use conventional commits
-
-We use [conventional commits](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/) and check for them as
-a lint build step. To help adhere to the format, we recommend to install
-[Commitizen](https://commitizen-tools.github.io/commitizen/). By using this tool you automatically
-follow the configuration defined in [.cz.toml](.cz.toml). Your commit messages should have enough
-information to help someone reading the [CHANGELOG](./CHANGELOG.md) understand what is new just from
-the title. The summary helps expand on that to provide information that helps provide more context,
-describes the nature of the problem that the commit is solving and any unintuitive effects of the
-change. It's rare that code changes can easily communicate intent, so make sure this is clearly
-documented.
-
-### Run CI tests before pushing a PR
-
-We're using [cargo-husky](https://github.com/rhysd/cargo-husky) to automatically run git hooks,
-which will run `cargo make ci` before each push. To initialize the hook  run `cargo test`. If
-`cargo-make` is not installed, it will provide instructions to install it for you. This will ensure
-that your code is formatted, compiles and passes all tests before you push. If you need to skip this
-check, you can use `git push --no-verify`.
-
-### Sign your commits
-
-We use commit signature verification, which will block commits from being merged via the UI unless
-they are signed. To set up your machine to sign commits, see [managing commit signature
-verification](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/managing-commit-signature-verification/about-commit-signature-verification)
-in GitHub docs.
+# Contributing
 
 ## Implementation Guidelines
 
-### Setup
-
-Clone the repo and build it using [cargo-make](https://sagiegurari.github.io/cargo-make/)
-
-Ratatui is an ordinary Rust project where common tasks are managed with
-[cargo-make](https://github.com/sagiegurari/cargo-make/). It wraps common `cargo` commands with sane
-defaults depending on your platform of choice. Building the project should be as easy as running
-`cargo make build`.
-
-```shell
-git clone https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui.git
-cd ratatui
-cargo make build
-```
-
-### Tests
-
-The [test coverage](https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui) of the crate is reasonably
-good, but this can always be improved. Focus on keeping the tests simple and obvious and write unit
-tests for all new or modified code. Beside the usual doc and unit tests, one of the most valuable
-test you can write for Ratatui is a test against the `TestBackend`. It allows you to assert the
-content of the output buffer that would have been flushed to the terminal after a given draw call.
-See `widgets_block_renders` in [tests/widgets_block.rs](./tests/widget_block.rs) for an example.
-
-When writing tests, generally prefer to write unit tests and doc tests directly in the code file
-being tested rather than integration tests in the `tests/` folder.
-
-If an area that you're making a change in is not tested, write tests to characterize the existing
-behavior before changing it. This helps ensure that we don't introduce bugs to existing software
-using Ratatui (and helps make it easy to migrate apps still using `tui-rs`).
-
-For coverage, we have two [bacon](https://dystroy.org/bacon/) jobs (one for all tests, and one for
-unit tests, keyboard shortcuts `v` and `u` respectively) that run
-[cargo-llvm-cov](https://github.com/taiki-e/cargo-llvm-cov) to report the coverage. Several plugins
-exist to show coverage directly in your editor. E.g.:
-
-- <https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ryanluker.vscode-coverage-gutters>
-- <https://github.com/alepez/vim-llvmcov>
-
-### Documentation
-
-Here are some guidelines for writing documentation in Ratatui.
-
-Every public API **must** be documented.
-
-Keep in mind that Ratatui tends to attract beginner Rust users that may not be familiar with Rust
-concepts.
-
-#### Content
-
-The main doc comment should talk about the general features that the widget supports and introduce
-the concepts pointing to the various methods. Focus on interaction with various features and giving
-enough information that helps understand why you might want something.
-
-Examples should help users understand a particular usage, not test a feature. They should be as
-simple as possible. Prefer hiding imports and using wildcards to keep things concise. Some imports
-may still be shown to demonstrate a particular non-obvious import (e.g. `Stylize` trait to use style
-methods). Speaking of `Stylize`, you should use it over the more verbose style setters:
-
-```rust
-let style = Style::new().red().bold();
-// not
-let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifiers::BOLD);
-```
-
-#### Format
-
-- First line is summary, second is blank, third onward is more detail
-
-```rust
-/// Summary
-///
-/// A detailed description
-/// with examples.
-fn foo() {}
-```
-
-- Max line length is 100 characters
-See [vscode rewrap extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=stkb.rewrap)
-
-- Doc comments are above macros
-i.e.
-
-```rust
-/// doc comment
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct Foo {}
-```
-
-- Code items should be between backticks
-i.e. ``[`Block`]``, **NOT** ``[Block]``
-
-### Deprecation notice
-
-We generally want to wait at least two versions before removing deprecated items so users have
-time to update. However, if a deprecation is blocking for us to implement a new feature we may
-*consider* removing it in a one version notice.
-
 ### Use of unsafe for optimization purposes
 
-We don't currently use any unsafe code in Ratatui, and would like to keep it that way. However there
-may be specific cases that this becomes necessary in order to avoid slowness. Please see [this
-discussion](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/discussions/66) for more about the decision.
+**Do not** use unsafe to achieve better performances. This is subject to change, [see.](https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/tui-rs-revival/discussions/66)
+The only exception to this rule is if it's to fix **reproducible slowness.**
+
+## Building
+
+[cargo-make]: https://github.com/sagiegurari/cargo-make "cargo-make"
+
+`ratatui` is an ordinary Rust project where common tasks are managed with [cargo-make].
+It wraps common `cargo` commands with sane defaults depending on your platform of choice.
+Building the project should be as easy as running `cargo make build`.
+
+## :hammer_and_wrench: Pull requests
+
+All contributions are obviously welcome.
+Please include as many details as possible in your PR description to help the reviewer (follow the provided template).
+Make sure to highlight changes which may need additional attention or you are uncertain about.
+Any idea with a large scale impact on the crate or its users should ideally be discussed in a "Feature Request" issue beforehand.
+
+## Committing
+
+To avoid any issues that may arrise with the CI/CD by not following the [conventional commit](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/) syntax, we recommend to install [Commitizen](https://commitizen-tools.github.io/commitizen/).\
+By using this tool you automatically follow the configuration defined in [.cz.toml](.cz.toml).
+
+Additionally, we're using [cargo-husky](https://github.com/rhysd/cargo-husky) to automatically load pre-push hook, which will run `cargo make ci` before each push. It will load the hook automatically when you run `cargo test`. If `cargo-make` is not installed, it will install it for you.\
+This will ensure that your code is formatted, compiles and passes all tests before you push. If you want to skip this check, you can use `git push --no-verify`.
 
 ## Continuous Integration
 
 We use Github Actions for the CI where we perform the following checks:
-
 - The code should compile on `stable` and the Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV).
 - The tests (docs, lib, tests and examples) should pass.
 - The code should conform to the default format enforced by `rustfmt`.
 - The code should not contain common style issues `clippy`.
 
-You can also check most of those things yourself locally using `cargo make ci` which will offer you
-a shorter feedback loop than pushing to github.
+You can also check most of those things yourself locally using `cargo make ci` which will offer you a shorter feedback loop.
 
-## Relationship with `tui-rs`
+## Tests
 
-This project was forked from [`tui-rs`](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/) in February 2023, with the
-[blessing of the original author](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/654), Florian Dehau
-([@fdehau](https://github.com/fdehau)).
-
-The original repository contains all the issues, PRs and discussion that were raised originally, and
-it is useful to refer to when contributing code, documentation, or issues with Ratatui.
-
-We imported all the PRs from the original repository and implemented many of the smaller ones and
-made notes on the leftovers. These are marked as draft PRs and labelled as [imported from
-tui](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22imported+from+tui%22).
-We have documented the current state of those PRs, and anyone is welcome to pick them up and
-continue the work on them.
-
-We have not imported all issues opened on the previous repository. For that reason, anyone wanting
-to **work on or discuss** an issue will have to follow the following workflow:
-
-- Recreate the issue
-- Start by referencing the **original issue**: ```Referencing issue #[<issue number>](<original
-  issue link>)```
-- Then, paste the original issues **opening** text
-
-You can then resume the conversation by replying to this new issue you have created.
+The test coverage of the crate is far from being ideal but we already have a fair amount of tests in place.
+Beside the usual doc and unit tests, one of the most valuable test you can write for `ratatui` is a test against the `TestBackend`.
+It allows you to assert the content of the output buffer that would have been flushed to the terminal after a given draw call.
+See `widgets_block_renders` in [tests/widgets_block.rs](./tests/widget_block.rs) for an example.

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 [package]
 name = "ratatui"
-version = "0.26.2" # crate version
-authors = ["Florian Dehau <work@fdehau.com>", "The Ratatui Developers"]
-description = "A library that's all about cooking up terminal user interfaces"
+version = "0.21.0"
+authors = ["Florian Dehau <work@fdehau.com>"]
+description = "A library to build rich terminal user interfaces or dashboards"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/"
-repository = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui"
-homepage = "https://ratatui.rs"
 keywords = ["tui", "terminal", "dashboard"]
-categories = ["command-line-interface"]
+repository = "https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/ratatui"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
 exclude = [
@@ -20,134 +18,16 @@ exclude = [
 ]
 autoexamples = true
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.74.0"
+rust-version = "1.65.0"
 
 [badges]
 
-[dependencies]
-bitflags = "2.3"
-cassowary = "0.3"
-compact_str = "0.7.1"
-crossterm = { version = "0.27", optional = true }
-document-features = { version = "0.2.7", optional = true }
-itertools = "0.12"
-lru = "0.12.0"
-paste = "1.0.2"
-serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["derive"] }
-stability = "0.2.0"
-strum = { version = "0.26", features = ["derive"] }
-termion = { version = "3.0", optional = true }
-termwiz = { version = "0.22.0", optional = true }
-time = { version = "0.3.11", optional = true, features = ["local-offset"] }
-unicode-segmentation = "1.10"
-unicode-truncate = "1"
-unicode-width = "0.1"
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-anyhow = "1.0.71"
-argh = "0.1.12"
-better-panic = "0.3.0"
-cargo-husky = { version = "1.5.0", default-features = false, features = [
-  "user-hooks",
-] }
-color-eyre = "0.6.2"
-criterion = { version = "0.5.1", features = ["html_reports"] }
-derive_builder = "0.20.0"
-fakeit = "1.1"
-font8x8 = "0.3.1"
-indoc = "2"
-palette = "0.7.3"
-pretty_assertions = "1.4.0"
-rand = "0.8.5"
-rand_chacha = "0.3.1"
-rstest = "0.19.0"
-serde_json = "1.0.109"
-
-[lints.rust]
-unsafe_code = "forbid"
-
-[lints.clippy]
-cargo = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
-pedantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
-cast_possible_truncation = "allow"
-cast_possible_wrap = "allow"
-cast_precision_loss = "allow"
-cast_sign_loss = "allow"
-missing_errors_doc = "allow"
-missing_panics_doc = "allow"
-module_name_repetitions = "allow"
-must_use_candidate = "allow"
-wildcard_imports = "allow"
-
-# nursery or restricted
-as_underscore = "warn"
-deref_by_slicing = "warn"
-else_if_without_else = "warn"
-empty_line_after_doc_comments = "warn"
-equatable_if_let = "warn"
-fn_to_numeric_cast_any = "warn"
-format_push_string = "warn"
-map_err_ignore = "warn"
-missing_const_for_fn = "warn"
-mixed_read_write_in_expression = "warn"
-mod_module_files = "warn"
-needless_raw_strings = "warn"
-redundant_type_annotations = "warn"
-rest_pat_in_fully_bound_structs = "warn"
-string_lit_chars_any = "warn"
-string_to_string = "warn"
-use_self = "warn"
-
 [features]
-#! The crate provides a set of optional features that can be enabled in your `cargo.toml` file.
-#!
-## By default, we enable the crossterm backend as this is a reasonable choice for most applications
-## as it is supported on Linux/Mac/Windows systems. We also enable the `underline-color` feature
-## which allows you to set the underline color of text.
-default = ["crossterm", "underline-color"]
-#! Generally an application will only use one backend, so you should only enable one of the following features:
-## enables the [`CrosstermBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Crossterm crate].
-crossterm = ["dep:crossterm"]
-## enables the [`TermionBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Termion crate].
-termion = ["dep:termion"]
-## enables the [`TermwizBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Termwiz crate].
-termwiz = ["dep:termwiz"]
-
-#! The following optional features are available for all backends:
-## enables serialization and deserialization of style and color types using the [Serde crate].
-## This is useful if you want to save themes to a file.
-serde = ["dep:serde", "bitflags/serde", "compact_str/serde"]
-
-## enables the [`border!`] macro.
-macros = []
-
-## enables all widgets.
+default = ["crossterm"]
 all-widgets = ["widget-calendar"]
-
-#! Widgets that add dependencies are gated behind feature flags to prevent unused transitive
-#! dependencies. The available features are:
-## enables the [`calendar`] widget module and adds a dependency on the [Time crate].
-widget-calendar = ["dep:time"]
-
-#! Underline color is only supported by the [`CrosstermBackend`] backend, and is not supported
-#! on Windows 7.
-## enables the backend code that sets the underline color.
-underline-color = ["dep:crossterm"]
-
-#! The following features are unstable and may change in the future:
-
-## Enable all unstable features.
-unstable = ["unstable-rendered-line-info", "unstable-widget-ref"]
-
-## Enables the [`Paragraph::line_count`](crate::widgets::Paragraph::line_count)
-## [`Paragraph::line_width`](crate::widgets::Paragraph::line_width) methods
-## which are experimental and may change in the future.
-## See [Issue 293](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/293) for more details.
-unstable-rendered-line-info = []
-
-## Enables the `WidgetRef` and `StatefulWidgetRef` traits which are experimental and may change in
-## the future.
-unstable-widget-ref = []
+widget-calendar = ["time"]
+macros = []
+serde = ["dep:serde", "bitflags/serde"]
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 all-features = true
@@ -155,34 +35,30 @@ all-features = true
 cargo-args = ["-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples"]
 rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 
-[[bench]]
-name = "barchart"
-harness = false
+[dependencies]
+bitflags = "2.3"
+cassowary = "0.3"
+crossterm = { version = "0.26", optional = true }
+indoc = "2.0"
+serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["derive"] }
+termion = { version = "2.0", optional = true }
+termwiz = { version = "0.20.0", optional = true }
+time = { version = "0.3.11", optional = true, features = ["local-offset"] }
+unicode-segmentation = "1.10"
+unicode-width = "0.1"
 
-[[bench]]
-name = "block"
-harness = false
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "line"
-harness = false
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "list"
-harness = false
-
-[lib]
-bench = false
+[dev-dependencies]
+anyhow = "1.0.71"
+argh = "0.1"
+cargo-husky = { version = "1.5.0", default-features = false, features = ["user-hooks"] }
+criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
+fakeit = "1.1"
+rand = "0.8"
 
 [[bench]]
 name = "paragraph"
 harness = false
 
-[[bench]]
-name = "sparkline"
-harness = false
-
-
 [[example]]
 name = "barchart"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
@@ -208,17 +84,6 @@ name = "chart"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
-[[example]]
-name = "colors"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-# this example is a bit verbose, so we don't want to include it in the docs
-doc-scrape-examples = false
-
-[[example]]
-name = "colors_rgb"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
 [[example]]
 name = "custom_widget"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
@@ -230,14 +95,9 @@ name = "demo"
 doc-scrape-examples = false
 
 [[example]]
-name = "demo2"
-required-features = ["crossterm", "widget-calendar"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "docsrs"
+name = "filter"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = false
+doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
 name = "gauge"
@@ -249,37 +109,21 @@ name = "hello_world"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
+[[example]]
+name = "inline"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
 [[example]]
 name = "layout"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
-[[example]]
-name = "constraints"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = false
-
-[[example]]
-name = "flex"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "constraint-explorer"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
 [[example]]
 name = "list"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
-[[example]]
-name = "modifiers"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-# this example is a bit verbose, so we don't want to include it in the docs
-doc-scrape-examples = false
-
 [[example]]
 name = "panic"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
@@ -295,11 +139,6 @@ name = "popup"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
-[[example]]
-name = "ratatui-logo"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
 [[example]]
 name = "scrollbar"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
@@ -324,12 +163,3 @@ doc-scrape-examples = true
 name = "user_input"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "inline"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[test]]
-name = "state_serde"
-required-features = ["serde"]

FUNDING.json

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "drips": {
-    "ethereum": {
-      "ownedBy": "0x6053C8984f4F214Ad12c4653F28514E1E09213B5"
-    }
-  }
-}

LICENSE

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)
 
-Copyright (c) 2016-2022 Florian Dehau
-Copyright (c) 2023-2024 The Ratatui Developers
+Copyright (c) 2016 Florian Dehau
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

Makefile.toml

@@ -3,165 +3,265 @@
 [config]
 skip_core_tasks = true
 
-[env]
-# all features except the backend ones
-ALL_FEATURES = "all-widgets,macros,serde"
-
-[env.ALL_FEATURES_FLAG]
-# Windows does not support building termion, so this avoids the build failure by providing two
-# sets of flags, one for Windows and one for other platforms.
-source = "${CARGO_MAKE_RUST_TARGET_OS}"
-default_value = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termion,termwiz,underline-color,unstable"
-mapping = { "windows" = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termwiz,underline-color,unstable" }
-
-[tasks.default]
-alias = "ci"
-
 [tasks.ci]
-description = "Run continuous integration tasks"
-dependencies = ["lint-style", "clippy", "check", "test"]
+run_task = [
+  { name = "ci-unix", condition = { platforms = [
+    "linux",
+    "mac",
+  ] } },
+  { name = "ci-windows", condition = { platforms = [
+    "windows",
+  ] } },
+]
 
-[tasks.lint-style]
-description = "Lint code style (formatting, typos, docs)"
-dependencies = ["lint-format", "lint-typos", "lint-docs"]
+[tasks.ci-unix]
+private = true
+dependencies = [
+  "style-check",
+  "check-unix",
+  "test-unix",
+  "clippy-unix",
+]
 
-[tasks.lint-format]
-description = "Lint code formatting"
+[tasks.ci-windows]
+private = true
+dependencies = [
+  "style-check",
+  "check-windows",
+  "test-windows",
+  "clippy-windows",
+]
+
+[tasks.style-check]
+dependencies = ["fmt", "typos"]
+
+[tasks.fmt]
 toolchain = "nightly"
 command = "cargo"
 args = ["fmt", "--all", "--check"]
 
-[tasks.format]
-description = "Fix code formatting"
-toolchain = "nightly"
-command = "cargo"
-args = ["fmt", "--all"]
-
-[tasks.lint-typos]
-description = "Run typo checks"
+[tasks.typos]
 install_crate = { crate_name = "typos-cli", binary = "typos", test_arg = "--version" }
 command = "typos"
 
-[tasks.lint-docs]
-description = "Check documentation for errors and warnings"
-toolchain = "nightly"
-command = "cargo"
-args = [
-  "rustdoc",
-  "--no-default-features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
-  "--",
-  "-Zunstable-options",
-  "--check",
-  "-Dwarnings",
+[tasks.check]
+run_task = [
+  { name = "check-unix", condition = { platforms = [
+    "linux",
+    "mac",
+  ] } },
+  { name = "check-windows", condition = { platforms = [
+    "windows",
+  ] } },
 ]
 
-[tasks.check]
-description = "Check code for errors and warnings"
+[tasks.check-unix]
+private = true
+dependencies = [
+  "check-crossterm",
+  "check-termion",
+  "check-termwiz",
+]
+
+[tasks.check-windows]
+private = true
+dependencies = [
+  "check-crossterm",
+  "check-termwiz",
+]
+
+[tasks.check-crossterm]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,crossterm" }
+run_task = "check-backend"
+
+[tasks.check-termion]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termion" }
+run_task = "check-backend"
+
+[tasks.check-termwiz]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termwiz" }
+run_task = "check-backend"
+
+[tasks.check-backend]
 command = "cargo"
+condition = { env_set = ["TUI_FEATURES"] }
 args = [
   "check",
-  "--all-targets",
   "--no-default-features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
+  "--features",
+  "${TUI_FEATURES}",
+  "--all-targets",
 ]
 
 [tasks.build]
-description = "Compile the project"
+run_task = [
+  { name = "build-unix", condition = { platforms = [
+    "linux",
+    "mac",
+  ] } },
+  { name = "build-windows", condition = { platforms = [
+    "windows",
+  ] } },
+]
+
+[tasks.build-unix]
+private = true
+dependencies = [
+  "build-crossterm",
+  "build-termion",
+  "build-termwiz",
+]
+
+[tasks.build-windows]
+private = true
+dependencies = [
+  "build-crossterm",
+  "build-termwiz",
+]
+
+[tasks.build-crossterm]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,crossterm" }
+run_task = "build-backend"
+
+[tasks.build-termion]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termion" }
+run_task = "build-backend"
+
+[tasks.build-termwiz]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termwiz" }
+run_task = "build-backend"
+
+[tasks.build-backend]
 command = "cargo"
+condition = { env_set = ["TUI_FEATURES"] }
 args = [
   "build",
-  "--all-targets",
   "--no-default-features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
+  "--features",
+  "${TUI_FEATURES}",
+  "--all-targets",
 ]
 
 [tasks.clippy]
-description = "Run Clippy for linting"
+run_task = [
+  { name = "clippy-unix", condition = { platforms = [
+    "linux",
+    "mac",
+  ] } },
+  { name = "clippy-windows", condition = { platforms = [
+    "windows",
+  ] } },
+]
+
+[tasks.clippy-unix]
+private = true
+dependencies = [
+  "clippy-crossterm",
+  "clippy-termion",
+  "clippy-termwiz",
+]
+
+[tasks.clippy-windows]
+private = true
+dependencies = [
+  "clippy-crossterm",
+  "clippy-termwiz",
+]
+
+[tasks.clippy-crossterm]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,crossterm" }
+run_task = "clippy-backend"
+
+[tasks.clippy-termion]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termion" }
+run_task = "clippy-backend"
+
+[tasks.clippy-termwiz]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termwiz" }
+run_task = "clippy-backend"
+
+[tasks.clippy-backend]
 command = "cargo"
+condition = { env_set = ["TUI_FEATURES"] }
 args = [
   "clippy",
   "--all-targets",
+  "--no-default-features",
   "--tests",
   "--benches",
-  "--no-default-features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
+  "--features",
+  "${TUI_FEATURES}",
   "--",
   "-D",
   "warnings",
 ]
 
-[tasks.install-nextest]
-description = "Install cargo-nextest"
-install_crate = { crate_name = "cargo-nextest", binary = "cargo-nextest", test_arg = "--help" }
-
 [tasks.test]
-description = "Run tests"
-run_task = { name = ["test-lib", "test-doc"] }
+run_task = [
+  { name = "test-unix", condition = { platforms = [
+    "linux",
+    "mac",
+  ] } },
+  { name = "test-windows", condition = { platforms = [
+    "windows",
+  ] } },
+]
 
-[tasks.test-lib]
-description = "Run default tests"
-dependencies = ["install-nextest"]
+[tasks.test-unix]
+private = true
+dependencies = [
+  "test-crossterm",
+  "test-termion",
+  "test-termwiz",
+  "test-doc",
+]
+
+[tasks.test-windows]
+private = true
+dependencies = [
+  "test-crossterm",
+  "test-termwiz",
+  "test-doc",
+]
+
+[tasks.test-crossterm]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,crossterm,all-widgets,macros" }
+run_task = "test-backend"
+
+[tasks.test-termion]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termion,all-widgets,macros" }
+run_task = "test-backend"
+
+[tasks.test-termwiz]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termwiz,all-widgets,macros" }
+run_task = "test-backend"
+
+[tasks.test-backend]
 command = "cargo"
+condition = { env_set = ["TUI_FEATURES"] }
 args = [
-  "nextest",
-  "run",
-  "--all-targets",
+  "test",
   "--no-default-features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
+  "--features",
+  "${TUI_FEATURES}",
+  "--all-targets",
 ]
 
 [tasks.test-doc]
-description = "Run documentation tests"
 command = "cargo"
-args = ["test", "--doc", "--no-default-features", "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}"]
-
-[tasks.test-backend]
-# takes a command line parameter to specify the backend to test (e.g. "crossterm")
-description = "Run backend-specific tests"
-dependencies = ["install-nextest"]
-command = "cargo"
-args = [
-  "nextest",
-  "run",
-  "--all-targets",
-  "--no-default-features",
-  "--features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES},${@}",
-]
-
-[tasks.coverage]
-description = "Generate code coverage report"
-command = "cargo"
-args = [
-  "llvm-cov",
-  "--lcov",
-  "--output-path",
-  "target/lcov.info",
-  "--no-default-features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
-]
+args = ["test", "--doc"]
 
 [tasks.run-example]
 private = true
 condition = { env_set = ["TUI_EXAMPLE_NAME"] }
 command = "cargo"
-args = [
-  "run",
-  "--release",
-  "--example",
-  "${TUI_EXAMPLE_NAME}",
-  "--features",
-  "all-widgets",
-]
+args = ["run", "--release", "--example", "${TUI_EXAMPLE_NAME}"]
 
 [tasks.build-examples]
-description = "Compile project examples"
 command = "cargo"
-args = ["build", "--examples", "--release", "--features", "all-widgets"]
+args = ["build", "--examples", "--release"]
 
 [tasks.run-examples]
-description = "Run project examples"
 dependencies = ["build-examples"]
 script = '''
 #!@duckscript

README.md

@@ -1,352 +1,137 @@
+# Ratatui
+
+<img align="left" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/125200832?s=128&v=4">
+
+`ratatui` is a [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org) library to build rich terminal user interfaces and
+dashboards. It is a community fork of the original [tui-rs](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs)
+project.
+
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=for-the-badge)](https://crates.io/crates/ratatui)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=for-the-badge)](./LICENSE) [![GitHub CI
+Status](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/tui-rs-revival/ratatui/ci.yml?style=for-the-badge&logo=github)](https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/ratatui/actions?query=workflow%3ACI+)
+[![Docs.rs](https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=for-the-badge)](https://docs.rs/crate/ratatui/)
+[![Dependency
+Status](https://deps.rs/repo/github/tui-rs-revival/ratatui/status.svg?style=for-the-badge)](https://deps.rs/repo/github/tui-rs-revival/ratatui)
+[![Codecov](https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/tui-rs-revival/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=for-the-badge&token=BAQ8SOKEST)](https://app.codecov.io/gh/tui-rs-revival/ratatui)
+[![Discord](https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=for-the-badge)](https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj)
+
+<!-- See RELEASE.md for instructions on creating the demo gif --->
+![Demo of Ratatui](https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/ratatui/assets/24392180/93ab0e38-93e0-4ae0-a31b-91ae6c393185)
+
 <details>
 <summary>Table of Contents</summary>
 
-- [Ratatui](#ratatui)
-  - [Installation](#installation)
-  - [Introduction](#introduction)
-  - [Other Documentation](#other-documentation)
-  - [Quickstart](#quickstart)
-  - [Status of this fork](#status-of-this-fork)
-  - [Rust version requirements](#rust-version-requirements)
-  - [Widgets](#widgets)
-    - [Built in](#built-in)
-    - [Third\-party libraries, bootstrapping templates and
+* [Ratatui](#ratatui)
+  * [Installation](#installation)
+  * [Introduction](#introduction)
+  * [Quickstart](#quickstart)
+  * [Status of this fork](#status-of-this-fork)
+  * [Rust version requirements](#rust-version-requirements)
+  * [Documentation](#documentation)
+  * [Examples](#examples)
+  * [Widgets](#widgets)
+    * [Built in](#built-in)
+    * [Third\-party libraries, bootstrapping templates and
       widgets](#third-party-libraries-bootstrapping-templates-and-widgets)
-  - [Apps](#apps)
-  - [Alternatives](#alternatives)
-  - [Acknowledgments](#acknowledgments)
-  - [License](#license)
+  * [Apps](#apps)
+  * [Alternatives](#alternatives)
+  * [Contributors](#contributors)
+  * [Acknowledgments](#acknowledgments)
+  * [License](#license)
 
 </details>
 
-<!-- cargo-rdme start -->
-
-![Demo](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/1d39444e3dea6f309cf9035be2417ac711c1abc9/examples/demo2-destroy.gif?raw=true)
-
-<div align="center">
-
-[![Crate Badge]][Crate] [![Docs Badge]][API Docs] [![CI Badge]][CI Workflow] [![License
-Badge]](./LICENSE) [![Sponsors Badge]][GitHub Sponsors]<br>
-[![Codecov Badge]][Codecov] [![Deps.rs Badge]][Deps.rs] [![Discord Badge]][Discord Server]
-[![Matrix Badge]][Matrix]<br>
-
-[Ratatui Website] · [API Docs] · [Examples] · [Changelog] · [Breaking Changes]<br>
-[Contributing] · [Report a bug] · [Request a Feature] · [Create a Pull Request]
-
-</div>
-
-# Ratatui
-
-[Ratatui][Ratatui Website] is a crate for cooking up terminal user interfaces in Rust. It is a
-lightweight library that provides a set of widgets and utilities to build complex Rust TUIs.
-Ratatui was forked from the [tui-rs] crate in 2023 in order to continue its development.
-
 ## Installation
 
-Add `ratatui` and `crossterm` as dependencies to your cargo.toml:
-
 ```shell
-cargo add ratatui crossterm
+cargo add ratatui --features all-widgets
 ```
 
-Ratatui uses [Crossterm] by default as it works on most platforms. See the [Installation]
-section of the [Ratatui Website] for more details on how to use other backends ([Termion] /
-[Termwiz]).
+Or modify your `Cargo.toml`
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+ratatui = { version = "0.21.0", features = ["all-widgets"]}
+```
+
+Ratatui is mostly backwards compatible with `tui-rs`. To migrate an existing project, it may be
+easier to rename the ratatui dependency to `tui` rather than updating every usage of the crate.
+E.g.:
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+tui = { package = "ratatui", version = "0.21.0", features = ["all-widgets"]}
+```
 
 ## Introduction
 
-Ratatui is based on the principle of immediate rendering with intermediate buffers. This means
-that for each frame, your app must render all widgets that are supposed to be part of the UI.
-This is in contrast to the retained mode style of rendering where widgets are updated and then
-automatically redrawn on the next frame. See the [Rendering] section of the [Ratatui Website]
-for more info.
+`ratatui` is a terminal UI library that supports multiple backends:
 
-You can also watch the [FOSDEM 2024 talk] about Ratatui which gives a brief introduction to
-terminal user interfaces and showcases the features of Ratatui, along with a hello world demo.
+* [crossterm](https://github.com/crossterm-rs/crossterm) [default]
+* [termion](https://github.com/ticki/termion)
+* [termwiz](https://github.com/wez/wezterm/tree/master/termwiz)
 
-## Other documentation
+The library is based on the principle of immediate rendering with intermediate buffers. This means
+that at each new frame you should build all widgets that are supposed to be part of the UI. While
+providing a great flexibility for rich and interactive UI, this may introduce overhead for highly
+dynamic content. So, the implementation try to minimize the number of ansi escapes sequences
+generated to draw the updated UI. In practice, given the speed of `Rust` the overhead rather comes
+from the terminal emulator than the library itself.
 
-- [Ratatui Website] - explains the library's concepts and provides step-by-step tutorials
-- [API Docs] - the full API documentation for the library on docs.rs.
-- [Examples] - a collection of examples that demonstrate how to use the library.
-- [Contributing] - Please read this if you are interested in contributing to the project.
-- [Changelog] - generated by [git-cliff] utilizing [Conventional Commits].
-- [Breaking Changes] - a list of breaking changes in the library.
+Moreover, the library does not provide any input handling nor any event system and you may rely on
+the previously cited libraries to achieve such features.
+
+We keep a [CHANGELOG](./CHANGELOG.md) generated by [git-cliff](https://github.com/orhun/git-cliff)
+utilizing [Conventional Commits](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/).
 
 ## Quickstart
 
 The following example demonstrates the minimal amount of code necessary to setup a terminal and
 render "Hello World!". The full code for this example which contains a little more detail is in
-the [Examples] directory. For more guidance on different ways to structure your application see
-the [Application Patterns] and [Hello World tutorial] sections in the [Ratatui Website] and the
-various [Examples]. There are also several starter templates available in the [templates]
-repository.
-
-Every application built with `ratatui` needs to implement the following steps:
-
-- Initialize the terminal
-- A main loop to:
-  - Handle input events
-  - Draw the UI
-- Restore the terminal state
-
-The library contains a [`prelude`] module that re-exports the most commonly used traits and
-types for convenience. Most examples in the documentation will use this instead of showing the
-full path of each type.
-
-### Initialize and restore the terminal
-
-The [`Terminal`] type is the main entry point for any Ratatui application. It is a light
-abstraction over a choice of [`Backend`] implementations that provides functionality to draw
-each frame, clear the screen, hide the cursor, etc. It is parametrized over any type that
-implements the [`Backend`] trait which has implementations for [Crossterm], [Termion] and
-[Termwiz].
-
-Most applications should enter the Alternate Screen when starting and leave it when exiting and
-also enable raw mode to disable line buffering and enable reading key events. See the [`backend`
-module] and the [Backends] section of the [Ratatui Website] for more info.
-
-### Drawing the UI
-
-The drawing logic is delegated to a closure that takes a [`Frame`] instance as argument. The
-[`Frame`] provides the size of the area to draw to and allows the app to render any [`Widget`]
-using the provided [`render_widget`] method. See the [Widgets] section of the [Ratatui Website]
-for more info.
-
-### Handling events
-
-Ratatui does not include any input handling. Instead event handling can be implemented by
-calling backend library methods directly. See the [Handling Events] section of the [Ratatui
-Website] for more info. For example, if you are using [Crossterm], you can use the
-[`crossterm::event`] module to handle events.
-
-### Example
+[hello_world.rs](./examples/hello_world.rs). For more guidance on how to create Ratatui apps, see
+the [Docs](https://docs.rs/ratatui) and [Examples](#examples). There is also a starter template
+available at [rust-tui-template](https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/rust-tui-template).
 
 ```rust
-use std::io::{self, stdout};
-
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
-
-fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))?;
-
-    let mut should_quit = false;
-    while !should_quit {
-        terminal.draw(ui)?;
-        should_quit = handle_events()?;
-    }
-
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let mut terminal = setup_terminal()?;
+    run(&mut terminal)?;
+    restore_terminal(&mut terminal)?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn handle_events() -> io::Result<bool> {
-    if event::poll(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50))? {
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.kind == event::KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                return Ok(true);
+fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    Ok(Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout))?)
+}
+
+fn restore_terminal(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>,
+) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen,)?;
+    Ok(terminal.show_cursor()?)
+}
+
+fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    Ok(loop {
+        terminal.draw(|frame| {
+            let greeting = Paragraph::new("Hello World!");
+            frame.render_widget(greeting, frame.size());
+        })?;
+        if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250))? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if KeyCode::Char('q') == key.code {
+                    break;
+                }
             }
         }
-    }
-    Ok(false)
-}
-
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!")
-            .block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
-        frame.size(),
-    );
+    })
 }
 ```
 
-Running this example produces the following output:
-
-![docsrs-hello]
-
-## Layout
-
-The library comes with a basic yet useful layout management object called [`Layout`] which
-allows you to split the available space into multiple areas and then render widgets in each
-area. This lets you describe a responsive terminal UI by nesting layouts. See the [Layout]
-section of the [Ratatui Website] for more info.
-
-```rust
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
-
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let main_layout = Layout::new(
-        Direction::Vertical,
-        [
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Min(0),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-        ],
-    )
-    .split(frame.size());
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::new().borders(Borders::TOP).title("Title Bar"),
-        main_layout[0],
-    );
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::new().borders(Borders::TOP).title("Status Bar"),
-        main_layout[2],
-    );
-
-    let inner_layout = Layout::new(
-        Direction::Horizontal,
-        [Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)],
-    )
-    .split(main_layout[1]);
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::bordered().title("Left"),
-        inner_layout[0],
-    );
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::bordered().title("Right"),
-        inner_layout[1],
-    );
-}
-```
-
-Running this example produces the following output:
-
-![docsrs-layout]
-
-## Text and styling
-
-The [`Text`], [`Line`] and [`Span`] types are the building blocks of the library and are used in
-many places. [`Text`] is a list of [`Line`]s and a [`Line`] is a list of [`Span`]s. A [`Span`]
-is a string with a specific style.
-
-The [`style` module] provides types that represent the various styling options. The most
-important one is [`Style`] which represents the foreground and background colors and the text
-attributes of a [`Span`]. The [`style` module] also provides a [`Stylize`] trait that allows
-short-hand syntax to apply a style to widgets and text. See the [Styling Text] section of the
-[Ratatui Website] for more info.
-
-```rust
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
-
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let areas = Layout::new(
-        Direction::Vertical,
-        [
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Min(0),
-        ],
-    )
-    .split(frame.size());
-
-    let span1 = Span::raw("Hello ");
-    let span2 = Span::styled(
-        "World",
-        Style::new()
-            .fg(Color::Green)
-            .bg(Color::White)
-            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-    );
-    let span3 = "!".red().on_light_yellow().italic();
-
-    let line = Line::from(vec![span1, span2, span3]);
-    let text: Text = Text::from(vec![line]);
-
-    frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new(text), areas[0]);
-    // or using the short-hand syntax and implicit conversions
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!".red().on_white().bold()),
-        areas[1],
-    );
-
-    // to style the whole widget instead of just the text
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!").style(Style::new().red().on_white()),
-        areas[2],
-    );
-    // or using the short-hand syntax
-    frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("Hello World!").blue().on_yellow(), areas[3]);
-}
-```
-
-Running this example produces the following output:
-
-![docsrs-styling]
-
-[Ratatui Website]: https://ratatui.rs/
-[Installation]: https://ratatui.rs/installation/
-[Rendering]: https://ratatui.rs/concepts/rendering/
-[Application Patterns]: https://ratatui.rs/concepts/application-patterns/
-[Hello World tutorial]: https://ratatui.rs/tutorials/hello-world/
-[Backends]: https://ratatui.rs/concepts/backends/
-[Widgets]: https://ratatui.rs/how-to/widgets/
-[Handling Events]: https://ratatui.rs/concepts/event-handling/
-[Layout]: https://ratatui.rs/how-to/layout/
-[Styling Text]: https://ratatui.rs/how-to/render/style-text/
-[templates]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/templates/
-[Examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/main/examples/README.md
-[Report a bug]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/new?labels=bug&projects=&template=bug_report.md
-[Request a Feature]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/new?labels=enhancement&projects=&template=feature_request.md
-[Create a Pull Request]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/compare
-[git-cliff]: https://git-cliff.org
-[Conventional Commits]: https://www.conventionalcommits.org
-[API Docs]: https://docs.rs/ratatui
-[Changelog]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md
-[Contributing]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md
-[Breaking Changes]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/BREAKING-CHANGES.md
-[FOSDEM 2024 talk]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU0q6NOLJ20
-[docsrs-hello]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/c3c3c289b1eb8d562afb1931adb4dc719cd48490/examples/docsrs-hello.png?raw=true
-[docsrs-layout]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/c3c3c289b1eb8d562afb1931adb4dc719cd48490/examples/docsrs-layout.png?raw=true
-[docsrs-styling]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/c3c3c289b1eb8d562afb1931adb4dc719cd48490/examples/docsrs-styling.png?raw=true
-[`Frame`]: terminal::Frame
-[`render_widget`]: terminal::Frame::render_widget
-[`Widget`]: widgets::Widget
-[`Layout`]: layout::Layout
-[`Text`]: text::Text
-[`Line`]: text::Line
-[`Span`]: text::Span
-[`Style`]: style::Style
-[`style` module]: style
-[`Stylize`]: style::Stylize
-[`Backend`]: backend::Backend
-[`backend` module]: backend
-[`crossterm::event`]: https://docs.rs/crossterm/latest/crossterm/event/index.html
-[Crate]: https://crates.io/crates/ratatui
-[Crossterm]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
-[Termion]: https://crates.io/crates/termion
-[Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
-[tui-rs]: https://crates.io/crates/tui
-[GitHub Sponsors]: https://github.com/sponsors/ratatui-org
-[Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44&color=E05D44
-[License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square&color=1370D3
-[CI Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
-[CI Workflow]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions/workflows/ci.yml
-[Codecov Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST&color=C43AC3&logoColor=C43AC3
-[Codecov]: https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui
-[Deps.rs Badge]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui/status.svg?style=flat-square
-[Deps.rs]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui
-[Discord Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square&color=1370D3&logoColor=1370D3
-[Discord Server]: https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj
-[Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44
-[Matrix Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix&color=C43AC3
-[Matrix]: https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org
-[Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square&color=1370D3
-
-<!-- cargo-rdme end -->
-
 ## Status of this fork
 
 In response to the original maintainer [**Florian Dehau**](https://github.com/fdehau)'s issue
@@ -355,19 +140,46 @@ the community forked the project and created this crate. We look forward to cont
 started by Florian 🚀
 
 In order to organize ourselves, we currently use a [Discord server](https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj),
-feel free to join and come chat! There is also a [Matrix](https://matrix.org/) bridge available at
-[#ratatui:matrix.org](https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org).
-
-While we do utilize Discord for coordinating, it's not essential for contributing.
-Our primary open-source workflow is centered around GitHub.
-For significant discussions, we rely on GitHub — please open an issue, a discussion or a PR.
+feel free to join and come chat! There are also plans to implement a [Matrix](https://matrix.org/)
+bridge in the near future. **Discord is not a MUST to contribute**. We follow a pretty standard
+github centered open source workflow keeping the most important conversations on GitHub, open an
+issue or PR and it will be addressed. 😄
 
 Please make sure you read the updated [contributing](./CONTRIBUTING.md) guidelines, especially if
 you are interested in working on a PR or issue opened in the previous repository.
 
 ## Rust version requirements
 
-Since version 0.23.0, The Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) of `ratatui` is 1.67.0.
+Since version 0.21.0, The Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) of `ratatui` is 1.65.0.
+
+## Documentation
+
+The documentation can be found on [docs.rs.](https://docs.rs/ratatui)
+
+## Examples
+
+The demo shown in the gif above is available on all available backends.
+
+```shell
+# crossterm
+cargo run --example demo
+# termion
+cargo run --example demo --no-default-features --features=termion
+# termwiz
+cargo run --example demo --no-default-features --features=termwiz
+```
+
+The UI code for the is in [examples/demo/ui.rs](./examples/demo/ui.rs) while the application state
+is in [examples/demo/app.rs](./examples/demo/app.rs).
+
+If the user interface contains glyphs that are not displayed correctly by your terminal, you may
+want to run the demo without those symbols:
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example demo --release -- --tick-rate 200 --enhanced-graphics false
+```
+
+More examples are available in the [examples](./examples/) folder.
 
