test: Add more tests for selection and marks behavior

We need to make sure to not change existing methods without a notice.
But at the same time this also finds public additions with mistakes
before they are even released which is what I would like to have.

This renames a method and deprecated the old name hinting to a new name.
Should this be mentioned somewhere, so it's added to the release notes?
It's not breaking because the old method is still there.

.editorconfig

@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@
 
 root = true
 
+[*]
+charset = utf-8
+end_of_line = lf
+insert_final_newline = true
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true
+
 [*.rs]
 indent_style = space
 indent_size = 4

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -5,4 +5,7 @@
 # https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore#_pattern_format
 
 # Maintainers
-* @orhun @mindoodoo @sayanarijit @joshka @kdheepak @Valentin271
+* @orhun @joshka @kdheepak @Valentin271 @EdJoPaTo
+
+# Past maintainers
+# @mindoodoo @sayanarijit

.github/workflows/cd.yml

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
           args: --allow-dirty --token ${{ secrets.CARGO_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Generate a changelog
-        uses: orhun/git-cliff-action@v2
+        uses: orhun/git-cliff-action@v3
         with:
           config: cliff.toml
           args: --unreleased --tag ${{ env.NEXT_TAG }} --strip header

.github/workflows/check-pr.yml

@@ -44,24 +44,6 @@ jobs:
           header: pr-title-lint-error
           delete: true
 
-  check-signed:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      contents: read
-      pull-requests: write
-    steps:
-      # Check commit signature and add comment if needed
-      - name: Check signed commits in PR
-        uses: 1Password/check-signed-commits-action@v1
-        with:
-          comment