 ## Widgets
 
@@ -376,70 +188,75 @@ Since version 0.23.0, The Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) of `ratatui` is
 The library comes with the following
 [widgets](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/index.html):
 
-- [BarChart](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.BarChart.html)
-- [Block](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/block/struct.Block.html)
-- [Calendar](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/calendar/index.html)
-- [Canvas](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/canvas/struct.Canvas.html) which allows
+* [Canvas](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/canvas/struct.Canvas.html) which allows
   rendering [points, lines, shapes and a world
   map](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/canvas/index.html)
-- [Chart](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Chart.html)
-- [Clear](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Clear.html)
-- [Gauge](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Gauge.html)
-- [List](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.List.html)
-- [Paragraph](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Paragraph.html)
-- [Scrollbar](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/scrollbar/struct.Scrollbar.html)
-- [Sparkline](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Sparkline.html)
-- [Table](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Table.html)
-- [Tabs](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Tabs.html)
+* [BarChart](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.BarChart.html)
+* [Block](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Block.html)
+* [Calendar](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/calendar/index.html)
+* [Chart](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Chart.html)
+* [Gauge](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Gauge.html)
+* [List](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.List.html)
+* [Paragraph](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Paragraph.html)
+* [Sparkline](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Sparkline.html)
+* [Table](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Table.html)
+* [Tabs](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Tabs.html)
 
-Each widget has an associated example which can be found in the [Examples] folder. Run each example
-with cargo (e.g. to run the gauge example `cargo run --example gauge`), and quit by pressing `q`.
+Each wiget has an associated example which can be found in the [examples](./examples/) folder. Run
+each examples with cargo (e.g. to run the gauge example `cargo run --example gauge`), and quit by
+pressing `q`.
 
 You can also run all examples by running `cargo make run-examples` (requires `cargo-make` that can
 be installed with `cargo install cargo-make`).
 
 ### Third-party libraries, bootstrapping templates and widgets
 
-- [ansi-to-tui](https://github.com/uttarayan21/ansi-to-tui) — Convert ansi colored text to
-  `ratatui::text::Text`
-- [color-to-tui](https://github.com/uttarayan21/color-to-tui) — Parse hex colors to
-  `ratatui::style::Color`
-- [templates](https://github.com/ratatui-org/templates) — Starter templates for
-  bootstrapping a Rust TUI application with Ratatui & crossterm
-- [tui-builder](https://github.com/jkelleyrtp/tui-builder) — Batteries-included MVC framework for
+* [ansi-to-tui](https://github.com/uttarayan21/ansi-to-tui) — Convert ansi colored text to
+  `tui::text::Text`
+* [color-to-tui](https://github.com/uttarayan21/color-to-tui) — Parse hex colors to
+  `tui::style::Color`
+* [rust-tui-template](https://github.com/orhun/rust-tui-template) — A template for bootstrapping a
+  Rust TUI application with Tui-rs & crossterm
+* [simple-tui-rs](https://github.com/pmsanford/simple-tui-rs) — A simple example tui-rs app
+* [tui-builder](https://github.com/jkelleyrtp/tui-builder) — Batteries-included MVC framework for
   Tui-rs + Crossterm apps
-- [tui-clap](https://github.com/kegesch/tui-clap-rs) — Use clap-rs together with Tui-rs
-- [tui-log](https://github.com/kegesch/tui-log-rs) — Example of how to use logging with Tui-rs
-- [tui-logger](https://github.com/gin66/tui-logger) — Logger and Widget for Tui-rs
-- [tui-realm](https://github.com/veeso/tui-realm) — Tui-rs framework to build stateful applications
+* [tui-clap](https://github.com/kegesch/tui-clap-rs) — Use clap-rs together with Tui-rs
+* [tui-log](https://github.com/kegesch/tui-log-rs) — Example of how to use logging with Tui-rs
+* [tui-logger](https://github.com/gin66/tui-logger) — Logger and Widget for Tui-rs
+* [tui-realm](https://github.com/veeso/tui-realm) — Tui-rs framework to build stateful applications
   with a React/Elm inspired approach
-- [tui-realm-treeview](https://github.com/veeso/tui-realm-treeview) — Treeview component for
+* [tui-realm-treeview](https://github.com/veeso/tui-realm-treeview) — Treeview component for
   Tui-realm
-- [tui-rs-tree-widgets](https://github.com/EdJoPaTo/tui-rs-tree-widget) — Widget for tree data
+* [tui-rs-tree-widgets](https://github.com/EdJoPaTo/tui-rs-tree-widget): Widget for tree data
   structures.
-- [tui-windows](https://github.com/markatk/tui-windows-rs) — Tui-rs abstraction to handle multiple
+* [tui-windows](https://github.com/markatk/tui-windows-rs) — Tui-rs abstraction to handle multiple
   windows and their rendering
-- [tui-textarea](https://github.com/rhysd/tui-textarea) — Simple yet powerful multi-line text editor
+* [tui-textarea](https://github.com/rhysd/tui-textarea): Simple yet powerful multi-line text editor
   widget supporting several key shortcuts, undo/redo, text search, etc.
-- [tui-input](https://github.com/sayanarijit/tui-input) — TUI input library supporting multiple
+* [tui-input](https://github.com/sayanarijit/tui-input): TUI input library supporting multiple
   backends and tui-rs.
-- [tui-term](https://github.com/a-kenji/tui-term) — A pseudoterminal widget library
+* [tui-term](https://github.com/a-kenji/tui-term): A pseudoterminal widget library
   that enables the rendering of terminal applications as ratatui widgets.
 
 ## Apps
 
-Check out [awesome-ratatui](https://github.com/ratatui-org/awesome-ratatui) for a curated list of
-awesome apps/libraries built with `ratatui`!
+Check out the list of more than 50 [Apps using
+`Ratatui`](https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/ratatui/wiki/Apps-using-Ratatui)!
 
 ## Alternatives
 
 You might want to checkout [Cursive](https://github.com/gyscos/Cursive) for an alternative solution
 to build text user interfaces in Rust.
 
+## Contributors
+
+[![GitHub
+Contributors](https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=tui-rs-revival/ratatui)](https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/ratatui/graphs/contributors)
+
 ## Acknowledgments
 
 Special thanks to [**Pavel Fomchenkov**](https://github.com/nawok) for his work in designing **an
-awesome logo** for the ratatui project and ratatui-org organization.
+awesome logo** for the ratatui project and tui-rs-revival organization.
 
 ## License
 

RELEASE.md

@@ -3,42 +3,28 @@
 [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/ratatui) releases are automated via [GitHub
 actions](.github/workflows/cd.yml) and triggered by pushing a tag.
 
-1. Record a new demo gif if necessary. The preferred tool for this is
-[vhs](https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs) (installation instructions in README).
+1. Record a new demo gif. The preferred tool for this is [ttyrec](http://0xcc.net/ttyrec/) and
+   [ttygif](https://github.com/icholy/ttygif). [Asciinema](https://asciinema.org/) handles block
+   character height poorly, [termanilizer](https://www.terminalizer.com/) takes forever to render,
+   [vhs](https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs) handles braille
+   characters poorly (though if <https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs/issues/322> is fixed, then
+   it's probably the best option).
 
    ```shell
-   cargo build --example demo2
-   vhs examples/demo2.tape
+   cargo build --example demo
+   ttyrec -e 'cargo --quiet run --release --example demo -- --tick-rate 100' demo.rec
+   ttygif demo.rec
    ```
 
-1. Switch branches to the images branch and copy demo2.gif to examples/, commit, and push.
-1. Grab the permalink from <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo2.gif> and
-   append `?raw=true` to redirect to the actual image url. Then update the link in the main README.
-   Avoid adding the gif to the git repo as binary files tend to bloat repositories.
+   Then upload it somewhere (e.g. use `vhs publish tty.gif` to publish it or upload it to a GitHub
+   wiki page as an attachment). Avoid adding the gif to the git repo as binary files tend to bloat
+   repositories.
 
 1. Bump the version in [Cargo.toml](Cargo.toml).
 1. Ensure [CHANGELOG.md](CHANGELOG.md) is updated. [git-cliff](https://github.com/orhun/git-cliff)
    can be used for generating the entries.
-1. Ensure that any breaking changes are documented in [BREAKING-CHANGES.md](./BREAKING-CHANGES.md)
 1. Commit and push the changes.
 1. Create a new tag: `git tag -a v[X.Y.Z]`
 1. Push the tag: `git push --tags`
-1. Wait for [Continuous Deployment](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions) workflow to
+1. Wait for [Continuous Deployment](https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/ratatui/actions) workflow to
    finish.
-
-## Alpha Releases
-
-Alpha releases are automatically released every Saturday via [cd.yml](./.github/workflows/cd.yml)
-and can be manually be created when necessary by triggering the [Continuous
-Deployment](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions/workflows/cd.yml) workflow.
-
-We automatically release an alpha release with a patch level bump + alpha.num weekly (and when we
-need to manually). E.g. the last release was 0.22.0, and the most recent alpha release is
-0.22.1-alpha.1.
-
-These releases will have whatever happened to be in main at the time of release, so they're useful
-for apps that need to get releases from crates.io, but may contain more bugs and be generally less
-tested than normal releases.
-
-See [#147](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/147) and
-[#359](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/359) for more info on the alpha release process.

SECURITY.md

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# Security Policy
-
-## Supported Versions
-
-We only support the latest version of this crate.
-
-## Reporting a Vulnerability
-
-To report secuirity vulnerability, please use the form at https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/security/advisories/new

bacon.toml

@@ -15,18 +15,6 @@ need_stdout = false
 command = ["cargo", "check", "--all-targets", "--all-features", "--color", "always"]
 need_stdout = false
 
-[jobs.check-crossterm]
-command = ["cargo", "check", "--color", "always", "--all-targets", "--no-default-features", "--features", "crossterm"]
-need_stdout = false
-
-[jobs.check-termion]
-command = ["cargo", "check", "--color", "always", "--all-targets", "--no-default-features", "--features", "termion"]
-need_stdout = false
-
-[jobs.check-termwiz]
-command = ["cargo", "check", "--color", "always", "--all-targets", "--no-default-features", "--features", "termwiz"]
-need_stdout = false
-
 [jobs.clippy]
 command = [
     "cargo", "clippy",
@@ -44,16 +32,6 @@ command = [
 ]
 need_stdout = true
 
-[jobs.test-unit]
-command = [
-    "cargo", "test",
-    "--lib",
-    "--all-features",
-    "--color", "always",
-    "--", "--color", "always", # see https://github.com/Canop/bacon/issues/124
-]
-need_stdout = true
-
 [jobs.doc]
 command = [
     "cargo", "+nightly", "doc",
@@ -80,22 +58,27 @@ env.RUSTDOCFLAGS = "--cfg docsrs"
 need_stdout = false
 on_success = "job:doc" # so that we don't open the browser at each change
 
-[jobs.coverage]
+# You can run your application and have the result displayed in bacon,
+# *if* it makes sense for this crate. You can run an example the same
+# way. Don't forget the `--color always` part or the errors won't be
+# properly parsed.
+[jobs.run]
 command = [
-    "cargo", "llvm-cov",
-    "--lcov", "--output-path", "target/lcov.info",
-    "--all-features",
+    "cargo", "run",
     "--color", "always",
+    # put launch parameters for your program behind a `--` separator
 ]
+need_stdout = true
+allow_warnings = true
 
-[jobs.coverage-unit-tests-only]
-command = [
-    "cargo", "llvm-cov",
-    "--lcov", "--output-path", "target/lcov.info",
-    "--lib",
-    "--all-features",
-    "--color", "always",
-]
+[jobs.check-crossterm]
+command = ["cargo", "check", "--color", "always", "--all-targets", "--no-default-features", "--features", "crossterm"]
+
+[jobs.check-termion]
+command = ["cargo", "check", "--color", "always", "--all-targets", "--no-default-features", "--features", "termion"]
+
+[jobs.check-termwiz]
+command = ["cargo", "check", "--color", "always", "--all-targets", "--no-default-features", "--features", "termwiz"]
 
 # You may define here keybindings that would be specific to
 # a project, for example a shortcut to launch a specific job.
@@ -106,7 +89,3 @@ command = [
 ctrl-c = "job:check-crossterm"
 ctrl-t = "job:check-termion"
 ctrl-w = "job:check-termwiz"
-v = "job:coverage"
-ctrl-v = "job:coverage-unit-tests-only"
-u = "job:test-unit"
-n = "job:nextest"

benches/barchart.rs

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
-use rand::Rng;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::Rect,
-    prelude::Direction,
-    widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Widget},
-};
-
-/// Benchmark for rendering a barchart.
-fn barchart(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("barchart");
-    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
-
-    for data_count in [64, 256, 2048] {
-        let data: Vec<Bar> = (0..data_count)
-            .map(|i| {
-                Bar::default()
-                    .label(format!("B{i}").into())
-                    .value(rng.gen_range(0..data_count))
-            })
-            .collect();
-
-        let bargroup = BarGroup::default().bars(&data);
-
-        // Render a basic barchart
-        group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("render", data_count),
-            &BarChart::default().data(bargroup.clone()),
-            render,
-        );
-
-        // Render an horizontal barchart
-        group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("render_horizontal", data_count),
-            &BarChart::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
-                .data(bargroup.clone()),
-            render,
-        );
-
-        // Render a barchart with multiple groups
-        group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("render_grouped", data_count),
-            &BarChart::default()
-                // We call `data` multiple time to add multiple groups.
-                // This is not a duplicated call.
-                .data(bargroup.clone())
-                .data(bargroup.clone())
-                .data(bargroup.clone()),
-            render,
-        );
-    }
-
-    group.finish();
-}
-
-/// Render the widget in a classical size buffer
-fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, barchart: &BarChart) {
-    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 50));
-    // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
-    // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
-    bencher.iter_batched(
-        || barchart.clone(),
-        |bench_barchart| {
-            bench_barchart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        },
-        criterion::BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    );
-}
-
-criterion_group!(benches, barchart);
-criterion_main!(benches);

benches/block.rs

@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Bencher, Criterion};
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
-    widgets::{
-        block::{Position, Title},
-        Block, Padding, Widget,
-    },
-};
-
-/// Benchmark for rendering a block.
-fn block(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("block");
-
-    for (width, height) in [
-        (100, 50),  // vertically split screen
-        (200, 50),  // 1080p fullscreen with medium font
-        (256, 256), // Max sized area
-    ] {
-        let buffer_size = Rect::new(0, 0, width, height);
-
-        // Render an empty block
-        group.bench_with_input(
-            format!("render_empty/{width}x{height}"),
-            &Block::new(),
-            |b, block| render(b, block, buffer_size),
-        );
-
-        // Render with all features
-        group.bench_with_input(
-            format!("render_all_feature/{width}x{height}"),
-            &Block::bordered()
-                .padding(Padding::new(5, 5, 2, 2))
-                .title("test title")
-                .title(
-                    Title::from("bottom left title")
-                        .alignment(Alignment::Right)
-                        .position(Position::Bottom),
-                ),
-            |b, block| render(b, block, buffer_size),
-        );
-    }
-
-    group.finish();
-}
-
-/// render the block into a buffer of the given `size`
-fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, block: &Block, size: Rect) {
-    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(size);
-    // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
-    // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
-    bencher.iter_batched(
-        || block.to_owned(),
-        |bench_block| {
-            bench_block.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        },
-        BatchSize::SmallInput,
-    );
-}
-
-criterion_group!(benches, block);
-criterion_main!(benches);

benches/line.rs

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-use std::hint::black_box;
-
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
-    style::Stylize,
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::Widget,
-};
-
-fn line_render(criterion: &mut Criterion) {
-    for alignment in [Alignment::Left, Alignment::Center, Alignment::Right] {
-        let mut group = criterion.benchmark_group(format!("line_render/{alignment}"));
-        group.sample_size(1000);
-
-        let line = &Line::from(vec![
-            "This".red(),
-            " ".green(),
-            "is".italic(),
-            " ".blue(),
-            "SPARTA!!".bold(),
-        ])
-        .alignment(alignment);
-
-        for width in [0, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 42] {
-            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, width, 1);
-
-            group.bench_function(width.to_string(), |bencher| {
-                let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(area);
-                bencher.iter(|| black_box(line).render(area, &mut buffer));
-            });
-        }
-        group.finish();
-    }
-}
-
-criterion_group!(benches, line_render);
-criterion_main!(benches);

benches/list.rs

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::Rect,
-    widgets::{List, ListItem, ListState, StatefulWidget, Widget},
-};
-
-/// Benchmark for rendering a list.
-/// It only benchmarks the render with a different amount of items.
-fn list(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("list");
-
-    for line_count in [64, 2048, 16384] {
-        let lines: Vec<ListItem> = (0..line_count)
-            .map(|_| ListItem::new(fakeit::words::sentence(10)))
-            .collect();
-
-        // Render default list
-        group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("render", line_count),
-            &List::new(lines.clone()),
-            render,
-        );
-
-        // Render with an offset to the middle of the list and a selected item
-        group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("render_scroll_half", line_count),
-            &List::new(lines.clone()).highlight_symbol(">>"),
-            |b, list| {
-                render_stateful(
-                    b,
-                    list,
-                    ListState::default()
-                        .with_offset(line_count / 2)
-                        .with_selected(Some(line_count / 2)),
-                );
-            },
-        );
-    }
-
-    group.finish();
-}
-
-/// render the list into a common size buffer
-fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, list: &List) {
-    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 50));
-    // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
-    // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
-    bencher.iter_batched(
-        || list.to_owned(),
-        |bench_list| {
-            Widget::render(bench_list, buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        },
-        BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    );
-}
-
-/// render the list into a common size buffer with a state
-fn render_stateful(bencher: &mut Bencher, list: &List, mut state: ListState) {
-    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 50));
-    // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
-    // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
-    bencher.iter_batched(
-        || list.to_owned(),
-        |bench_list| {
-            StatefulWidget::render(bench_list, buffer.area, &mut buffer, &mut state);
-        },
-        BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    );
-}
-
-criterion_group!(benches, list);
-criterion_main!(benches);

benches/paragraph.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-use criterion::{
-    black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion,
-};
+use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
 use ratatui::{
     buffer::Buffer,
     layout::Rect,
@@ -17,15 +15,15 @@ const WRAP_WIDTH: u16 = 100;
 /// Benchmark for rendering a paragraph with a given number of lines. The design of this benchmark
 /// allows comparison of the performance of rendering a paragraph with different numbers of lines.
 /// as well as comparing with the various settings on the scroll and wrap features.
-fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
+pub fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("paragraph");
-    for line_count in [64, 2048, MAX_SCROLL_OFFSET] {
+    for &line_count in [64, 2048, MAX_SCROLL_OFFSET].iter() {
         let lines = random_lines(line_count);
         let lines = lines.as_str();
 
         // benchmark that measures the overhead of creating a paragraph separately from rendering
         group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new("new", line_count), lines, |b, lines| {
-            b.iter(|| Paragraph::new(black_box(lines)));
+            b.iter(|| Paragraph::new(black_box(lines)))
         });
 
         // render the paragraph with no scroll
@@ -38,14 +36,14 @@ fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
         // scroll the paragraph by half the number of lines and render
         group.bench_with_input(
             BenchmarkId::new("render_scroll_half", line_count),
-            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0, line_count / 2)),
+            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0u16, line_count / 2)),
             |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, NO_WRAP_WIDTH),
         );
 
         // scroll the paragraph by the full number of lines and render
         group.bench_with_input(
             BenchmarkId::new("render_scroll_full", line_count),
-            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0, line_count)),
+            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0u16, line_count)),
             |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, NO_WRAP_WIDTH),
         );
 
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
             BenchmarkId::new("render_wrap_scroll_full", line_count),
             &Paragraph::new(lines)
                 .wrap(Wrap { trim: false })
-                .scroll((0, line_count)),
+                .scroll((0u16, line_count)),
             |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, WRAP_WIDTH),
         );
     }
@@ -71,15 +69,9 @@ fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
 /// render the paragraph into a buffer with the given width
 fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, paragraph: &Paragraph, width: u16) {
     let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, width, 50));
-    // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
-    // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
-    bencher.iter_batched(
-        || paragraph.to_owned(),
-        |bench_paragraph| {
-            bench_paragraph.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        },
-        BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    );
+    bencher.iter(|| {
+        paragraph.clone().render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
+    })
 }
 
 /// Create a string with the given number of lines filled with nonsense words
@@ -87,7 +79,7 @@ fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, paragraph: &Paragraph, width: u16) {
 /// English language has about 5.1 average characters per word so including the space between words
 /// this should emit around 200 characters per paragraph on average.
 fn random_lines(count: u16) -> String {
-    let count = i64::from(count);
+    let count = count as i64;
     let sentence_count = 3;
     let word_count = 11;
     fakeit::words::paragraph(count, sentence_count, word_count, "\n".into())

benches/sparkline.rs

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
-use rand::Rng;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::Rect,
-    widgets::{Sparkline, Widget},
-};
-
-/// Benchmark for rendering a sparkline.
-fn sparkline(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("sparkline");
-    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
-
-    for data_count in [64, 256, 2048] {
-        let data: Vec<u64> = (0..data_count)
-            .map(|_| rng.gen_range(0..data_count))
-            .collect();
-
-        // Render a basic sparkline
-        group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("render", data_count),
-            &Sparkline::default().data(&data),
-            render,
-        );
-    }
-
-    group.finish();
-}
-
-/// render the block into a buffer of the given `size`
-fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, sparkline: &Sparkline) {
-    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 50));
-    // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
-    // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
-    bencher.iter_batched(
-        || sparkline.clone(),
-        |bench_sparkline| {
-            bench_sparkline.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        },
-        criterion::BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    );
-}
-
-criterion_group!(benches, sparkline);
-criterion_main!(benches);

cliff.toml

@@ -1,88 +1,37 @@
-# git-cliff ~ configuration file
-# https://git-cliff.org/docs/configuration
-
-[remote.github]
-owner = "ratatui-org"
-repo = "ratatui"
+# configuration for https://github.com/orhun/git-cliff
 
 [changelog]
 # changelog header
 header = """
-# Changelog
-
-All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+# Changelog\n
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.\n
 """
 # template for the changelog body
-# https://keats.github.io/tera/docs/#introduction
-# note that the - before / after the % controls whether whitespace is rendered between each line.
-# Getting this right so that the markdown renders with the correct number of lines between headings
-# code fences and list items is pretty finicky. Note also that the 4 backticks in the commit macro
-# is intentional as this escapes any backticks in the commit body.
+# https://tera.netlify.app/docs/#introduction
 body = """
-{%- if not version %}
-## [unreleased]
-{% else -%}
-## [{{ version }}](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/{{ version }}) - {{ timestamp | date(format="%Y-%m-%d") }}
-{% endif -%}
-
-{% macro commit(commit) -%}
-- [{{ commit.id | truncate(length=7, end="") }}]({{ "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/" ~ commit.id }}) \
-  *({{commit.scope | default(value = "uncategorized") | lower }})* {{ commit.message | upper_first | trim }}\
-  {% if commit.github.username %} by @{{ commit.github.username }}{%- endif -%}\
-  {% if commit.github.pr_number %} in [#{{ commit.github.pr_number }}]({{ self::remote_url() }}/pull/{{ commit.github.pr_number }}){%- endif %}\
-{%- if commit.breaking %} [**breaking**]{% endif %}
-{%- if commit.body %}
-
-  ````text {#- 4 backticks escape any backticks in body #}
-  {{commit.body | indent(prefix="  ") }}
-  ````
-{%- endif %}
-{%- for footer in commit.footers %}
-{%- if footer.token != "Signed-off-by" and footer.token != "Co-authored-by" %}
-
-  {{ footer.token | indent(prefix="  ") }}{{ footer.separator }}{{ footer.value }}
-{%- endif %}
-{%- endfor %}
-{% endmacro -%}
-
+{% if version %}\
+    ## {{ version }} - {{ timestamp | date(format="%Y-%m-%d") }}
+{% else %}\
+    ## [unreleased]
+{% endif %}\
 {% for group, commits in commits | group_by(attribute="group") %}
-### {{ group | striptags | trim | upper_first }}
-{% for commit in commits | filter(attribute="scope") | sort(attribute="scope") %}
-{{ self::commit(commit=commit) }}
-{%- endfor -%}
-{% for commit in commits %}
-{%- if not commit.scope %}
-{{ self::commit(commit=commit) }}
-{%- endif -%}
-{%- endfor -%}
-{%- endfor %}
-
-{% if github.contributors | filter(attribute="is_first_time", value=true) | length != 0 %}
-### New Contributors
-{%- endif %}\
-{% for contributor in github.contributors | filter(attribute="is_first_time", value=true) %}
-* @{{ contributor.username }} made their first contribution
-{%- if contributor.pr_number %} in \
-[#{{ contributor.pr_number }}]({{ self::remote_url() }}/pull/{{ contributor.pr_number }}) \
-{%- endif %}
-{%- endfor -%}
-
-{% if version %}
-{% if previous.version %}
-**Full Changelog**: {{ self::remote_url() }}/compare/{{ previous.version }}...{{ version }}
-{% endif %}
-{% else -%}
-  {% raw %}\n{% endraw %}
-{% endif %}
-
-{%- macro remote_url() -%}
-https://github.com/{{ remote.github.owner }}/{{ remote.github.repo }}\
-{% endmacro %}
+    ### {{ group | striptags | trim | upper_first }}
+    {% for commit in commits
+    | filter(attribute="scope")
+    | sort(attribute="scope") %}
+        - *({{commit.scope}})* {{ commit.message | upper_first }}{% if commit.breaking %} [**breaking**]{% endif %}
+    {%- endfor -%}
+    {% raw %}\n{% endraw %}\
+    {%- for commit in commits %}
+        {%- if commit.scope -%}
+        {% else -%}
+            - *(uncategorized)* {{ commit.message | upper_first }}{% if commit.breaking %} [**breaking**]{% endif %}
+        {% endif -%}
+    {% endfor -%}
+{% endfor %}\n
 """
-
-
 # remove the leading and trailing whitespace from the template
-trim = false
+trim = true
 # changelog footer
 footer = """
 <!-- generated by git-cliff -->
@@ -97,34 +46,29 @@ filter_unconventional = true
 split_commits = false
 # regex for preprocessing the commit messages
 commit_preprocessors = [
-  { pattern = '\((\w+\s)?#([0-9]+)\)', replace = "" },
-  { pattern = '(better safe shared layout cache)', replace = "perf(layout): ${1}" },
-  { pattern = '(Clarify README.md)', replace = "docs(readme): ${1}" },
-  { pattern = '(Update README.md)', replace = "docs(readme): ${1}" },
-  { pattern = '(fix typos|Fix typos)', replace = "fix: ${1}" },
+    { pattern = '\((\w+\s)?#([0-9]+)\)', replace = "([#${2}](https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/ratatui/issues/${2}))" },
+    { pattern = '(better safe shared layout cache)', replace = "perf(layout): ${1}" },
+    { pattern = '(Clarify README.md)', replace = "docs(readme): ${1}" },
+    { pattern = '(Update README.md)', replace = "docs(readme): ${1}" },
+    { pattern = '(fix typos|Fix typos)', replace = "fix: ${1}" },
 ]
 # regex for parsing and grouping commits
 commit_parsers = [
-  { message = "^feat", group = "<!-- 00 -->Features" },
-  { message = "^[fF]ix", group = "<!-- 01 -->Bug Fixes" },
-  { message = "^refactor", group = "<!-- 02 -->Refactor" },
-  { message = "^doc", group = "<!-- 03 -->Documentation" },
-  { message = "^perf", group = "<!-- 04 -->Performance" },
-  { message = "^style", group = "<!-- 05 -->Styling" },
-  { message = "^test", group = "<!-- 06 -->Testing" },
-  { message = "^chore\\(release\\): prepare for", skip = true },
-  { message = "^chore\\(pr\\)", skip = true },
-  { message = "^chore\\(pull\\)", skip = true },
-  { message = "^chore\\(deps\\)", skip = true },
-  { message = "^chore\\(changelog\\)", skip = true },
-  { message = "^[cC]hore", group = "<!-- 07 -->Miscellaneous Tasks" },
-  { body = ".*security", group = "<!-- 08 -->Security" },
-  { message = "^build", group = "<!-- 09 -->Build" },
-  { message = "^ci", group = "<!-- 10 -->Continuous Integration" },
-  { message = "^revert", group = "<!-- 11 -->Reverted Commits" },
-  # handle some old commits styles from pre 0.4
-  { message = "^(Buffer|buffer|Frame|frame|Gauge|gauge|Paragraph|paragraph):", group = "<!-- 07 -->Miscellaneous Tasks" },
-  { message = "^\\[", group = "<!-- 07 -->Miscellaneous Tasks" },
+    { message = "^feat", group = "<!-- 00 -->Features" },
+    { message = "^[fF]ix", group = "<!-- 01 -->Bug Fixes" },
+    { message = "^refactor", group = "<!-- 02 -->Refactor" },
+    { message = "^doc", group = "<!-- 03 -->Documentation" },
+    { message = "^perf", group = "<!-- 04 -->Performance" },
+    { message = "^style", group = "<!-- 05 -->Styling" },
+    { message = "^test", group = "<!-- 06 -->Testing" },
+    { message = "^chore\\(release\\): prepare for", skip = true },
+    { message = "^chore\\(pr\\)", skip = true },
+    { message = "^chore\\(pull\\)", skip = true },
+    { message = "^chore", group = "<!-- 07 -->Miscellaneous Tasks" },
+    { body = ".*security", group = "<!-- 08 -->Security" },
+    { message = "^build", group = "<!-- 09 -->Build" },
+    { message = "^ci", group = "<!-- 10 -->Continuous Integration" },
+    { message = "^revert", group = "<!-- 11 -->Reverted Commits" },
 ]
 # protect breaking changes from being skipped due to matching a skipping commit_parser
 protect_breaking_commits = false
@@ -135,7 +79,7 @@ tag_pattern = "v[0-9]*"
 # regex for skipping tags
 skip_tags = "v0.1.0-rc.1"
 # regex for ignoring tags
-ignore_tags = "alpha"
+ignore_tags = ""
 # sort the tags topologically
 topo_order = false
 # sort the commits inside sections by oldest/newest order

clippy.toml

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-avoid-breaking-exported-api = false
-
-# https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#/multiple_crate_versions
-# ratatui -> bitflags v2.3
-# termwiz -> wezterm-blob-leases -> mac_address -> nix -> bitflags v1.3.2
-# crossterm -> all the windows- deps https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1064#issuecomment-2078848980
-allowed-duplicate-crates = [
-    "bitflags",
-    "windows-targets",
-    "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
-    "windows_aarch64_msvc",
-    "windows_i686_gnu",
-    "windows_i686_msvc",
-    "windows_x86_64_gnu",
-    "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
-    "windows_x86_64_msvc",
-]

codecov.yml

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-coverage: # https://docs.codecov.com/docs/codecovyml-reference#coverage
-  precision: 1 # e.g. 89.1%
-  round: down
-  range: 85..100 # https://docs.codecov.com/docs/coverage-configuration#section-range
-  status: # https://docs.codecov.com/docs/commit-status
-    project:
-      default:
-        threshold: 1% # Avoid false negatives
-ignore:
-  - "examples"
-  - "benches"
-comment: # https://docs.codecov.com/docs/pull-request-comments
-  # make the comments less noisy
-  require_changes: true

examples/README.md

@@ -1,361 +0,0 @@
-# Examples
-
-This folder might use unreleased code. View the examples for the latest release instead.
-
-> [!WARNING]
->
-> There may be backwards incompatible changes in these examples, as they are designed to compile
-> against the `main` branch.
->
-> There are a few workaround for this problem:
->
-> - View the examples as they were when the latest version was release by selecting the tag that
->   matches that version. E.g. <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/v0.26.1/examples>.
-> - If you're viewing this file on GitHub, there is a combo box at the top of this page  which
->   allows you to select any previous tagged version.
-> - To view the code locally, checkout the tag. E.g. `git switch --detach v0.26.1`.
-> - Use the latest [alpha version of Ratatui] in your app. These are released weekly on Saturdays.
-> - Compile your code against the main branch either locally by adding e.g. `path = "../ratatui"` to
->   the dependency, or remotely by adding `git = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui"`
->
-> For a list of unreleased breaking changes, see [BREAKING-CHANGES.md].
->
-> We don't keep the CHANGELOG updated with unreleased changes, check the git commit history or run
-> `git-cliff -u` against a cloned version of this repository.
-
-## Demo2
-
-This is the demo example from the main README and crate page. Source: [demo2](./demo2/).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=demo2 --features="crossterm widget-calendar"
-```
-
-![Demo2][demo2.gif]
-
-## Demo
-
-This is the previous demo example from the main README. It is available for each of the backends. Source:
-[demo.rs](./demo/).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=demo --features=crossterm
-cargo run --example=demo --no-default-features --features=termion
-cargo run --example=demo --no-default-features --features=termwiz
-```
-
-![Demo][demo.gif]
-
-## Hello World
-
-This is a pretty boring example, but it contains some good documentation
-on writing tui apps. Source: [hello_world.rs](./hello_world.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=hello_world --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Hello World][hello_world.gif]
-
-## Barchart
-
-Demonstrates the [`BarChart`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.BarChart.html)
-widget. Source: [barchart.rs](./barchart.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=barchart --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Barchart][barchart.gif]
-
-## Block
-
-Demonstrates the [`Block`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/block/struct.Block.html)
-widget. Source: [block.rs](./block.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=block --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Block][block.gif]
-
-## Calendar
-
-Demonstrates the [`Calendar`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/calendar/index.html)
-widget. Source: [calendar.rs](./calendar.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=calendar --features="crossterm widget-calendar"
-```
-
-![Calendar][calendar.gif]
-
-## Canvas
-
-Demonstrates the [`Canvas`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/canvas/index.html) widget
-and related shapes in the
-[`canvas`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/canvas/index.html) module. Source:
-[canvas.rs](./canvas.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=canvas --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Canvas][canvas.gif]
-
-## Chart
-
-Demonstrates the [`Chart`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Chart.html) widget.
-Source: [chart.rs](./chart.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=chart --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Chart][chart.gif]
-
-## Colors
-
-Demonstrates the available [`Color`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/style/enum.Color.html)
-options. These can be used in any style field. Source: [colors.rs](./colors.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=colors --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Colors][colors.gif]
-
-## Colors (RGB)
-
-Demonstrates the available RGB
-[`Color`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/style/enum.Color.html) options. These can be used
-in any style field. Source: [colors_rgb.rs](./colors_rgb.rs). Uses a half block technique to render
-two square-ish pixels in the space of a single rectangular terminal cell.
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=colors_rgb --features=crossterm
-```
-
-Note: VHs renders full screen animations poorly, so this is a screen capture rather than the output
-of the VHS tape.
-
-<https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/assets/381361/485e775a-e0b5-4133-899b-1e8aeb56e774>
-
-## Custom Widget
-
-Demonstrates how to implement the
-[`Widget`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/trait.Widget.html) trait. Also shows mouse
-interaction. Source: [custom_widget.rs](./custom_widget.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=custom_widget --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Custom Widget][custom_widget.gif]
-
-## Gauge
-
-Demonstrates the [`Gauge`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Gauge.html) widget.
-Source: [gauge.rs](./gauge.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=gauge --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Gauge][gauge.gif]
-
-## Inline
-
-Demonstrates how to use the
-[`Inline`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/terminal/enum.Viewport.html#variant.Inline)
-Viewport mode for ratatui apps. Source: [inline.rs](./inline.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=inline --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Inline][inline.gif]
-
-## Layout
-
-Demonstrates the [`Layout`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/layout/struct.Layout.html) and
-interaction between each constraint. Source:  [layout.rs](./layout.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=layout --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Layout][layout.gif]
-
-## List
-
-Demonstrates the [`List`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.List.html) widget.
-Source: [list.rs](./list.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=list --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![List][list.gif]
-
-## Modifiers
-
-Demonstrates the style
-[`Modifiers`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/style/struct.Modifier.html). Source:
-[modifiers.rs](./modifiers.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=modifiers --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Modifiers][modifiers.gif]
-
-## Panic
-
-Demonstrates how to handle panics by ensuring that panic messages are written correctly to the
-screen. Source: [panic.rs](./panic.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=panic --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Panic][panic.gif]
-
-## Paragraph
-
-Demonstrates the [`Paragraph`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Paragraph.html)
-widget. Source: [paragraph.rs](./paragraph.rs)
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=paragraph --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Paragraph][paragraph.gif]
-
-## Popup
-
-Demonstrates how to render a widget over the top of previously rendered widgets using the
-[`Clear`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Clear.html) widget. Source:
-[popup.rs](./popup.rs).
-
->
-```shell
-cargo run --example=popup --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Popup][popup.gif]
-
-## Ratatui-logo
-
-A fun example of using half blocks to render graphics Source:
-[ratatui-logo.rs](./ratatui-logo.rs).
-
->
-```shell
-cargo run --example=ratatui-logo --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Ratatui Logo][ratatui-logo.gif]
-
-## Scrollbar
-
-Demonstrates the [`Scrollbar`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Scrollbar.html)
-widget. Source: [scrollbar.rs](./scrollbar.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=scrollbar --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Scrollbar][scrollbar.gif]
-
-## Sparkline
-
-Demonstrates the [`Sparkline`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Sparkline.html)
-widget. Source: [sparkline.rs](./sparkline.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=sparkline --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Sparkline][sparkline.gif]
-
-## Table
-
-Demonstrates the [`Table`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Table.html) widget.
-Source: [table.rs](./table.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=table --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Table][table.gif]
-
-## Tabs
-
-Demonstrates the [`Tabs`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Tabs.html) widget.
-Source: [tabs.rs](./tabs.rs).
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=tabs --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![Tabs][tabs.gif]
-
-## User Input
-
-Demonstrates one approach to accepting user input. Source [user_input.rs](./user_input.rs).
-
-> [!NOTE]
-> Consider using [`tui-textarea`](https://crates.io/crates/tui-textarea) or
-> [`tui-input`](https://crates.io/crates/tui-input) crates for more functional text entry UIs.
-
-```shell
-cargo run --example=user_input --features=crossterm
-```
-
-![User Input][user_input.gif]
-
-## How to update these examples
-
-These gifs were created using [VHS](https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs). Each example has a
-corresponding `.tape` file that holds instructions for how to generate the images. Note that the
-images themselves are stored in a separate `images` git branch to avoid bloating the main
-repository.
-
-<!--
-
-Links to images to make them easier to update in bulk. Use the following script to update and upload
-the examples to the images branch. (Requires push access to the branch).
-
-```shell
-examples/vhs/generate.bash
-```
--->
-
-[barchart.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/barchart.gif?raw=true
-[block.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/block.gif?raw=true
-[calendar.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/calendar.gif?raw=true
-[canvas.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/canvas.gif?raw=true
-[chart.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/chart.gif?raw=true
-[colors.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/colors.gif?raw=true
-[custom_widget.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/custom_widget.gif?raw=true
-[demo.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo.gif?raw=true
-[demo2.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo2.gif?raw=true
-[gauge.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/gauge.gif?raw=true
-[hello_world.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/hello_world.gif?raw=true
-[inline.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/inline.gif?raw=true
-[layout.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/layout.gif?raw=true
-[list.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/list.gif?raw=true
-[modifiers.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/modifiers.gif?raw=true
-[panic.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/panic.gif?raw=true
-[paragraph.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/paragraph.gif?raw=true
-[popup.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/popup.gif?raw=true
-[ratatui-logo.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/ratatui-logo.gif?raw=true
-[scrollbar.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/scrollbar.gif?raw=true
-[sparkline.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/sparkline.gif?raw=true
-[table.gif]:  https://vhs.charm.sh/vhs-6njXBytDf0rwPufUtmSSpI.gif
-[tabs.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/tabs.gif?raw=true
-[user_input.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/user_input.gif?raw=true
-
-[alpha version of Ratatui]: https://crates.io/crates/ratatui/versions
-[BREAKING-CHANGES.md]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/BREAKING-CHANGES.md

examples/barchart.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,3 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] `BarChart` example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     io,
@@ -25,26 +10,19 @@ use crossterm::{
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block, Paragraph},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    widgets::{BarChart, Block, Borders},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
-struct Company<'a> {
-    revenue: [u64; 4],
-    label: &'a str,
-    bar_style: Style,
-}
-
 struct App<'a> {
     data: Vec<(&'a str, u64)>,
-    months: [&'a str; 4],
-    companies: [Company<'a>; 3],
 }
 
-const TOTAL_REVENUE: &str = "Total Revenue";
-
 impl<'a> App<'a> {
-    fn new() -> Self {
+    fn new() -> App<'a> {
         App {
             data: vec![
                 ("B1", 9),
@@ -72,24 +50,6 @@ impl<'a> App<'a> {
                 ("B23", 3),
                 ("B24", 5),
             ],
-            companies: [
-                Company {
-                    label: "Comp.A",
-                    revenue: [9500, 12500, 5300, 8500],
-                    bar_style: Style::default().fg(Color::Green),
-                },
-                Company {
-                    label: "Comp.B",
-                    revenue: [1500, 2500, 3000, 500],
-                    bar_style: Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
-                },
-                Company {
-                    label: "Comp.C",
-                    revenue: [10500, 10600, 9000, 4200],
-                    bar_style: Style::default().fg(Color::White),
-                },
-            ],
-            months: ["Mars", "Apr", "May", "Jun"],
         }
     }
 
@@ -137,10 +97,12 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
 
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
         if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -152,147 +114,49 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     }
 }
 
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Ratio(1, 3), Constraint::Ratio(2, 3)]);
-    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]);
-    let [top, bottom] = vertical.areas(frame.size());
-    let [left, right] = horizontal.areas(bottom);
-
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(2)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(f.size());
     let barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::bordered().title("Data1"))
+        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
         .data(&app.data)
         .bar_width(9)
         .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
         .value_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Black).bg(Color::Yellow));
+    f.render_widget(barchart, chunks[0]);
 
-    frame.render_widget(barchart, top);
-    draw_bar_with_group_labels(frame, app, left);
-    draw_horizontal_bars(frame, app, right);
-}
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(chunks[1]);
 
-#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
-fn create_groups<'a>(app: &'a App, combine_values_and_labels: bool) -> Vec<BarGroup<'a>> {
-    app.months
-        .iter()
-        .enumerate()
-        .map(|(i, &month)| {
-            let bars: Vec<Bar> = app
-                .companies
-                .iter()
-                .map(|c| {
-                    let mut bar = Bar::default()
-                        .value(c.revenue[i])
-                        .style(c.bar_style)
-                        .value_style(
-                            Style::default()
-                                .bg(c.bar_style.fg.unwrap())
-                                .fg(Color::Black),
-                        );
-
-                    if combine_values_and_labels {
-                        bar = bar.text_value(format!(
-                            "{} ({:.1} M)",
-                            c.label,
-                            (c.revenue[i] as f64) / 1000.
-                        ));
-                    } else {
-                        bar = bar
-                            .text_value(format!("{:.1}", (c.revenue[i] as f64) / 1000.))
-                            .label(c.label.into());
-                    }
-                    bar
-                })
-                .collect();
-            BarGroup::default()
-                .label(Line::from(month).centered())
-                .bars(&bars)
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-fn draw_bar_with_group_labels(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
-    const LEGEND_HEIGHT: u16 = 6;
-
-    let groups = create_groups(app, false);
-
-    let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::bordered().title("Data1"))
-        .bar_width(7)
-        .group_gap(3);
-
-    for group in groups {
-        barchart = barchart.data(group);
-    }
-
-    f.render_widget(barchart, area);
-
-    if area.height >= LEGEND_HEIGHT && area.width >= TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2 {
-        let legend_width = TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2;
-        let legend_area = Rect {
-            height: LEGEND_HEIGHT,
-            width: legend_width,
-            y: area.y,
-            x: area.right() - legend_width,
-        };
-        draw_legend(f, legend_area);
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-fn draw_horizontal_bars(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
-    const LEGEND_HEIGHT: u16 = 6;
-
-    let groups = create_groups(app, true);
-
-    let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::bordered().title("Data1"))
-        .bar_width(1)
-        .group_gap(1)
-        .bar_gap(0)
-        .direction(Direction::Horizontal);
-
-    for group in groups {
-        barchart = barchart.data(group);
-    }
-
-    f.render_widget(barchart, area);
-
-    if area.height >= LEGEND_HEIGHT && area.width >= TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2 {
-        let legend_width = TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2;
-        let legend_area = Rect {
-            height: LEGEND_HEIGHT,
-            width: legend_width,
-            y: area.y,
-            x: area.right() - legend_width,
-        };
-        draw_legend(f, legend_area);
-    }
-}
-
-fn draw_legend(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let text = vec![
-        Line::from(Span::styled(
-            TOTAL_REVENUE,
+    let barchart = BarChart::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Data2").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .data(&app.data)
+        .bar_width(5)
+        .bar_gap(3)
+        .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
+        .value_style(
             Style::default()
-                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
-                .fg(Color::White),
-        )),
-        Line::from(Span::styled(
-            "- Company A",
-            Style::default().fg(Color::Green),
-        )),
-        Line::from(Span::styled(
-            "- Company B",
-            Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
-        )),
-        Line::from(Span::styled(
-            "- Company C",
-            Style::default().fg(Color::White),
-        )),
-    ];
+                .bg(Color::Green)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+        );
+    f.render_widget(barchart, chunks[0]);
 
-    let block = Block::bordered().style(Style::default().fg(Color::White));
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text).block(block);
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, area);
+    let barchart = BarChart::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Data3").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .data(&app.data)
+        .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red))
+        .bar_width(7)
+        .bar_gap(0)
+        .value_style(Style::default().bg(Color::Red))
+        .label_style(
+            Style::default()
+                .fg(Color::Cyan)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+        );
+    f.render_widget(barchart, chunks[1]);
 }

examples/block.rs

@@ -1,254 +1,126 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Block example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io::{stdout, Stdout},
-    ops::ControlFlow,
-    time::Duration,
-};
+use std::{error::Error, io};
 
 use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{
-        block::{Position, Title},
-        Block, BorderType, Borders, Padding, Paragraph, Wrap,
-    },
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    widgets::{block::title::Title, Block, BorderType, Borders, Padding, Paragraph},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
-// These type aliases are used to make the code more readable by reducing repetition of the generic
-// types. They are not necessary for the functionality of the code.
-type Terminal = ratatui::Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>;
-type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = setup_terminal()?;
-    let result = run(&mut terminal);
-    restore_terminal(terminal)?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        eprintln!("{err:?}");
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    // setup terminal
     enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
     let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
 
-fn restore_terminal(mut terminal: Terminal) -> Result<()> {
+    // create app and run it
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal);
+
+    // restore terminal
     disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{err:?}");
+    }
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal) -> Result<()> {
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
     loop {
         terminal.draw(ui)?;
-        if handle_events()?.is_break() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-    }
-}
 
-fn handle_events() -> Result<ControlFlow<()>> {
-    if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(100))? {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                return Ok(ControlFlow::Break(()));
+            if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                return Ok(());
             }
         }
     }
-    Ok(ControlFlow::Continue(()))
 }
 
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let (title_area, layout) = calculate_layout(frame.size());
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>) {
+    // Wrapping block for a group
+    // Just draw the block and the group on the same area and build the group
+    // with at least a margin of 1
+    let size = f.size();
 
-    render_title(frame, title_area);
+    // Surrounding block
+    let block = Block::default()
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .title(Title::from("Main block with round corners").alignment(Alignment::Center))
+        .border_type(BorderType::Rounded);
+    f.render_widget(block, size);
 
-    let paragraph = placeholder_paragraph();
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(4)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(f.size());
 
-    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::ALL, frame, layout[0][0]);
-    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::NONE, frame, layout[0][1]);
-    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::LEFT, frame, layout[1][0]);
-    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::RIGHT, frame, layout[1][1]);
-    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::TOP, frame, layout[2][0]);
-    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::BOTTOM, frame, layout[2][1]);
+    // Top two inner blocks
+    let top_chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(chunks[0]);
 
-    render_border_type(&paragraph, BorderType::Plain, frame, layout[3][0]);
-    render_border_type(&paragraph, BorderType::Rounded, frame, layout[3][1]);
-    render_border_type(&paragraph, BorderType::Double, frame, layout[4][0]);
-    render_border_type(&paragraph, BorderType::Thick, frame, layout[4][1]);
+    // Top left inner block with green background
+    let block = Block::default()
+        .title(vec!["With".yellow(), " background".into()])
+        .on_green();
+    f.render_widget(block, top_chunks[0]);
 
-    render_styled_block(&paragraph, frame, layout[5][0]);
-    render_styled_borders(&paragraph, frame, layout[5][1]);
-    render_styled_title(&paragraph, frame, layout[6][0]);
-    render_styled_title_content(&paragraph, frame, layout[6][1]);
-    render_multiple_titles(&paragraph, frame, layout[7][0]);
-    render_multiple_title_positions(&paragraph, frame, layout[7][1]);
-    render_padding(&paragraph, frame, layout[8][0]);
-    render_nested_blocks(&paragraph, frame, layout[8][1]);
-}
-
-/// Calculate the layout of the UI elements.
-///
-/// Returns a tuple of the title area and the main areas.
-fn calculate_layout(area: Rect) -> (Rect, Vec<Vec<Rect>>) {
-    let main_layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Min(0)]);
-    let block_layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Max(4); 9]);
-    let [title_area, main_area] = main_layout.areas(area);
-    let main_areas = block_layout
-        .split(main_area)
-        .iter()
-        .map(|&area| {
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)])
-                .split(area)
-                .to_vec()
-        })
-        .collect_vec();
-    (title_area, main_areas)
-}
-
-fn render_title(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Block example. Press q to quit")
-            .dark_gray()
-            .alignment(Alignment::Center),
-        area,
-    );
-}
-
-fn placeholder_paragraph() -> Paragraph<'static> {
-    let text = "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.";
-    Paragraph::new(text.dark_gray()).wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
-}
-
-fn render_borders(paragraph: &Paragraph, border: Borders, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(border)
-        .title(format!("Borders::{border:#?}"));
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_border_type(
-    paragraph: &Paragraph,
-    border_type: BorderType,
-    frame: &mut Frame,
-    area: Rect,
-) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .border_type(border_type)
-        .title(format!("BorderType::{border_type:#?}"));
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-fn render_styled_borders(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .border_style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic())
-        .title("Styled borders");
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_styled_block(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic())
-        .title("Styled block");
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-// Note: this currently renders incorrectly, see https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/349
-fn render_styled_title(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .title("Styled title")
-        .title_style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic());
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_styled_title_content(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let title = Line::from(vec![
-        "Styled ".blue().on_white().bold().italic(),
-        "title content".red().on_white().bold().italic(),
-    ]);
-    let block = Block::bordered().title(title);
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_multiple_titles(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .title("Multiple".blue().on_white().bold().italic())
-        .title("Titles".red().on_white().bold().italic());
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_multiple_title_positions(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .title(
-            Title::from("top left")
-                .position(Position::Top)
-                .alignment(Alignment::Left),
-        )
-        .title(
-            Title::from("top center")
-                .position(Position::Top)
-                .alignment(Alignment::Center),
-        )
-        .title(
-            Title::from("top right")
-                .position(Position::Top)
-                .alignment(Alignment::Right),
-        )
-        .title(
-            Title::from("bottom left")
-                .position(Position::Bottom)
-                .alignment(Alignment::Left),
-        )
-        .title(
-            Title::from("bottom center")
-                .position(Position::Bottom)
-                .alignment(Alignment::Center),
-        )
-        .title(
-            Title::from("bottom right")
-                .position(Position::Bottom)
-                .alignment(Alignment::Right),
-        );
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_padding(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .padding(Padding::new(5, 10, 1, 2))
-        .title("Padding");
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_nested_blocks(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let outer_block = Block::bordered().title("Outer block");
-    let inner_block = Block::bordered().title("Inner block");
-    let inner = outer_block.inner(area);
-    frame.render_widget(outer_block, area);
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(inner_block), inner);
+    // Top right inner block with styled title aligned to the right
+    let block = Block::default()
+        .title(Title::from("Styled title".white().on_red().bold()).alignment(Alignment::Right));
+    f.render_widget(block, top_chunks[1]);
+
+    // Bottom two inner blocks
+    let bottom_chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(chunks[1]);
+
+    // Bottom left block with all default borders
+    let block = Block::default()
+        .title("With borders")
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .padding(Padding {
+            left: 4,
+            right: 4,
+            top: 2,
+            bottom: 2,
+        });
+
+    let text = Paragraph::new("text inside padded block").block(block);
+    f.render_widget(text, bottom_chunks[0]);
+
+    // Bottom right block with styled left and right border
+    let block = Block::default()
+        .title("With styled borders and doubled borders")
+        .border_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan))
+        .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
+        .border_type(BorderType::Double)
+        .padding(Padding::uniform(1));
+
+    let inner_block = Block::default()
+        .title("Block inside padded block")
+        .borders(Borders::ALL);
+
+    let inner_area = block.inner(bottom_chunks[1]);
+    f.render_widget(block, bottom_chunks[1]);
+    f.render_widget(inner_block, inner_area);
 }

examples/calendar.rs

@@ -1,28 +1,17 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Calendar example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
-use std::{error::Error, io};
+use std::{error::Error, io, rc::Rc};
 
 use crossterm::{
     event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::calendar::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    widgets::calendar::{CalendarEventStore, DateStyler, Monthly},
+    Frame, Terminal,
+};
 use time::{Date, Month, OffsetDateTime};
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
@@ -33,7 +22,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
 
     loop {
-        let _ = terminal.draw(draw);
+        let _ = terminal.draw(|f| draw(f));
 
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
             #[allow(clippy::single_match)]
@@ -52,7 +41,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn draw(f: &mut Frame) {
+fn draw<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>) {
     let app_area = f.size();
 
     let calarea = Rect {
@@ -72,19 +61,49 @@ fn draw(f: &mut Frame) {
 
     let list = make_dates(start.year());
 
-    let rows = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Ratio(1, 3); 3]).split(calarea);
-    let cols = rows.iter().flat_map(|row| {
-        Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 4); 4])
-            .split(*row)
-            .to_vec()
-    });
-    for col in cols {
+    for chunk in split_rows(&calarea)
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|row| split_cols(row).to_vec())
+    {
         let cal = cals::get_cal(start.month(), start.year(), &list);
-        f.render_widget(cal, col);
+        f.render_widget(cal, chunk);
         start = start.replace_month(start.month().next()).unwrap();
     }
 }
 
+fn split_rows(area: &Rect) -> Rc<[Rect]> {
+    let list_layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(0)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Percentage(33),
+                Constraint::Percentage(33),
+                Constraint::Percentage(33),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        );
+
+    list_layout.split(*area)
+}
+
+fn split_cols(area: &Rect) -> Rc<[Rect]> {
+    let list_layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .margin(0)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        );
+
+    list_layout.split(*area)
+}
+
 fn make_dates(current_year: i32) -> CalendarEventStore {
     let mut list = CalendarEventStore::today(
         Style::default()
@@ -168,18 +187,20 @@ fn make_dates(current_year: i32) -> CalendarEventStore {
 mod cals {
     use super::*;
 
-    pub fn get_cal<'a, DS: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: DS) -> Monthly<'a, DS> {
+    pub(super) fn get_cal<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
+        use Month::*;
         match m {
-            Month::May => example1(m, y, es),
-            Month::June => example2(m, y, es),
-            Month::July | Month::December => example3(m, y, es),
-            Month::February => example4(m, y, es),
-            Month::November => example5(m, y, es),
+            May => example1(m, y, es),
+            June => example2(m, y, es),
+            July => example3(m, y, es),
+            December => example3(m, y, es),
+            February => example4(m, y, es),
+            November => example5(m, y, es),
             _ => default(m, y, es),
         }
     }
 
-    fn default<'a, DS: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: DS) -> Monthly<'a, DS> {
+    fn default<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
         let default_style = Style::default()
             .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
             .bg(Color::Rgb(50, 50, 50));
@@ -189,7 +210,7 @@ mod cals {
             .default_style(default_style)
     }
 
-    fn example1<'a, DS: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: DS) -> Monthly<'a, DS> {
+    fn example1<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
         let default_style = Style::default()
             .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
             .bg(Color::Rgb(50, 50, 50));
@@ -200,7 +221,7 @@ mod cals {
             .show_month_header(Style::default())
     }
 
-    fn example2<'a, DS: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: DS) -> Monthly<'a, DS> {
+    fn example2<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
         let header_style = Style::default()
             .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
             .add_modifier(Modifier::DIM)
@@ -216,7 +237,7 @@ mod cals {
             .show_month_header(Style::default())
     }
 
-    fn example3<'a, DS: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: DS) -> Monthly<'a, DS> {
+    fn example3<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
         let header_style = Style::default()
             .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
             .fg(Color::Green);
@@ -232,7 +253,7 @@ mod cals {
             .show_month_header(Style::default())
     }
 
-    fn example4<'a, DS: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: DS) -> Monthly<'a, DS> {
+    fn example4<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
         let header_style = Style::default()
             .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
             .fg(Color::Green);
@@ -246,7 +267,7 @@ mod cals {
             .default_style(default_style)
     }
 
-    fn example5<'a, DS: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: DS) -> Monthly<'a, DS> {
+    fn example5<'a, S: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: S) -> Monthly<'a, S> {
         let header_style = Style::default()
             .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
             .fg(Color::Green);

examples/canvas.rs

@@ -1,213 +1,193 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Canvas example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
 use std::{
-    io::{self, stdout, Stdout},
+    error::Error,
+    io,
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
 use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
 };
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Stylize},
+    symbols::Marker,
+    widgets::{
+        canvas::{Canvas, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
+        Block, Borders,
+    },
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
-fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
-    App::run()
-}
-
 struct App {
     x: f64,
     y: f64,
-    ball: Circle,
+    ball: Rectangle,
     playground: Rect,
     vx: f64,
     vy: f64,
+    dir_x: bool,
+    dir_y: bool,
     tick_count: u64,
     marker: Marker,
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
+    fn new() -> App {
+        App {
             x: 0.0,
             y: 0.0,
-            ball: Circle {
-                x: 20.0,
-                y: 40.0,
-                radius: 10.0,
+            ball: Rectangle {
+                x: 10.0,
+                y: 30.0,
+                width: 10.0,
+                height: 10.0,
                 color: Color::Yellow,
             },
-            playground: Rect::new(10, 10, 200, 100),
+            playground: Rect::new(10, 10, 100, 100),
             vx: 1.0,
             vy: 1.0,
+            dir_x: true,
+            dir_y: true,
             tick_count: 0,
             marker: Marker::Dot,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn run() -> io::Result<()> {
-        let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
-        let mut app = Self::new();
-        let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
-        let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(16);
-        loop {
-            let _ = terminal.draw(|frame| app.ui(frame));
-            let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
-            if event::poll(timeout)? {
-                if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                    match key.code {
-                        KeyCode::Char('q') => break,
-                        KeyCode::Down | KeyCode::Char('j') => app.y += 1.0,
-                        KeyCode::Up | KeyCode::Char('k') => app.y -= 1.0,
-                        KeyCode::Right | KeyCode::Char('l') => app.x += 1.0,
-                        KeyCode::Left | KeyCode::Char('h') => app.x -= 1.0,
-                        _ => {}
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
-                app.on_tick();
-                last_tick = Instant::now();
-            }
-        }
-        restore_terminal()
-    }
-
     fn on_tick(&mut self) {
         self.tick_count += 1;
-        // only change marker every 180 ticks (3s) to avoid stroboscopic effect
-        if (self.tick_count % 180) == 0 {
+        // only change marker every 4 ticks (1s) to avoid stroboscopic effect
+        if (self.tick_count % 4) == 0 {
             self.marker = match self.marker {
-                Marker::Dot => Marker::Braille,
-                Marker::Braille => Marker::Block,
-                Marker::Block => Marker::HalfBlock,
-                Marker::HalfBlock => Marker::Bar,
-                Marker::Bar => Marker::Dot,
+                Marker::Dot => Marker::Block,
+                Marker::Block => Marker::Bar,
+                Marker::Bar => Marker::Braille,
+                Marker::Braille => Marker::Dot,
             };
         }
-        // bounce the ball by flipping the velocity vector
-        let ball = &self.ball;
-        let playground = self.playground;
-        if ball.x - ball.radius < f64::from(playground.left())
-            || ball.x + ball.radius > f64::from(playground.right())
+        if self.ball.x < self.playground.left() as f64
+            || self.ball.x + self.ball.width > self.playground.right() as f64
         {
-            self.vx = -self.vx;
+            self.dir_x = !self.dir_x;
         }
-        if ball.y - ball.radius < f64::from(playground.top())
-            || ball.y + ball.radius > f64::from(playground.bottom())
+        if self.ball.y < self.playground.top() as f64
+            || self.ball.y + self.ball.height > self.playground.bottom() as f64
         {
-            self.vy = -self.vy;
+            self.dir_y = !self.dir_y;
         }
 
-        self.ball.x += self.vx;
-        self.ball.y += self.vy;
-    }
+        if self.dir_x {
+            self.ball.x += self.vx;
+        } else {
+            self.ball.x -= self.vx;
+        }
 
-    fn ui(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
-        let horizontal =
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]);
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]);
-        let [map, right] = horizontal.areas(frame.size());
-        let [pong, boxes] = vertical.areas(right);
-
-        frame.render_widget(self.map_canvas(), map);
-        frame.render_widget(self.pong_canvas(), pong);
-        frame.render_widget(self.boxes_canvas(boxes), boxes);
-    }
-
-    fn map_canvas(&self) -> impl Widget + '_ {
-        Canvas::default()
-            .block(Block::bordered().title("World"))
-            .marker(self.marker)
-            .paint(|ctx| {
-                ctx.draw(&Map {
-                    color: Color::Green,
-                    resolution: MapResolution::High,
-                });
-                ctx.print(self.x, -self.y, "You are here".yellow());
-            })
-            .x_bounds([-180.0, 180.0])
-            .y_bounds([-90.0, 90.0])
-    }
-
-    fn pong_canvas(&self) -> impl Widget + '_ {
-        Canvas::default()
-            .block(Block::bordered().title("Pong"))
-            .marker(self.marker)
-            .paint(|ctx| {
-                ctx.draw(&self.ball);
-            })
-            .x_bounds([10.0, 210.0])
-            .y_bounds([10.0, 110.0])
-    }
-
-    fn boxes_canvas(&self, area: Rect) -> impl Widget {
-        let left = 0.0;
-        let right = f64::from(area.width);
-        let bottom = 0.0;
-        let top = f64::from(area.height).mul_add(2.0, -4.0);
-        Canvas::default()
-            .block(Block::bordered().title("Rects"))
-            .marker(self.marker)
-            .x_bounds([left, right])
-            .y_bounds([bottom, top])
-            .paint(|ctx| {
-                for i in 0..=11 {
-                    ctx.draw(&Rectangle {
-                        x: f64::from(i * i + 3 * i) / 2.0 + 2.0,
-                        y: 2.0,
-                        width: f64::from(i),
-                        height: f64::from(i),
-                        color: Color::Red,
-                    });
-                    ctx.draw(&Rectangle {
-                        x: f64::from(i * i + 3 * i) / 2.0 + 2.0,
-                        y: 21.0,
-                        width: f64::from(i),
-                        height: f64::from(i),
-                        color: Color::Blue,
-                    });
-                }
-                for i in 0..100 {
-                    if i % 10 != 0 {
-                        ctx.print(f64::from(i) + 1.0, 0.0, format!("{i}", i = i % 10));
-                    }
-                    if i % 2 == 0 && i % 10 != 0 {
-                        ctx.print(0.0, f64::from(i), format!("{i}", i = i % 10));
-                    }
-                }
-            })
+        if self.dir_y {
+            self.ball.y += self.vy;
+        } else {
+            self.ball.y -= self.vy
+        }
     }
 }
 
-fn init_terminal() -> io::Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    // setup terminal
     enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))
-}
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
 
-fn restore_terminal() -> io::Result<()> {
+    // create app and run it
+    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
+
+    // restore terminal
     disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{err:?}");
+    }
+
     Ok(())
 }
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
+
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') => {
+                        return Ok(());
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Down => {
+                        app.y += 1.0;
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Up => {
+                        app.y -= 1.0;
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Right => {
+                        app.x += 1.0;
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Left => {
+                        app.x -= 1.0;
+                    }
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            app.on_tick();
+            last_tick = Instant::now();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(f.size());
+    let canvas = Canvas::default()
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("World"))
+        .marker(app.marker)
+        .paint(|ctx| {
+            ctx.draw(&Map {
+                color: Color::White,
+                resolution: MapResolution::High,
+            });
+            ctx.print(app.x, -app.y, "You are here".yellow());
+        })
+        .x_bounds([-180.0, 180.0])
+        .y_bounds([-90.0, 90.0]);
+    f.render_widget(canvas, chunks[0]);
+    let canvas = Canvas::default()
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Pong"))
+        .marker(app.marker)
+        .paint(|ctx| {
+            ctx.draw(&app.ball);
+        })
+        .x_bounds([10.0, 110.0])
+        .y_bounds([10.0, 110.0]);
+    f.render_widget(canvas, chunks[1]);
+}

examples/chart.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,3 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Chart example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     io,
@@ -25,12 +10,28 @@ use crossterm::{
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{block::Title, Axis, Block, Chart, Dataset, GraphType, LegendPosition},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols,
+    text::Span,
+    widgets::{Axis, Block, Borders, Chart, Dataset, GraphType},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
+const DATA: [(f64, f64); 5] = [(0.0, 0.0), (1.0, 1.0), (2.0, 2.0), (3.0, 3.0), (4.0, 4.0)];
+const DATA2: [(f64, f64); 7] = [
+    (0.0, 0.0),
+    (10.0, 1.0),
+    (20.0, 0.5),
+    (30.0, 1.5),
+    (40.0, 1.0),
+    (50.0, 2.5),
+    (60.0, 3.0),
+];
+
 #[derive(Clone)]
-struct SinSignal {
+pub struct SinSignal {
     x: f64,
     interval: f64,
     period: f64,
@@ -38,8 +39,8 @@ struct SinSignal {
 }
 
 impl SinSignal {
-    const fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> Self {
-        Self {
+    pub fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> SinSignal {
+        SinSignal {
             x: 0.0,
             interval,
             period,
@@ -66,12 +67,12 @@ struct App {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> Self {
+    fn new() -> App {
         let mut signal1 = SinSignal::new(0.2, 3.0, 18.0);
         let mut signal2 = SinSignal::new(0.1, 2.0, 10.0);
         let data1 = signal1.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<(f64, f64)>>();
         let data2 = signal2.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<(f64, f64)>>();
-        Self {
+        App {
             signal1,
             data1,
             signal2,
@@ -81,12 +82,14 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn on_tick(&mut self) {
-        self.data1.drain(0..5);
+        for _ in 0..5 {
+            self.data1.remove(0);
+        }
         self.data1.extend(self.signal1.by_ref().take(5));
-
-        self.data2.drain(0..10);
+        for _ in 0..10 {
+            self.data2.remove(0);
+        }
         self.data2.extend(self.signal2.by_ref().take(10));
-
         self.window[0] += 1.0;
         self.window[1] += 1.0;
     }
@@ -130,10 +133,12 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
 
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
         if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -145,20 +150,19 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     }
 }
 
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let area = frame.size();
-
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(40), Constraint::Percentage(60)]);
-    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)]);
-    let [chart1, bottom] = vertical.areas(area);
-    let [line_chart, scatter] = horizontal.areas(bottom);
-
-    render_chart1(frame, chart1, app);
-    render_line_chart(frame, line_chart);
-    render_scatter(frame, scatter);
-}
-
-fn render_chart1(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, app: &App) {
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let size = f.size();
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
+                Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
+                Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(size);
     let x_labels = vec![
         Span::styled(
             format!("{}", app.window[0]),
@@ -184,7 +188,11 @@ fn render_chart1(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, app: &App) {
     ];
 
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
-        .block(Block::bordered().title("Chart 1".cyan().bold()))
+        .block(
+            Block::default()
+                .title("Chart 1".cyan().bold())
+                .borders(Borders::ALL),
+        )
         .x_axis(
             Axis::default()
                 .title("X Axis")
@@ -199,162 +207,61 @@ fn render_chart1(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, app: &App) {
                 .labels(vec!["-20".bold(), "0".into(), "20".bold()])
                 .bounds([-20.0, 20.0]),
         );
+    f.render_widget(chart, chunks[0]);
 
-    f.render_widget(chart, area);
-}
-
-fn render_line_chart(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
     let datasets = vec![Dataset::default()
-        .name("Line from only 2 points".italic())
+        .name("data")
         .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
         .graph_type(GraphType::Line)
-        .data(&[(1., 1.), (4., 4.)])];
-
+        .data(&DATA)];
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
         .block(
-            Block::bordered().title(
-                Title::default()
-                    .content("Line chart".cyan().bold())
-                    .alignment(Alignment::Center),
-            ),
+            Block::default()
+                .title("Chart 2".cyan().bold())
+                .borders(Borders::ALL),
         )
         .x_axis(
             Axis::default()
                 .title("X Axis")
-                .style(Style::default().gray())
+                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
                 .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
                 .labels(vec!["0".bold(), "2.5".into(), "5.0".bold()]),
         )
         .y_axis(
             Axis::default()
                 .title("Y Axis")
-                .style(Style::default().gray())
+                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
                 .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
                 .labels(vec!["0".bold(), "2.5".into(), "5.0".bold()]),
-        )
-        .legend_position(Some(LegendPosition::TopLeft))
-        .hidden_legend_constraints((Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)));
-
-    f.render_widget(chart, area);
-}
-
-fn render_scatter(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let datasets = vec![
-        Dataset::default()
-            .name("Heavy")
-            .marker(Marker::Dot)
-            .graph_type(GraphType::Scatter)
-            .style(Style::new().yellow())
-            .data(&HEAVY_PAYLOAD_DATA),
-        Dataset::default()
-            .name("Medium".underlined())
-            .marker(Marker::Braille)
-            .graph_type(GraphType::Scatter)
-            .style(Style::new().magenta())
-            .data(&MEDIUM_PAYLOAD_DATA),
-        Dataset::default()
-            .name("Small")
-            .marker(Marker::Dot)
-            .graph_type(GraphType::Scatter)
-            .style(Style::new().cyan())
-            .data(&SMALL_PAYLOAD_DATA),
-    ];
+        );
+    f.render_widget(chart, chunks[1]);
 
+    let datasets = vec![Dataset::default()
+        .name("data")
+        .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
+        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+        .graph_type(GraphType::Line)
+        .data(&DATA2)];
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
         .block(
-            Block::bordered().title(
-                Title::default()
-                    .content("Scatter chart".cyan().bold())
-                    .alignment(Alignment::Center),
-            ),
+            Block::default()
+                .title("Chart 3".cyan().bold())
+                .borders(Borders::ALL),
         )
         .x_axis(
             Axis::default()
-                .title("Year")
-                .bounds([1960., 2020.])
+                .title("X Axis")
                 .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                .labels(vec!["1960".into(), "1990".into(), "2020".into()]),
+                .bounds([0.0, 50.0])
+                .labels(vec!["0".bold(), "25".into(), "50".bold()]),
         )
         .y_axis(
             Axis::default()
-                .title("Cost")
-                .bounds([0., 75000.])
+                .title("Y Axis")
                 .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                .labels(vec!["0".into(), "37 500".into(), "75 000".into()]),
-        )
-        .hidden_legend_constraints((Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)));
-
-    f.render_widget(chart, area);
+                .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
+                .labels(vec!["0".bold(), "2.5".into(), "5".bold()]),
+        );
+    f.render_widget(chart, chunks[2]);
 }
-
-// Data from https://ourworldindata.org/space-exploration-satellites
-const HEAVY_PAYLOAD_DATA: [(f64, f64); 9] = [
-    (1965., 8200.),
-    (1967., 5400.),
-    (1981., 65400.),
-    (1989., 30800.),
-    (1997., 10200.),
-    (2004., 11600.),
-    (2014., 4500.),
-    (2016., 7900.),
-    (2018., 1500.),
-];
-
-const MEDIUM_PAYLOAD_DATA: [(f64, f64); 29] = [
-    (1963., 29500.),
-    (1964., 30600.),
-    (1965., 177_900.),
-    (1965., 21000.),
-    (1966., 17900.),
-    (1966., 8400.),
-    (1975., 17500.),
-    (1982., 8300.),
-    (1985., 5100.),
-    (1988., 18300.),
-    (1990., 38800.),
-    (1990., 9900.),
-    (1991., 18700.),
-    (1992., 9100.),
-    (1994., 10500.),
-    (1994., 8500.),
-    (1994., 8700.),
-    (1997., 6200.),
-    (1999., 18000.),
-    (1999., 7600.),
-    (1999., 8900.),
-    (1999., 9600.),
-    (2000., 16000.),
-    (2001., 10000.),
-    (2002., 10400.),
-    (2002., 8100.),
-    (2010., 2600.),
-    (2013., 13600.),
-    (2017., 8000.),
-];
-
-const SMALL_PAYLOAD_DATA: [(f64, f64); 23] = [
-    (1961., 118_500.),
-    (1962., 14900.),
-    (1975., 21400.),
-    (1980., 32800.),
-    (1988., 31100.),
-    (1990., 41100.),
-    (1993., 23600.),
-    (1994., 20600.),
-    (1994., 34600.),
-    (1996., 50600.),
-    (1997., 19200.),
-    (1997., 45800.),
-    (1998., 19100.),
-    (2000., 73100.),
-    (2003., 11200.),
-    (2008., 12600.),
-    (2010., 30500.),
-    (2012., 20000.),
-    (2013., 10600.),
-    (2013., 34500.),
-    (2015., 10600.),
-    (2018., 23100.),
-    (2019., 17300.),
-];

examples/colors.rs

@@ -1,286 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Colors example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-// This example shows all the colors supported by ratatui. It will render a grid of foreground
-// and background colors with their names and indexes.
-
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io::{self, Stdout},
-    result,
-    time::Duration,
-};
-
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
-};
-
-type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = setup_terminal()?;
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal);
-    restore_terminal(terminal)?;
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        eprintln!("{err:?}");
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(ui)?;
-
-        if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250))? {
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let layout = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Length(30),
-        Constraint::Length(17),
-        Constraint::Length(2),
-    ])
-    .split(frame.size());
-
-    render_named_colors(frame, layout[0]);
-    render_indexed_colors(frame, layout[1]);
-    render_indexed_grayscale(frame, layout[2]);
-}
-
-const NAMED_COLORS: [Color; 16] = [
-    Color::Black,
-    Color::Red,
-    Color::Green,
-    Color::Yellow,
-    Color::Blue,
-    Color::Magenta,
-    Color::Cyan,
-    Color::Gray,
-    Color::DarkGray,
-    Color::LightRed,
-    Color::LightGreen,
-    Color::LightYellow,
-    Color::LightBlue,
-    Color::LightMagenta,
-    Color::LightCyan,
-    Color::White,
-];
-
-fn render_named_colors(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(3); 10]).split(area);
-
-    render_fg_named_colors(frame, Color::Reset, layout[0]);
-    render_fg_named_colors(frame, Color::Black, layout[1]);
-    render_fg_named_colors(frame, Color::DarkGray, layout[2]);
-    render_fg_named_colors(frame, Color::Gray, layout[3]);
-    render_fg_named_colors(frame, Color::White, layout[4]);
-
-    render_bg_named_colors(frame, Color::Reset, layout[5]);
-    render_bg_named_colors(frame, Color::Black, layout[6]);
-    render_bg_named_colors(frame, Color::DarkGray, layout[7]);
-    render_bg_named_colors(frame, Color::Gray, layout[8]);
-    render_bg_named_colors(frame, Color::White, layout[9]);
-}
-
-fn render_fg_named_colors(frame: &mut Frame, bg: Color, area: Rect) {
-    let block = title_block(format!("Foreground colors on {bg} background"));
-    let inner = block.inner(area);
-    frame.render_widget(block, area);
-
-    let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1); 2])
-        .split(inner)
-        .iter()
-        .flat_map(|area| {
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 8); 8])
-                .split(*area)
-                .to_vec()
-        })
-        .collect_vec();
-    for (i, &fg) in NAMED_COLORS.iter().enumerate() {
-        let color_name = fg.to_string();
-        let paragraph = Paragraph::new(color_name).fg(fg).bg(bg);
-        frame.render_widget(paragraph, layout[i]);
-    }
-}
-
-fn render_bg_named_colors(frame: &mut Frame, fg: Color, area: Rect) {
-    let block = title_block(format!("Background colors with {fg} foreground"));
-    let inner = block.inner(area);
-    frame.render_widget(block, area);
-
-    let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1); 2])
-        .split(inner)
-        .iter()
-        .flat_map(|area| {
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 8); 8])
-                .split(*area)
-                .to_vec()
-        })
-        .collect_vec();
-    for (i, &bg) in NAMED_COLORS.iter().enumerate() {
-        let color_name = bg.to_string();
-        let paragraph = Paragraph::new(color_name).fg(fg).bg(bg);
-        frame.render_widget(paragraph, layout[i]);
-    }
-}
-
-fn render_indexed_colors(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = title_block("Indexed colors".into());
-    let inner = block.inner(area);
-    frame.render_widget(block, area);
-
-    let layout = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Length(1), // 0 - 15
-        Constraint::Length(1), // blank
-        Constraint::Min(6),    // 16 - 123
-        Constraint::Length(1), // blank
-        Constraint::Min(6),    // 124 - 231
-        Constraint::Length(1), // blank
-    ])
-    .split(inner);
-
-    //    0   1   2   3   4   5    6   7   8   9  10  11   12  13  14  15
-    let color_layout = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(5); 16]).split(layout[0]);
-    for i in 0..16 {
-        let color = Color::Indexed(i);
-        let color_index = format!("{i:0>2}");
-        let bg = if i < 1 { Color::DarkGray } else { Color::Black };
-        let paragraph = Paragraph::new(Line::from(vec![
-            color_index.fg(color).bg(bg),
-            "██".bg(color).fg(color),
-        ]));
-        frame.render_widget(paragraph, color_layout[i as usize]);
-    }
-
-    //   16  17  18  19  20  21   52  53  54  55  56  57   88  89  90  91  92  93
-    //   22  23  24  25  26  27   58  59  60  61  62  63   94  95  96  97  98  99
-    //   28  29  30  31  32  33   64  65  66  67  68  69  100 101 102 103 104 105
-    //   34  35  36  37  38  39   70  71  72  73  74  75  106 107 108 109 110 111
-    //   40  41  42  43  44  45   76  77  78  79  80  81  112 113 114 115 116 117
-    //   46  47  48  49  50  51   82  83  84  85  86  87  118 119 120 121 122 123
-    //
-    //  124 125 126 127 128 129  160 161 162 163 164 165  196 197 198 199 200 201
-    //  130 131 132 133 134 135  166 167 168 169 170 171  202 203 204 205 206 207
-    //  136 137 138 139 140 141  172 173 174 175 176 177  208 209 210 211 212 213
-    //  142 143 144 145 146 147  178 179 180 181 182 183  214 215 216 217 218 219
-    //  148 149 150 151 152 153  184 185 186 187 188 189  220 221 222 223 224 225
-    //  154 155 156 157 158 159  190 191 192 193 194 195  226 227 228 229 230 231
-
-    // the above looks complex but it's so the colors are grouped into blocks that display nicely
-    let index_layout = [layout[2], layout[4]]
-        .iter()
-        // two rows of 3 columns
-        .flat_map(|area| {
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(27); 3])
-                .split(*area)
-                .to_vec()
-        })
-        // each with 6 rows
-        .flat_map(|area| {
-            Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1); 6])
-                .split(area)
-                .to_vec()
-        })
-        // each with 6 columns
-        .flat_map(|area| {
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Min(4); 6])
-                .split(area)
-                .to_vec()
-        })
-        .collect_vec();
-
-    for i in 16..=231 {
-        let color = Color::Indexed(i);
-        let color_index = format!("{i:0>3}");
-        let paragraph = Paragraph::new(Line::from(vec![
-            color_index.fg(color).bg(Color::Reset),
-            ".".bg(color).fg(color),
-            // There's a bug in VHS that seems to bleed backgrounds into the next
-            // character. This is a workaround to make the bug less obvious.
-            "███".reversed(),
-        ]));
-        frame.render_widget(paragraph, index_layout[i as usize - 16]);
-    }
-}
-
-fn title_block(title: String) -> Block<'static> {
-    Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::TOP)
-        .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-        .border_style(Style::new().dark_gray())
-        .title_style(Style::new().reset())
-        .title(title)
-}
-
-fn render_indexed_grayscale(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let layout = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Length(1), // 232 - 243
-        Constraint::Length(1), // 244 - 255
-    ])
-    .split(area)
-    .iter()
-    .flat_map(|area| {
-        Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(6); 12])
-            .split(*area)
-            .to_vec()
-    })
-    .collect_vec();
-
-    for i in 232..=255 {
-        let color = Color::Indexed(i);
-        let color_index = format!("{i:0>3}");
-        // make the dark colors easier to read
-        let bg = if i < 244 { Color::Gray } else { Color::Black };
-        let paragraph = Paragraph::new(Line::from(vec![
-            color_index.fg(color).bg(bg),
-            "██".bg(color).fg(color),
-            // There's a bug in VHS that seems to bleed backgrounds into the next
-            // character. This is a workaround to make the bug less obvious.
-            "███████".reversed(),
-        ]));
-        frame.render_widget(paragraph, layout[i as usize - 232]);
-    }
-}
-
-fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal(mut terminal: Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/colors_rgb.rs

@@ -1,291 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] `Colors_RGB` example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-// This example shows the full range of RGB colors that can be displayed in the terminal.
-//
-// Requires a terminal that supports 24-bit color (true color) and unicode.
-//
-// This example also demonstrates how implementing the Widget trait on a mutable reference
-// allows the widget to update its state while it is being rendered. This allows the fps
-// widget to update the fps calculation and the colors widget to update a cached version of
-// the colors to render instead of recalculating them every frame.
-//
-// This is an alternative to using the `StatefulWidget` trait and a separate state struct. It
-// is useful when the state is only used by the widget and doesn't need to be shared with
-// other widgets.
-
-use std::{
-    io::stdout,
-    panic,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, eyre, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
-use palette::{convert::FromColorUnclamped, Okhsv, Srgb};
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-struct App {
-    /// The current state of the app (running or quit)
-    state: AppState,
-
-    /// A widget that displays the current frames per second
-    fps_widget: FpsWidget,
-
-    /// A widget that displays the full range of RGB colors that can be displayed in the terminal.
-    colors_widget: ColorsWidget,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum AppState {
-    /// The app is running
-    #[default]
-    Running,
-
-    /// The user has requested the app to quit
-    Quit,
-}
-
-/// A widget that displays the current frames per second
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct FpsWidget {
-    /// The number of elapsed frames that have passed - used to calculate the fps
-    frame_count: usize,
-
-    /// The last instant that the fps was calculated
-    last_instant: Instant,
-
-    /// The current frames per second
-    fps: Option<f32>,
-}
-
-/// A widget that displays the full range of RGB colors that can be displayed in the terminal.
-///
-/// This widget is animated and will change colors over time.
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-struct ColorsWidget {
-    /// The colors to render - should be double the height of the area as we render two rows of
-    /// pixels for each row of the widget using the half block character. This is computed any time
-    /// the size of the widget changes.
-    colors: Vec<Vec<Color>>,
-
-    /// the number of elapsed frames that have passed - used to animate the colors by shifting the
-    /// x index by the frame number
-    frame_count: usize,
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    install_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-    App::default().run(terminal)?;
-    restore_terminal()?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-impl App {
-    /// Run the app
-    ///
-    /// This is the main event loop for the app.
-    pub fn run(mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-        while self.is_running() {
-            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(&mut self, frame.size()))?;
-            self.handle_events()?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    const fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.state, AppState::Running)
-    }
-
-    /// Handle any events that have occurred since the last time the app was rendered.
-    ///
-    /// Currently, this only handles the q key to quit the app.
-    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        // Ensure that the app only blocks for a period that allows the app to render at
-        // approximately 60 FPS (this doesn't account for the time to render the frame, and will
-        // also update the app immediately any time an event occurs)
-        let timeout = Duration::from_secs_f32(1.0 / 60.0);
-        if event::poll(timeout)? {
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                    self.state = AppState::Quit;
-                };
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Implement the Widget trait for &mut App so that it can be rendered
-///
-/// This is implemented on a mutable reference so that the app can update its state while it is
-/// being rendered. This allows the fps widget to update the fps calculation and the colors widget
-/// to update the colors to render.
-impl Widget for &mut App {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        #[allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
-        use Constraint::*;
-        let [top, colors] = Layout::vertical([Length(1), Min(0)]).areas(area);
-        let [title, fps] = Layout::horizontal([Min(0), Length(8)]).areas(top);
-        Text::from("colors_rgb example. Press q to quit")
-            .centered()
-            .render(title, buf);
-        self.fps_widget.render(fps, buf);
-        self.colors_widget.render(colors, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-/// Default impl for `FpsWidget`
-///
-/// Manual impl is required because we need to initialize the `last_instant` field to the current
-/// instant.
-impl Default for FpsWidget {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            frame_count: 0,
-            last_instant: Instant::now(),
-            fps: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Widget impl for `FpsWidget`
-///
-/// This is implemented on a mutable reference so that we can update the frame count and fps
-/// calculation while rendering.
-impl Widget for &mut FpsWidget {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        self.calculate_fps();
-        if let Some(fps) = self.fps {
-            let text = format!("{fps:.1} fps");
-            Text::from(text).render(area, buf);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl FpsWidget {
-    /// Update the fps calculation.
-    ///
-    /// This updates the fps once a second, but only if the widget has rendered at least 2 frames
-    /// since the last calculation. This avoids noise in the fps calculation when rendering on slow
-    /// machines that can't render at least 2 frames per second.
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
-    fn calculate_fps(&mut self) {
-        self.frame_count += 1;
-        let elapsed = self.last_instant.elapsed();
-        if elapsed > Duration::from_secs(1) && self.frame_count > 2 {
-            self.fps = Some(self.frame_count as f32 / elapsed.as_secs_f32());
-            self.frame_count = 0;
-            self.last_instant = Instant::now();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Widget impl for `ColorsWidget`
-///
-/// This is implemented on a mutable reference so that we can update the frame count and store a
-/// cached version of the colors to render instead of recalculating them every frame.
-impl Widget for &mut ColorsWidget {
-    /// Render the widget
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        self.setup_colors(area);
-        let colors = &self.colors;
-        for (xi, x) in (area.left()..area.right()).enumerate() {
-            // animate the colors by shifting the x index by the frame number
-            let xi = (xi + self.frame_count) % (area.width as usize);
-            for (yi, y) in (area.top()..area.bottom()).enumerate() {
-                // render a half block character for each row of pixels with the foreground color
-                // set to the color of the pixel and the background color set to the color of the
-                // pixel below it
-                let fg = colors[yi * 2][xi];
-                let bg = colors[yi * 2 + 1][xi];
-                buf.get_mut(x, y).set_char('▀').set_fg(fg).set_bg(bg);
-            }
-        }
-        self.frame_count += 1;
-    }
-}
-
-impl ColorsWidget {
-    /// Setup the colors to render.
-    ///
-    /// This is called once per frame to setup the colors to render. It caches the colors so that
-    /// they don't need to be recalculated every frame.
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
-    fn setup_colors(&mut self, size: Rect) {
-        let Rect { width, height, .. } = size;
-        // double the height because each screen row has two rows of half block pixels
-        let height = height as usize * 2;
-        let width = width as usize;
-        // only update the colors if the size has changed since the last time we rendered
-        if self.colors.len() == height && self.colors[0].len() == width {
-            return;
-        }
-        self.colors = Vec::with_capacity(height);
-        for y in 0..height {
-            let mut row = Vec::with_capacity(width);
-            for x in 0..width {
-                let hue = x as f32 * 360.0 / width as f32;
-                let value = (height - y) as f32 / height as f32;
-                let saturation = Okhsv::max_saturation();
-                let color = Okhsv::new(hue, saturation, value);
-                let color = Srgb::<f32>::from_color_unclamped(color);
-                let color: Srgb<u8> = color.into_format();
-                let color = Color::Rgb(color.red, color.green, color.blue);
-                row.push(color);
-            }
-            self.colors.push(row);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Install `color_eyre` panic and error hooks
-///
-/// The hooks restore the terminal to a usable state before printing the error message.
-fn install_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))?;
-    terminal.clear()?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/constraint-explorer.rs

@@ -1,646 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Constraint explorer example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
-use std::io::{self, stdout};
-
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    layout::{Constraint::*, Flex},
-    prelude::*,
-    style::palette::tailwind::*,
-    symbols::line,
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Wrap},
-};
-use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr};
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct App {
-    mode: AppMode,
-    spacing: u16,
-    constraints: Vec<Constraint>,
-    selected_index: usize,
-    value: u16,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum AppMode {
-    #[default]
-    Running,
-    Quit,
-}
-
-/// A variant of [`Constraint`] that can be rendered as a tab.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, EnumIter, FromRepr, Display)]
-enum ConstraintName {
-    #[default]
-    Length,
-    Percentage,
-    Ratio,
-    Min,
-    Max,
-    Fill,
-}
-
-/// A widget that renders a [`Constraint`] as a block. E.g.:
-/// ```plain
-/// ┌──────────────┐
-/// │  Length(16)  │
-/// │     16px     │
-/// └──────────────┘
-/// ```
-struct ConstraintBlock {
-    constraint: Constraint,
-    legend: bool,
-    selected: bool,
-}
-
-/// A widget that renders a spacer with a label indicating the width of the spacer. E.g.:
-///
-/// ```plain
-/// ┌      ┐
-///   8 px
-/// └      ┘
-/// ```
-struct SpacerBlock;
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-    App::default().run(terminal)?;
-    restore_terminal()?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-// App behaviour
-impl App {
-    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-        self.insert_test_defaults();
-
-        while self.is_running() {
-            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
-            self.handle_events()?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    // TODO remove these - these are just for testing
-    fn insert_test_defaults(&mut self) {
-        self.constraints = vec![
-            Constraint::Length(20),
-            Constraint::Length(20),
-            Constraint::Length(20),
-        ];
-        self.value = 20;
-    }
-
-    fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
-        self.mode == AppMode::Running
-    }
-
-    fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.size()))?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        use KeyCode::*;
-        match event::read()? {
-            Event::Key(key) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match key.code {
-                Char('q') | Esc => self.exit(),
-                Char('1') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Min),
-                Char('2') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Max),
-                Char('3') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Length),
-                Char('4') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Percentage),
-                Char('5') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Ratio),
-                Char('6') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Fill),
-                Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
-                Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
-                Char('x') => self.delete_block(),
-                Char('a') => self.insert_block(),
-                Char('k') | Up => self.increment_value(),
-                Char('j') | Down => self.decrement_value(),
-                Char('h') | Left => self.prev_block(),
-                Char('l') | Right => self.next_block(),
-                _ => {}
-            },
-            _ => {}
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn increment_value(&mut self) {
-        let Some(constraint) = self.constraints.get_mut(self.selected_index) else {
-            return;
-        };
-        match constraint {
-            Constraint::Length(v)
-            | Constraint::Min(v)
-            | Constraint::Max(v)
-            | Constraint::Fill(v)
-            | Constraint::Percentage(v) => *v = v.saturating_add(1),
-            Constraint::Ratio(_n, d) => *d = d.saturating_add(1),
-        };
-    }
-
-    fn decrement_value(&mut self) {
-        let Some(constraint) = self.constraints.get_mut(self.selected_index) else {
-            return;
-        };
-        match constraint {
-            Constraint::Length(v)
-            | Constraint::Min(v)
-            | Constraint::Max(v)
-            | Constraint::Fill(v)
-            | Constraint::Percentage(v) => *v = v.saturating_sub(1),
-            Constraint::Ratio(_n, d) => *d = d.saturating_sub(1),
-        };
-    }
-
-    /// select the next block with wrap around
-    fn next_block(&mut self) {
-        if self.constraints.is_empty() {
-            return;
-        }
-        let len = self.constraints.len();
-        self.selected_index = (self.selected_index + 1) % len;
-    }
-
-    /// select the previous block with wrap around
-    fn prev_block(&mut self) {
-        if self.constraints.is_empty() {
-            return;
-        }
-        let len = self.constraints.len();
-        self.selected_index = (self.selected_index + self.constraints.len() - 1) % len;
-    }
-
-    /// delete the selected block
-    fn delete_block(&mut self) {
-        if self.constraints.is_empty() {
-            return;
-        }
-        self.constraints.remove(self.selected_index);
-        self.selected_index = self.selected_index.saturating_sub(1);
-    }
-
-    /// insert a block after the selected block
-    fn insert_block(&mut self) {
-        let index = self
-            .selected_index
-            .saturating_add(1)
-            .min(self.constraints.len());
-        let constraint = Constraint::Length(self.value);
-        self.constraints.insert(index, constraint);
-        self.selected_index = index;
-    }
-
-    fn increment_spacing(&mut self) {
-        self.spacing = self.spacing.saturating_add(1);
-    }
-
-    fn decrement_spacing(&mut self) {
-        self.spacing = self.spacing.saturating_sub(1);
-    }
-
-    fn exit(&mut self) {
-        self.mode = AppMode::Quit;
-    }
-
-    fn swap_constraint(&mut self, name: ConstraintName) {
-        if self.constraints.is_empty() {
-            return;
-        }
-        let constraint = match name {
-            ConstraintName::Length => Length(self.value),
-            ConstraintName::Percentage => Percentage(self.value),
-            ConstraintName::Min => Min(self.value),
-            ConstraintName::Max => Max(self.value),
-            ConstraintName::Fill => Fill(self.value),
-            ConstraintName::Ratio => Ratio(1, u32::from(self.value) / 4), // for balance
-        };
-        self.constraints[self.selected_index] = constraint;
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<Constraint> for ConstraintName {
-    fn from(constraint: Constraint) -> Self {
-        match constraint {
-            Length(_) => Self::Length,
-            Percentage(_) => Self::Percentage,
-            Ratio(_, _) => Self::Ratio,
-            Min(_) => Self::Min,
-            Max(_) => Self::Max,
-            Fill(_) => Self::Fill,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for &App {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [header_area, instructions_area, swap_legend_area, _, blocks_area] =
-            Layout::vertical([
-                Length(2), // header
-                Length(2), // instructions
-                Length(1), // swap key legend
-                Length(1), // gap
-                Fill(1),   // blocks
-            ])
-            .areas(area);
-
-        App::header().render(header_area, buf);
-        App::instructions().render(instructions_area, buf);
-        App::swap_legend().render(swap_legend_area, buf);
-        self.render_layout_blocks(blocks_area, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-// App rendering
-impl App {
-    const HEADER_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c200;
-    const TEXT_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c400;
-    const AXIS_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c500;
-
-    fn header() -> impl Widget {
-        let text = "Constraint Explorer";
-        text.bold().fg(Self::HEADER_COLOR).into_centered_line()
-    }
-
-    fn instructions() -> impl Widget {
-        let text = "◄ ►: select, ▲ ▼: edit, 1-6: swap, a: add, x: delete, q: quit, + -: spacing";
-        Paragraph::new(text)
-            .fg(Self::TEXT_COLOR)
-            .centered()
-            .wrap(Wrap { trim: false })
-    }
-
-    fn swap_legend() -> impl Widget {
-        #[allow(unstable_name_collisions)]
-        Paragraph::new(
-            Line::from(
-                [
-                    ConstraintName::Min,
-                    ConstraintName::Max,
-                    ConstraintName::Length,
-                    ConstraintName::Percentage,
-                    ConstraintName::Ratio,
-                    ConstraintName::Fill,
-                ]
-                .iter()
-                .enumerate()
-                .map(|(i, name)| {
-                    format!("  {i}: {name}  ", i = i + 1)
-                        .fg(SLATE.c200)
-                        .bg(name.color())
-                })
-                .intersperse(Span::from(" "))
-                .collect_vec(),
-            )
-            .centered(),
-        )
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: false })
-    }
-
-    /// A bar like `<----- 80 px (gap: 2 px) ----->`
-    ///
-    /// Only shows the gap when spacing is not zero
-    fn axis(&self, width: u16) -> impl Widget {
-        let label = if self.spacing != 0 {
-            format!("{} px (gap: {} px)", width, self.spacing)
-        } else {
-            format!("{width} px")
-        };
-        let bar_width = width.saturating_sub(2) as usize; // we want to `<` and `>` at the ends
-        let width_bar = format!("<{label:-^bar_width$}>");
-        Paragraph::new(width_bar).fg(Self::AXIS_COLOR).centered()
-    }
-
-    fn render_layout_blocks(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [user_constraints, area] = Layout::vertical([Length(3), Fill(1)])
-            .spacing(1)
-            .areas(area);
-
-        self.render_user_constraints_legend(user_constraints, buf);
-
-        let [start, center, end, space_around, space_between] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(7); 5]).areas(area);
-
-        self.render_layout_block(Flex::Start, start, buf);
-        self.render_layout_block(Flex::Center, center, buf);
-        self.render_layout_block(Flex::End, end, buf);
-        self.render_layout_block(Flex::SpaceAround, space_around, buf);
-        self.render_layout_block(Flex::SpaceBetween, space_between, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_user_constraints_legend(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let blocks = Layout::horizontal(
-            self.constraints
-                .iter()
-                .map(|_| Constraint::Fill(1))
-                .collect_vec(),
-        )
-        .split(area);
-
-        for (i, (area, constraint)) in blocks.iter().zip(self.constraints.iter()).enumerate() {
-            let selected = self.selected_index == i;
-            ConstraintBlock::new(*constraint, selected, true).render(*area, buf);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn render_layout_block(&self, flex: Flex, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [label_area, axis_area, blocks_area] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(1), Max(1), Length(4)]).areas(area);
-
-        if label_area.height > 0 {
-            format!("Flex::{flex:?}").bold().render(label_area, buf);
-        }
-
-        self.axis(area.width).render(axis_area, buf);
-
-        let (blocks, spacers) = Layout::horizontal(&self.constraints)
-            .flex(flex)
-            .spacing(self.spacing)
-            .split_with_spacers(blocks_area);
-
-        for (i, (area, constraint)) in blocks.iter().zip(self.constraints.iter()).enumerate() {
-            let selected = self.selected_index == i;
-            ConstraintBlock::new(*constraint, selected, false).render(*area, buf);
-        }
-
-        for area in spacers.iter() {
-            SpacerBlock.render(*area, buf);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for ConstraintBlock {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        match area.height {
-            1 => self.render_1px(area, buf),
-            2 => self.render_2px(area, buf),
-            _ => self.render_4px(area, buf),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl ConstraintBlock {
-    const TEXT_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c200;
-
-    const fn new(constraint: Constraint, selected: bool, legend: bool) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            constraint,
-            legend,
-            selected,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn label(&self, width: u16) -> String {
-        let long_width = format!("{width} px");
-        let short_width = format!("{width}");
-        // border takes up 2 columns
-        let available_space = width.saturating_sub(2) as usize;
-        let width_label = if long_width.len() < available_space {
-            long_width
-        } else if short_width.len() < available_space {
-            short_width
-        } else {
-            String::new()
-        };
-        format!("{}\n{}", self.constraint, width_label)
-    }
-
-    fn render_1px(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let lighter_color = ConstraintName::from(self.constraint).lighter_color();
-        let main_color = ConstraintName::from(self.constraint).color();
-        let selected_color = if self.selected {
-            lighter_color
-        } else {
-            main_color
-        };
-        Block::new()
-            .fg(Self::TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(selected_color)
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_2px(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let lighter_color = ConstraintName::from(self.constraint).lighter_color();
-        let main_color = ConstraintName::from(self.constraint).color();
-        let selected_color = if self.selected {
-            lighter_color
-        } else {
-            main_color
-        };
-        Block::bordered()
-            .border_set(symbols::border::QUADRANT_OUTSIDE)
-            .border_style(Style::reset().fg(selected_color).reversed())
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_4px(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let lighter_color = ConstraintName::from(self.constraint).lighter_color();
-        let main_color = ConstraintName::from(self.constraint).color();
-        let selected_color = if self.selected {
-            lighter_color
-        } else {
-            main_color
-        };
-        let color = if self.legend {
-            selected_color
-        } else {
-            main_color
-        };
-        let label = self.label(area.width);
-        let block = Block::bordered()
-            .border_set(symbols::border::QUADRANT_OUTSIDE)
-            .border_style(Style::reset().fg(color).reversed())
-            .fg(Self::TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(color);
-        Paragraph::new(label)
-            .centered()
-            .fg(Self::TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(color)
-            .block(block)
-            .render(area, buf);
-
-        if !self.legend {
-            let border_color = if self.selected {
-                lighter_color
-            } else {
-                main_color
-            };
-            if let Some(last_row) = area.rows().last() {
-                buf.set_style(last_row, border_color);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for SpacerBlock {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        match area.height {
-            1 => (),
-            2 => Self::render_2px(area, buf),
-            3 => Self::render_3px(area, buf),
-            _ => Self::render_4px(area, buf),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl SpacerBlock {
-    const TEXT_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c500;
-    const BORDER_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c600;
-
-    /// A block with a corner borders
-    fn block() -> impl Widget {
-        let corners_only = symbols::border::Set {
-            top_left: line::NORMAL.top_left,
-            top_right: line::NORMAL.top_right,
-            bottom_left: line::NORMAL.bottom_left,
-            bottom_right: line::NORMAL.bottom_right,
-            vertical_left: " ",
-            vertical_right: " ",
-            horizontal_top: " ",
-            horizontal_bottom: " ",
-        };
-        Block::bordered()
-            .border_set(corners_only)
-            .border_style(Self::BORDER_COLOR)
-    }
-
-    /// A vertical line used if there is not enough space to render the block
-    fn line() -> impl Widget {
-        Paragraph::new(Text::from(vec![
-            Line::from(""),
-            Line::from("│"),
-            Line::from("│"),
-            Line::from(""),
-        ]))
-        .style(Self::BORDER_COLOR)
-    }
-
-    /// A label that says "Spacer" if there is enough space
-    fn spacer_label(width: u16) -> impl Widget {
-        let label = if width >= 6 { "Spacer" } else { "" };
-        label.fg(Self::TEXT_COLOR).into_centered_line()
-    }
-
-    /// A label that says "8 px" if there is enough space
-    fn label(width: u16) -> impl Widget {
-        let long_label = format!("{width} px");
-        let short_label = format!("{width}");
-        let label = if long_label.len() < width as usize {
-            long_label
-        } else if short_label.len() < width as usize {
-            short_label
-        } else {
-            String::new()
-        };
-        Line::styled(label, Self::TEXT_COLOR).centered()
-    }
-
-    fn render_2px(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        if area.width > 1 {
-            Self::block().render(area, buf);
-        } else {
-            Self::line().render(area, buf);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn render_3px(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        if area.width > 1 {
-            Self::block().render(area, buf);
-        } else {
-            Self::line().render(area, buf);
-        }
-
-        let row = area.rows().nth(1).unwrap_or_default();
-        Self::spacer_label(area.width).render(row, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_4px(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        if area.width > 1 {
-            Self::block().render(area, buf);
-        } else {
-            Self::line().render(area, buf);
-        }
-
-        let row = area.rows().nth(1).unwrap_or_default();
-        Self::spacer_label(area.width).render(row, buf);
-
-        let row = area.rows().nth(2).unwrap_or_default();
-        Self::label(area.width).render(row, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-impl ConstraintName {
-    const fn color(self) -> Color {
-        match self {
-            Self::Length => SLATE.c700,
-            Self::Percentage => SLATE.c800,
-            Self::Ratio => SLATE.c900,
-            Self::Fill => SLATE.c950,
-            Self::Min => BLUE.c800,
-            Self::Max => BLUE.c900,
-        }
-    }
-
-    const fn lighter_color(self) -> Color {
-        match self {
-            Self::Length => STONE.c500,
-            Self::Percentage => STONE.c600,
-            Self::Ratio => STONE.c700,
-            Self::Fill => STONE.c800,
-            Self::Min => SKY.c600,
-            Self::Max => SKY.c700,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/constraints.rs

@@ -1,440 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Constraints example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
-use std::io::{self, stdout};
-
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
-use ratatui::{layout::Constraint::*, prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
-use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
-
-const SPACER_HEIGHT: u16 = 0;
-const ILLUSTRATION_HEIGHT: u16 = 4;
-const EXAMPLE_HEIGHT: u16 = ILLUSTRATION_HEIGHT + SPACER_HEIGHT;
-
-// priority 2
-const MIN_COLOR: Color = tailwind::BLUE.c900;
-const MAX_COLOR: Color = tailwind::BLUE.c800;
-// priority 3
-const LENGTH_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c700;
-const PERCENTAGE_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c800;
-const RATIO_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c900;
-// priority 4
-const FILL_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c950;
-
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Copy)]
-struct App {
-    selected_tab: SelectedTab,
-    scroll_offset: u16,
-    max_scroll_offset: u16,
-    state: AppState,
-}
-
-/// Tabs for the different examples
-///
-/// The order of the variants is the order in which they are displayed.
-#[derive(Default, Debug, Copy, Clone, Display, FromRepr, EnumIter, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum SelectedTab {
-    #[default]
-    Min,
-    Max,
-    Length,
-    Percentage,
-    Ratio,
-    Fill,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum AppState {
-    #[default]
-    Running,
-    Quit,
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-
-    // increase the cache size to avoid flickering for indeterminate layouts
-    Layout::init_cache(100);
-
-    App::default().run(terminal)?;
-
-    restore_terminal()?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-impl App {
-    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-        self.update_max_scroll_offset();
-        while self.is_running() {
-            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
-            self.handle_events()?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn update_max_scroll_offset(&mut self) {
-        self.max_scroll_offset = (self.selected_tab.get_example_count() - 1) * EXAMPLE_HEIGHT;
-    }
-
-    fn is_running(self) -> bool {
-        self.state == AppState::Running
-    }
-
-    fn draw(self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.size()))?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            use KeyCode::*;
-            if key.kind != KeyEventKind::Press {
-                return Ok(());
-            }
-            match key.code {
-                Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
-                Char('l') | Right => self.next(),
-                Char('h') | Left => self.previous(),
-                Char('j') | Down => self.down(),
-                Char('k') | Up => self.up(),
-                Char('g') | Home => self.top(),
-                Char('G') | End => self.bottom(),
-                _ => (),
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn quit(&mut self) {
-        self.state = AppState::Quit;
-    }
-
-    fn next(&mut self) {
-        self.selected_tab = self.selected_tab.next();
-        self.update_max_scroll_offset();
-        self.scroll_offset = 0;
-    }
-
-    fn previous(&mut self) {
-        self.selected_tab = self.selected_tab.previous();
-        self.update_max_scroll_offset();
-        self.scroll_offset = 0;
-    }
-
-    fn up(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll_offset = self.scroll_offset.saturating_sub(1);
-    }
-
-    fn down(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll_offset = self
-            .scroll_offset
-            .saturating_add(1)
-            .min(self.max_scroll_offset);
-    }
-
-    fn top(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll_offset = 0;
-    }
-
-    fn bottom(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll_offset = self.max_scroll_offset;
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for App {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [tabs, axis, demo] = Layout::vertical([Length(3), Length(3), Fill(0)]).areas(area);
-
-        self.render_tabs(tabs, buf);
-        Self::render_axis(axis, buf);
-        self.render_demo(demo, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-impl App {
-    fn render_tabs(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let titles = SelectedTab::iter().map(SelectedTab::to_tab_title);
-        let block = Block::new()
-            .title("Constraints ".bold())
-            .title(" Use h l or ◄ ► to change tab and j k or ▲ ▼  to scroll");
-        Tabs::new(titles)
-            .block(block)
-            .highlight_style(Modifier::REVERSED)
-            .select(self.selected_tab as usize)
-            .padding("", "")
-            .divider(" ")
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_axis(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let width = area.width as usize;
-        // a bar like `<----- 80 px ----->`
-        let width_label = format!("{width} px");
-        let width_bar = format!(
-            "<{width_label:-^width$}>",
-            width = width - width_label.len() / 2
-        );
-        Paragraph::new(width_bar.dark_gray())
-            .centered()
-            .block(Block::new().padding(Padding {
-                left: 0,
-                right: 0,
-                top: 1,
-                bottom: 0,
-            }))
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
-    /// Render the demo content
-    ///
-    /// This function renders the demo content into a separate buffer and then splices the buffer
-    /// into the main buffer. This is done to make it possible to handle scrolling easily.
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-    fn render_demo(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        // render demo content into a separate buffer so all examples fit we add an extra
-        // area.height to make sure the last example is fully visible even when the scroll offset is
-        // at the max
-        let height = self.selected_tab.get_example_count() * EXAMPLE_HEIGHT;
-        let demo_area = Rect::new(0, 0, area.width, height + area.height);
-        let mut demo_buf = Buffer::empty(demo_area);
-
-        let scrollbar_needed = self.scroll_offset != 0 || height > area.height;
-        let content_area = if scrollbar_needed {
-            Rect {
-                width: demo_area.width - 1,
-                ..demo_area
-            }
-        } else {
-            demo_area
-        };
-        self.selected_tab.render(content_area, &mut demo_buf);
-
-        let visible_content = demo_buf
-            .content
-            .into_iter()
-            .skip((demo_area.width * self.scroll_offset) as usize)
-            .take(area.area() as usize);
-        for (i, cell) in visible_content.enumerate() {
-            let x = i as u16 % area.width;
-            let y = i as u16 / area.width;
-            *buf.get_mut(area.x + x, area.y + y) = cell;
-        }
-
-        if scrollbar_needed {
-            let mut state = ScrollbarState::new(self.max_scroll_offset as usize)
-                .position(self.scroll_offset as usize);
-            Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalRight).render(area, buf, &mut state);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl SelectedTab {
-    /// Get the previous tab, if there is no previous tab return the current tab.
-    fn previous(self) -> Self {
-        let current_index: usize = self as usize;
-        let previous_index = current_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the next tab, if there is no next tab return the current tab.
-    fn next(self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = self as usize;
-        let next_index = current_index.saturating_add(1);
-        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(self)
-    }
-
-    const fn get_example_count(self) -> u16 {
-        #[allow(clippy::match_same_arms)]
-        match self {
-            Self::Length => 4,
-            Self::Percentage => 5,
-            Self::Ratio => 4,
-            Self::Fill => 2,
-            Self::Min => 5,
-            Self::Max => 5,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn to_tab_title(value: Self) -> Line<'static> {
-        let text = format!("  {value}  ");
-        let color = match value {
-            Self::Length => LENGTH_COLOR,
-            Self::Percentage => PERCENTAGE_COLOR,
-            Self::Ratio => RATIO_COLOR,
-            Self::Fill => FILL_COLOR,
-            Self::Min => MIN_COLOR,
-            Self::Max => MAX_COLOR,
-        };
-        text.fg(tailwind::SLATE.c200).bg(color).into()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for SelectedTab {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        match self {
-            Self::Length => Self::render_length_example(area, buf),
-            Self::Percentage => Self::render_percentage_example(area, buf),
-            Self::Ratio => Self::render_ratio_example(area, buf),
-            Self::Fill => Self::render_fill_example(area, buf),
-            Self::Min => Self::render_min_example(area, buf),
-            Self::Max => Self::render_max_example(area, buf),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl SelectedTab {
-    fn render_length_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [example1, example2, example3, _] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 4]).areas(area);
-
-        Example::new(&[Length(20), Length(20)]).render(example1, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Length(20), Min(20)]).render(example2, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Length(20), Max(20)]).render(example3, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_percentage_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]).areas(area);
-
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(75), Fill(0)]).render(example1, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(25), Fill(0)]).render(example2, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(50), Min(20)]).render(example3, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(0), Max(0)]).render(example4, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(0), Fill(0)]).render(example5, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_ratio_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [example1, example2, example3, example4, _] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 5]).areas(area);
-
-        Example::new(&[Ratio(1, 2); 2]).render(example1, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Ratio(1, 4); 4]).render(example2, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Ratio(1, 2), Ratio(1, 3), Ratio(1, 4)]).render(example3, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Ratio(1, 2), Percentage(25), Length(10)]).render(example4, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_fill_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [example1, example2, _] = Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 3]).areas(area);
-
-        Example::new(&[Fill(1), Fill(2), Fill(3)]).render(example1, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Fill(1), Percentage(50), Fill(1)]).render(example2, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_min_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]).areas(area);
-
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(100), Min(0)]).render(example1, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(100), Min(20)]).render(example2, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(100), Min(40)]).render(example3, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(100), Min(60)]).render(example4, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(100), Min(80)]).render(example5, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_max_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]).areas(area);
-
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(0), Max(0)]).render(example1, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(0), Max(20)]).render(example2, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(0), Max(40)]).render(example3, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(0), Max(60)]).render(example4, buf);
-        Example::new(&[Percentage(0), Max(80)]).render(example5, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-struct Example {
-    constraints: Vec<Constraint>,
-}
-
-impl Example {
-    fn new(constraints: &[Constraint]) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            constraints: constraints.into(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for Example {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [area, _] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(ILLUSTRATION_HEIGHT), Length(SPACER_HEIGHT)]).areas(area);
-        let blocks = Layout::horizontal(&self.constraints).split(area);
-
-        for (block, constraint) in blocks.iter().zip(&self.constraints) {
-            Self::illustration(*constraint, block.width).render(*block, buf);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Example {
-    fn illustration(constraint: Constraint, width: u16) -> impl Widget {
-        let color = match constraint {
-            Constraint::Length(_) => LENGTH_COLOR,
-            Constraint::Percentage(_) => PERCENTAGE_COLOR,
-            Constraint::Ratio(_, _) => RATIO_COLOR,
-            Constraint::Fill(_) => FILL_COLOR,
-            Constraint::Min(_) => MIN_COLOR,
-            Constraint::Max(_) => MAX_COLOR,
-        };
-        let fg = Color::White;
-        let title = format!("{constraint}");
-        let content = format!("{width} px");
-        let text = format!("{title}\n{content}");
-        let block = Block::bordered()
-            .border_set(symbols::border::QUADRANT_OUTSIDE)
-            .border_style(Style::reset().fg(color).reversed())
-            .style(Style::default().fg(fg).bg(color));
-        Paragraph::new(text).centered().block(block)
-    }
-}
-
-fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/custom_widget.rs

@@ -1,137 +1,34 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Custom Widget example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-use std::{error::Error, io, ops::ControlFlow, time::Duration};
+use std::{error::Error, io};
 
 use crossterm::{
-    event::{
-        self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, MouseButton, MouseEvent,
-        MouseEventKind,
-    },
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
-
-/// A custom widget that renders a button with a label, theme and state.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-struct Button<'a> {
-    label: Line<'a>,
-    theme: Theme,
-    state: State,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum State {
-    Normal,
-    Selected,
-    Active,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-struct Theme {
-    text: Color,
-    background: Color,
-    highlight: Color,
-    shadow: Color,
-}
-
-const BLUE: Theme = Theme {
-    text: Color::Rgb(16, 24, 48),
-    background: Color::Rgb(48, 72, 144),
-    highlight: Color::Rgb(64, 96, 192),
-    shadow: Color::Rgb(32, 48, 96),
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::Style,
+    widgets::Widget,
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
-const RED: Theme = Theme {
-    text: Color::Rgb(48, 16, 16),
-    background: Color::Rgb(144, 48, 48),
-    highlight: Color::Rgb(192, 64, 64),
-    shadow: Color::Rgb(96, 32, 32),
-};
-
-const GREEN: Theme = Theme {
-    text: Color::Rgb(16, 48, 16),
-    background: Color::Rgb(48, 144, 48),
-    highlight: Color::Rgb(64, 192, 64),
-    shadow: Color::Rgb(32, 96, 32),
-};
-
-/// A button with a label that can be themed.
-impl<'a> Button<'a> {
-    pub fn new<T: Into<Line<'a>>>(label: T) -> Self {
-        Button {
-            label: label.into(),
-            theme: BLUE,
-            state: State::Normal,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub const fn theme(mut self, theme: Theme) -> Self {
-        self.theme = theme;
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub const fn state(mut self, state: State) -> Self {
-        self.state = state;
-        self
-    }
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Label<'a> {
+    text: &'a str,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Widget for Button<'a> {
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+impl<'a> Widget for Label<'a> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let (background, text, shadow, highlight) = self.colors();
-        buf.set_style(area, Style::new().bg(background).fg(text));
-
-        // render top line if there's enough space
-        if area.height > 2 {
-            buf.set_string(
-                area.x,
-                area.y,
-                "▔".repeat(area.width as usize),
-                Style::new().fg(highlight).bg(background),
-            );
-        }
-        // render bottom line if there's enough space
-        if area.height > 1 {
-            buf.set_string(
-                area.x,
-                area.y + area.height - 1,
-                "▁".repeat(area.width as usize),
-                Style::new().fg(shadow).bg(background),
-            );
-        }
-        // render label centered
-        buf.set_line(
-            area.x + (area.width.saturating_sub(self.label.width() as u16)) / 2,
-            area.y + (area.height.saturating_sub(1)) / 2,
-            &self.label,
-            area.width,
-        );
+        buf.set_string(area.left(), area.top(), self.text, Style::default());
     }
 }
 
-impl Button<'_> {
-    const fn colors(&self) -> (Color, Color, Color, Color) {
-        let theme = self.theme;
-        match self.state {
-            State::Normal => (theme.background, theme.text, theme.shadow, theme.highlight),
-            State::Selected => (theme.highlight, theme.text, theme.shadow, theme.highlight),
-            State::Active => (theme.background, theme.text, theme.highlight, theme.shadow),
-        }
+impl<'a> Label<'a> {
+    fn text(mut self, text: &'a str) -> Label<'a> {
+        self.text = text;
+        self
     }
 }
 
@@ -163,120 +60,19 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
 }
 
 fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
-    let mut selected_button: usize = 0;
-    let mut button_states = [State::Selected, State::Normal, State::Normal];
     loop {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| ui(frame, button_states))?;
-        if !event::poll(Duration::from_millis(100))? {
-            continue;
-        }
-        match event::read()? {
-            Event::Key(key) => {
-                if key.kind != event::KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if handle_key_event(key, &mut button_states, &mut selected_button).is_break() {
-                    break;
-                }
+        terminal.draw(ui)?;
+
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                return Ok(());
             }
-            Event::Mouse(mouse) => {
-                handle_mouse_event(mouse, &mut button_states, &mut selected_button);
-            }
-            _ => (),
         }
     }
-    Ok(())
 }
 
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, states: [State; 3]) {
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Length(1),
-        Constraint::Max(3),
-        Constraint::Length(1),
-        Constraint::Min(0), // ignore remaining space
-    ]);
-    let [title, buttons, help, _] = vertical.areas(frame.size());
-
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Custom Widget Example (mouse enabled)"),
-        title,
-    );
-    render_buttons(frame, buttons, states);
-    frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("←/→: select, Space: toggle, q: quit"), help);
-}
-
-fn render_buttons(frame: &mut Frame<'_>, area: Rect, states: [State; 3]) {
-    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([
-        Constraint::Length(15),
-        Constraint::Length(15),
-        Constraint::Length(15),
-        Constraint::Min(0), // ignore remaining space
-    ]);
-    let [red, green, blue, _] = horizontal.areas(area);
-
-    frame.render_widget(Button::new("Red").theme(RED).state(states[0]), red);
-    frame.render_widget(Button::new("Green").theme(GREEN).state(states[1]), green);
-    frame.render_widget(Button::new("Blue").theme(BLUE).state(states[2]), blue);
-}
-
-fn handle_key_event(
-    key: event::KeyEvent,
-    button_states: &mut [State; 3],
-    selected_button: &mut usize,
-) -> ControlFlow<()> {
-    match key.code {
-        KeyCode::Char('q') => return ControlFlow::Break(()),
-        KeyCode::Left | KeyCode::Char('h') => {
-            button_states[*selected_button] = State::Normal;
-            *selected_button = selected_button.saturating_sub(1);
-            button_states[*selected_button] = State::Selected;
-        }
-        KeyCode::Right | KeyCode::Char('l') => {
-            button_states[*selected_button] = State::Normal;
-            *selected_button = selected_button.saturating_add(1).min(2);
-            button_states[*selected_button] = State::Selected;
-        }
-        KeyCode::Char(' ') => {
-            if button_states[*selected_button] == State::Active {
-                button_states[*selected_button] = State::Normal;
-            } else {
-                button_states[*selected_button] = State::Active;
-            }
-        }
-        _ => (),
-    }
-    ControlFlow::Continue(())
-}
-
-fn handle_mouse_event(
-    mouse: MouseEvent,
-    button_states: &mut [State; 3],
-    selected_button: &mut usize,
-) {
-    match mouse.kind {
-        MouseEventKind::Moved => {
-            let old_selected_button = *selected_button;
-            *selected_button = match mouse.column {
-                x if x < 15 => 0,
-                x if x < 30 => 1,
-                _ => 2,
-            };
-            if old_selected_button != *selected_button {
-                if button_states[old_selected_button] != State::Active {
-                    button_states[old_selected_button] = State::Normal;
-                }
-                if button_states[*selected_button] != State::Active {
-                    button_states[*selected_button] = State::Selected;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        MouseEventKind::Down(MouseButton::Left) => {
-            if button_states[*selected_button] == State::Active {
-                button_states[*selected_button] = State::Normal;
-            } else {
-                button_states[*selected_button] = State::Active;
-            }
-        }
-        _ => (),
-    }
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>) {
+    let size = f.size();
+    let label = Label::default().text("Test");
+    f.render_widget(label, size);
 }

examples/demo/app.rs

@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ pub struct RandomSignal {
 }
 
 impl RandomSignal {
-    pub fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> Self {
-        Self {
+    pub fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> RandomSignal {
+        RandomSignal {
             distribution: Uniform::new(lower, upper),
             rng: rand::thread_rng(),
         }
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ pub struct SinSignal {
 }
 
 impl SinSignal {
-    pub const fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> Self {
-        Self {
+    pub fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> SinSignal {
+        SinSignal {
             x: 0.0,
             interval,
             period,
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ pub struct StatefulList<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T> StatefulList<T> {
-    pub fn with_items(items: Vec<T>) -> Self {
-        Self {
+    pub fn with_items(items: Vec<T>) -> StatefulList<T> {
+        StatefulList {
             state: ListState::default(),
             items,
         }
@@ -191,7 +191,9 @@ where
     S: Iterator,
 {
     fn on_tick(&mut self) {
-        self.points.drain(0..self.tick_rate);
+        for _ in 0..self.tick_rate {
+            self.points.remove(0);
+        }
         self.points
             .extend(self.source.by_ref().take(self.tick_rate));
     }
@@ -235,7 +237,7 @@ pub struct App<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> App<'a> {
-    pub fn new(title: &'a str, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(title: &'a str, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> App<'a> {
         let mut rand_signal = RandomSignal::new(0, 100);
         let sparkline_points = rand_signal.by_ref().take(300).collect();
         let mut sin_signal = SinSignal::new(0.2, 3.0, 18.0);

examples/demo/crossterm.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@ use crossterm::{
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    Terminal,
+};
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};
 
@@ -50,16 +53,18 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui::draw(f, &mut app))?;
 
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
         if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
                 if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
                     match key.code {
-                        KeyCode::Left | KeyCode::Char('h') => app.on_left(),
-                        KeyCode::Up | KeyCode::Char('k') => app.on_up(),
-                        KeyCode::Right | KeyCode::Char('l') => app.on_right(),
-                        KeyCode::Down | KeyCode::Char('j') => app.on_down(),
                         KeyCode::Char(c) => app.on_key(c),
+                        KeyCode::Left => app.on_left(),
+                        KeyCode::Up => app.on_up(),
+                        KeyCode::Right => app.on_right(),
+                        KeyCode::Down => app.on_down(),
                         _ => {}
                     }
                 }

examples/demo/main.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,3 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Original Demo example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
 use std::{error::Error, time::Duration};
 
 use argh::FromArgs;

examples/demo/termion.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use std::{error::Error, io, sync::mpsc, thread, time::Duration};
 
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, TermionBackend},
+    Terminal,
+};
 use termion::{
     event::Key,
     input::{MouseTerminal, TermRead},
@@ -39,11 +42,11 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
 
         match events.recv()? {
             Event::Input(key) => match key {
-                Key::Up | Key::Char('k') => app.on_up(),
-                Key::Down | Key::Char('j') => app.on_down(),
-                Key::Left | Key::Char('h') => app.on_left(),
-                Key::Right | Key::Char('l') => app.on_right(),
                 Key::Char(c) => app.on_key(c),
+                Key::Up => app.on_up(),
+                Key::Down => app.on_down(),
+                Key::Left => app.on_left(),
+                Key::Right => app.on_right(),
                 _ => {}
             },
             Event::Tick => app.on_tick(),

examples/demo/termwiz.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 use std::{
     error::Error,
+    io,
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
-use termwiz::{
-    input::{InputEvent, KeyCode},
-    terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal,
-};
+use ratatui::{backend::TermwizBackend, Terminal};
+use termwiz::{input::*, terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal};
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};
 
@@ -34,24 +32,26 @@ fn run_app(
     terminal: &mut Terminal<TermwizBackend>,
     mut app: App,
     tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+) -> io::Result<()> {
     let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui::draw(f, &mut app))?;
 
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
-        if let Some(input) = terminal
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if let Ok(Some(input)) = terminal
             .backend_mut()
             .buffered_terminal_mut()
             .terminal()
-            .poll_input(Some(timeout))?
+            .poll_input(Some(timeout))
         {
             match input {
                 InputEvent::Key(key_code) => match key_code.key {
-                    KeyCode::UpArrow | KeyCode::Char('k') => app.on_up(),
-                    KeyCode::DownArrow | KeyCode::Char('j') => app.on_down(),
-                    KeyCode::LeftArrow | KeyCode::Char('h') => app.on_left(),
-                    KeyCode::RightArrow | KeyCode::Char('l') => app.on_right(),
+                    KeyCode::UpArrow => app.on_up(),
+                    KeyCode::DownArrow => app.on_down(),
+                    KeyCode::LeftArrow => app.on_left(),
+                    KeyCode::RightArrow => app.on_right(),
                     KeyCode::Char(c) => app.on_key(c),
                     _ => {}
                 },

examples/demo/ui.rs

@@ -1,20 +1,31 @@
-#[allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
+    backend::Backend,
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    symbols,
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{
+        canvas::{Canvas, Circle, Line as CanvasLine, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
+        Axis, BarChart, Block, Borders, Cell, Chart, Dataset, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem,
+        Paragraph, Row, Sparkline, Table, Tabs, Wrap,
+    },
+    Frame,
 };
 
 use crate::app::App;
 
-pub fn draw(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
-    let chunks = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)]).split(f.size());
-    let tabs = app
+pub fn draw<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .constraints([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)].as_ref())
+        .split(f.size());
+    let titles = app
         .tabs
         .titles
         .iter()
-        .map(|t| text::Line::from(Span::styled(*t, Style::default().fg(Color::Green))))
-        .collect::<Tabs>()
-        .block(Block::bordered().title(app.title))
+        .map(|t| Line::from(Span::styled(*t, Style::default().fg(Color::Green))))
+        .collect();
+    let tabs = Tabs::new(titles)
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title(app.title))
         .highlight_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
         .select(app.tabs.index);
     f.render_widget(tabs, chunks[0]);
@@ -26,32 +37,46 @@ pub fn draw(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
     };
 }
 
-fn draw_first_tab(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
-    let chunks = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Length(9),
-        Constraint::Min(8),
-        Constraint::Length(7),
-    ])
-    .split(area);
+fn draw_first_tab<B>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App, area: Rect)
+where
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Length(9),
+                Constraint::Min(8),
+                Constraint::Length(7),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(area);
     draw_gauges(f, app, chunks[0]);
     draw_charts(f, app, chunks[1]);
     draw_text(f, chunks[2]);
 }
 
-fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
-    let chunks = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Length(2),
-        Constraint::Length(3),
-        Constraint::Length(1),
-    ])
-    .margin(1)
-    .split(area);
-    let block = Block::bordered().title("Graphs");
+fn draw_gauges<B>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App, area: Rect)
+where
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Length(2),
+                Constraint::Length(3),
+                Constraint::Length(1),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .margin(1)
+        .split(area);
+    let block = Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Graphs");
     f.render_widget(block, area);
 
     let label = format!("{:.2}%", app.progress * 100.0);
     let gauge = Gauge::default()
-        .block(Block::new().title("Gauge:"))
+        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge:"))
         .gauge_style(
             Style::default()
                 .fg(Color::Magenta)
@@ -64,7 +89,7 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[0]);
 
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
-        .block(Block::new().title("Sparkline:"))
+        .block(Block::default().title("Sparkline:"))
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
         .data(&app.sparkline.points)
         .bar_set(if app.enhanced_graphics {
@@ -75,7 +100,7 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[1]);
 
     let line_gauge = LineGauge::default()
-        .block(Block::new().title("LineGauge:"))
+        .block(Block::default().title("LineGauge:"))
         .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
         .line_set(if app.enhanced_graphics {
             symbols::line::THICK
@@ -86,31 +111,38 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     f.render_widget(line_gauge, chunks[2]);
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
-fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
+fn draw_charts<B>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App, area: Rect)
+where
+    B: Backend,
+{
     let constraints = if app.show_chart {
         vec![Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]
     } else {
         vec![Constraint::Percentage(100)]
     };
-    let chunks = Layout::horizontal(constraints).split(area);
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .constraints(constraints)
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .split(area);
     {
-        let chunks = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)])
+        let chunks = Layout::default()
+            .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
             .split(chunks[0]);
         {
-            let chunks =
-                Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)])
-                    .split(chunks[0]);
+            let chunks = Layout::default()
+                .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+                .split(chunks[0]);
 
             // Draw tasks
             let tasks: Vec<ListItem> = app
                 .tasks
                 .items
                 .iter()
-                .map(|i| ListItem::new(vec![text::Line::from(Span::raw(*i))]))
+                .map(|i| ListItem::new(vec![Line::from(Span::raw(*i))]))
                 .collect();
             let tasks = List::new(tasks)
-                .block(Block::bordered().title("List"))
+                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"))
                 .highlight_style(Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
                 .highlight_symbol("> ");
             f.render_stateful_widget(tasks, chunks[0], &mut app.tasks.state);
@@ -131,19 +163,19 @@ fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
                         "WARNING" => warning_style,
                         _ => info_style,
                     };
-                    let content = vec![text::Line::from(vec![
+                    let content = vec![Line::from(vec![
                         Span::styled(format!("{level:<9}"), s),
                         Span::raw(evt),
                     ])];
                     ListItem::new(content)
                 })
                 .collect();
-            let logs = List::new(logs).block(Block::bordered().title("List"));
+            let logs = List::new(logs).block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"));
             f.render_stateful_widget(logs, chunks[1], &mut app.logs.state);
         }
 
         let barchart = BarChart::default()
-            .block(Block::bordered().title("Bar chart"))
+            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Bar chart"))
             .data(&app.barchart)
             .bar_width(3)
             .bar_gap(2)
@@ -195,12 +227,14 @@ fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
         ];
         let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
             .block(
-                Block::bordered().title(Span::styled(
-                    "Chart",
-                    Style::default()
-                        .fg(Color::Cyan)
-                        .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-                )),
+                Block::default()
+                    .title(Span::styled(
+                        "Chart",
+                        Style::default()
+                            .fg(Color::Cyan)
+                            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+                    ))
+                    .borders(Borders::ALL),
             )
             .x_axis(
                 Axis::default()
@@ -224,11 +258,14 @@ fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     }
 }
 
-fn draw_text(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+fn draw_text<B>(f: &mut Frame<B>, area: Rect)
+where
+    B: Backend,
+{
     let text = vec![
-        text::Line::from("This is a paragraph with several lines. You can change style your text the way you want"),
-        text::Line::from(""),
-        text::Line::from(vec![
+        Line::from("This is a paragraph with several lines. You can change style your text the way you want"),
+        Line::from(""),
+        Line::from(vec![
             Span::from("For example: "),
             Span::styled("under", Style::default().fg(Color::Red)),
             Span::raw(" "),
@@ -237,7 +274,7 @@ fn draw_text(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
             Span::styled("rainbow", Style::default().fg(Color::Blue)),
             Span::raw("."),
         ]),
-        text::Line::from(vec![
+        Line::from(vec![
             Span::raw("Oh and if you didn't "),
             Span::styled("notice", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)),
             Span::raw(" you can "),
@@ -248,11 +285,11 @@ fn draw_text(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
             Span::styled("text", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED)),
             Span::raw(".")
         ]),
-        text::Line::from(
+        Line::from(
             "One more thing is that it should display unicode characters: 10€"
         ),
     ];
-    let block = Block::bordered().title(Span::styled(
+    let block = Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title(Span::styled(
         "Footer",
         Style::default()
             .fg(Color::Magenta)
@@ -262,9 +299,14 @@ fn draw_text(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
     f.render_widget(paragraph, area);
 }
 
-fn draw_second_tab(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
-    let chunks =
-        Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(30), Constraint::Percentage(70)]).split(area);
+fn draw_second_tab<B>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App, area: Rect)
+where
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(30), Constraint::Percentage(70)].as_ref())
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .split(area);
     let up_style = Style::default().fg(Color::Green);
     let failure_style = Style::default()
         .fg(Color::Red)
@@ -277,24 +319,22 @@ fn draw_second_tab(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
         };
         Row::new(vec![s.name, s.location, s.status]).style(style)
     });
-    let table = Table::new(
-        rows,
-        [
+    let table = Table::new(rows)
+        .header(
+            Row::new(vec!["Server", "Location", "Status"])
+                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+                .bottom_margin(1),
+        )
+        .block(Block::default().title("Servers").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .widths(&[
             Constraint::Length(15),
             Constraint::Length(15),
             Constraint::Length(10),
-        ],
-    )
-    .header(
-        Row::new(vec!["Server", "Location", "Status"])
-            .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-            .bottom_margin(1),
-    )
-    .block(Block::bordered().title("Servers"));
+        ]);
     f.render_widget(table, chunks[0]);
 
     let map = Canvas::default()
-        .block(Block::bordered().title("World"))
+        .block(Block::default().title("World").borders(Borders::ALL))
         .paint(|ctx| {
             ctx.draw(&Map {
                 color: Color::White,
@@ -316,7 +356,7 @@ fn draw_second_tab(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
             });
             for (i, s1) in app.servers.iter().enumerate() {
                 for s2 in &app.servers[i + 1..] {
-                    ctx.draw(&canvas::Line {
+                    ctx.draw(&CanvasLine {
                         x1: s1.coords.1,
                         y1: s1.coords.0,
                         y2: s2.coords.0,
@@ -348,8 +388,14 @@ fn draw_second_tab(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     f.render_widget(map, chunks[1]);
 }
 
-fn draw_third_tab(f: &mut Frame, _app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
-    let chunks = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)]).split(area);
+fn draw_third_tab<B>(f: &mut Frame<B>, _app: &mut App, area: Rect)
+where
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)])
+        .split(area);
     let colors = [
         Color::Reset,
         Color::Black,
@@ -380,14 +426,12 @@ fn draw_third_tab(f: &mut Frame, _app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
             Row::new(cells)
         })
         .collect();
-    let table = Table::new(
-        items,
-        [
+    let table = Table::new(items)
+        .block(Block::default().title("Colors").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .widths(&[
             Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
             Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
             Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
-        ],
-    )
-    .block(Block::bordered().title("Colors"));
+        ]);
     f.render_widget(table, chunks[0]);
 }

examples/demo2/app.rs

@@ -1,218 +0,0 @@
-use std::time::Duration;
-
-use color_eyre::{eyre::Context, Result};
-use crossterm::event::{Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
-use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
-
-use crate::{destroy, tabs::*, term, THEME};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct App {
-    mode: Mode,
-    tab: Tab,
-    about_tab: AboutTab,
-    recipe_tab: RecipeTab,
-    email_tab: EmailTab,
-    traceroute_tab: TracerouteTab,
-    weather_tab: WeatherTab,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum Mode {
-    #[default]
-    Running,
-    Destroy,
-    Quit,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum Tab {
-    #[default]
-    About,
-    Recipe,
-    Email,
-    Traceroute,
-    Weather,
-}
-
-pub fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-    App::default().run(terminal)
-}
-
-impl App {
-    /// Run the app until the user quits.
-    pub fn run(&mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-        while self.is_running() {
-            self.draw(terminal)?;
-            self.handle_events()?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
-        self.mode != Mode::Quit
-    }
-
-    /// Draw a single frame of the app.
-    fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-        terminal
-            .draw(|frame| {
-                frame.render_widget(self, frame.size());
-                if self.mode == Mode::Destroy {
-                    destroy::destroy(frame);
-                }
-            })
-            .wrap_err("terminal.draw")?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Handle events from the terminal.
-    ///
-    /// This function is called once per frame, The events are polled from the stdin with timeout of
-    /// 1/50th of a second. This was chosen to try to match the default frame rate of a GIF in VHS.
-    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        let timeout = Duration::from_secs_f64(1.0 / 50.0);
-        match term::next_event(timeout)? {
-            Some(Event::Key(key)) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => self.handle_key_press(key),
-            _ => {}
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn handle_key_press(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) {
-        use KeyCode::*;
-        match key.code {
-            Char('q') | Esc => self.mode = Mode::Quit,
-            Char('h') | Left => self.prev_tab(),
-            Char('l') | Right => self.next_tab(),
-            Char('k') | Up => self.prev(),
-            Char('j') | Down => self.next(),
-            Char('d') | Delete => self.destroy(),
-            _ => {}
-        };
-    }
-
-    fn prev(&mut self) {
-        match self.tab {
-            Tab::About => self.about_tab.prev_row(),
-            Tab::Recipe => self.recipe_tab.prev(),
-            Tab::Email => self.email_tab.prev(),
-            Tab::Traceroute => self.traceroute_tab.prev_row(),
-            Tab::Weather => self.weather_tab.prev(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn next(&mut self) {
-        match self.tab {
-            Tab::About => self.about_tab.next_row(),
-            Tab::Recipe => self.recipe_tab.next(),
-            Tab::Email => self.email_tab.next(),
-            Tab::Traceroute => self.traceroute_tab.next_row(),
-            Tab::Weather => self.weather_tab.next(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn prev_tab(&mut self) {
-        self.tab = self.tab.prev();
-    }
-
-    fn next_tab(&mut self) {
-        self.tab = self.tab.next();
-    }
-
-    fn destroy(&mut self) {
-        self.mode = Mode::Destroy;
-    }
-}
-
-/// Implement Widget for &App rather than for App as we would otherwise have to clone or copy the
-/// entire app state on every frame. For this example, the app state is small enough that it doesn't
-/// matter, but for larger apps this can be a significant performance improvement.
-impl Widget for &App {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Min(0),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-        ]);
-        let [title_bar, tab, bottom_bar] = vertical.areas(area);
-
-        Block::new().style(THEME.root).render(area, buf);
-        self.render_title_bar(title_bar, buf);
-        self.render_selected_tab(tab, buf);
-        App::render_bottom_bar(bottom_bar, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-impl App {
-    fn render_title_bar(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let layout = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Min(0), Constraint::Length(43)]);
-        let [title, tabs] = layout.areas(area);
-
-        Span::styled("Ratatui", THEME.app_title).render(title, buf);
-        let titles = Tab::iter().map(Tab::title);
-        Tabs::new(titles)
-            .style(THEME.tabs)
-            .highlight_style(THEME.tabs_selected)
-            .select(self.tab as usize)
-            .divider("")
-            .padding("", "")
-            .render(tabs, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_selected_tab(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        match self.tab {
-            Tab::About => self.about_tab.render(area, buf),
-            Tab::Recipe => self.recipe_tab.render(area, buf),
-            Tab::Email => self.email_tab.render(area, buf),
-            Tab::Traceroute => self.traceroute_tab.render(area, buf),
-            Tab::Weather => self.weather_tab.render(area, buf),
-        };
-    }
-
-    fn render_bottom_bar(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let keys = [
-            ("H/←", "Left"),
-            ("L/→", "Right"),
-            ("K/↑", "Up"),
-            ("J/↓", "Down"),
-            ("D/Del", "Destroy"),
-            ("Q/Esc", "Quit"),
-        ];
-        let spans = keys
-            .iter()
-            .flat_map(|(key, desc)| {
-                let key = Span::styled(format!(" {key} "), THEME.key_binding.key);
-                let desc = Span::styled(format!(" {desc} "), THEME.key_binding.description);
-                [key, desc]
-            })
-            .collect_vec();
-        Line::from(spans)
-            .centered()
-            .style((Color::Indexed(236), Color::Indexed(232)))
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-impl Tab {
-    fn next(self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = self as usize;
-        let next_index = current_index.saturating_add(1);
-        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(self)
-    }
-
-    fn prev(self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = self as usize;
-        let prev_index = current_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        Self::from_repr(prev_index).unwrap_or(self)
-    }
-
-    fn title(self) -> String {
-        match self {
-            Self::About => String::new(),
-            tab => format!(" {tab} "),
-        }
-    }
-}

examples/demo2/big_text.rs

@@ -1,815 +0,0 @@
-//! [tui-big-text] is a rust crate that renders large pixel text as a [Ratatui] widget using the
-//! glyphs from the [font8x8] crate.
-//!
-//! ![Hello World example](https://vhs.charm.sh/vhs-2UxNc2SJgiNqHoowbsXAMW.gif)
-//!
-//! # Installation
-//!
-//! ```shell
-//! cargo add ratatui tui-big-text
-//! ```
-//!
-//! # Usage
-//!
-//! Create a [`BigText`] widget using `BigTextBuilder` and pass it to [`Frame::render_widget`] to
-//! render be rendered. The builder allows you to customize the [`Style`] of the widget and the
-//! [`PixelSize`] of the glyphs. The [`PixelSize`] can be used to control how many character cells
-//! are used to represent a single pixel of the 8x8 font.
-//!
-//! # Example
-//!
-//! ```rust
-//! use anyhow::Result;
-//! use ratatui::prelude::*;
-//! use tui_big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
-//!
-//! fn render(frame: &mut Frame) -> Result<()> {
-//!     let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-//!         .pixel_size(PixelSize::Full)
-//!         .style(Style::new().blue())
-//!         .lines(vec![
-//!             "Hello".red().into(),
-//!             "World".white().into(),
-//!             "~~~~~".into(),
-//!         ])
-//!         .build()?;
-//!     frame.render_widget(big_text, frame.size());
-//!     Ok(())
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! [tui-big-text]: https://crates.io/crates/tui-big-text
-//! [Ratatui]: https://crates.io/crates/ratatui
-//! [font8x8]: https://crates.io/crates/font8x8
-//! [`BigText`]: crate::BigText
-//! [`PixelSize`]: crate::PixelSize
-//! [`Frame::render_widget`]: ratatui::Frame::render_widget
-//! [`Style`]: ratatui::style::Style
-
-use std::cmp::min;
-
-use derive_builder::Builder;
-use font8x8::UnicodeFonts;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, text::StyledGrapheme};
-
-#[allow(unused)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Default)]
-pub enum PixelSize {
-    #[default]
-    /// A pixel from the 8x8 font is represented by a full character cell in the terminal.
-    Full,
-    /// A pixel from the 8x8 font is represented by a half (upper/lower) character cell in the
-    /// terminal.
-    HalfHeight,
-    /// A pixel from the 8x8 font is represented by a half (left/right) character cell in the
-    /// terminal.
-    HalfWidth,
-    /// A pixel from the 8x8 font is represented by a quadrant of a character cell in the terminal.
-    Quadrant,
-}
-
-/// Displays one or more lines of text using 8x8 pixel characters.
-///
-/// The text is rendered using the [font8x8](https://crates.io/crates/font8x8) crate.
-///
-/// Using the `pixel_size` method, you can also chose, how 'big' a pixel should be.
-/// Currently a pixel of the 8x8 font can be represented by one full or half
-/// (horizontal/vertical/both) character cell of the terminal.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```rust
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
-/// use tui_big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
-///
-/// BigText::builder()
-///     .pixel_size(PixelSize::Full)
-///     .style(Style::new().white())
-///     .lines(vec![
-///         "Hello".red().into(),
-///         "World".blue().into(),
-///         "=====".into(),
-///     ])
-///     .build();
-/// ```
-///
-/// Renders:
-///
-/// ```plain
-/// ██  ██           ███     ███
-/// ██  ██            ██      ██
-/// ██  ██   ████     ██      ██     ████
-/// ██████  ██  ██    ██      ██    ██  ██
-/// ██  ██  ██████    ██      ██    ██  ██
-/// ██  ██  ██        ██      ██    ██  ██
-/// ██  ██   ████    ████    ████    ████
-///
-/// ██   ██                  ███       ███
-/// ██   ██                   ██        ██
-/// ██   ██  ████   ██ ███    ██        ██
-/// ██ █ ██ ██  ██   ███ ██   ██     █████
-/// ███████ ██  ██   ██  ██   ██    ██  ██
-/// ███ ███ ██  ██   ██       ██    ██  ██
-/// ██   ██  ████   ████     ████    ███ ██
-///
-///  ███ ██  ███ ██  ███ ██  ███ ██  ███ ██
-/// ██ ███  ██ ███  ██ ███  ██ ███  ██ ███
-/// ```
-#[derive(Debug, Builder, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct BigText<'a> {
-    /// The text to display
-    #[builder(setter(into))]
-    lines: Vec<Line<'a>>,
-
-    /// The style of the widget
-    ///
-    /// Defaults to `Style::default()`
-    #[builder(default)]
-    style: Style,
-
-    /// The size of single glyphs
-    ///
-    /// Defaults to `BigTextSize::default()` (=> `BigTextSize::Full`)
-    #[builder(default)]
-    pixel_size: PixelSize,
-}
-
-impl Widget for BigText<'_> {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let layout = layout(area, self.pixel_size);
-        for (line, line_layout) in self.lines.iter().zip(layout) {
-            for (g, cell) in line.styled_graphemes(self.style).zip(line_layout) {
-                render_symbol(&g, cell, buf, self.pixel_size);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Returns how many cells are needed to display a full 8x8 glyphe using the given font size
-const fn cells_per_glyph(size: PixelSize) -> (u16, u16) {
-    match size {
-        PixelSize::Full => (8, 8),
-        PixelSize::HalfHeight => (8, 4),
-        PixelSize::HalfWidth => (4, 8),
-        PixelSize::Quadrant => (4, 4),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Chunk the area into as many x*y cells as possible returned as a 2D iterator of `Rect`s
-/// representing the rows of cells.
-/// The size of each cell depends on given font size
-fn layout(
-    area: Rect,
-    pixel_size: PixelSize,
-) -> impl IntoIterator<Item = impl IntoIterator<Item = Rect>> {
-    let (width, height) = cells_per_glyph(pixel_size);
-    (area.top()..area.bottom())
-        .step_by(height as usize)
-        .map(move |y| {
-            (area.left()..area.right())
-                .step_by(width as usize)
-                .map(move |x| {
-                    let width = min(area.right() - x, width);
-                    let height = min(area.bottom() - y, height);
-                    Rect::new(x, y, width, height)
-                })
-        })
-}
-
-/// Render a single grapheme into a cell by looking up the corresponding 8x8 bitmap in the
-/// `BITMAPS` array and setting the corresponding cells in the buffer.
-fn render_symbol(grapheme: &StyledGrapheme, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_size: PixelSize) {
-    buf.set_style(area, grapheme.style);
-    let c = grapheme.symbol.chars().next().unwrap(); // TODO: handle multi-char graphemes
-    if let Some(glyph) = font8x8::BASIC_FONTS.get(c) {
-        render_glyph(glyph, area, buf, pixel_size);
-    }
-}
-
-/// Get the correct unicode symbol for two vertical "pixels"
-const fn get_symbol_half_height(top: u8, bottom: u8) -> char {
-    match top {
-        0 => match bottom {
-            0 => ' ',
-            _ => '▄',
-        },
-        _ => match bottom {
-            0 => '▀',
-            _ => '█',
-        },
-    }
-}
-
-/// Get the correct unicode symbol for two horizontal "pixels"
-const fn get_symbol_half_width(left: u8, right: u8) -> char {
-    match left {
-        0 => match right {
-            0 => ' ',
-            _ => '▐',
-        },
-        _ => match right {
-            0 => '▌',
-            _ => '█',
-        },
-    }
-}
-
-/// Get the correct unicode symbol for 2x2 "pixels"
-const fn get_symbol_half_size(
-    top_left: u8,
-    top_right: u8,
-    bottom_left: u8,
-    bottom_right: u8,
-) -> char {
-    const QUADRANT_SYMBOLS: [char; 16] = [
-        ' ', '▘', '▝', '▀', '▖', '▌', '▞', '▛', '▗', '▚', '▐', '▜', '▄', '▙', '▟', '█',
-    ];
-
-    let top_left = if top_left > 0 { 1 } else { 0 };
-    let top_right = if top_right > 0 { 1 << 1 } else { 0 };
-    let bottom_left = if bottom_left > 0 { 1 << 2 } else { 0 };
-    let bottom_right = if bottom_right > 0 { 1 << 3 } else { 0 };
-
-    QUADRANT_SYMBOLS[top_left + top_right + bottom_left + bottom_right]
-}
-
-/// Render a single 8x8 glyph into a cell by setting the corresponding cells in the buffer.
-fn render_glyph(glyph: [u8; 8], area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_size: PixelSize) {
-    let (width, height) = cells_per_glyph(pixel_size);
-
-    let glyph_vertical_index = (0..glyph.len()).step_by(8 / height as usize);
-    let glyph_horizontal_bit_selector = (0..8).step_by(8 / width as usize);
-
-    for (row, y) in glyph_vertical_index.zip(area.top()..area.bottom()) {
-        for (col, x) in glyph_horizontal_bit_selector
-            .clone()
-            .zip(area.left()..area.right())
-        {
-            let cell = buf.get_mut(x, y);
-            let symbol_character = match pixel_size {
-                PixelSize::Full => match glyph[row] & (1 << col) {
-                    0 => ' ',
-                    _ => '█',
-                },
-                PixelSize::HalfHeight => {
-                    let top = glyph[row] & (1 << col);
-                    let bottom = glyph[row + 1] & (1 << col);
-                    get_symbol_half_height(top, bottom)
-                }
-                PixelSize::HalfWidth => {
-                    let left = glyph[row] & (1 << col);
-                    let right = glyph[row] & (1 << (col + 1));
-                    get_symbol_half_width(left, right)
-                }
-                PixelSize::Quadrant => {
-                    let top_left = glyph[row] & (1 << col);
-                    let top_right = glyph[row] & (1 << (col + 1));
-                    let bottom_left = glyph[row + 1] & (1 << col);
-                    let bottom_right = glyph[row + 1] & (1 << (col + 1));
-                    get_symbol_half_size(top_left, top_right, bottom_left, bottom_right)
-                }
-            };
-            cell.set_char(symbol_character);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn build() -> Result<()> {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["Hello".red(), "World".blue()])];
-        let style = Style::new().green();
-        let pixel_size = PixelSize::default();
-        assert_eq!(
-            BigTextBuilder::default()
-                .lines(lines.clone())
-                .style(style)
-                .build()?,
-            BigText {
-                lines,
-                style,
-                pixel_size
-            }
-        );
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_single_line() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("SingleLine")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 80, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            " ████     ██                     ███            ████      ██                    ",
-            "██  ██                            ██             ██                             ",
-            "███      ███    █████    ███ ██   ██     ████    ██      ███    █████    ████   ",
-            " ███      ██    ██  ██  ██  ██    ██    ██  ██   ██       ██    ██  ██  ██  ██  ",
-            "   ███    ██    ██  ██  ██  ██    ██    ██████   ██   █   ██    ██  ██  ██████  ",
-            "██  ██    ██    ██  ██   █████    ██    ██       ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██      ",
-            " ████    ████   ██  ██      ██   ████    ████   ███████  ████   ██  ██   ████   ",
-            "                        █████                                                   ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_truncated() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Truncated")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 70, 6));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "██████                                             █               ███",
-            "█ ██ █                                            ██                ██",
-            "  ██    ██ ███  ██  ██  █████    ████    ████    █████   ████       ██",
-            "  ██     ███ ██ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██      ██    ██    ██  ██   █████",
-            "  ██     ██  ██ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██       █████    ██    ██████  ██  ██",
-            "  ██     ██     ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██    ██ █  ██      ██  ██",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_multiple_lines() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Multi"), Line::from("Lines")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 16));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "██   ██          ███       █      ██    ",
-            "███ ███           ██      ██            ",
-            "███████ ██  ██    ██     █████   ███    ",
-            "███████ ██  ██    ██      ██      ██    ",
-            "██ █ ██ ██  ██    ██      ██      ██    ",
-            "██   ██ ██  ██    ██      ██ █    ██    ",
-            "██   ██  ███ ██  ████      ██    ████   ",
-            "                                        ",
-            "████      ██                            ",
-            " ██                                     ",
-            " ██      ███    █████    ████    █████  ",
-            " ██       ██    ██  ██  ██  ██  ██      ",
-            " ██   █   ██    ██  ██  ██████   ████   ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██          ██  ",
-            "███████  ████   ██  ██   ████   █████   ",
-            "                                        ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_widget_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Styled")])
-            .style(Style::new().bold())
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            " ████      █             ███               ███  ".bold(),
-            "██  ██    ██              ██                ██  ".bold(),
-            "███      █████  ██  ██    ██     ████       ██  ".bold(),
-            " ███      ██    ██  ██    ██    ██  ██   █████  ".bold(),
-            "   ███    ██    ██  ██    ██    ██████  ██  ██  ".bold(),
-            "██  ██    ██ █   █████    ██    ██      ██  ██  ".bold(),
-            " ████      ██       ██   ████    ████    ███ ██ ".bold(),
-            "                █████                           ".bold(),
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_line_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![
-                Line::from("Red".red()),
-                Line::from("Green".green()),
-                Line::from("Blue".blue()),
-            ])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 24));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "██████             ███                  ",
-            " ██  ██             ██                  ",
-            " ██  ██  ████       ██                  ",
-            " █████  ██  ██   █████                  ",
-            " ██ ██  ██████  ██  ██                  ",
-            " ██  ██ ██      ██  ██                  ",
-            "███  ██  ████    ███ ██                 ",
-            "                                        ",
-            "  ████                                  ",
-            " ██  ██                                 ",
-            "██      ██ ███   ████    ████   █████   ",
-            "██       ███ ██ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ",
-            "██  ███  ██  ██ ██████  ██████  ██  ██  ",
-            " ██  ██  ██     ██      ██      ██  ██  ",
-            "  █████ ████     ████    ████   ██  ██  ",
-            "                                        ",
-            "██████   ███                            ",
-            " ██  ██   ██                            ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██   ████           ",
-            " █████    ██    ██  ██  ██  ██          ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██████          ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██              ",
-            "██████   ████    ███ ██  ████           ",
-            "                                        ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 8), Style::new().red());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 40, 8), Style::new().green());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 16, 32, 8), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_single_line() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("SingleLine")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 80, 4));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▄█▀▀█▄    ▀▀                     ▀██            ▀██▀      ▀▀                    ",
-            "▀██▄     ▀██    ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀▄█▀   ██    ▄█▀▀█▄   ██      ▀██    ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄  ",
-            "▄▄ ▀██    ██    ██  ██  ▀█▄▄██    ██    ██▀▀▀▀   ██  ▄█   ██    ██  ██  ██▀▀▀▀  ",
-            " ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀  ▄▄▄▄█▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀  ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀   ▀▀▀▀   ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_truncated() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Truncated")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 70, 3));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "█▀██▀█                                            ▄█               ▀██",
-            "  ██    ▀█▄█▀█▄ ██  ██  ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄   ▀▀▀█▄   ▀██▀▀  ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██",
-            "  ██     ██  ▀▀ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ▄▄  ▄█▀▀██    ██ ▄  ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_multiple_lines() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Multi"), Line::from("Lines")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "██▄ ▄██          ▀██      ▄█      ▀▀    ",
-            "███████ ██  ██    ██     ▀██▀▀   ▀██    ",
-            "██ ▀ ██ ██  ██    ██      ██ ▄    ██    ",
-            "▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀▀ ▀▀  ▀▀▀▀      ▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ",
-            "▀██▀      ▀▀                            ",
-            " ██      ▀██    ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀▀▀  ",
-            " ██  ▄█   ██    ██  ██  ██▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀█▄  ",
-            "▀▀▀▀▀▀▀  ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀   ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀▀▀   ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_widget_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Styled")])
-            .style(Style::new().bold())
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 4));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▄█▀▀█▄    ▄█             ▀██               ▀██  ".bold(),
-            "▀██▄     ▀██▀▀  ██  ██    ██    ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██  ".bold(),
-            "▄▄ ▀██    ██ ▄  ▀█▄▄██    ██    ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██  ".bold(),
-            " ▀▀▀▀      ▀▀   ▄▄▄▄█▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀ ▀▀ ".bold(),
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_line_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![
-                Line::from("Red".red()),
-                Line::from("Green".green()),
-                Line::from("Blue".blue()),
-            ])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 12));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▀██▀▀█▄            ▀██                  ",
-            " ██▄▄█▀ ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██                  ",
-            " ██ ▀█▄ ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██                  ",
-            "▀▀▀  ▀▀  ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀ ▀▀                 ",
-            " ▄█▀▀█▄                                 ",
-            "██      ▀█▄█▀█▄ ▄█▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄  ██▀▀█▄  ",
-            "▀█▄ ▀██  ██  ▀▀ ██▀▀▀▀  ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██  ",
-            "  ▀▀▀▀▀ ▀▀▀▀     ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀  ",
-            "▀██▀▀█▄  ▀██                            ",
-            " ██▄▄█▀   ██    ██  ██  ▄█▀▀█▄          ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██▀▀▀▀          ",
-            "▀▀▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀ ▀▀  ▀▀▀▀           ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 4), Style::new().red());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 4, 40, 4), Style::new().green());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 32, 4), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_single_line() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("SingleLine")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▐█▌  █          ▐█      ██   █          ",
-            "█ █              █      ▐▌              ",
-            "█▌  ▐█  ██▌ ▐█▐▌ █  ▐█▌ ▐▌  ▐█  ██▌ ▐█▌ ",
-            "▐█   █  █ █ █ █  █  █ █ ▐▌   █  █ █ █ █ ",
-            " ▐█  █  █ █ █ █  █  ███ ▐▌ ▌ █  █ █ ███ ",
-            "█ █  █  █ █ ▐██  █  █   ▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ █   ",
-            "▐█▌ ▐█▌ █ █   █ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ███▌▐█▌ █ █ ▐█▌ ",
-            "            ██▌                         ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_truncated() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Truncated")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 35, 6));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "███                      ▐       ▐█",
-            "▌█▐                      █        █",
-            " █  █▐█ █ █ ██▌ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ▐██ ▐█▌   █",
-            " █  ▐█▐▌█ █ █ █ █ █   █  █  █ █ ▐██",
-            " █  ▐▌▐▌█ █ █ █ █   ▐██  █  ███ █ █",
-            " █  ▐▌  █ █ █ █ █ █ █ █  █▐ █   █ █",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_multiple_lines() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Multi"), Line::from("Lines")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 16));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "█ ▐▌    ▐█   ▐   █  ",
-            "█▌█▌     █   █      ",
-            "███▌█ █  █  ▐██ ▐█  ",
-            "███▌█ █  █   █   █  ",
-            "█▐▐▌█ █  █   █   █  ",
-            "█ ▐▌█ █  █   █▐  █  ",
-            "█ ▐▌▐█▐▌▐█▌  ▐▌ ▐█▌ ",
-            "                    ",
-            "██   █              ",
-            "▐▌                  ",
-            "▐▌  ▐█  ██▌ ▐█▌ ▐██ ",
-            "▐▌   █  █ █ █ █ █   ",
-            "▐▌ ▌ █  █ █ ███ ▐█▌ ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ █     █ ",
-            "███▌▐█▌ █ █ ▐█▌ ██▌ ",
-            "                    ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_widget_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Styled")])
-            .style(Style::new().bold())
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▐█▌  ▐      ▐█       ▐█ ".bold(),
-            "█ █  █       █        █ ".bold(),
-            "█▌  ▐██ █ █  █  ▐█▌   █ ".bold(),
-            "▐█   █  █ █  █  █ █ ▐██ ".bold(),
-            " ▐█  █  █ █  █  ███ █ █ ".bold(),
-            "█ █  █▐ ▐██  █  █   █ █ ".bold(),
-            "▐█▌  ▐▌   █ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ▐█▐▌".bold(),
-            "        ██▌             ".bold(),
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_line_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![
-                Line::from("Red".red()),
-                Line::from("Green".green()),
-                Line::from("Blue".blue()),
-            ])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 24));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "███      ▐█         ",
-            "▐▌▐▌      █         ",
-            "▐▌▐▌▐█▌   █         ",
-            "▐██ █ █ ▐██         ",
-            "▐▌█ ███ █ █         ",
-            "▐▌▐▌█   █ █         ",
-            "█▌▐▌▐█▌ ▐█▐▌        ",
-            "                    ",
-            " ██                 ",
-            "▐▌▐▌                ",
-            "█   █▐█ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ██▌ ",
-            "█   ▐█▐▌█ █ █ █ █ █ ",
-            "█ █▌▐▌▐▌███ ███ █ █ ",
-            "▐▌▐▌▐▌  █   █   █ █ ",
-            " ██▌██  ▐█▌ ▐█▌ █ █ ",
-            "                    ",
-            "███ ▐█              ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █              ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ ▐█▌     ",
-            "▐██  █  █ █ █ █     ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ ███     ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ █       ",
-            "███ ▐█▌ ▐█▐▌▐█▌     ",
-            "                    ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 8), Style::new().red());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 20, 8), Style::new().green());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 16, 16, 8), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn check_half_size_symbols() -> Result<()> {
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 0, 0, 0), ' ');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 0, 0, 0), '▘');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 1, 0, 0), '▝');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 1, 0, 0), '▀');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 0, 1, 0), '▖');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 0, 1, 0), '▌');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 1, 1, 0), '▞');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 1, 1, 0), '▛');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 0, 0, 1), '▗');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 0, 0, 1), '▚');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 1, 0, 1), '▐');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 1, 0, 1), '▜');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 0, 1, 1), '▄');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 0, 1, 1), '▙');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 1, 1, 1), '▟');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 1, 1, 1), '█');
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_single_line() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("SingleLine")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 4));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▟▀▙  ▀          ▝█      ▜▛   ▀          ",
-            "▜▙  ▝█  █▀▙ ▟▀▟▘ █  ▟▀▙ ▐▌  ▝█  █▀▙ ▟▀▙ ",
-            "▄▝█  █  █ █ ▜▄█  █  █▀▀ ▐▌▗▌ █  █ █ █▀▀ ",
-            "▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▄▄▛ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▀▀▀▘▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▝▀▘ ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_truncated() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Truncated")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 35, 3));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▛█▜                      ▟       ▝█",
-            " █  ▜▟▜▖█ █ █▀▙ ▟▀▙ ▝▀▙ ▝█▀ ▟▀▙ ▗▄█",
-            " █  ▐▌▝▘█ █ █ █ █ ▄ ▟▀█  █▗ █▀▀ █ █",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_multiple_lines() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Multi"), Line::from("Lines")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "█▖▟▌    ▝█   ▟   ▀  ",
-            "███▌█ █  █  ▝█▀ ▝█  ",
-            "█▝▐▌█ █  █   █▗  █  ",
-            "▀ ▝▘▝▀▝▘▝▀▘  ▝▘ ▝▀▘ ",
-            "▜▛   ▀              ",
-            "▐▌  ▝█  █▀▙ ▟▀▙ ▟▀▀ ",
-            "▐▌▗▌ █  █ █ █▀▀ ▝▀▙ ",
-            "▀▀▀▘▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▝▀▘ ▀▀▘ ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_widget_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Styled")])
-            .style(Style::new().bold())
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 4));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▟▀▙  ▟      ▝█       ▝█ ".bold(),
-            "▜▙  ▝█▀ █ █  █  ▟▀▙ ▗▄█ ".bold(),
-            "▄▝█  █▗ ▜▄█  █  █▀▀ █ █ ".bold(),
-            "▝▀▘  ▝▘ ▄▄▛ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▝▘".bold(),
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_line_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![
-                Line::from("Red".red()),
-                Line::from("Green".green()),
-                Line::from("Blue".blue()),
-            ])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 12));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▜▛▜▖     ▝█         ",
-            "▐▙▟▘▟▀▙ ▗▄█         ",
-            "▐▌▜▖█▀▀ █ █         ",
-            "▀▘▝▘▝▀▘ ▝▀▝▘        ",
-            "▗▛▜▖                ",
-            "█   ▜▟▜▖▟▀▙ ▟▀▙ █▀▙ ",
-            "▜▖▜▌▐▌▝▘█▀▀ █▀▀ █ █ ",
-            " ▀▀▘▀▀  ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ",
-            "▜▛▜▖▝█              ",
-            "▐▙▟▘ █  █ █ ▟▀▙     ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ █▀▀     ",
-            "▀▀▀ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▝▘▝▀▘     ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 4), Style::new().red());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 4, 20, 4), Style::new().green());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 16, 4), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}

examples/demo2/colors.rs

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-use palette::{IntoColor, Okhsv, Srgb};
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
-
-/// A widget that renders a color swatch of RGB colors.
-///
-/// The widget is rendered as a rectangle with the hue changing along the x-axis from 0.0 to 360.0
-/// and the value changing along the y-axis (from 1.0 to 0.0). Each pixel is rendered as a block
-/// character with the top half slightly lighter than the bottom half.
-pub struct RgbSwatch;
-
-impl Widget for RgbSwatch {
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss, clippy::similar_names)]
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        for (yi, y) in (area.top()..area.bottom()).enumerate() {
-            let value = f32::from(area.height) - yi as f32;
-            let value_fg = value / f32::from(area.height);
-            let value_bg = (value - 0.5) / f32::from(area.height);
-            for (xi, x) in (area.left()..area.right()).enumerate() {
-                let hue = xi as f32 * 360.0 / f32::from(area.width);
-                let fg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value_fg);
-                let bg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value_bg);
-                buf.get_mut(x, y).set_char('▀').set_fg(fg).set_bg(bg);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Convert a hue and value into an RGB color via the Oklab color space.
-///
-/// See <https://bottosson.github.io/posts/oklab/> for more details.
-pub fn color_from_oklab(hue: f32, saturation: f32, value: f32) -> Color {
-    let color: Srgb = Okhsv::new(hue, saturation, value).into_color();
-    let color = color.into_format();
-    Color::Rgb(color.red, color.green, color.blue)
-}

examples/demo2/destroy.rs

@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-use rand::Rng;
-use rand_chacha::rand_core::SeedableRng;
-use ratatui::{buffer::Cell, layout::Flex, prelude::*};
-use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
-
-use crate::big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
-
-/// delay the start of the animation so it doesn't start immediately
-const DELAY: usize = 240;
-/// higher means more pixels per frame are modified in the animation
-const DRIP_SPEED: usize = 50;
-/// delay the start of the text animation so it doesn't start immediately after the initial delay
-const TEXT_DELAY: usize = 240;
-
-/// Destroy mode activated by pressing `d`
-pub fn destroy(frame: &mut Frame<'_>) {
-    let frame_count = frame.count().saturating_sub(DELAY);
-    if frame_count == 0 {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let area = frame.size();
-    let buf = frame.buffer_mut();
-
-    drip(frame_count, area, buf);
-    text(frame_count, area, buf);
-}
-
-/// Move a bunch of random pixels down one row.
-///
-/// Each pick some random pixels and move them each down one row. This is a very inefficient way to
-/// do this, but it works well enough for this demo.
-#[allow(
-    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
-    clippy::cast_precision_loss,
-    clippy::cast_sign_loss
-)]
-fn drip(frame_count: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    // a seeded rng as we have to move the same random pixels each frame
-    let mut rng = rand_chacha::ChaCha8Rng::seed_from_u64(10);
-    let ramp_frames = 450;
-    let fractional_speed = frame_count as f64 / f64::from(ramp_frames);
-    let variable_speed = DRIP_SPEED as f64 * fractional_speed * fractional_speed * fractional_speed;
-    let pixel_count = (frame_count as f64 * variable_speed).floor() as usize;
-    for _ in 0..pixel_count {
-        let src_x = rng.gen_range(0..area.width);
-        let src_y = rng.gen_range(1..area.height - 2);
-        let src = buf.get_mut(src_x, src_y).clone();
-        // 1% of the time, move a blank or pixel (10:1) to the top line of the screen
-        if rng.gen_ratio(1, 100) {
-            let dest_x = rng
-                .gen_range(src_x.saturating_sub(5)..src_x.saturating_add(5))
-                .clamp(area.left(), area.right() - 1);
-            let dest_y = area.top() + 1;
-
-            let dest = buf.get_mut(dest_x, dest_y);
-            // copy the cell to the new location about 1/10 of the time blank out the cell the rest
-            // of the time. This has the effect of gradually removing the pixels from the screen.
-            if rng.gen_ratio(1, 10) {
-                *dest = src;
-            } else {
-                *dest = Cell::default();
-            }
-        } else {
-            // move the pixel down one row
-            let dest_x = src_x;
-            let dest_y = src_y.saturating_add(1).min(area.bottom() - 2);
-            // copy the cell to the new location
-            let dest = buf.get_mut(dest_x, dest_y);
-            *dest = src;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// draw some text fading in and out from black to red and back
-#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation, clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
-fn text(frame_count: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let sub_frame = frame_count.saturating_sub(TEXT_DELAY);
-    if sub_frame == 0 {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let line = "RATATUI";
-    let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-        .lines([line.into()])
-        .pixel_size(PixelSize::Full)
-        .style(Style::new().fg(Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0)))
-        .build()
-        .unwrap();
-
-    // the font size is 8x8 for each character and we have 1 line
-    let area = centered_rect(area, line.width() as u16 * 8, 8);
-
-    let mask_buf = &mut Buffer::empty(area);
-    big_text.render(area, mask_buf);
-
-    let percentage = (sub_frame as f64 / 480.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-
-    for row in area.rows() {
-        for col in row.columns() {
-            let cell = buf.get_mut(col.x, col.y);
-            let mask_cell = mask_buf.get(col.x, col.y);
-            cell.set_symbol(mask_cell.symbol());
-
-            // blend the mask cell color with the cell color
-            let cell_color = cell.style().bg.unwrap_or(Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0));
-            let mask_color = mask_cell.style().fg.unwrap_or(Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0));
-
-            let color = blend(mask_color, cell_color, percentage);
-            cell.set_style(Style::new().fg(color));
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn blend(mask_color: Color, cell_color: Color, percentage: f64) -> Color {
-    let Color::Rgb(mask_red, mask_green, mask_blue) = mask_color else {
-        return mask_color;
-    };
-    let Color::Rgb(cell_red, cell_green, cell_blue) = cell_color else {
-        return mask_color;
-    };
-
-    let remain = 1.0 - percentage;
-
-    let red = f64::from(mask_red).mul_add(percentage, f64::from(cell_red) * remain);
-    let green = f64::from(mask_green).mul_add(percentage, f64::from(cell_green) * remain);
-    let blue = f64::from(mask_blue).mul_add(percentage, f64::from(cell_blue) * remain);
-
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation, clippy::cast_sign_loss)]
-    Color::Rgb(red as u8, green as u8, blue as u8)
-}
-
-/// a centered rect of the given size
-fn centered_rect(area: Rect, width: u16, height: u16) -> Rect {
-    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([width]).flex(Flex::Center);
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([height]).flex(Flex::Center);
-    let [area] = vertical.areas(area);
-    let [area] = horizontal.areas(area);
-    area
-}

examples/demo2/errors.rs

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-
-use crate::term;
-
-pub fn init_hooks() -> Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = term::restore();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = term::restore();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/demo2/main.rs

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Demo2 example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-#![allow(
-    clippy::enum_glob_use,
-    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
-    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
-    clippy::must_use_candidate,
-    clippy::wildcard_imports
-)]
-
-mod app;
-mod big_text;
-mod colors;
-mod destroy;
-mod errors;
-mod tabs;
-mod term;
-mod theme;
-
-pub use app::*;
-use color_eyre::Result;
-pub use colors::*;
-pub use term::*;
-pub use theme::*;
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    errors::init_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = &mut term::init()?;
-    App::default().run(terminal)?;
-    term::restore()?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/demo2/tabs.rs

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-mod about;
-mod email;
-mod recipe;
-mod traceroute;
-mod weather;
-
-pub use about::AboutTab;
-pub use email::EmailTab;
-pub use recipe::RecipeTab;
-pub use traceroute::TracerouteTab;
-pub use weather::WeatherTab;

examples/demo2/tabs/about.rs

@@ -1,165 +0,0 @@
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
-
-use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
-
-const RATATUI_LOGO: [&str; 32] = [
-    "               ███              ",
-    "             ██████             ",
-    "            ███████             ",
-    "           ████████             ",
-    "          █████████             ",
-    "         ██████████             ",
-    "        ████████████            ",
-    "        █████████████           ",
-    "        █████████████     ██████",
-    "         ███████████    ████████",
-    "              █████ ███████████ ",
-    "               ███ ██ee████████ ",
-    "                █ █████████████ ",
-    "            ████ █████████████  ",
-    "           █████████████████    ",
-    "           ████████████████     ",
-    "           ████████████████     ",
-    "            ███ ██████████      ",
-    "          ██    █████████       ",
-    "         █xx█   █████████       ",
-    "        █xxxx█ ██████████       ",
-    "       █xx█xxx█ █████████       ",
-    "      █xx██xxxx█ ████████       ",
-    "     █xxxxxxxxxx█ ██████████    ",
-    "    █xxxxxxxxxxxx█ ██████████   ",
-    "   █xxxxxxx██xxxxx█ █████████   ",
-    "  █xxxxxxxxx██xxxxx█ ████  ███  ",
-    " █xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx█ ██   ███  ",
-    "█xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx█ █   ███  ",
-    "█xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx█   ███   ",
-    " █xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx█ ███    ",
-    "  █xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx█ █     ",
-];
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct AboutTab {
-    row_index: usize,
-}
-
-impl AboutTab {
-    pub fn prev_row(&mut self) {
-        self.row_index = self.row_index.saturating_sub(1);
-    }
-
-    pub fn next_row(&mut self) {
-        self.row_index = self.row_index.saturating_add(1);
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for AboutTab {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(34), Constraint::Min(0)]);
-        let [description, logo] = horizontal.areas(area);
-        render_crate_description(description, buf);
-        render_logo(self.row_index, logo, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-fn render_crate_description(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let area = area.inner(
-        &(Margin {
-            vertical: 4,
-            horizontal: 2,
-        }),
-    );
-    Clear.render(area, buf); // clear out the color swatches
-    Block::new().style(THEME.content).render(area, buf);
-    let area = area.inner(
-        &(Margin {
-            vertical: 1,
-            horizontal: 2,
-        }),
-    );
-    let text = "- cooking up terminal user interfaces -
-
-    Ratatui is a Rust crate that provides widgets (e.g. Paragraph, Table) and draws them to the \
-    screen efficiently every frame.";
-    Paragraph::new(text)
-        .style(THEME.description)
-        .block(
-            Block::new()
-                .title(" Ratatui ")
-                .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-                .borders(Borders::TOP)
-                .border_style(THEME.description_title)
-                .padding(Padding::new(0, 0, 0, 0)),
-        )
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
-        .scroll((0, 0))
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-/// Use half block characters to render a logo based on the `RATATUI_LOGO` const.
-///
-/// The logo is rendered in three colors, one for the rat, one for the terminal, and one for the
-/// rat's eye. The eye color alternates between two colors based on the selected row.
-#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-pub fn render_logo(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let eye_color = if selected_row % 2 == 0 {
-        THEME.logo.rat_eye
-    } else {
-        THEME.logo.rat_eye_alt
-    };
-    let area = area.inner(&Margin {
-        vertical: 0,
-        horizontal: 2,
-    });
-    for (y, (line1, line2)) in RATATUI_LOGO.iter().tuples().enumerate() {
-        for (x, (ch1, ch2)) in line1.chars().zip(line2.chars()).enumerate() {
-            let x = area.left() + x as u16;
-            let y = area.top() + y as u16;
-            let cell = buf.get_mut(x, y);
-            let rat_color = THEME.logo.rat;
-            let term_color = THEME.logo.term;
-            match (ch1, ch2) {
-                ('█', '█') => {
-                    cell.set_char('█');
-                    cell.fg = rat_color;
-                    cell.bg = rat_color;
-                }
-                ('█', ' ') => {
-                    cell.set_char('▀');
-                    cell.fg = rat_color;
-                }
-                (' ', '█') => {
-                    cell.set_char('▄');
-                    cell.fg = rat_color;
-                }
-                ('█', 'x') => {
-                    cell.set_char('▀');
-                    cell.fg = rat_color;
-                    cell.bg = term_color;
-                }
-                ('x', '█') => {
-                    cell.set_char('▄');
-                    cell.fg = rat_color;
-                    cell.bg = term_color;
-                }
-                ('x', 'x') => {
-                    cell.set_char(' ');
-                    cell.fg = term_color;
-                    cell.bg = term_color;
-                }
-                ('█', 'e') => {
-                    cell.set_char('▀');
-                    cell.fg = rat_color;
-                    cell.bg = eye_color;
-                }
-                ('e', '█') => {
-                    cell.set_char('▄');
-                    cell.fg = rat_color;
-                    cell.bg = eye_color;
-                }
-                (_, _) => {}
-            };
-        }
-    }
-}

examples/demo2/tabs/email.rs

@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
-use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
-
-use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct Email {
-    from: &'static str,
-    subject: &'static str,
-    body: &'static str,
-}
-
-const EMAILS: &[Email] = &[
-    Email {
-        from: "Alice <alice@example.com>",
-        subject: "Hello",
-        body: "Hi Bob,\nHow are you?\n\nAlice",
-    },
-    Email {
-        from: "Bob <bob@example.com>",
-        subject: "Re: Hello",
-        body: "Hi Alice,\nI'm fine, thanks!\n\nBob",
-    },
-    Email {
-        from: "Charlie <charlie@example.com>",
-        subject: "Re: Hello",
-        body: "Hi Alice,\nI'm fine, thanks!\n\nCharlie",
-    },
-    Email {
-        from: "Dave <dave@example.com>",
-        subject: "Re: Hello (STOP REPLYING TO ALL)",
-        body: "Hi Everyone,\nPlease stop replying to all.\n\nDave",
-    },
-    Email {
-        from: "Eve <eve@example.com>",
-        subject: "Re: Hello (STOP REPLYING TO ALL)",
-        body: "Hi Everyone,\nI'm reading all your emails.\n\nEve",
-    },
-];
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct EmailTab {
-    row_index: usize,
-}
-
-impl EmailTab {
-    /// Select the previous email (with wrap around).
-    pub fn prev(&mut self) {
-        self.row_index = self.row_index.saturating_add(EMAILS.len() - 1) % EMAILS.len();
-    }
-
-    /// Select the next email (with wrap around).
-    pub fn next(&mut self) {
-        self.row_index = self.row_index.saturating_add(1) % EMAILS.len();
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for EmailTab {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
-            vertical: 1,
-            horizontal: 2,
-        });
-        Clear.render(area, buf);
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(5), Constraint::Min(0)]);
-        let [inbox, email] = vertical.areas(area);
-        render_inbox(self.row_index, inbox, buf);
-        render_email(self.row_index, email, buf);
-    }
-}
-fn render_inbox(selected_index: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Min(0)]);
-    let [tabs, inbox] = vertical.areas(area);
-    let theme = THEME.email;
-    Tabs::new(vec![" Inbox ", " Sent ", " Drafts "])
-        .style(theme.tabs)
-        .highlight_style(theme.tabs_selected)
-        .select(0)
-        .divider("")
-        .render(tabs, buf);
-
-    let highlight_symbol = ">>";
-    let from_width = EMAILS
-        .iter()
-        .map(|e| e.from.width())
-        .max()
-        .unwrap_or_default();
-    let items = EMAILS
-        .iter()
-        .map(|e| {
-            let from = format!("{:width$}", e.from, width = from_width).into();
-            ListItem::new(Line::from(vec![from, " ".into(), e.subject.into()]))
-        })
-        .collect_vec();
-    let mut state = ListState::default().with_selected(Some(selected_index));
-    StatefulWidget::render(
-        List::new(items)
-            .style(theme.inbox)
-            .highlight_style(theme.selected_item)
-            .highlight_symbol(highlight_symbol),
-        inbox,
-        buf,
-        &mut state,
-    );
-    let mut scrollbar_state = ScrollbarState::default()
-        .content_length(EMAILS.len())
-        .position(selected_index);
-    Scrollbar::default()
-        .begin_symbol(None)
-        .end_symbol(None)
-        .track_symbol(None)
-        .thumb_symbol("▐")
-        .render(inbox, buf, &mut scrollbar_state);
-}
-
-fn render_email(selected_index: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let theme = THEME.email;
-    let email = EMAILS.get(selected_index);
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .style(theme.body)
-        .padding(Padding::new(2, 2, 0, 0))
-        .borders(Borders::TOP)
-        .border_type(BorderType::Thick);
-    let inner = block.inner(area);
-    block.render(area, buf);
-    if let Some(email) = email {
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)]);
-        let [headers_area, body_area] = vertical.areas(inner);
-        let headers = vec![
-            Line::from(vec![
-                "From: ".set_style(theme.header),
-                email.from.set_style(theme.header_value),
-            ]),
-            Line::from(vec![
-                "Subject: ".set_style(theme.header),
-                email.subject.set_style(theme.header_value),
-            ]),
-            "-".repeat(inner.width as usize).dim().into(),
-        ];
-        Paragraph::new(headers)
-            .style(theme.body)
-            .render(headers_area, buf);
-        let body = email.body.lines().map(Line::from).collect_vec();
-        Paragraph::new(body)
-            .style(theme.body)
-            .render(body_area, buf);
-    } else {
-        Paragraph::new("No email selected").render(inner, buf);
-    }
-}

examples/demo2/tabs/recipe.rs

@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
-
-use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
-struct Ingredient {
-    quantity: &'static str,
-    name: &'static str,
-}
-
-impl Ingredient {
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-    fn height(&self) -> u16 {
-        self.name.lines().count() as u16
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> From<Ingredient> for Row<'a> {
-    fn from(i: Ingredient) -> Self {
-        Row::new(vec![i.quantity, i.name]).height(i.height())
-    }
-}
-
-// https://www.realsimple.com/food-recipes/browse-all-recipes/ratatouille
-const RECIPE: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
-    (
-        "Step 1: ",
-        "Over medium-low heat, add the oil to a large skillet with the onion, garlic, and bay \
-        leaf, stirring occasionally, until the onion has softened.",
-    ),
-    (
-        "Step 2: ",
-        "Add the eggplant and cook, stirring occasionally, for 8 minutes or until the eggplant \
-        has softened. Stir in the zucchini, red bell pepper, tomatoes, and salt, and cook over \
-        medium heat, stirring occasionally, for 5 to 7 minutes or until the vegetables are \
-        tender. Stir in the basil and few grinds of pepper to taste.",
-    ),
-];
-
-const INGREDIENTS: &[Ingredient] = &[
-    Ingredient {
-        quantity: "4 tbsp",
-        name: "olive oil",
-    },
-    Ingredient {
-        quantity: "1",
-        name: "onion thinly sliced",
-    },
-    Ingredient {
-        quantity: "4",
-        name: "cloves garlic\npeeled and sliced",
-    },
-    Ingredient {
-        quantity: "1",
-        name: "small bay leaf",
-    },
-    Ingredient {
-        quantity: "1",
-        name: "small eggplant cut\ninto 1/2 inch cubes",
-    },
-    Ingredient {
-        quantity: "1",
-        name: "small zucchini halved\nlengthwise and cut\ninto thin slices",
-    },
-    Ingredient {
-        quantity: "1",
-        name: "red bell pepper cut\ninto slivers",
-    },
-    Ingredient {
-        quantity: "4",
-        name: "plum tomatoes\ncoarsely chopped",
-    },
-    Ingredient {
-        quantity: "1 tsp",
-        name: "kosher salt",
-    },
-    Ingredient {
-        quantity: "1/4 cup",
-        name: "shredded fresh basil\nleaves",
-    },
-    Ingredient {
-        quantity: "",
-        name: "freshly ground black\npepper",
-    },
-];
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct RecipeTab {
-    row_index: usize,
-}
-
-impl RecipeTab {
-    /// Select the previous item in the ingredients list (with wrap around)
-    pub fn prev(&mut self) {
-        self.row_index = self.row_index.saturating_add(INGREDIENTS.len() - 1) % INGREDIENTS.len();
-    }
-
-    /// Select the next item in the ingredients list (with wrap around)
-    pub fn next(&mut self) {
-        self.row_index = self.row_index.saturating_add(1) % INGREDIENTS.len();
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for RecipeTab {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
-            vertical: 1,
-            horizontal: 2,
-        });
-        Clear.render(area, buf);
-        Block::new()
-            .title("Ratatouille Recipe".bold().white())
-            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-            .style(THEME.content)
-            .padding(Padding::new(1, 1, 2, 1))
-            .render(area, buf);
-
-        let scrollbar_area = Rect {
-            y: area.y + 2,
-            height: area.height - 3,
-            ..area
-        };
-        render_scrollbar(self.row_index, scrollbar_area, buf);
-
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
-            horizontal: 2,
-            vertical: 1,
-        });
-        let [recipe, ingredients] =
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(44), Constraint::Min(0)]).areas(area);
-
-        render_recipe(recipe, buf);
-        render_ingredients(self.row_index, ingredients, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-fn render_recipe(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let lines = RECIPE
-        .iter()
-        .map(|(step, text)| Line::from(vec![step.white().bold(), text.gray()]))
-        .collect_vec();
-    Paragraph::new(lines)
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
-        .block(Block::new().padding(Padding::new(0, 1, 0, 0)))
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-fn render_ingredients(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let mut state = TableState::default().with_selected(Some(selected_row));
-    let rows = INGREDIENTS.iter().copied();
-    let theme = THEME.recipe;
-    StatefulWidget::render(
-        Table::new(rows, [Constraint::Length(7), Constraint::Length(30)])
-            .block(Block::new().style(theme.ingredients))
-            .header(Row::new(vec!["Qty", "Ingredient"]).style(theme.ingredients_header))
-            .highlight_style(Style::new().light_yellow()),
-        area,
-        buf,
-        &mut state,
-    );
-}
-
-fn render_scrollbar(position: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let mut state = ScrollbarState::default()
-        .content_length(INGREDIENTS.len())
-        .viewport_content_length(6)
-        .position(position);
-    Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalRight)
-        .begin_symbol(None)
-        .end_symbol(None)
-        .track_symbol(None)
-        .thumb_symbol("▐")
-        .render(area, buf, &mut state);
-}

examples/demo2/tabs/traceroute.rs

@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
-};
-
-use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct TracerouteTab {
-    row_index: usize,
-}
-
-impl TracerouteTab {
-    /// Select the previous row (with wrap around).
-    pub fn prev_row(&mut self) {
-        self.row_index = self.row_index.saturating_add(HOPS.len() - 1) % HOPS.len();
-    }
-
-    /// Select the next row (with wrap around).
-    pub fn next_row(&mut self) {
-        self.row_index = self.row_index.saturating_add(1) % HOPS.len();
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for TracerouteTab {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
-            vertical: 1,
-            horizontal: 2,
-        });
-        Clear.render(area, buf);
-        Block::new().style(THEME.content).render(area, buf);
-        let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)]);
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Min(0), Constraint::Length(3)]);
-        let [left, map] = horizontal.areas(area);
-        let [hops, pings] = vertical.areas(left);
-
-        render_hops(self.row_index, hops, buf);
-        render_ping(self.row_index, pings, buf);
-        render_map(self.row_index, map, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-fn render_hops(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let mut state = TableState::default().with_selected(Some(selected_row));
-    let rows = HOPS
-        .iter()
-        .map(|hop| Row::new(vec![hop.host, hop.address]))
-        .collect_vec();
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .padding(Padding::new(1, 1, 1, 1))
-        .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-        .title("Traceroute bad.horse".bold().white());
-    StatefulWidget::render(
-        Table::new(rows, [Constraint::Max(100), Constraint::Length(15)])
-            .header(Row::new(vec!["Host", "Address"]).set_style(THEME.traceroute.header))
-            .highlight_style(THEME.traceroute.selected)
-            .block(block),
-        area,
-        buf,
-        &mut state,
-    );
-    let mut scrollbar_state = ScrollbarState::default()
-        .content_length(HOPS.len())
-        .position(selected_row);
-    let area = Rect {
-        width: area.width + 1,
-        y: area.y + 3,
-        height: area.height - 4,
-        ..area
-    };
-    Scrollbar::default()
-        .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalLeft)
-        .begin_symbol(None)
-        .end_symbol(None)
-        .track_symbol(None)
-        .thumb_symbol("▌")
-        .render(area, buf, &mut scrollbar_state);
-}
-
-pub fn render_ping(progress: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let mut data = [
-        8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 7,
-        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3,
-        3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7,
-    ];
-    let mid = progress % data.len();
-    data.rotate_left(mid);
-    Sparkline::default()
-        .block(
-            Block::new()
-                .title("Ping")
-                .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-                .border_type(BorderType::Thick),
-        )
-        .data(&data)
-        .style(THEME.traceroute.ping)
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-fn render_map(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let theme = THEME.traceroute.map;
-    let path: Option<(&Hop, &Hop)> = HOPS.iter().tuple_windows().nth(selected_row);
-    let map = Map {
-        resolution: canvas::MapResolution::High,
-        color: theme.color,
-    };
-    Canvas::default()
-        .background_color(theme.background_color)
-        .block(
-            Block::new()
-                .padding(Padding::new(1, 0, 1, 0))
-                .style(theme.style),
-        )
-        .marker(Marker::HalfBlock)
-        // picked to show Australia for the demo as it's the most interesting part of the map
-        // (and the only part with hops ;))
-        .x_bounds([112.0, 155.0])
-        .y_bounds([-46.0, -11.0])
-        .paint(|context| {
-            context.draw(&map);
-            if let Some(path) = path {
-                context.draw(&canvas::Line::new(
-                    path.0.location.0,
-                    path.0.location.1,
-                    path.1.location.0,
-                    path.1.location.1,
-                    theme.path,
-                ));
-                context.draw(&Points {
-                    color: theme.source,
-                    coords: &[path.0.location], // sydney
-                });
-                context.draw(&Points {
-                    color: theme.destination,
-                    coords: &[path.1.location], // perth
-                });
-            }
-        })
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct Hop {
-    host: &'static str,
-    address: &'static str,
-    location: (f64, f64),
-}
-
-impl Hop {
-    const fn new(name: &'static str, address: &'static str, location: (f64, f64)) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            host: name,
-            address,
-            location,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-const CANBERRA: (f64, f64) = (149.1, -35.3);
-const SYDNEY: (f64, f64) = (151.1, -33.9);
-const MELBOURNE: (f64, f64) = (144.9, -37.8);
-const PERTH: (f64, f64) = (115.9, -31.9);
-const DARWIN: (f64, f64) = (130.8, -12.4);
-const BRISBANE: (f64, f64) = (153.0, -27.5);
-const ADELAIDE: (f64, f64) = (138.6, -34.9);
-
-// Go traceroute bad.horse some time, it's fun. these locations are made up and don't correspond
-// to the actual IP addresses (which are in Toronto, Canada).
-const HOPS: &[Hop] = &[
-    Hop::new("home", "127.0.0.1", CANBERRA),
-    Hop::new("bad.horse", "162.252.205.130", SYDNEY),
-    Hop::new("bad.horse", "162.252.205.131", MELBOURNE),
-    Hop::new("bad.horse", "162.252.205.132", BRISBANE),
-    Hop::new("bad.horse", "162.252.205.133", SYDNEY),
-    Hop::new("he.rides.across.the.nation", "162.252.205.134", PERTH),
-    Hop::new("the.thoroughbred.of.sin", "162.252.205.135", DARWIN),
-    Hop::new("he.got.the.application", "162.252.205.136", BRISBANE),
-    Hop::new("that.you.just.sent.in", "162.252.205.137", ADELAIDE),
-    Hop::new("it.needs.evaluation", "162.252.205.138", DARWIN),
-    Hop::new("so.let.the.games.begin", "162.252.205.139", PERTH),
-    Hop::new("a.heinous.crime", "162.252.205.140", BRISBANE),
-    Hop::new("a.show.of.force", "162.252.205.141", CANBERRA),
-    Hop::new("a.murder.would.be.nice.of.course", "162.252.205.142", PERTH),
-    Hop::new("bad.horse", "162.252.205.143", MELBOURNE),
-    Hop::new("bad.horse", "162.252.205.144", DARWIN),
-    Hop::new("bad.horse", "162.252.205.145", MELBOURNE),
-    Hop::new("he-s.bad", "162.252.205.146", PERTH),
-    Hop::new("the.evil.league.of.evil", "162.252.205.147", BRISBANE),
-    Hop::new("is.watching.so.beware", "162.252.205.148", DARWIN),
-    Hop::new("the.grade.that.you.receive", "162.252.205.149", PERTH),
-    Hop::new("will.be.your.last.we.swear", "162.252.205.150", ADELAIDE),
-    Hop::new("so.make.the.bad.horse.gleeful", "162.252.205.151", SYDNEY),
-    Hop::new("or.he-ll.make.you.his.mare", "162.252.205.152", MELBOURNE),
-    Hop::new("o_o", "162.252.205.153", BRISBANE),
-    Hop::new("you-re.saddled.up", "162.252.205.154", DARWIN),
-    Hop::new("there-s.no.recourse", "162.252.205.155", PERTH),
-    Hop::new("it-s.hi-ho.silver", "162.252.205.156", SYDNEY),
-    Hop::new("signed.bad.horse", "162.252.205.157", CANBERRA),
-];

examples/demo2/tabs/weather.rs

@@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use palette::Okhsv;
-use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{calendar::CalendarEventStore, *},
-};
-use time::OffsetDateTime;
-
-use crate::{color_from_oklab, RgbSwatch, THEME};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct WeatherTab {
-    pub download_progress: usize,
-}
-
-impl WeatherTab {
-    /// Simulate a download indicator by decrementing the row index.
-    pub fn prev(&mut self) {
-        self.download_progress = self.download_progress.saturating_sub(1);
-    }
-
-    /// Simulate a download indicator by incrementing the row index.
-    pub fn next(&mut self) {
-        self.download_progress = self.download_progress.saturating_add(1);
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for WeatherTab {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
-            vertical: 1,
-            horizontal: 2,
-        });
-        Clear.render(area, buf);
-        Block::new().style(THEME.content).render(area, buf);
-
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
-            horizontal: 2,
-            vertical: 1,
-        });
-        let [main, _, gauges] = Layout::vertical([
-            Constraint::Min(0),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-        ])
-        .areas(area);
-        let [calendar, charts] =
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(23), Constraint::Min(0)]).areas(main);
-        let [simple, horizontal] =
-            Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(29), Constraint::Min(0)]).areas(charts);
-
-        render_calendar(calendar, buf);
-        render_simple_barchart(simple, buf);
-        render_horizontal_barchart(horizontal, buf);
-        render_gauge(self.download_progress, gauges, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-fn render_calendar(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let date = OffsetDateTime::now_utc().date();
-    calendar::Monthly::new(date, CalendarEventStore::today(Style::new().red().bold()))
-        .block(Block::new().padding(Padding::new(0, 0, 2, 0)))
-        .show_month_header(Style::new().bold())
-        .show_weekdays_header(Style::new().italic())
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-fn render_simple_barchart(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let data = [
-        ("Sat", 76),
-        ("Sun", 69),
-        ("Mon", 65),
-        ("Tue", 67),
-        ("Wed", 65),
-        ("Thu", 69),
-        ("Fri", 73),
-    ];
-    let data = data
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|(label, value)| {
-            Bar::default()
-                .value(value)
-                // This doesn't actually render correctly as the text is too wide for the bar
-                // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/513 for more info
-                // (the demo GIFs hack around this by hacking the calculation in bars.rs)
-                .text_value(format!("{value}°"))
-                .style(if value > 70 {
-                    Style::new().fg(Color::Red)
-                } else {
-                    Style::new().fg(Color::Yellow)
-                })
-                .value_style(if value > 70 {
-                    Style::new().fg(Color::Gray).bg(Color::Red).bold()
-                } else {
-                    Style::new().fg(Color::DarkGray).bg(Color::Yellow).bold()
-                })
-                .label(label.into())
-        })
-        .collect_vec();
-    let group = BarGroup::default().bars(&data);
-    BarChart::default()
-        .data(group)
-        .bar_width(3)
-        .bar_gap(1)
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-fn render_horizontal_barchart(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let bg = Color::Rgb(32, 48, 96);
-    let data = [
-        Bar::default().text_value("Winter 37-51".into()).value(51),
-        Bar::default().text_value("Spring 40-65".into()).value(65),
-        Bar::default().text_value("Summer 54-77".into()).value(77),
-        Bar::default()
-            .text_value("Fall 41-71".into())
-            .value(71)
-            .value_style(Style::new().bold()), // current season
-    ];
-    let group = BarGroup::default().label("GPU".into()).bars(&data);
-    BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::new().padding(Padding::new(0, 0, 2, 0)))
-        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
-        .data(group)
-        .bar_gap(1)
-        .bar_style(Style::new().fg(bg))
-        .value_style(Style::new().bg(bg).fg(Color::Gray))
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
-pub fn render_gauge(progress: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let percent = (progress * 3).min(100) as f64;
-
-    render_line_gauge(percent, area, buf);
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-fn render_line_gauge(percent: f64, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    // cycle color hue based on the percent for a neat effect yellow -> red
-    let hue = 90.0 - (percent as f32 * 0.6);
-    let value = Okhsv::max_value();
-    let fg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value);
-    let bg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value * 0.5);
-    let label = if percent < 100.0 {
-        format!("Downloading: {percent}%")
-    } else {
-        "Download Complete!".into()
-    };
-    LineGauge::default()
-        .ratio(percent / 100.0)
-        .label(label)
-        .style(Style::new().light_blue())
-        .gauge_style(Style::new().fg(fg).bg(bg))
-        .line_set(symbols::line::THICK)
-        .render(area, buf);
-}

examples/demo2/term.rs

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    io::{self, stdout},
-    time::Duration,
-};
-
-use color_eyre::{eyre::WrapErr, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
-
-pub fn init() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    // this size is to match the size of the terminal when running the demo
-    // using vhs in a 1280x640 sized window (github social preview size)
-    let options = TerminalOptions {
-        viewport: Viewport::Fixed(Rect::new(0, 0, 81, 18)),
-    };
-    let terminal = Terminal::with_options(CrosstermBackend::new(io::stdout()), options)?;
-    enable_raw_mode().context("enable raw mode")?;
-    stdout()
-        .execute(EnterAlternateScreen)
-        .wrap_err("enter alternate screen")?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-pub fn restore() -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode().context("disable raw mode")?;
-    stdout()
-        .execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)
-        .wrap_err("leave alternate screen")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn next_event(timeout: Duration) -> Result<Option<Event>> {
-    if !event::poll(timeout)? {
-        return Ok(None);
-    }
-    let event = event::read()?;
-    Ok(Some(event))
-}

examples/demo2/theme.rs

@@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
-
-pub struct Theme {
-    pub root: Style,
-    pub content: Style,
-    pub app_title: Style,
-    pub tabs: Style,
-    pub tabs_selected: Style,
-    pub borders: Style,
-    pub description: Style,
-    pub description_title: Style,
-    pub key_binding: KeyBinding,
-    pub logo: Logo,
-    pub email: Email,
-    pub traceroute: Traceroute,
-    pub recipe: Recipe,
-}
-
-pub struct KeyBinding {
-    pub key: Style,
-    pub description: Style,
-}
-
-pub struct Logo {
-    pub rat: Color,
-    pub rat_eye: Color,
-    pub rat_eye_alt: Color,
-    pub term: Color,
-}
-
-pub struct Email {
-    pub tabs: Style,
-    pub tabs_selected: Style,
-    pub inbox: Style,
-    pub item: Style,
-    pub selected_item: Style,
-    pub header: Style,
-    pub header_value: Style,
-    pub body: Style,
-}
-
-pub struct Traceroute {
-    pub header: Style,
-    pub selected: Style,
-    pub ping: Style,
-    pub map: Map,
-}
-
-pub struct Map {
-    pub style: Style,
-    pub color: Color,
-    pub path: Color,
-    pub source: Color,
-    pub destination: Color,
-    pub background_color: Color,
-}
-
-pub struct Recipe {
-    pub ingredients: Style,
-    pub ingredients_header: Style,
-}
-
-pub const THEME: Theme = Theme {
-    root: Style::new().bg(DARK_BLUE),
-    content: Style::new().bg(DARK_BLUE).fg(LIGHT_GRAY),
-    app_title: Style::new()
-        .fg(WHITE)
-        .bg(DARK_BLUE)
-        .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-    tabs: Style::new().fg(MID_GRAY).bg(DARK_BLUE),
-    tabs_selected: Style::new()
-        .fg(WHITE)
-        .bg(DARK_BLUE)
-        .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
-        .add_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED),
-    borders: Style::new().fg(LIGHT_GRAY),
-    description: Style::new().fg(LIGHT_GRAY).bg(DARK_BLUE),
-    description_title: Style::new().fg(LIGHT_GRAY).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-    logo: Logo {
-        rat: WHITE,
-        rat_eye: BLACK,
-        rat_eye_alt: RED,
-        term: BLACK,
-    },
-    key_binding: KeyBinding {
-        key: Style::new().fg(BLACK).bg(DARK_GRAY),
-        description: Style::new().fg(DARK_GRAY).bg(BLACK),
-    },
-    email: Email {
-        tabs: Style::new().fg(MID_GRAY).bg(DARK_BLUE),
-        tabs_selected: Style::new()
-            .fg(WHITE)
-            .bg(DARK_BLUE)
-            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-        inbox: Style::new().bg(DARK_BLUE).fg(LIGHT_GRAY),
-        item: Style::new().fg(LIGHT_GRAY),
-        selected_item: Style::new().fg(LIGHT_YELLOW),
-        header: Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-        header_value: Style::new().fg(LIGHT_GRAY),
-        body: Style::new().bg(DARK_BLUE).fg(LIGHT_GRAY),
-    },
-    traceroute: Traceroute {
-        header: Style::new()
-            .bg(DARK_BLUE)
-            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
-            .add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED),
-        selected: Style::new().fg(LIGHT_YELLOW),
-        ping: Style::new().fg(WHITE),
-        map: Map {
-            style: Style::new().bg(DARK_BLUE),
-            background_color: DARK_BLUE,
-            color: LIGHT_GRAY,
-            path: LIGHT_BLUE,
-            source: LIGHT_GREEN,
-            destination: LIGHT_RED,
-        },
-    },
-    recipe: Recipe {
-        ingredients: Style::new().bg(DARK_BLUE).fg(LIGHT_GRAY),
-        ingredients_header: Style::new()
-            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
-            .add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED),
-    },
-};
-
-const DARK_BLUE: Color = Color::Rgb(16, 24, 48);
-const LIGHT_BLUE: Color = Color::Rgb(64, 96, 192);
-const LIGHT_YELLOW: Color = Color::Rgb(192, 192, 96);
-const LIGHT_GREEN: Color = Color::Rgb(64, 192, 96);
-const LIGHT_RED: Color = Color::Rgb(192, 96, 96);
-const RED: Color = Color::Rgb(215, 0, 0);
-const BLACK: Color = Color::Rgb(8, 8, 8); // not really black, often #080808
-const DARK_GRAY: Color = Color::Rgb(68, 68, 68);
-const MID_GRAY: Color = Color::Rgb(128, 128, 128);
-const LIGHT_GRAY: Color = Color::Rgb(188, 188, 188);
-const WHITE: Color = Color::Rgb(238, 238, 238); // not really white, often #eeeeee

examples/docsrs.rs

@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Docs.rs example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-use std::io::{self, stdout};
-
-use crossterm::{
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
-use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
-};
-
-/// Example code for lib.rs
-///
-/// When cargo-rdme supports doc comments that import from code, this will be imported
-/// rather than copied to the lib.rs file.
-fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
-    let arg = std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap_or_default();
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))?;
-
-    let mut should_quit = false;
-    while !should_quit {
-        terminal.draw(match arg.as_str() {
-            "layout" => layout,
-            "styling" => styling,
-            _ => hello_world,
-        })?;
-        should_quit = handle_events()?;
-    }
-
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn hello_world(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!").block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
-        frame.size(),
-    );
-}
-
-use crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode};
-fn handle_events() -> io::Result<bool> {
-    if event::poll(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50))? {
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.kind == event::KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                return Ok(true);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(false)
-}
-
-fn layout(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Length(1),
-        Constraint::Min(0),
-        Constraint::Length(1),
-    ]);
-    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 2); 2]);
-    let [title_bar, main_area, status_bar] = vertical.areas(frame.size());
-    let [left, right] = horizontal.areas(main_area);
-
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::new().borders(Borders::TOP).title("Title Bar"),
-        title_bar,
-    );
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::new().borders(Borders::TOP).title("Status Bar"),
-        status_bar,
-    );
-    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Left"), left);
-    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Right"), right);
-}
-
-fn styling(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let areas = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Length(1),
-        Constraint::Length(1),
-        Constraint::Length(1),
-        Constraint::Length(1),
-        Constraint::Min(0),
-    ])
-    .split(frame.size());
-
-    let span1 = Span::raw("Hello ");
-    let span2 = Span::styled(
-        "World",
-        Style::new()
-            .fg(Color::Green)
-            .bg(Color::White)
-            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-    );
-    let span3 = "!".red().on_light_yellow().italic();
-
-    let line = Line::from(vec![span1, span2, span3]);
-    let text: Text = Text::from(vec![line]);
-
-    frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new(text), areas[0]);
-    // or using the short-hand syntax and implicit conversions
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!".red().on_white().bold()),
-        areas[1],
-    );
-
-    // to style the whole widget instead of just the text
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!").style(Style::new().red().on_white()),
-        areas[2],
-    );
-    // or using the short-hand syntax
-    frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("Hello World!").blue().on_yellow(), areas[3]);
-}

examples/filter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+use std::{error::Error, io};
+
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    text::{Line, Span, Text},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, List, ListItem, Paragraph},
+    Frame, Terminal,
+};
+use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
+
+enum InputMode {
+    Normal,
+    Editing,
+}
+
+/// App holds the state of the application
+struct App<'a> {
+    filter: String,
+    input_mode: InputMode,
+    words: Vec<&'a str>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> App<'a> {
+    fn new(words: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a str>) -> Self {
+        App {
+            filter: String::new(),
+            input_mode: InputMode::Normal,
+            words: words.into_iter().collect(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+
+    // create app and run it
+    let app = App::new(WORDS);
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app);
+
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            match (&app.input_mode, key.code) {
+                (InputMode::Normal, KeyCode::Char('e')) => {
+                    app.input_mode = InputMode::Editing;
+                }
+                (InputMode::Normal, KeyCode::Char('q')) => {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                (InputMode::Normal, _) => {}
+                (InputMode::Editing, KeyCode::Char(c)) => {
+                    app.filter.push(c);
+                }
+                (InputMode::Editing, KeyCode::Backspace) => {
+                    app.filter.pop();
+                }
+                (InputMode::Editing, KeyCode::Esc) => {
+                    app.input_mode = InputMode::Normal;
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(2)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Length(1),
+                Constraint::Length(3),
+                Constraint::Min(1),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(f.size());
+
+    let (msg, style) = match app.input_mode {
+        InputMode::Normal => (
+            vec![
+                Span::raw("Press "),
+                Span::styled("q", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                Span::raw(" to exit, "),
+                Span::styled("e", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                Span::raw(" to start editing."),
+            ],
+            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK),
+        ),
+        InputMode::Editing => (
+            vec![
+                Span::raw("Press "),
+                Span::styled("Esc", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                Span::raw(" to stop editing."),
+            ],
+            Style::default(),
+        ),
+    };
+    let mut text = Text::from(Line::from(msg));
+    text.patch_style(style);
+    let help_message = Paragraph::new(text);
+    f.render_widget(help_message, chunks[0]);
+
+    let input = Paragraph::new(app.filter.clone())
+        .style(match app.input_mode {
+            InputMode::Normal => Style::default(),
+            InputMode::Editing => Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
+        })
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Input"));
+    f.render_widget(input, chunks[1]);
+    match app.input_mode {
+        InputMode::Normal =>
+            // Hide the cursor. `Frame` does this by default, so we don't need to do anything here
+            {}
+        InputMode::Editing => {
+            // Make the cursor visible and ask tui-rs to put it at the specified coordinates after
+            // rendering
+            f.set_cursor(
+                // Put cursor past the end of the input text
+                chunks[1].x + app.filter.width() as u16 + 1,
+                // Move one line down, from the border to the input line
+                chunks[1].y + 1,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    let items: Vec<ListItem> = app
+        .words
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|m| m.contains(&app.filter))
+        .map(|m| {
+            let content = vec![Line::from(Span::raw(*m))];
+            ListItem::new(content)
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let list = List::new(items).block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Messages"));
+    f.render_widget(list, chunks[2]);
+}
+
+const WORDS: [&str; 100] = [
+    "the", "at", "there", "some", "my", "of", "be", "use", "her", "than", "and", "this", "an",
+    "would", "first", "a", "have", "each", "make", "water", "to", "from", "which", "like", "been",
+    "in", "or", "she", "him", "call", "is", "one", "do", "into", "who", "you", "had", "how",
+    "time", "oil", "that", "by", "their", "has", "its", "it", "word", "if", "look", "now", "he",
+    "but", "will", "two", "find", "was", "not", "up", "more", "long", "for", "what", "other",
+    "write", "down", "on", "all", "about", "go", "day", "are", "were", "out", "see", "did", "as",
+    "we", "many", "number", "get", "with", "when", "then", "no", "come", "his", "your", "them",
+    "way", "made", "they", "can", "these", "could", "may", "I", "said", "so", "people", "part",
+];

examples/flex.rs

@@ -1,559 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Flex example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
-use std::io::{self, stdout};
-
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
-use ratatui::{
-    layout::{Constraint::*, Flex},
-    prelude::*,
-    style::palette::tailwind,
-    symbols::line,
-    widgets::{block::Title, *},
-};
-use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
-
-const EXAMPLE_DATA: &[(&str, &[Constraint])] = &[
-    (
-        "Min(u16) takes any excess space always",
-        &[Length(10), Min(10), Max(10), Percentage(10), Ratio(1,10)],
-    ),
-    (
-        "Fill(u16) takes any excess space always",
-        &[Length(20), Percentage(20), Ratio(1, 5), Fill(1)],
-    ),
-    (
-        "Here's all constraints in one line",
-        &[Length(10), Min(10), Max(10), Percentage(10), Ratio(1,10), Fill(1)],
-    ),
-    (
-        "",
-        &[Max(50), Min(50)],
-    ),
-    (
-        "",
-        &[Max(20), Length(10)],
-    ),
-    (
-        "",
-        &[Max(20), Length(10)],
-    ),
-    (
-        "Min grows always but also allows Fill to grow",
-        &[Percentage(50), Fill(1), Fill(2), Min(50)],
-    ),
-    (
-        "In `Legacy`, the last constraint of lowest priority takes excess space",
-        &[Length(20), Length(20), Percentage(20)],
-    ),
-    ("", &[Length(20), Percentage(20), Length(20)]),
-    ("A lowest priority constraint will be broken before a high priority constraint", &[Ratio(1,4), Percentage(20)]),
-    ("`Length` is higher priority than `Percentage`", &[Percentage(20), Length(10)]),
-    ("`Min/Max` is higher priority than `Length`", &[Length(10), Max(20)]),
-    ("", &[Length(100), Min(20)]),
-    ("`Length` is higher priority than `Min/Max`", &[Max(20), Length(10)]),
-    ("", &[Min(20), Length(90)]),
-    ("Fill is the lowest priority and will fill any excess space", &[Fill(1), Ratio(1, 4)]),
-    ("Fill can be used to scale proportionally with other Fill blocks", &[Fill(1), Percentage(20), Fill(2)]),
-    ("", &[Ratio(1, 3), Percentage(20), Ratio(2, 3)]),
-    ("Legacy will stretch the last lowest priority constraint\nStretch will only stretch equal weighted constraints", &[Length(20), Length(15)]),
-    ("", &[Percentage(20), Length(15)]),
-    ("`Fill(u16)` fills up excess space, but is lower priority to spacers.\ni.e. Fill will only have widths in Flex::Stretch and Flex::Legacy", &[Fill(1), Fill(1)]),
-    ("", &[Length(20), Length(20)]),
-    (
-        "When not using `Flex::Stretch` or `Flex::Legacy`,\n`Min(u16)` and `Max(u16)` collapse to their lowest values",
-        &[Min(20), Max(20)],
-    ),
-    (
-        "",
-        &[Max(20)],
-    ),
-    ("", &[Min(20), Max(20), Length(20), Length(20)]),
-    ("", &[Fill(0), Fill(0)]),
-    (
-        "`Fill(1)` can be to scale with respect to other `Fill(2)`",
-        &[Fill(1), Fill(2)],
-    ),
-    (
-        "",
-        &[Fill(1), Min(10), Max(10), Fill(2)],
-    ),
-    (
-        "`Fill(0)` collapses if there are other non-zero `Fill(_)`\nconstraints. e.g. `[Fill(0), Fill(0), Fill(1)]`:",
-        &[
-            Fill(0),
-            Fill(0),
-            Fill(1),
-        ],
-    ),
-];
-
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Copy)]
-struct App {
-    selected_tab: SelectedTab,
-    scroll_offset: u16,
-    spacing: u16,
-    state: AppState,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum AppState {
-    #[default]
-    Running,
-    Quit,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-struct Example {
-    constraints: Vec<Constraint>,
-    description: String,
-    flex: Flex,
-    spacing: u16,
-}
-
-/// Tabs for the different layouts
-///
-/// Note: the order of the variants will determine the order of the tabs this uses several derive
-/// macros from the `strum` crate to make it easier to iterate over the variants.
-/// (`FromRepr`,`Display`,`EnumIter`).
-#[derive(Default, Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, FromRepr, Display, EnumIter)]
-enum SelectedTab {
-    #[default]
-    Legacy,
-    Start,
-    Center,
-    End,
-    SpaceAround,
-    SpaceBetween,
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    // assuming the user changes spacing about a 100 times or so
-    Layout::init_cache(EXAMPLE_DATA.len() * SelectedTab::iter().len() * 100);
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-    App::default().run(terminal)?;
-
-    restore_terminal()?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-impl App {
-    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-        self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
-        while self.is_running() {
-            self.handle_events()?;
-            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn is_running(self) -> bool {
-        self.state == AppState::Running
-    }
-
-    fn draw(self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.size()))?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        use KeyCode::*;
-        match event::read()? {
-            Event::Key(key) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match key.code {
-                Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
-                Char('l') | Right => self.next(),
-                Char('h') | Left => self.previous(),
-                Char('j') | Down => self.down(),
-                Char('k') | Up => self.up(),
-                Char('g') | Home => self.top(),
-                Char('G') | End => self.bottom(),
-                Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
-                Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
-                _ => (),
-            },
-            _ => {}
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn next(&mut self) {
-        self.selected_tab = self.selected_tab.next();
-    }
-
-    fn previous(&mut self) {
-        self.selected_tab = self.selected_tab.previous();
-    }
-
-    fn up(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll_offset = self.scroll_offset.saturating_sub(1);
-    }
-
-    fn down(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll_offset = self
-            .scroll_offset
-            .saturating_add(1)
-            .min(max_scroll_offset());
-    }
-
-    fn top(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll_offset = 0;
-    }
-
-    fn bottom(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll_offset = max_scroll_offset();
-    }
-
-    fn increment_spacing(&mut self) {
-        self.spacing = self.spacing.saturating_add(1);
-    }
-
-    fn decrement_spacing(&mut self) {
-        self.spacing = self.spacing.saturating_sub(1);
-    }
-
-    fn quit(&mut self) {
-        self.state = AppState::Quit;
-    }
-}
-
-// when scrolling, make sure we don't scroll past the last example
-fn max_scroll_offset() -> u16 {
-    example_height()
-        - EXAMPLE_DATA
-            .last()
-            .map_or(0, |(desc, _)| get_description_height(desc) + 4)
-}
-
-/// The height of all examples combined
-///
-/// Each may or may not have a title so we need to account for that.
-fn example_height() -> u16 {
-    EXAMPLE_DATA
-        .iter()
-        .map(|(desc, _)| get_description_height(desc) + 4)
-        .sum()
-}
-
-impl Widget for App {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(3), Length(1), Fill(0)]);
-        let [tabs, axis, demo] = layout.areas(area);
-        self.tabs().render(tabs, buf);
-        let scroll_needed = self.render_demo(demo, buf);
-        let axis_width = if scroll_needed {
-            axis.width.saturating_sub(1)
-        } else {
-            axis.width
-        };
-        Self::axis(axis_width, self.spacing).render(axis, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-impl App {
-    fn tabs(self) -> impl Widget {
-        let tab_titles = SelectedTab::iter().map(SelectedTab::to_tab_title);
-        let block = Block::new()
-            .title(Title::from("Flex Layouts ".bold()))
-            .title(" Use ◄ ► to change tab, ▲ ▼  to scroll, - + to change spacing ");
-        Tabs::new(tab_titles)
-            .block(block)
-            .highlight_style(Modifier::REVERSED)
-            .select(self.selected_tab as usize)
-            .divider(" ")
-            .padding("", "")
-    }
-
-    /// a bar like `<----- 80 px (gap: 2 px)? ----->`
-    fn axis(width: u16, spacing: u16) -> impl Widget {
-        let width = width as usize;
-        // only show gap when spacing is not zero
-        let label = if spacing != 0 {
-            format!("{width} px (gap: {spacing} px)")
-        } else {
-            format!("{width} px")
-        };
-        let bar_width = width.saturating_sub(2); // we want to `<` and `>` at the ends
-        let width_bar = format!("<{label:-^bar_width$}>");
-        Paragraph::new(width_bar.dark_gray()).centered()
-    }
-
-    /// Render the demo content
-    ///
-    /// This function renders the demo content into a separate buffer and then splices the buffer
-    /// into the main buffer. This is done to make it possible to handle scrolling easily.
-    ///
-    /// Returns bool indicating whether scroll was needed
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-    fn render_demo(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) -> bool {
-        // render demo content into a separate buffer so all examples fit we add an extra
-        // area.height to make sure the last example is fully visible even when the scroll offset is
-        // at the max
-        let height = example_height();
-        let demo_area = Rect::new(0, 0, area.width, height);
-        let mut demo_buf = Buffer::empty(demo_area);
-
-        let scrollbar_needed = self.scroll_offset != 0 || height > area.height;
-        let content_area = if scrollbar_needed {
-            Rect {
-                width: demo_area.width - 1,
-                ..demo_area
-            }
-        } else {
-            demo_area
-        };
-
-        let mut spacing = self.spacing;
-        self.selected_tab
-            .render(content_area, &mut demo_buf, &mut spacing);
-
-        let visible_content = demo_buf
-            .content
-            .into_iter()
-            .skip((area.width * self.scroll_offset) as usize)
-            .take(area.area() as usize);
-        for (i, cell) in visible_content.enumerate() {
-            let x = i as u16 % area.width;
-            let y = i as u16 / area.width;
-            *buf.get_mut(area.x + x, area.y + y) = cell;
-        }
-
-        if scrollbar_needed {
-            let area = area.intersection(buf.area);
-            let mut state = ScrollbarState::new(max_scroll_offset() as usize)
-                .position(self.scroll_offset as usize);
-            Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalRight).render(area, buf, &mut state);
-        }
-        scrollbar_needed
-    }
-}
-
-impl SelectedTab {
-    /// Get the previous tab, if there is no previous tab return the current tab.
-    fn previous(self) -> Self {
-        let current_index: usize = self as usize;
-        let previous_index = current_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the next tab, if there is no next tab return the current tab.
-    fn next(self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = self as usize;
-        let next_index = current_index.saturating_add(1);
-        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Convert a `SelectedTab` into a `Line` to display it by the `Tabs` widget.
-    fn to_tab_title(value: Self) -> Line<'static> {
-        use tailwind::*;
-        let text = value.to_string();
-        let color = match value {
-            Self::Legacy => ORANGE.c400,
-            Self::Start => SKY.c400,
-            Self::Center => SKY.c300,
-            Self::End => SKY.c200,
-            Self::SpaceAround => INDIGO.c400,
-            Self::SpaceBetween => INDIGO.c300,
-        };
-        format!(" {text} ").fg(color).bg(Color::Black).into()
-    }
-}
-
-impl StatefulWidget for SelectedTab {
-    type State = u16;
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, spacing: &mut Self::State) {
-        let spacing = *spacing;
-        match self {
-            Self::Legacy => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Legacy, spacing),
-            Self::Start => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Start, spacing),
-            Self::Center => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Center, spacing),
-            Self::End => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::End, spacing),
-            Self::SpaceAround => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceAround, spacing),
-            Self::SpaceBetween => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceBetween, spacing),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl SelectedTab {
-    fn render_examples(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, flex: Flex, spacing: u16) {
-        let heights = EXAMPLE_DATA
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(desc, _)| get_description_height(desc) + 4);
-        let areas = Layout::vertical(heights).flex(Flex::Start).split(area);
-        for (area, (description, constraints)) in areas.iter().zip(EXAMPLE_DATA.iter()) {
-            Example::new(constraints, description, flex, spacing).render(*area, buf);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Example {
-    fn new(constraints: &[Constraint], description: &str, flex: Flex, spacing: u16) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            constraints: constraints.into(),
-            description: description.into(),
-            flex,
-            spacing,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for Example {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let title_height = get_description_height(&self.description);
-        let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(title_height), Fill(0)]);
-        let [title, illustrations] = layout.areas(area);
-
-        let (blocks, spacers) = Layout::horizontal(&self.constraints)
-            .flex(self.flex)
-            .spacing(self.spacing)
-            .split_with_spacers(illustrations);
-
-        if !self.description.is_empty() {
-            Paragraph::new(
-                self.description
-                    .split('\n')
-                    .map(|s| format!("// {s}").italic().fg(tailwind::SLATE.c400))
-                    .map(Line::from)
-                    .collect::<Vec<Line>>(),
-            )
-            .render(title, buf);
-        }
-
-        for (block, constraint) in blocks.iter().zip(&self.constraints) {
-            Self::illustration(*constraint, block.width).render(*block, buf);
-        }
-
-        for spacer in spacers.iter() {
-            Self::render_spacer(*spacer, buf);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Example {
-    fn render_spacer(spacer: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        if spacer.width > 1 {
-            let corners_only = symbols::border::Set {
-                top_left: line::NORMAL.top_left,
-                top_right: line::NORMAL.top_right,
-                bottom_left: line::NORMAL.bottom_left,
-                bottom_right: line::NORMAL.bottom_right,
-                vertical_left: " ",
-                vertical_right: " ",
-                horizontal_top: " ",
-                horizontal_bottom: " ",
-            };
-            Block::bordered()
-                .border_set(corners_only)
-                .border_style(Style::reset().dark_gray())
-                .render(spacer, buf);
-        } else {
-            Paragraph::new(Text::from(vec![
-                Line::from(""),
-                Line::from("│"),
-                Line::from("│"),
-                Line::from(""),
-            ]))
-            .style(Style::reset().dark_gray())
-            .render(spacer, buf);
-        }
-        let width = spacer.width;
-        let label = if width > 4 {
-            format!("{width} px")
-        } else if width > 2 {
-            format!("{width}")
-        } else {
-            String::new()
-        };
-        let text = Text::from(vec![
-            Line::raw(""),
-            Line::raw(""),
-            Line::styled(label, Style::reset().dark_gray()),
-        ]);
-        Paragraph::new(text)
-            .style(Style::reset().dark_gray())
-            .alignment(Alignment::Center)
-            .render(spacer, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn illustration(constraint: Constraint, width: u16) -> impl Widget {
-        let main_color = color_for_constraint(constraint);
-        let fg_color = Color::White;
-        let title = format!("{constraint}");
-        let content = format!("{width} px");
-        let text = format!("{title}\n{content}");
-        let block = Block::bordered()
-            .border_set(symbols::border::QUADRANT_OUTSIDE)
-            .border_style(Style::reset().fg(main_color).reversed())
-            .style(Style::default().fg(fg_color).bg(main_color));
-        Paragraph::new(text).centered().block(block)
-    }
-}
-
-const fn color_for_constraint(constraint: Constraint) -> Color {
-    use tailwind::*;
-    match constraint {
-        Constraint::Min(_) => BLUE.c900,
-        Constraint::Max(_) => BLUE.c800,
-        Constraint::Length(_) => SLATE.c700,
-        Constraint::Percentage(_) => SLATE.c800,
-        Constraint::Ratio(_, _) => SLATE.c900,
-        Constraint::Fill(_) => SLATE.c950,
-    }
-}
-
-fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-fn get_description_height(s: &str) -> u16 {
-    if s.is_empty() {
-        0
-    } else {
-        s.split('\n').count() as u16
-    }
-}

examples/gauge.rs

@@ -1,243 +1,167 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Gauge example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
-
-use std::{io::stdout, time::Duration};
-
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
 use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
 };
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    style::palette::tailwind,
-    widgets::{block::Title, Block, Borders, Gauge, Padding, Paragraph},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    text::Span,
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Gauge},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
-const GAUGE1_COLOR: Color = tailwind::RED.c800;
-const GAUGE2_COLOR: Color = tailwind::GREEN.c800;
-const GAUGE3_COLOR: Color = tailwind::BLUE.c800;
-const GAUGE4_COLOR: Color = tailwind::ORANGE.c800;
-const CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c200;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
 struct App {
-    state: AppState,
-    progress_columns: u16,
     progress1: u16,
-    progress2: f64,
+    progress2: u16,
     progress3: f64,
-    progress4: f64,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum AppState {
-    #[default]
-    Running,
-    Started,
-    Quitting,
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-    App::default().run(terminal)?;
-    restore_terminal()?;
-    Ok(())
+    progress4: u16,
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-        while self.state != AppState::Quitting {
-            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
-            self.handle_events()?;
-            self.update(terminal.size()?.width);
+    fn new() -> App {
+        App {
+            progress1: 0,
+            progress2: 0,
+            progress3: 0.45,
+            progress4: 0,
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-        terminal.draw(|f| f.render_widget(self, f.size()))?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn update(&mut self, terminal_width: u16) {
-        if self.state != AppState::Started {
-            return;
+    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
+        self.progress1 += 1;
+        if self.progress1 > 100 {
+            self.progress1 = 0;
         }
+        self.progress2 += 2;
+        if self.progress2 > 100 {
+            self.progress2 = 0;
+        }
+        self.progress3 += 0.001;
+        if self.progress3 > 1.0 {
+            self.progress3 = 0.0;
+        }
+        self.progress4 += 1;
+        if self.progress4 > 100 {
+            self.progress4 = 0;
+        }
+    }
+}
 
-        // progress1 and progress2 help show the difference between ratio and percentage measuring
-        // the same thing, but converting to either a u16 or f64. Effectively, we're showing the
-        // difference between how a continuous gauge acts for floor and rounded values.
-        self.progress_columns = (self.progress_columns + 1).clamp(0, terminal_width);
-        self.progress1 = self.progress_columns * 100 / terminal_width;
-        self.progress2 = f64::from(self.progress_columns) * 100.0 / f64::from(terminal_width);
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
 
-        // progress3 and progress4 similarly show the difference between unicode and non-unicode
-        // gauges measuring the same thing.
-        self.progress3 = (self.progress3 + 0.1).clamp(40.0, 100.0);
-        self.progress4 = (self.progress4 + 0.1).clamp(40.0, 100.0);
+    // create app and run it
+    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
+
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{err:?}");
     }
 
-    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        let timeout = Duration::from_secs_f32(1.0 / 20.0);
-        if event::poll(timeout)? {
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
+
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    use KeyCode::*;
-                    match key.code {
-                        Char(' ') | Enter => self.start(),
-                        Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
-                        _ => {}
-                    }
+                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                    return Ok(());
                 }
             }
         }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn start(&mut self) {
-        self.state = AppState::Started;
-    }
-
-    fn quit(&mut self) {
-        self.state = AppState::Quitting;
+        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            app.on_tick();
+            last_tick = Instant::now();
+        }
     }
 }
 
-impl Widget for &App {
-    #[allow(clippy::similar_names)]
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        use Constraint::*;
-        let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(2), Min(0), Length(1)]);
-        let [header_area, gauge_area, footer_area] = layout.areas(area);
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(2)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(f.size());
 
-        let layout = Layout::vertical([Ratio(1, 4); 4]);
-        let [gauge1_area, gauge2_area, gauge3_area, gauge4_area] = layout.areas(gauge_area);
+    let gauge = Gauge::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge1").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+        .percent(app.progress1);
+    f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[0]);
 
-        render_header(header_area, buf);
-        render_footer(footer_area, buf);
+    let label = format!("{}/100", app.progress2);
+    let gauge = Gauge::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge2").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta).bg(Color::Green))
+        .percent(app.progress2)
+        .label(label);
+    f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[1]);
 
-        self.render_gauge1(gauge1_area, buf);
-        self.render_gauge2(gauge2_area, buf);
-        self.render_gauge3(gauge3_area, buf);
-        self.render_gauge4(gauge4_area, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-fn render_header(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    Paragraph::new("Ratatui Gauge Example")
-        .bold()
-        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
-        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-fn render_footer(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    Paragraph::new("Press ENTER to start")
-        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
-        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
-        .bold()
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-impl App {
-    fn render_gauge1(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let title = title_block("Gauge with percentage");
-        Gauge::default()
-            .block(title)
-            .gauge_style(GAUGE1_COLOR)
-            .percent(self.progress1)
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_gauge2(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let title = title_block("Gauge with ratio and custom label");
-        let label = Span::styled(
-            format!("{:.1}/100", self.progress2),
-            Style::new().italic().bold().fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR),
-        );
-        Gauge::default()
-            .block(title)
-            .gauge_style(GAUGE2_COLOR)
-            .ratio(self.progress2 / 100.0)
-            .label(label)
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_gauge3(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let title = title_block("Gauge with ratio (no unicode)");
-        let label = format!("{:.1}%", self.progress3);
-        Gauge::default()
-            .block(title)
-            .gauge_style(GAUGE3_COLOR)
-            .ratio(self.progress3 / 100.0)
-            .label(label)
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_gauge4(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let title = title_block("Gauge with ratio (unicode)");
-        let label = format!("{:.1}%", self.progress3);
-        Gauge::default()
-            .block(title)
-            .gauge_style(GAUGE4_COLOR)
-            .ratio(self.progress4 / 100.0)
-            .label(label)
-            .use_unicode(true)
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-fn title_block(title: &str) -> Block {
-    let title = Title::from(title).alignment(Alignment::Center);
-    Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::NONE)
-        .padding(Padding::vertical(1))
-        .title(title)
-        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
-}
-
-fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
+    let label = Span::styled(
+        format!("{:.2}%", app.progress3 * 100.0),
+        Style::default()
+            .fg(Color::Red)
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
+    );
+    let gauge = Gauge::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge3").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+        .ratio(app.progress3)
+        .label(label)
+        .use_unicode(true);
+    f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[2]);
+
+    let label = format!("{}/100", app.progress4);
+    let gauge = Gauge::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge4"))
+        .gauge_style(
+            Style::default()
+                .fg(Color::Cyan)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+        )
+        .percent(app.progress4)
+        .label(label);
+    f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[3]);
 }

examples/hello_world.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,3 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Hello World example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
 use std::{
     io::{self, Stdout},
     time::Duration,
@@ -24,7 +9,7 @@ use crossterm::{
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
+use ratatui::{backend::CrosstermBackend, widgets::Paragraph, Terminal};
 
 /// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
 /// this is not meant to be prescriptive. It is only meant to demonstrate the basic setup and
@@ -76,7 +61,7 @@ fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
 
 /// Render the application. This is where you would draw the application UI. This example just
 /// draws a greeting.
-fn render_app(frame: &mut Frame) {
+fn render_app(frame: &mut ratatui::Frame<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) {
     let greeting = Paragraph::new("Hello World! (press 'q' to quit)");
     frame.render_widget(greeting, frame.size());
 }

examples/inline.rs

@@ -1,20 +1,3 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Inline example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
 use std::{
     collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque},
     error::Error,
@@ -25,7 +8,15 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use rand::distributions::{Distribution, Uniform};
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    symbols,
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{block::title::Title, Block, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem, Paragraph, Widget},
+    Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport,
+};
 
 const NUM_DOWNLOADS: usize = 10;
 
@@ -115,7 +106,9 @@ fn input_handling(tx: mpsc::Sender<Event>) {
         let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
         loop {
             // poll for tick rate duration, if no events, sent tick event.
-            let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
+            let timeout = tick_rate
+                .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
             if crossterm::event::poll(timeout).unwrap() {
                 match crossterm::event::read().unwrap() {
                     crossterm::event::Event::Key(key) => tx.send(Event::Input(key)).unwrap(),
@@ -131,7 +124,6 @@ fn input_handling(tx: mpsc::Sender<Event>) {
     });
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
 fn workers(tx: mpsc::Sender<Event>) -> Vec<Worker> {
     (0..4)
         .map(|id| {
@@ -171,7 +163,6 @@ fn downloads() -> Downloads {
     }
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
 fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
     workers: Vec<Worker>,
@@ -198,7 +189,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
             Event::DownloadUpdate(worker_id, _download_id, progress) => {
                 let download = downloads.in_progress.get_mut(&worker_id).unwrap();
                 download.progress = progress;
-                redraw = false;
+                redraw = false
             }
             Event::DownloadDone(worker_id, download_id) => {
                 let download = downloads.in_progress.remove(&worker_id).unwrap();
@@ -233,25 +224,29 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
-    let area = f.size();
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, downloads: &Downloads) {
+    let size = f.size();
 
-    let block = Block::new().title(block::Title::from("Progress").alignment(Alignment::Center));
-    f.render_widget(block, area);
+    let block = Block::default().title(Title::from("Progress").alignment(Alignment::Center));
+    f.render_widget(block, size);
 
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(2), Constraint::Length(4)]).margin(1);
-    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(20), Constraint::Percentage(80)]);
-    let [progress_area, main] = vertical.areas(area);
-    let [list_area, gauge_area] = horizontal.areas(main);
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .constraints(vec![Constraint::Length(2), Constraint::Length(4)])
+        .margin(1)
+        .split(size);
 
     // total progress
     let done = NUM_DOWNLOADS - downloads.pending.len() - downloads.in_progress.len();
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
     let progress = LineGauge::default()
         .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
         .label(format!("{done}/{NUM_DOWNLOADS}"))
         .ratio(done as f64 / NUM_DOWNLOADS as f64);
-    f.render_widget(progress, progress_area);
+    f.render_widget(progress, chunks[0]);
+
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints(vec![Constraint::Percentage(20), Constraint::Percentage(80)])
+        .split(chunks[1]);
 
     // in progress downloads
     let items: Vec<ListItem> = downloads
@@ -274,22 +269,21 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
         })
         .collect();
     let list = List::new(items);
-    f.render_widget(list, list_area);
+    f.render_widget(list, chunks[0]);
 
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     for (i, (_, download)) in downloads.in_progress.iter().enumerate() {
         let gauge = Gauge::default()
             .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
             .ratio(download.progress / 100.0);
-        if gauge_area.top().saturating_add(i as u16) > area.bottom() {
+        if chunks[1].top().saturating_add(i as u16) > size.bottom() {
             continue;
         }
         f.render_widget(
             gauge,
             Rect {
-                x: gauge_area.left(),
-                y: gauge_area.top().saturating_add(i as u16),
-                width: gauge_area.width,
+                x: chunks[1].left(),
+                y: chunks[1].top().saturating_add(i as u16),
+                width: chunks[1].width,
                 height: 1,
             },
         );

examples/layout.rs

@@ -1,20 +1,3 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Layout example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
-
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
 use crossterm::{
@@ -22,11 +5,11 @@ use crossterm::{
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    layout::Constraint::*,
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
@@ -58,172 +41,31 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
 
 fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
     loop {
-        terminal.draw(ui)?;
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f))?;
 
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+            if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
                 return Ok(());
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([
-        Length(4),  // text
-        Length(50), // examples
-        Min(0),     // fills remaining space
-    ]);
-    let [text_area, examples_area, _] = vertical.areas(frame.size());
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Percentage(10),
+                Constraint::Percentage(80),
+                Constraint::Percentage(10),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(f.size());
 
-    // title
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new(vec![
-            Line::from("Horizontal Layout Example. Press q to quit".dark_gray()).centered(),
-            Line::from("Each line has 2 constraints, plus Min(0) to fill the remaining space."),
-            Line::from("E.g. the second line of the Len/Min box is [Length(2), Min(2), Min(0)]"),
-            Line::from("Note: constraint labels that don't fit are truncated"),
-        ]),
-        text_area,
-    );
-
-    let example_rows = Layout::vertical([
-        Length(9),
-        Length(9),
-        Length(9),
-        Length(9),
-        Length(9),
-        Min(0), // fills remaining space
-    ])
-    .split(examples_area);
-    let example_areas = example_rows
-        .iter()
-        .flat_map(|area| {
-            Layout::horizontal([
-                Length(14),
-                Length(14),
-                Length(14),
-                Length(14),
-                Length(14),
-                Min(0), // fills remaining space
-            ])
-            .split(*area)
-            .iter()
-            .copied()
-            .take(5) // ignore Min(0)
-            .collect_vec()
-        })
-        .collect_vec();
-
-    // the examples are a cartesian product of the following constraints
-    // e.g. Len/Len, Len/Min, Len/Max, Len/Perc, Len/Ratio, Min/Len, Min/Min, ...
-    let examples = [
-        (
-            "Len",
-            vec![
-                Length(0),
-                Length(2),
-                Length(3),
-                Length(6),
-                Length(10),
-                Length(15),
-            ],
-        ),
-        (
-            "Min",
-            vec![Min(0), Min(2), Min(3), Min(6), Min(10), Min(15)],
-        ),
-        (
-            "Max",
-            vec![Max(0), Max(2), Max(3), Max(6), Max(10), Max(15)],
-        ),
-        (
-            "Perc",
-            vec![
-                Percentage(0),
-                Percentage(25),
-                Percentage(50),
-                Percentage(75),
-                Percentage(100),
-                Percentage(150),
-            ],
-        ),
-        (
-            "Ratio",
-            vec![
-                Ratio(0, 4),
-                Ratio(1, 4),
-                Ratio(2, 4),
-                Ratio(3, 4),
-                Ratio(4, 4),
-                Ratio(6, 4),
-            ],
-        ),
-    ];
-
-    for (i, (a, b)) in examples
-        .iter()
-        .cartesian_product(examples.iter())
-        .enumerate()
-    {
-        let (name_a, examples_a) = a;
-        let (name_b, examples_b) = b;
-        let constraints = examples_a
-            .iter()
-            .copied()
-            .zip(examples_b.iter().copied())
-            .collect_vec();
-        render_example_combination(
-            frame,
-            example_areas[i],
-            &format!("{name_a}/{name_b}"),
-            constraints,
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-/// Renders a single example box
-fn render_example_combination(
-    frame: &mut Frame,
-    area: Rect,
-    title: &str,
-    constraints: Vec<(Constraint, Constraint)>,
-) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .title(title.gray())
-        .style(Style::reset())
-        .border_style(Style::default().fg(Color::DarkGray));
-    let inner = block.inner(area);
-    frame.render_widget(block, area);
-    let layout = Layout::vertical(vec![Length(1); constraints.len() + 1]).split(inner);
-    for (i, (a, b)) in constraints.into_iter().enumerate() {
-        render_single_example(frame, layout[i], vec![a, b, Min(0)]);
-    }
-    // This is to make it easy to visually see the alignment of the examples
-    // with the constraints.
-    frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("123456789012"), layout[6]);
-}
-
-/// Renders a single example line
-fn render_single_example(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect, constraints: Vec<Constraint>) {
-    let red = Paragraph::new(constraint_label(constraints[0])).on_red();
-    let blue = Paragraph::new(constraint_label(constraints[1])).on_blue();
-    let green = Paragraph::new("·".repeat(12)).on_green();
-    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal(constraints);
-    let [r, b, g] = horizontal.areas(area);
-    frame.render_widget(red, r);
-    frame.render_widget(blue, b);
-    frame.render_widget(green, g);
-}
-
-fn constraint_label(constraint: Constraint) -> String {
-    match constraint {
-        Constraint::Ratio(a, b) => format!("{a}:{b}"),
-        Constraint::Length(n)
-        | Constraint::Min(n)
-        | Constraint::Max(n)
-        | Constraint::Percentage(n)
-        | Constraint::Fill(n) => format!("{n}"),
-    }
+    let block = Block::default().title("Block").borders(Borders::ALL);
+    f.render_widget(block, chunks[0]);
+    let block = Block::default().title("Block 2").borders(Borders::ALL);
+    f.render_widget(block, chunks[2]);
 }

examples/list.rs

@@ -1,299 +1,33 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] List example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
-use std::{error::Error, io, io::stdout};
-
-use color_eyre::config::HookBuilder;
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
 
-const TODO_HEADER_BG: Color = tailwind::BLUE.c950;
-const NORMAL_ROW_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c950;
-const ALT_ROW_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c900;
-const SELECTED_STYLE_FG: Color = tailwind::BLUE.c300;
-const TEXT_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c200;
-const COMPLETED_TEXT_COLOR: Color = tailwind::GREEN.c500;
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Constraint, Corner, Direction, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, List, ListItem, ListState},
+    Frame, Terminal,
+};
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-enum Status {
-    Todo,
-    Completed,
-}
-
-struct TodoItem<'a> {
-    todo: &'a str,
-    info: &'a str,
-    status: Status,
-}
-
-struct StatefulList<'a> {
+struct StatefulList<T> {
     state: ListState,
-    items: Vec<TodoItem<'a>>,
-    last_selected: Option<usize>,
+    items: Vec<T>,
 }
 
-/// This struct holds the current state of the app. In particular, it has the `items` field which is
-/// a wrapper around `ListState`. Keeping track of the items state let us render the associated
-/// widget with its state and have access to features such as natural scrolling.
-///
-/// Check the event handling at the bottom to see how to change the state on incoming events.
-/// Check the drawing logic for items on how to specify the highlighting style for selected items.
-struct App<'a> {
-    items: StatefulList<'a>,
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    App::new().run(terminal)?;
-
-    restore_terminal()?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-impl<'a> App<'a> {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            items: StatefulList::with_items([
-                ("Rewrite everything with Rust!", "I can't hold my inner voice. He tells me to rewrite the complete universe with Rust", Status::Todo),
-                ("Rewrite all of your tui apps with Ratatui", "Yes, you heard that right. Go and replace your tui with Ratatui.", Status::Completed),
-                ("Pet your cat", "Minnak loves to be pet by you! Don't forget to pet and give some treats!", Status::Todo),
-                ("Walk with your dog", "Max is bored, go walk with him!", Status::Todo),
-                ("Pay the bills", "Pay the train subscription!!!", Status::Completed),
-                ("Refactor list example", "If you see this info that means I completed this task!", Status::Completed),
-            ]),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Changes the status of the selected list item
-    fn change_status(&mut self) {
-        if let Some(i) = self.items.state.selected() {
-            self.items.items[i].status = match self.items.items[i].status {
-                Status::Completed => Status::Todo,
-                Status::Todo => Status::Completed,
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn go_top(&mut self) {
-        self.items.state.select(Some(0));
-    }
-
-    fn go_bottom(&mut self) {
-        self.items.state.select(Some(self.items.items.len() - 1));
-    }
-}
-
-impl App<'_> {
-    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        loop {
-            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
-
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    use KeyCode::*;
-                    match key.code {
-                        Char('q') | Esc => return Ok(()),
-                        Char('h') | Left => self.items.unselect(),
-                        Char('j') | Down => self.items.next(),
-                        Char('k') | Up => self.items.previous(),
-                        Char('l') | Right | Enter => self.change_status(),
-                        Char('g') => self.go_top(),
-                        Char('G') => self.go_bottom(),
-                        _ => {}
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn draw(&mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        terminal.draw(|f| f.render_widget(self, f.size()))?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for &mut App<'_> {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        // Create a space for header, todo list and the footer.
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([
-            Constraint::Length(2),
-            Constraint::Min(0),
-            Constraint::Length(2),
-        ]);
-        let [header_area, rest_area, footer_area] = vertical.areas(area);
-
-        // Create two chunks with equal vertical screen space. One for the list and the other for
-        // the info block.
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]);
-        let [upper_item_list_area, lower_item_list_area] = vertical.areas(rest_area);
-
-        render_title(header_area, buf);
-        self.render_todo(upper_item_list_area, buf);
-        self.render_info(lower_item_list_area, buf);
-        render_footer(footer_area, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-impl App<'_> {
-    fn render_todo(&mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        // We create two blocks, one is for the header (outer) and the other is for list (inner).
-        let outer_block = Block::new()
-            .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-            .title("TODO List")
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG);
-        let inner_block = Block::new()
-            .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_COLOR);
-
-        // We get the inner area from outer_block. We'll use this area later to render the table.
-        let outer_area = area;
-        let inner_area = outer_block.inner(outer_area);
-
-        // We can render the header in outer_area.
-        outer_block.render(outer_area, buf);
-
-        // Iterate through all elements in the `items` and stylize them.
-        let items: Vec<ListItem> = self
-            .items
-            .items
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(i, todo_item)| todo_item.to_list_item(i))
-            .collect();
-
-        // Create a List from all list items and highlight the currently selected one
-        let items = List::new(items)
-            .block(inner_block)
-            .highlight_style(
-                Style::default()
-                    .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
-                    .add_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED)
-                    .fg(SELECTED_STYLE_FG),
-            )
-            .highlight_symbol(">")
-            .highlight_spacing(HighlightSpacing::Always);
-
-        // We can now render the item list
-        // (look careful we are using StatefulWidget's render.)
-        // ratatui::widgets::StatefulWidget::render as stateful_render
-        StatefulWidget::render(items, inner_area, buf, &mut self.items.state);
-    }
-
-    fn render_info(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        // We get the info depending on the item's state.
-        let info = if let Some(i) = self.items.state.selected() {
-            match self.items.items[i].status {
-                Status::Completed => "✓ DONE: ".to_string() + self.items.items[i].info,
-                Status::Todo => "TODO: ".to_string() + self.items.items[i].info,
-            }
-        } else {
-            "Nothing to see here...".to_string()
-        };
-
-        // We show the list item's info under the list in this paragraph
-        let outer_info_block = Block::new()
-            .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-            .title("TODO Info")
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG);
-        let inner_info_block = Block::new()
-            .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .padding(Padding::horizontal(1))
-            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_COLOR);
-
-        // This is a similar process to what we did for list. outer_info_area will be used for
-        // header inner_info_area will be used for the list info.
-        let outer_info_area = area;
-        let inner_info_area = outer_info_block.inner(outer_info_area);
-
-        // We can render the header. Inner info will be rendered later
-        outer_info_block.render(outer_info_area, buf);
-
-        let info_paragraph = Paragraph::new(info)
-            .block(inner_info_block)
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .wrap(Wrap { trim: false });
-
-        // We can now render the item info
-        info_paragraph.render(inner_info_area, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-fn render_title(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    Paragraph::new("Ratatui List Example")
-        .bold()
-        .centered()
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-fn render_footer(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    Paragraph::new("\nUse ↓↑ to move, ← to unselect, → to change status, g/G to go top/bottom.")
-        .centered()
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-impl StatefulList<'_> {
-    fn with_items<'a>(items: [(&'a str, &'a str, Status); 6]) -> StatefulList<'a> {
+impl<T> StatefulList<T> {
+    fn with_items(items: Vec<T>) -> StatefulList<T> {
         StatefulList {
             state: ListState::default(),
-            items: items.iter().map(TodoItem::from).collect(),
-            last_selected: None,
+            items,
         }
     }
 
@@ -306,7 +40,7 @@ impl StatefulList<'_> {
                     i + 1
                 }
             }
-            None => self.last_selected.unwrap_or(0),
+            None => 0,
         };
         self.state.select(Some(i));
     }
@@ -320,43 +54,234 @@ impl StatefulList<'_> {
                     i - 1
                 }
             }
-            None => self.last_selected.unwrap_or(0),
+            None => 0,
         };
         self.state.select(Some(i));
     }
 
     fn unselect(&mut self) {
-        let offset = self.state.offset();
-        self.last_selected = self.state.selected();
         self.state.select(None);
-        *self.state.offset_mut() = offset;
     }
 }
 
-impl TodoItem<'_> {
-    fn to_list_item(&self, index: usize) -> ListItem {
-        let bg_color = match index % 2 {
-            0 => NORMAL_ROW_COLOR,
-            _ => ALT_ROW_COLOR,
-        };
-        let line = match self.status {
-            Status::Todo => Line::styled(format!(" ☐ {}", self.todo), TEXT_COLOR),
-            Status::Completed => Line::styled(
-                format!(" ✓ {}", self.todo),
-                (COMPLETED_TEXT_COLOR, bg_color),
-            ),
-        };
+/// This struct holds the current state of the app. In particular, it has the `items` field which is
+/// a wrapper around `ListState`. Keeping track of the items state let us render the associated
+/// widget with its state and have access to features such as natural scrolling.
+///
+/// Check the event handling at the bottom to see how to change the state on incoming events.
+/// Check the drawing logic for items on how to specify the highlighting style for selected items.
+struct App<'a> {
+    items: StatefulList<(&'a str, usize)>,
+    events: Vec<(&'a str, &'a str)>,
+}
 
-        ListItem::new(line).bg(bg_color)
+impl<'a> App<'a> {
+    fn new() -> App<'a> {
+        App {
+            items: StatefulList::with_items(vec![
+                ("Item0", 1),
+                ("Item1", 2),
+                ("Item2", 1),
+                ("Item3", 3),
+                ("Item4", 1),
+                ("Item5", 4),
+                ("Item6", 1),
+                ("Item7", 3),
+                ("Item8", 1),
+                ("Item9", 6),
+                ("Item10", 1),
+                ("Item11", 3),
+                ("Item12", 1),
+                ("Item13", 2),
+                ("Item14", 1),
+                ("Item15", 1),
+                ("Item16", 4),
+                ("Item17", 1),
+                ("Item18", 5),
+                ("Item19", 4),
+                ("Item20", 1),
+                ("Item21", 2),
+                ("Item22", 1),
+                ("Item23", 3),
+                ("Item24", 1),
+            ]),
+            events: vec![
+                ("Event1", "INFO"),
+                ("Event2", "INFO"),
+                ("Event3", "CRITICAL"),
+                ("Event4", "ERROR"),
+                ("Event5", "INFO"),
+                ("Event6", "INFO"),
+                ("Event7", "WARNING"),
+                ("Event8", "INFO"),
+                ("Event9", "INFO"),
+                ("Event10", "INFO"),
+                ("Event11", "CRITICAL"),
+                ("Event12", "INFO"),
+                ("Event13", "INFO"),
+                ("Event14", "INFO"),
+                ("Event15", "INFO"),
+                ("Event16", "INFO"),
+                ("Event17", "ERROR"),
+                ("Event18", "ERROR"),
+                ("Event19", "INFO"),
+                ("Event20", "INFO"),
+                ("Event21", "WARNING"),
+                ("Event22", "INFO"),
+                ("Event23", "INFO"),
+                ("Event24", "WARNING"),
+                ("Event25", "INFO"),
+                ("Event26", "INFO"),
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Rotate through the event list.
+    /// This only exists to simulate some kind of "progress"
+    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
+        let event = self.events.remove(0);
+        self.events.push(event);
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> From<&(&'a str, &'a str, Status)> for TodoItem<'a> {
-    fn from((todo, info, status): &(&'a str, &'a str, Status)) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            todo,
-            info,
-            status: *status,
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+
+    // create app and run it
+    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
+
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{err:?}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &mut app))?;
+
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
+                    match key.code {
+                        KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                        KeyCode::Left => app.items.unselect(),
+                        KeyCode::Down => app.items.next(),
+                        KeyCode::Up => app.items.previous(),
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            app.on_tick();
+            last_tick = Instant::now();
         }
     }
 }
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
+    // Create two chunks with equal horizontal screen space
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(f.size());
+
+    // Iterate through all elements in the `items` app and append some debug text to it.
+    let items: Vec<ListItem> = app
+        .items
+        .items
+        .iter()
+        .map(|i| {
+            let mut lines = vec![Line::from(i.0)];
+            for _ in 0..i.1 {
+                lines.push(
+                    "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit."
+                        .italic()
+                        .into(),
+                );
+            }
+            ListItem::new(lines).style(Style::default().fg(Color::Black).bg(Color::White))
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Create a List from all list items and highlight the currently selected one
+    let items = List::new(items)
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"))
+        .highlight_style(
+            Style::default()
+                .bg(Color::LightGreen)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+        )
+        .highlight_symbol(">> ");
+
+    // We can now render the item list
+    f.render_stateful_widget(items, chunks[0], &mut app.items.state);
+
+    // Let's do the same for the events.
+    // The event list doesn't have any state and only displays the current state of the list.
+    let events: Vec<ListItem> = app
+        .events
+        .iter()
+        .rev()
+        .map(|&(event, level)| {
+            // Colorcode the level depending on its type
+            let s = match level {
+                "CRITICAL" => Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
+                "ERROR" => Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta),
+                "WARNING" => Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
+                "INFO" => Style::default().fg(Color::Blue),
+                _ => Style::default(),
+            };
+            // Add a example datetime and apply proper spacing between them
+            let header = Line::from(vec![
+                Span::styled(format!("{level:<9}"), s),
+                " ".into(),
+                "2020-01-01 10:00:00".italic(),
+            ]);
+            // The event gets its own line
+            let log = Line::from(vec![event.into()]);
+
+            // Here several things happen:
+            // 1. Add a `---` spacing line above the final list entry
+            // 2. Add the Level + datetime
+            // 3. Add a spacer line
+            // 4. Add the actual event
+            ListItem::new(vec![
+                Line::from("-".repeat(chunks[1].width as usize)),
+                header,
+                Line::from(""),
+                log,
+            ])
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let events_list = List::new(events)
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"))
+        .start_corner(Corner::BottomLeft);
+    f.render_widget(events_list, chunks[1]);
+}

examples/modifiers.rs

@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Modifiers example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-// This example is useful for testing how your terminal emulator handles different modifiers.
-// It will render a grid of combinations of foreground and background colors with all
-// modifiers applied to them.
-
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io::{self, Stdout},
-    iter::once,
-    result,
-    time::Duration,
-};
-
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
-
-type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = setup_terminal()?;
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal);
-    restore_terminal(terminal)?;
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        eprintln!("{err:?}");
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(ui)?;
-
-        if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250))? {
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Min(0)]);
-    let [text_area, main_area] = vertical.areas(frame.size());
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Note: not all terminals support all modifiers")
-            .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-        text_area,
-    );
-    let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1); 50])
-        .split(main_area)
-        .iter()
-        .flat_map(|area| {
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(20); 5])
-                .split(*area)
-                .to_vec()
-        })
-        .collect_vec();
-
-    let colors = [
-        Color::Black,
-        Color::DarkGray,
-        Color::Gray,
-        Color::White,
-        Color::Red,
-    ];
-    let all_modifiers = once(Modifier::empty())
-        .chain(Modifier::all().iter())
-        .collect_vec();
-    let mut index = 0;
-    for bg in &colors {
-        for fg in &colors {
-            for modifier in &all_modifiers {
-                let modifier_name = format!("{modifier:11?}");
-                let padding = (" ").repeat(12 - modifier_name.len());
-                let paragraph = Paragraph::new(Line::from(vec![
-                    modifier_name.fg(*fg).bg(*bg).add_modifier(*modifier),
-                    padding.fg(*fg).bg(*bg).add_modifier(*modifier),
-                    // This is a hack to work around a bug in VHS which is used for rendering the
-                    // examples to gifs. The bug is that the background color of a paragraph seems
-                    // to bleed into the next character.
-                    ".".black().on_black(),
-                ]));
-                frame.render_widget(paragraph, layout[index]);
-                index += 1;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal(mut terminal: Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/panic.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,3 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Panic Hook example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
 //! How to use a panic hook to reset the terminal before printing the panic to
 //! the terminal.
 //!
@@ -29,6 +14,9 @@
 //! That's why this example is set up to show both situations, with and without
 //! the chained panic hook, to see the difference.
 
+#![deny(clippy::all)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic, clippy::nursery)]
+
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
 use crossterm::{
@@ -36,8 +24,11 @@ use crossterm::{
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::Alignment,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
@@ -120,7 +111,7 @@ fn run_tui<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, app: &mut App) -> io::Result<
 }
 
 /// Render the TUI.
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
     let text = vec![
         if app.hook_enabled {
             Line::from("HOOK IS CURRENTLY **ENABLED**")
@@ -142,9 +133,11 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
         Line::from("try first without the panic handler to see the difference"),
     ];
 
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
-        .block(Block::bordered().title("Panic Handler Demo"))
-        .centered();
+    let b = Block::default()
+        .title("Panic Handler Demo")
+        .borders(Borders::ALL);
 
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, f.size());
+    let p = Paragraph::new(text).block(b).alignment(Alignment::Center);
+
+    f.render_widget(p, f.size());
 }

examples/paragraph.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,3 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Paragraph example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     io,
@@ -25,8 +10,12 @@ use crossterm::{
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Wrap},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    text::{Line, Masked, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph, Wrap},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 struct App {
@@ -34,8 +23,8 @@ struct App {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    const fn new() -> Self {
-        Self { scroll: 0 }
+    fn new() -> App {
+        App { scroll: 0 }
     }
 
     fn on_tick(&mut self) {
@@ -82,10 +71,12 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
 
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
         if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -97,7 +88,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     }
 }
 
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
     let size = f.size();
 
     // Words made "loooong" to demonstrate line breaking.
@@ -105,10 +96,22 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(size.width) / s.len() + 4);
     long_line.push('\n');
 
-    let block = Block::new().black();
+    let block = Block::default().black();
     f.render_widget(block, size);
 
-    let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Ratio(1, 4); 4]).split(size);
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(2)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(size);
 
     let text = vec![
         Line::from("This is a line "),
@@ -127,7 +130,8 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     ];
 
     let create_block = |title| {
-        Block::bordered()
+        Block::default()
+            .borders(Borders::ALL)
             .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
             .title(Span::styled(
                 title,
@@ -138,26 +142,26 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
         .block(create_block("Default alignment (Left), no wrap"));
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[0]);
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[0]);
 
     let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
         .block(create_block("Default alignment (Left), with wrap"))
         .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[1]);
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[1]);
 
     let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
         .block(create_block("Right alignment, with wrap"))
-        .right_aligned()
+        .alignment(Alignment::Right)
         .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[2]);
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[2]);
 
     let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
         .block(create_block("Center alignment, with wrap, with scroll"))
-        .centered()
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
         .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
         .scroll((app.scroll, 0));
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[3]);
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[3]);
 }

examples/popup.rs

@@ -1,21 +1,3 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Popup example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-// See also https://github.com/joshka/tui-popup and
-// https://github.com/sephiroth74/tui-confirm-dialog
-
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
 use crossterm::{
@@ -24,8 +6,11 @@ use crossterm::{
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Block, Clear, Paragraph, Wrap},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
+    style::Stylize,
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Clear, Paragraph, Wrap},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 struct App {
@@ -33,8 +18,8 @@ struct App {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    const fn new() -> Self {
-        Self { show_popup: false }
+    fn new() -> App {
+        App { show_popup: false }
     }
 }
 
@@ -82,11 +67,12 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
     }
 }
 
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let area = f.size();
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let size = f.size();
 
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(20), Constraint::Percentage(80)]);
-    let [instructions, content] = vertical.areas(area);
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(20), Constraint::Percentage(80)].as_ref())
+        .split(size);
 
     let text = if app.show_popup {
         "Press p to close the popup"
@@ -94,16 +80,19 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
         "Press p to show the popup"
     };
     let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.slow_blink())
-        .centered()
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
         .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, instructions);
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[0]);
 
-    let block = Block::bordered().title("Content").on_blue();
-    f.render_widget(block, content);
+    let block = Block::default()
+        .title("Content")
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .on_blue();
+    f.render_widget(block, chunks[1]);
 
     if app.show_popup {
-        let block = Block::bordered().title("Popup");
-        let area = centered_rect(60, 20, area);
+        let block = Block::default().title("Popup").borders(Borders::ALL);
+        let area = centered_rect(60, 20, size);
         f.render_widget(Clear, area); //this clears out the background
         f.render_widget(block, area);
     }
@@ -111,17 +100,27 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
 
 /// helper function to create a centered rect using up certain percentage of the available rect `r`
 fn centered_rect(percent_x: u16, percent_y: u16, r: Rect) -> Rect {
-    let popup_layout = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_y) / 2),
-        Constraint::Percentage(percent_y),
-        Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_y) / 2),
-    ])
-    .split(r);
+    let popup_layout = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_y) / 2),
+                Constraint::Percentage(percent_y),
+                Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_y) / 2),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(r);
 
-    Layout::horizontal([
-        Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_x) / 2),
-        Constraint::Percentage(percent_x),
-        Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_x) / 2),
-    ])
-    .split(popup_layout[1])[1]
+    Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_x) / 2),
+                Constraint::Percentage(percent_x),
+                Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_x) / 2),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(popup_layout[1])[1]
 }

examples/ratatui-logo.rs

@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Logo example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-use std::{
-    io::{self, stdout},
-    thread::sleep,
-    time::Duration,
-};
-
-use crossterm::terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode};
-use indoc::indoc;
-use itertools::izip;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
-
-/// A fun example of using half block characters to draw a logo
-#[allow(clippy::many_single_char_names)]
-fn logo() -> String {
-    let r = indoc! {"
-            ▄▄▄
-            █▄▄▀
-            █  █
-        "};
-    let a = indoc! {"
-             ▄▄
-            █▄▄█
-            █  █
-        "};
-    let t = indoc! {"
-            ▄▄▄
-             █
-             █
-        "};
-    let u = indoc! {"
-            ▄  ▄
-            █  █
-            ▀▄▄▀
-        "};
-    let i = indoc! {"
-            ▄
-            █
-            █
-        "};
-    izip!(r.lines(), a.lines(), t.lines(), u.lines(), i.lines())
-        .map(|(r, a, t, u, i)| format!("{r:5}{a:5}{t:4}{a:5}{t:4}{u:5}{i:5}"))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-        .join("\n")
-}
-
-fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = init()?;
-    terminal.draw(|frame| {
-        frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new(logo()), frame.size());
-    })?;
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(5));
-    restore()?;
-    println!();
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init() -> io::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let options = TerminalOptions {
-        viewport: Viewport::Inline(3),
-    };
-    Terminal::with_options(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()), options)
-}
-
-fn restore() -> io::Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/scrollbar.rs

@@ -1,21 +1,3 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Scrollbar example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     io,
@@ -27,7 +9,16 @@ use crossterm::{
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, symbols::scrollbar, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    text::{Line, Masked, Span},
+    widgets::{
+        scrollbar, Block, Borders, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
+    },
+    Frame, Terminal,
+};
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct App {
@@ -75,30 +66,36 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &mut app))?;
 
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
         if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
                 match key.code {
                     KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
-                    KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => {
+                    KeyCode::Char('j') => {
                         app.vertical_scroll = app.vertical_scroll.saturating_add(1);
-                        app.vertical_scroll_state =
-                            app.vertical_scroll_state.position(app.vertical_scroll);
+                        app.vertical_scroll_state = app
+                            .vertical_scroll_state
+                            .position(app.vertical_scroll as u16);
                     }
-                    KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => {
+                    KeyCode::Char('k') => {
                         app.vertical_scroll = app.vertical_scroll.saturating_sub(1);
-                        app.vertical_scroll_state =
-                            app.vertical_scroll_state.position(app.vertical_scroll);
+                        app.vertical_scroll_state = app
+                            .vertical_scroll_state
+                            .position(app.vertical_scroll as u16);
                     }
-                    KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => {
+                    KeyCode::Char('h') => {
                         app.horizontal_scroll = app.horizontal_scroll.saturating_sub(1);
-                        app.horizontal_scroll_state =
-                            app.horizontal_scroll_state.position(app.horizontal_scroll);
+                        app.horizontal_scroll_state = app
+                            .horizontal_scroll_state
+                            .position(app.horizontal_scroll as u16);
                     }
-                    KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => {
+                    KeyCode::Char('l') => {
                         app.horizontal_scroll = app.horizontal_scroll.saturating_add(1);
-                        app.horizontal_scroll_state =
-                            app.horizontal_scroll_state.position(app.horizontal_scroll);
+                        app.horizontal_scroll_state = app
+                            .horizontal_scroll_state
+                            .position(app.horizontal_scroll as u16);
                     }
                     _ => {}
                 }
@@ -110,8 +107,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     }
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines, clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
     let size = f.size();
 
     // Words made "loooong" to demonstrate line breaking.
@@ -119,45 +115,70 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
     let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(size.width) / s.len() + 4);
     long_line.push('\n');
 
-    let chunks = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Min(1),
-        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-    ])
-    .split(size);
+    let block = Block::default().black();
+    f.render_widget(block, size);
+
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(2)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Min(1),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(size);
 
     let text = vec![
         Line::from("This is a line "),
         Line::from("This is a line   ".red()),
         Line::from("This is a line".on_dark_gray()),
         Line::from("This is a longer line".crossed_out()),
-        Line::from(long_line.clone()),
+        Line::from(long_line.reset()),
         Line::from("This is a line".reset()),
         Line::from(vec![
             Span::raw("Masked text: "),
-            Span::styled(Masked::new("password", '*'), Style::new().fg(Color::Red)),
+            Span::styled(
+                Masked::new("password", '*'),
+                Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
+            ),
         ]),
         Line::from("This is a line "),
         Line::from("This is a line   ".red()),
         Line::from("This is a line".on_dark_gray()),
         Line::from("This is a longer line".crossed_out()),
-        Line::from(long_line.clone()),
+        Line::from(long_line.reset()),
         Line::from("This is a line".reset()),
         Line::from(vec![
             Span::raw("Masked text: "),
-            Span::styled(Masked::new("password", '*'), Style::new().fg(Color::Red)),
+            Span::styled(
+                Masked::new("password", '*'),
+                Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
+            ),
         ]),
     ];
-    app.vertical_scroll_state = app.vertical_scroll_state.content_length(text.len());
-    app.horizontal_scroll_state = app.horizontal_scroll_state.content_length(long_line.len());
+    app.vertical_scroll_state = app.vertical_scroll_state.content_length(text.len() as u16);
+    app.horizontal_scroll_state = app
+        .horizontal_scroll_state
+        .content_length(long_line.len() as u16);
 
-    let create_block = |title: &'static str| Block::bordered().gray().title(title.bold());
+    let create_block = |title| {
+        Block::default()
+            .borders(Borders::ALL)
+            .gray()
+            .title(Span::styled(
+                title,
+                Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+            ))
+    };
 
-    let title = Block::new()
-        .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-        .title("Use h j k l or ◄ ▲ ▼ ► to scroll ".bold());
+    let title = Block::default()
+        .title("Use h j k l to scroll ◄ ▲ ▼ ►")
+        .title_alignment(Alignment::Center);
     f.render_widget(title, chunks[0]);
 
     let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
@@ -166,7 +187,8 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         .scroll((app.vertical_scroll as u16, 0));
     f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[1]);
     f.render_stateful_widget(
-        Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalRight)
+        Scrollbar::default()
+            .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalRight)
             .begin_symbol(Some("↑"))
             .end_symbol(Some("↓")),
         chunks[1],
@@ -176,15 +198,15 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
     let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
         .gray()
         .block(create_block(
-            "Vertical scrollbar without arrows, without track symbol and mirrored",
+            "Vertical scrollbar without arrows and mirrored",
         ))
         .scroll((app.vertical_scroll as u16, 0));
     f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[2]);
     f.render_stateful_widget(
-        Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalLeft)
+        Scrollbar::default()
+            .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalLeft)
             .symbols(scrollbar::VERTICAL)
             .begin_symbol(None)
-            .track_symbol(None)
             .end_symbol(None),
         chunks[2].inner(&Margin {
             vertical: 1,
@@ -201,7 +223,8 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         .scroll((0, app.horizontal_scroll as u16));
     f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[3]);
     f.render_stateful_widget(
-        Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
+        Scrollbar::default()
+            .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
             .thumb_symbol("🬋")
             .end_symbol(None),
         chunks[3].inner(&Margin {
@@ -219,9 +242,10 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         .scroll((0, app.horizontal_scroll as u16));
     f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[4]);
     f.render_stateful_widget(
-        Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
+        Scrollbar::default()
+            .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
             .thumb_symbol("░")
-            .track_symbol(Some("─")),
+            .track_symbol("─"),
         chunks[4].inner(&Margin {
             vertical: 0,
             horizontal: 1,

examples/sparkline.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,3 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Sparkline example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     io,
@@ -29,19 +14,22 @@ use rand::{
     rngs::ThreadRng,
 };
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Style},
     widgets::{Block, Borders, Sparkline},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-struct RandomSignal {
+pub struct RandomSignal {
     distribution: Uniform<u64>,
     rng: ThreadRng,
 }
 
 impl RandomSignal {
-    fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> Self {
-        Self {
+    pub fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> RandomSignal {
+        RandomSignal {
             distribution: Uniform::new(lower, upper),
             rng: rand::thread_rng(),
         }
@@ -63,12 +51,12 @@ struct App {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> Self {
+    fn new() -> App {
         let mut signal = RandomSignal::new(0, 100);
         let data1 = signal.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
         let data2 = signal.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
         let data3 = signal.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
-        Self {
+        App {
             signal,
             data1,
             data2,
@@ -127,10 +115,12 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
 
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
         if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -142,27 +132,34 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     }
 }
 
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let chunks = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Length(3),
-        Constraint::Length(3),
-        Constraint::Min(0),
-    ])
-    .split(f.size());
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(2)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Length(3),
+                Constraint::Length(3),
+                Constraint::Length(7),
+                Constraint::Min(0),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(f.size());
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
         .block(
-            Block::new()
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
-                .title("Data1"),
+            Block::default()
+                .title("Data1")
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
         )
         .data(&app.data1)
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow));
     f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[0]);
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
         .block(
-            Block::new()
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
-                .title("Data2"),
+            Block::default()
+                .title("Data2")
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
         )
         .data(&app.data2)
         .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Green));
@@ -170,9 +167,9 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     // Multiline
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
         .block(
-            Block::new()
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
-                .title("Data3"),
+            Block::default()
+                .title("Data3")
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
         )
         .data(&app.data3)
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red));

examples/table.rs

@@ -1,20 +1,3 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Table example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
 use crossterm::{
@@ -22,91 +5,44 @@ use crossterm::{
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
-use style::palette::tailwind;
-use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Cell, Row, Table, TableState},
+    Frame, Terminal,
+};
 
-const PALETTES: [tailwind::Palette; 4] = [
-    tailwind::BLUE,
-    tailwind::EMERALD,
-    tailwind::INDIGO,
-    tailwind::RED,
-];
-const INFO_TEXT: &str =
-    "(Esc) quit | (↑) move up | (↓) move down | (→) next color | (←) previous color";
-
-const ITEM_HEIGHT: usize = 4;
-
-struct TableColors {
-    buffer_bg: Color,
-    header_bg: Color,
-    header_fg: Color,
-    row_fg: Color,
-    selected_style_fg: Color,
-    normal_row_color: Color,
-    alt_row_color: Color,
-    footer_border_color: Color,
-}
-
-impl TableColors {
-    const fn new(color: &tailwind::Palette) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            buffer_bg: tailwind::SLATE.c950,
-            header_bg: color.c900,
-            header_fg: tailwind::SLATE.c200,
-            row_fg: tailwind::SLATE.c200,
-            selected_style_fg: color.c400,
-            normal_row_color: tailwind::SLATE.c950,
-            alt_row_color: tailwind::SLATE.c900,
-            footer_border_color: color.c400,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-struct Data {
-    name: String,
-    address: String,
-    email: String,
-}
-
-impl Data {
-    const fn ref_array(&self) -> [&String; 3] {
-        [&self.name, &self.address, &self.email]
-    }
-
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.name
-    }
-
-    fn address(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.address
-    }
-
-    fn email(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.email
-    }
-}
-
-struct App {
+struct App<'a> {
     state: TableState,
-    items: Vec<Data>,
-    longest_item_lens: (u16, u16, u16), // order is (name, address, email)
-    scroll_state: ScrollbarState,
-    colors: TableColors,
-    color_index: usize,
+    items: Vec<Vec<&'a str>>,
 }
 
-impl App {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        let data_vec = generate_fake_names();
-        Self {
-            state: TableState::default().with_selected(0),
-            longest_item_lens: constraint_len_calculator(&data_vec),
-            scroll_state: ScrollbarState::new((data_vec.len() - 1) * ITEM_HEIGHT),
-            colors: TableColors::new(&PALETTES[0]),
-            color_index: 0,
-            items: data_vec,
+impl<'a> App<'a> {
+    fn new() -> App<'a> {
+        App {
+            state: TableState::default(),
+            items: vec![
+                vec!["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"],
+                vec!["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"],
+                vec!["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"],
+                vec!["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"],
+                vec!["Row51", "Row52", "Row53"],
+                vec!["Row61", "Row62\nTest", "Row63"],
+                vec!["Row71", "Row72", "Row73"],
+                vec!["Row81", "Row82", "Row83"],
+                vec!["Row91", "Row92", "Row93"],
+                vec!["Row101", "Row102", "Row103"],
+                vec!["Row111", "Row112", "Row113"],
+                vec!["Row121", "Row122", "Row123"],
+                vec!["Row131", "Row132", "Row133"],
+                vec!["Row141", "Row142", "Row143"],
+                vec!["Row151", "Row152", "Row153"],
+                vec!["Row161", "Row162", "Row163"],
+                vec!["Row171", "Row172", "Row173"],
+                vec!["Row181", "Row182", "Row183"],
+                vec!["Row191", "Row192", "Row193"],
+            ],
         }
     }
     pub fn next(&mut self) {
@@ -121,7 +57,6 @@ impl App {
             None => 0,
         };
         self.state.select(Some(i));
-        self.scroll_state = self.scroll_state.position(i * ITEM_HEIGHT);
     }
 
     pub fn previous(&mut self) {
@@ -136,46 +71,7 @@ impl App {
             None => 0,
         };
         self.state.select(Some(i));
-        self.scroll_state = self.scroll_state.position(i * ITEM_HEIGHT);
     }
-
-    pub fn next_color(&mut self) {
-        self.color_index = (self.color_index + 1) % PALETTES.len();
-    }
-
-    pub fn previous_color(&mut self) {
-        let count = PALETTES.len();
-        self.color_index = (self.color_index + count - 1) % count;
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_colors(&mut self) {
-        self.colors = TableColors::new(&PALETTES[self.color_index]);
-    }
-}
-
-fn generate_fake_names() -> Vec<Data> {
-    use fakeit::{address, contact, name};
-
-    (0..20)
-        .map(|_| {
-            let name = name::full();
-            let address = format!(
-                "{}\n{}, {} {}",
-                address::street(),
-                address::city(),
-                address::state(),
-                address::zip()
-            );
-            let email = contact::email();
-
-            Data {
-                name,
-                address,
-                email,
-            }
-        })
-        .sorted_by(|a, b| a.name.cmp(&b.name))
-        .collect_vec()
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
@@ -212,13 +108,10 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
 
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
             if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                use KeyCode::*;
                 match key.code {
-                    Char('q') | Esc => return Ok(()),
-                    Char('j') | Down => app.next(),
-                    Char('k') | Up => app.previous(),
-                    Char('l') | Right => app.next_color(),
-                    Char('h') | Left => app.previous_color(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                    KeyCode::Down => app.next(),
+                    KeyCode::Up => app.previous(),
                     _ => {}
                 }
             }
@@ -226,142 +119,40 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
     }
 }
 
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
-    let rects = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Min(5), Constraint::Length(3)]).split(f.size());
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
+    let rects = Layout::default()
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(100)].as_ref())
+        .margin(5)
+        .split(f.size());
 
-    app.set_colors();
-
-    render_table(f, app, rects[0]);
-
-    render_scrollbar(f, app, rects[0]);
-
-    render_footer(f, app, rects[1]);
-}
-
-fn render_table(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
-    let header_style = Style::default()
-        .fg(app.colors.header_fg)
-        .bg(app.colors.header_bg);
-    let selected_style = Style::default()
-        .add_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED)
-        .fg(app.colors.selected_style_fg);
-
-    let header = ["Name", "Address", "Email"]
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(Cell::from)
-        .collect::<Row>()
-        .style(header_style)
-        .height(1);
-    let rows = app.items.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, data)| {
-        let color = match i % 2 {
-            0 => app.colors.normal_row_color,
-            _ => app.colors.alt_row_color,
-        };
-        let item = data.ref_array();
-        item.into_iter()
-            .map(|content| Cell::from(Text::from(format!("\n{content}\n"))))
-            .collect::<Row>()
-            .style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.row_fg).bg(color))
-            .height(4)
+    let selected_style = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED);
+    let normal_style = Style::default().bg(Color::Blue);
+    let header_cells = ["Header1", "Header2", "Header3"]
+        .iter()
+        .map(|h| Cell::from(*h).style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red)));
+    let header = Row::new(header_cells)
+        .style(normal_style)
+        .height(1)
+        .bottom_margin(1);
+    let rows = app.items.iter().map(|item| {
+        let height = item
+            .iter()
+            .map(|content| content.chars().filter(|c| *c == '\n').count())
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(0)
+            + 1;
+        let cells = item.iter().map(|c| Cell::from(*c));
+        Row::new(cells).height(height as u16).bottom_margin(1)
     });
-    let bar = " █ ";
-    let t = Table::new(
-        rows,
-        [
-            // + 1 is for padding.
-            Constraint::Length(app.longest_item_lens.0 + 1),
-            Constraint::Min(app.longest_item_lens.1 + 1),
-            Constraint::Min(app.longest_item_lens.2),
-        ],
-    )
-    .header(header)
-    .highlight_style(selected_style)
-    .highlight_symbol(Text::from(vec![
-        "".into(),
-        bar.into(),
-        bar.into(),
-        "".into(),
-    ]))
-    .bg(app.colors.buffer_bg)
-    .highlight_spacing(HighlightSpacing::Always);
-    f.render_stateful_widget(t, area, &mut app.state);
-}
-
-fn constraint_len_calculator(items: &[Data]) -> (u16, u16, u16) {
-    let name_len = items
-        .iter()
-        .map(Data::name)
-        .map(UnicodeWidthStr::width)
-        .max()
-        .unwrap_or(0);
-    let address_len = items
-        .iter()
-        .map(Data::address)
-        .flat_map(str::lines)
-        .map(UnicodeWidthStr::width)
-        .max()
-        .unwrap_or(0);
-    let email_len = items
-        .iter()
-        .map(Data::email)
-        .map(UnicodeWidthStr::width)
-        .max()
-        .unwrap_or(0);
-
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-    (name_len as u16, address_len as u16, email_len as u16)
-}
-
-fn render_scrollbar(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
-    f.render_stateful_widget(
-        Scrollbar::default()
-            .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalRight)
-            .begin_symbol(None)
-            .end_symbol(None),
-        area.inner(&Margin {
-            vertical: 1,
-            horizontal: 1,
-        }),
-        &mut app.scroll_state,
-    );
-}
-
-fn render_footer(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
-    let info_footer = Paragraph::new(Line::from(INFO_TEXT))
-        .style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.row_fg).bg(app.colors.buffer_bg))
-        .centered()
-        .block(
-            Block::bordered()
-                .border_type(BorderType::Double)
-                .border_style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.footer_border_color)),
-        );
-    f.render_widget(info_footer, area);
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use crate::Data;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn constraint_len_calculator() {
-        let test_data = vec![
-            Data {
-                name: "Emirhan Tala".to_string(),
-                address: "Cambridgelaan 6XX\n3584 XX Utrecht".to_string(),
-                email: "tala.emirhan@gmail.com".to_string(),
-            },
-            Data {
-                name: "thistextis26characterslong".to_string(),
-                address: "this line is 31 characters long\nbottom line is 33 characters long"
-                    .to_string(),
-                email: "thisemailis40caharacterslong@ratatui.com".to_string(),
-            },
-        ];
-        let (longest_name_len, longest_address_len, longest_email_len) =
-            crate::constraint_len_calculator(&test_data);
-
-        assert_eq!(26, longest_name_len);
-        assert_eq!(33, longest_address_len);
-        assert_eq!(40, longest_email_len);
-    }
+    let t = Table::new(rows)
+        .header(header)
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Table"))
+        .highlight_style(selected_style)
+        .highlight_symbol(">> ")
+        .widths(&[
+            Constraint::Percentage(50),
+            Constraint::Length(30),
+            Constraint::Min(10),
+        ]);
+    f.render_stateful_widget(t, rects[0], &mut app.state);
 }

examples/tabs.rs

@@ -1,251 +1,124 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Tabs example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports, clippy::enum_glob_use)]
-
-use std::io::stdout;
-
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
 use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
-use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Tabs},
+    Frame, Terminal,
+};
 
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct App {
-    state: AppState,
-    selected_tab: SelectedTab,
+struct App<'a> {
+    pub titles: Vec<&'a str>,
+    pub index: usize,
 }
 
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum AppState {
-    #[default]
-    Running,
-    Quitting,
+impl<'a> App<'a> {
+    fn new() -> App<'a> {
+        App {
+            titles: vec!["Tab0", "Tab1", "Tab2", "Tab3"],
+            index: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn next(&mut self) {
+        self.index = (self.index + 1) % self.titles.len();
+    }
+
+    pub fn previous(&mut self) {
+        if self.index > 0 {
+            self.index -= 1;
+        } else {
+            self.index = self.titles.len() - 1;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Copy, Display, FromRepr, EnumIter)]
-enum SelectedTab {
-    #[default]
-    #[strum(to_string = "Tab 1")]
-    Tab1,
-    #[strum(to_string = "Tab 2")]
-    Tab2,
-    #[strum(to_string = "Tab 3")]
-    Tab3,
-    #[strum(to_string = "Tab 4")]
-    Tab4,
-}
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+
+    // create app and run it
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app);
+
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{err:?}");
+    }
 
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
-    App::default().run(&mut terminal)?;
-    restore_terminal()?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-impl App {
-    fn run(&mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-        while self.state == AppState::Running {
-            self.draw(terminal)?;
-            self.handle_events()?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
 
-    fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.size()))?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
             if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                use KeyCode::*;
                 match key.code {
-                    Char('l') | Right => self.next_tab(),
-                    Char('h') | Left => self.previous_tab(),
-                    Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                    KeyCode::Right => app.next(),
+                    KeyCode::Left => app.previous(),
                     _ => {}
                 }
             }
         }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn next_tab(&mut self) {
-        self.selected_tab = self.selected_tab.next();
-    }
-
-    pub fn previous_tab(&mut self) {
-        self.selected_tab = self.selected_tab.previous();
-    }
-
-    pub fn quit(&mut self) {
-        self.state = AppState::Quitting;
     }
 }
 
-impl SelectedTab {
-    /// Get the previous tab, if there is no previous tab return the current tab.
-    fn previous(self) -> Self {
-        let current_index: usize = self as usize;
-        let previous_index = current_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(self)
-    }
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let size = f.size();
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(5)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)].as_ref())
+        .split(size);
 
-    /// Get the next tab, if there is no next tab return the current tab.
-    fn next(self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = self as usize;
-        let next_index = current_index.saturating_add(1);
-        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for &App {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        use Constraint::*;
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Length(1), Min(0), Length(1)]);
-        let [header_area, inner_area, footer_area] = vertical.areas(area);
-
-        let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Min(0), Length(20)]);
-        let [tabs_area, title_area] = horizontal.areas(header_area);
-
-        render_title(title_area, buf);
-        self.render_tabs(tabs_area, buf);
-        self.selected_tab.render(inner_area, buf);
-        render_footer(footer_area, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-impl App {
-    fn render_tabs(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let titles = SelectedTab::iter().map(SelectedTab::title);
-        let highlight_style = (Color::default(), self.selected_tab.palette().c700);
-        let selected_tab_index = self.selected_tab as usize;
-        Tabs::new(titles)
-            .highlight_style(highlight_style)
-            .select(selected_tab_index)
-            .padding("", "")
-            .divider(" ")
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-}
-
-fn render_title(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    "Ratatui Tabs Example".bold().render(area, buf);
-}
-
-fn render_footer(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    Line::raw("◄ ► to change tab | Press q to quit")
-        .centered()
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-impl Widget for SelectedTab {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        // in a real app these might be separate widgets
-        match self {
-            Self::Tab1 => self.render_tab0(area, buf),
-            Self::Tab2 => self.render_tab1(area, buf),
-            Self::Tab3 => self.render_tab2(area, buf),
-            Self::Tab4 => self.render_tab3(area, buf),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl SelectedTab {
-    /// Return tab's name as a styled `Line`
-    fn title(self) -> Line<'static> {
-        format!("  {self}  ")
-            .fg(tailwind::SLATE.c200)
-            .bg(self.palette().c900)
-            .into()
-    }
-
-    fn render_tab0(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        Paragraph::new("Hello, World!")
-            .block(self.block())
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_tab1(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        Paragraph::new("Welcome to the Ratatui tabs example!")
-            .block(self.block())
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_tab2(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        Paragraph::new("Look! I'm different than others!")
-            .block(self.block())
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_tab3(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        Paragraph::new("I know, these are some basic changes. But I think you got the main idea.")
-            .block(self.block())
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
-    /// A block surrounding the tab's content
-    fn block(self) -> Block<'static> {
-        Block::bordered()
-            .border_set(symbols::border::PROPORTIONAL_TALL)
-            .padding(Padding::horizontal(1))
-            .border_style(self.palette().c700)
-    }
-
-    const fn palette(self) -> tailwind::Palette {
-        match self {
-            Self::Tab1 => tailwind::BLUE,
-            Self::Tab2 => tailwind::EMERALD,
-            Self::Tab3 => tailwind::INDIGO,
-            Self::Tab4 => tailwind::RED,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
+    let block = Block::default().on_white().black();
+    f.render_widget(block, size);
+    let titles = app
+        .titles
+        .iter()
+        .map(|t| {
+            let (first, rest) = t.split_at(1);
+            Line::from(vec![first.yellow(), rest.green()])
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let tabs = Tabs::new(titles)
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Tabs"))
+        .select(app.index)
+        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan))
+        .highlight_style(
+            Style::default()
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+                .bg(Color::Black),
+        );
+    f.render_widget(tabs, chunks[0]);
+    let inner = match app.index {
+        0 => Block::default().title("Inner 0").borders(Borders::ALL),
+        1 => Block::default().title("Inner 1").borders(Borders::ALL),
+        2 => Block::default().title("Inner 2").borders(Borders::ALL),
+        3 => Block::default().title("Inner 3").borders(Borders::ALL),
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    };
+    f.render_widget(inner, chunks[1]);
 }

examples/user_input.rs

@@ -1,43 +1,30 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] User Input example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-// A simple example demonstrating how to handle user input. This is a bit out of the scope of
-// the library as it does not provide any input handling out of the box. However, it may helps
-// some to get started.
-//
-// This is a very simple example:
-//   * An input box always focused. Every character you type is registered here.
-//   * An entered character is inserted at the cursor position.
-//   * Pressing Backspace erases the left character before the cursor position
-//   * Pressing Enter pushes the current input in the history of previous messages. **Note: ** as
-//   this is a relatively simple example unicode characters are unsupported and their use will
-// result in undefined behaviour.
-//
-// See also https://github.com/rhysd/tui-textarea and https://github.com/sayanarijit/tui-input/
-
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
+/// A simple example demonstrating how to handle user input. This is
+/// a bit out of the scope of the library as it does not provide any
+/// input handling out of the box. However, it may helps some to get
+/// started.
+///
+/// This is a very simple example:
+///   * A input box always focused. Every character you type is registered
+///   here
+///   * Pressing Backspace erases a character
+///   * Pressing Enter pushes the current input in the history of previous
+///   messages
 use crossterm::{
     event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Block, List, ListItem, Paragraph},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    text::{Line, Span, Text},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, List, ListItem, Paragraph},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
+use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 enum InputMode {
     Normal,
@@ -48,87 +35,20 @@ enum InputMode {
 struct App {
     /// Current value of the input box
     input: String,
-    /// Position of cursor in the editor area.
-    character_index: usize,
     /// Current input mode
     input_mode: InputMode,
     /// History of recorded messages
     messages: Vec<String>,
 }
 
-impl App {
-    const fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
+impl Default for App {
+    fn default() -> App {
+        App {
             input: String::new(),
             input_mode: InputMode::Normal,
             messages: Vec::new(),
-            character_index: 0,
         }
     }
-
-    fn move_cursor_left(&mut self) {
-        let cursor_moved_left = self.character_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        self.character_index = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_left);
-    }
-
-    fn move_cursor_right(&mut self) {
-        let cursor_moved_right = self.character_index.saturating_add(1);
-        self.character_index = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_right);
-    }
-
-    fn enter_char(&mut self, new_char: char) {
-        let index = self.byte_index();
-        self.input.insert(index, new_char);
-        self.move_cursor_right();
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the byte index based on the character position.
-    ///
-    /// Since each character in a string can be contain multiple bytes, it's necessary to calculate
-    /// the byte index based on the index of the character.
-    fn byte_index(&mut self) -> usize {
-        self.input
-            .char_indices()
-            .map(|(i, _)| i)
-            .nth(self.character_index)
-            .unwrap_or(self.input.len())
-    }
-
-    fn delete_char(&mut self) {
-        let is_not_cursor_leftmost = self.character_index != 0;
-        if is_not_cursor_leftmost {
-            // Method "remove" is not used on the saved text for deleting the selected char.
-            // Reason: Using remove on String works on bytes instead of the chars.
-            // Using remove would require special care because of char boundaries.
-
-            let current_index = self.character_index;
-            let from_left_to_current_index = current_index - 1;
-
-            // Getting all characters before the selected character.
-            let before_char_to_delete = self.input.chars().take(from_left_to_current_index);
-            // Getting all characters after selected character.
-            let after_char_to_delete = self.input.chars().skip(current_index);
-
-            // Put all characters together except the selected one.
-            // By leaving the selected one out, it is forgotten and therefore deleted.
-            self.input = before_char_to_delete.chain(after_char_to_delete).collect();
-            self.move_cursor_left();
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn clamp_cursor(&self, new_cursor_pos: usize) -> usize {
-        new_cursor_pos.clamp(0, self.input.chars().count())
-    }
-
-    fn reset_cursor(&mut self) {
-        self.character_index = 0;
-    }
-
-    fn submit_message(&mut self) {
-        self.messages.push(self.input.clone());
-        self.input.clear();
-        self.reset_cursor();
-    }
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
@@ -140,7 +60,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
 
     // create app and run it
-    let app = App::new();
+    let app = App::default();
     let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app);
 
     // restore terminal
@@ -175,44 +95,46 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
                     _ => {}
                 },
                 InputMode::Editing if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match key.code {
-                    KeyCode::Enter => app.submit_message(),
-                    KeyCode::Char(to_insert) => {
-                        app.enter_char(to_insert);
+                    KeyCode::Enter => {
+                        app.messages.push(app.input.drain(..).collect());
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Char(c) => {
+                        app.input.push(c);
                     }
                     KeyCode::Backspace => {
-                        app.delete_char();
-                    }
-                    KeyCode::Left => {
-                        app.move_cursor_left();
-                    }
-                    KeyCode::Right => {
-                        app.move_cursor_right();
+                        app.input.pop();
                     }
                     KeyCode::Esc => {
                         app.input_mode = InputMode::Normal;
                     }
                     _ => {}
                 },
-                InputMode::Editing => {}
+                _ => {}
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Length(1),
-        Constraint::Length(3),
-        Constraint::Min(1),
-    ]);
-    let [help_area, input_area, messages_area] = vertical.areas(f.size());
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(2)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Length(1),
+                Constraint::Length(3),
+                Constraint::Min(1),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(f.size());
 
     let (msg, style) = match app.input_mode {
         InputMode::Normal => (
             vec![
                 "Press ".into(),
                 "q".bold(),
-                " to exit, ".into(),
+                " to exist, ".into(),
                 "e".bold(),
                 " to start editing.".bold(),
             ],
@@ -229,17 +151,18 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
             Style::default(),
         ),
     };
-    let text = Text::from(Line::from(msg)).patch_style(style);
+    let mut text = Text::from(Line::from(msg));
+    text.patch_style(style);
     let help_message = Paragraph::new(text);
-    f.render_widget(help_message, help_area);
+    f.render_widget(help_message, chunks[0]);
 
     let input = Paragraph::new(app.input.as_str())
         .style(match app.input_mode {
             InputMode::Normal => Style::default(),
             InputMode::Editing => Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
         })
-        .block(Block::bordered().title("Input"));
-    f.render_widget(input, input_area);
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Input"));
+    f.render_widget(input, chunks[1]);
     match app.input_mode {
         InputMode::Normal =>
             // Hide the cursor. `Frame` does this by default, so we don't need to do anything here
@@ -248,14 +171,12 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
         InputMode::Editing => {
             // Make the cursor visible and ask ratatui to put it at the specified coordinates after
             // rendering
-            #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
             f.set_cursor(
-                // Draw the cursor at the current position in the input field.
-                // This position is can be controlled via the left and right arrow key
-                input_area.x + app.character_index as u16 + 1,
+                // Put cursor past the end of the input text
+                chunks[1].x + app.input.width() as u16 + 1,
                 // Move one line down, from the border to the input line
-                input_area.y + 1,
-            );
+                chunks[1].y + 1,
+            )
         }
     }
 
@@ -268,6 +189,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
             ListItem::new(content)
         })
         .collect();
-    let messages = List::new(messages).block(Block::bordered().title("Messages"));
-    f.render_widget(messages, messages_area);
+    let messages =
+        List::new(messages).block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Messages"));
+    f.render_widget(messages, chunks[2]);
 }

examples/vhs/barchart.tape

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/barchart.tape`
-Output "target/barchart.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 800
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=barchart"
-Enter
-Sleep 1s
-Show
-Sleep 5s

examples/vhs/block.tape

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/block.tape`
-Output "target/block.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 1200
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=block"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-Sleep 2s

examples/vhs/calendar.tape

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/calendar.tape`
-Output "target/calendar.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 800
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=calendar --features=crossterm,widget-calendar"
-Enter
-Sleep 3s
-Show
-Sleep 5s

examples/vhs/canvas.tape

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/canvas.tape`
-Output "target/canvas.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set FontSize 12
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 800
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=canvas --features=crossterm"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-Sleep 30s

examples/vhs/chart.tape

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/chart.tape`
-Output "target/chart.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 800
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=chart --features=crossterm"
-Enter
-Sleep 1s
-Show
-Sleep 5s

examples/vhs/colors.tape

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/colors.tape`
-Output "target/colors.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 1410
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=colors --features=crossterm"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-Sleep 1s

examples/vhs/colors_rgb.tape

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/colors_rgb.tape`
-
-# note that this script sometimes results in the gif having screen tearing
-# issues. I'm not sure why, but it's not a problem with the library.
-Output "target/colors_rgb.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 1200
-
-# unsure if these help the screen tearing issue, but they don't hurt
-Set Framerate 60
-Set CursorBlink false
-
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=colors_rgb --features=crossterm --release"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-# Screenshot "target/colors_rgb.png"
-Show
-Sleep 10s

examples/vhs/constraints.tape

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/constraints.tape`
-Output "target/constraints.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set FontSize 18
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 700
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=constraints --features=crossterm"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-Sleep 5s
-Right @5s 7

examples/vhs/custom_widget.tape

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/custom_widget.tape`
-Output "target/custom_widget.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set Width 760
-Set Height 260
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=custom_widget --features=crossterm"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-Sleep 1s
-Set TypingSpeed 0.7s
-Right
-Right
-Space
-Space
-Left
-Space
-Left
-Space

examples/vhs/demo.tape

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
-Output "target/demo.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 1200
-Set PlaybackSpeed 0.5
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example demo"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-Sleep 1s
-Down@1s 12
-Right
-Sleep 4s
-Right
-Sleep 4s

examples/vhs/demo2-destroy.tape

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
-# NOTE: Requires VHS 0.6.1 or later for Screenshot support
-Output "target/demo2-destroy.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-# The reason for this strange size is that the social preview image for this
-# demo is 1280x64 with 80 pixels of padding on each side. We want a version
-# without the padding for README.md, etc.
-Set Width 1120
-Set Height 480
-Set Padding 0
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example demo2 --features crossterm,widget-calendar"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-Type "d"
-Sleep 30s

examples/vhs/demo2-social.tape

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
-
-Output "target/demo2-social.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-# Github social preview size (1280x640 with 80px padding) and must be < 1MB
-# This puts some constraints on the amount of interactivity we can do.
-Set Width 1280
-Set Height 640
-Set Padding 80
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example demo2 --features crossterm,widget-calendar"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-# About screen
-Sleep 3.5s
-Down # Red eye
-Sleep 0.4s
-Down # black eye
-Sleep 1s
-Tab
-# Recipe
-Sleep 1s
-Set TypingSpeed 500ms
-Down 7
-Sleep 1s
-Tab
-# Email
-Sleep 2s
-Down 4
-Sleep 2s
-Tab
-# Trace route
-Sleep 1s
-Set TypingSpeed 200ms
-Down 10
-Sleep 2s
-Tab
-# Weather
-Set TypingSpeed 100ms
-Down 40
-Sleep 2s

examples/vhs/demo2.tape

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
-# NOTE: Requires VHS 0.6.1 or later for Screenshot support
-Output "target/demo2.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-# The reason for this strange size is that the social preview image for this
-# demo is 1280x64 with 80 pixels of padding on each side. We want a version
-# without the padding for README.md, etc.
-Set Width 1120
-Set Height 480
-Set Padding 0
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example demo2 --features crossterm,widget-calendar"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-# About screen
-Screenshot "target/demo2-about.png"
-Sleep 3.5s
-Down # Red eye
-Sleep 0.4s
-Down # black eye
-Sleep 1s
-Tab
-# Recipe
-Screenshot "target/demo2-recipe.png"
-Sleep 1s
-Set TypingSpeed 500ms
-Down 7
-Sleep 1s
-Tab
-# Email
-Screenshot "target/demo2-email.png"
-Sleep 2s
-Down 4
-Sleep 2s
-Tab
-# Trace route
-Screenshot "target/demo2-trace.png"
-Sleep 1s
-Set TypingSpeed 200ms
-Down 10
-Sleep 2s
-Tab
-# Weather
-Screenshot "target/demo2-weather.png"
-Set TypingSpeed 100ms
-Down 40
-Sleep 2s

examples/vhs/docsrs.tape

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
-# NOTE: Requires VHS 0.6.1 or later for Screenshot support
-Output "target/docsrs.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-# The reason for this strange size is that the social preview image for this
-# demo is 1280x64 with 80 pixels of padding on each side. We want a version
-# without the padding for README.md, etc.
-Set Width 640
-Set Height 160
-Set Padding 0
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example docsrs --features crossterm"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-Sleep 1s
-Screenshot "target/docsrs-hello.png"
-Sleep 1s
-Hide
-Type "q"
-Type "cargo run --example docsrs --features crossterm -- layout"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-Sleep 1s
-Screenshot "target/docsrs-layout.png"
-Sleep 1s
-Hide
-Type "q"
-Type "cargo run --example docsrs --features crossterm -- styling"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-Sleep 1s
-Screenshot "target/docsrs-styling.png"
-Sleep 1s
-Hide
-Type "q"

examples/vhs/flex.tape

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/layout.tape`
-Output "target/flex.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 1410
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=flex --features=crossterm"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-Sleep 2s
-Right @5s 7
-Sleep 2s
-Left 7
-Sleep 2s
-Down @200ms 50

examples/vhs/gauge.tape

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/gauge.tape`
-Output "target/gauge.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 850
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=gauge --features=crossterm"
-Enter
-Sleep 2s
-Show
-Sleep 2s
-Enter 1
-Sleep 15s

examples/vhs/generate.bash

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# This script is used to generate the images for the examples README
-# It requires the following tools:
-# - cargo: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/getting-started/installation.html
-# - gh: https://github.com/cli/cli
-# - git: https://git-scm.com/
-# - vhs: https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs - currently this needs to be installed from the
-#   main branch, as the latest release doesn't support the theme we use or the Screenshot
-#   command. Install using `go install github.com/charmbracelet/vhs@main``
-# - go: https://golang.org/doc/install
-# - ttyd: https://github.com/tsl0922/ttyd
-
-# Exit on error. Append "|| true" if you expect an error.
-set -o errexit
-# Exit on error inside any functions or subshells.
-set -o errtrace
-# Do not allow use of undefined vars. Use ${VAR:-} to use an undefined VAR
-set -o nounset
-# Catch the error in case mysqldump fails (but gzip succeeds) in `mysqldump |gzip`
-set -o pipefail
-# Turn on traces, useful while debugging but commented out by default
-# set -o xtrace
-
-# ensure that running each example doesn't have to wait for the build
-cargo build --examples --features=crossterm,all-widgets
-
-for tape_path in examples/vhs/*.tape; do
-    tape_file=${tape_path/examples\/vhs\//} # strip the examples/vhs/ prefix
-    gif_file=${tape_file/.tape/.gif}        # replace the .tape suffix with .gif
-    ~/go/bin/vhs $tape_path --quiet
-    # this can be pasted into the examples README.md
-    echo "[${gif_file}]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/${gif_file}?raw=true"
-done
-git switch images
-git pull --rebase upstream images
-cp target/*.gif examples/
-git add examples/*.gif
-git commit -m 'docs(examples): update images'
-gh pr create
-git sw -

examples/vhs/hello_world.tape

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/hello_world.tape`
-Output "target/hello_world.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 200
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=hello_world --features=crossterm"
-Enter
-Sleep 1s
-Show
-Sleep 5s

examples/vhs/inline.tape

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/inline.tape`
-Output "target/inline.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 600
-Type "cargo run --example=inline --features=crossterm"
-Enter
-Sleep 20s

examples/vhs/layout.tape

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/layout.tape`
-Output "target/layout.gif"
-Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
-Set Width 1200
-Set Height 1410
-Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=layout --features=crossterm"
-Enter
-Sleep 1s
-Show
-Sleep 2s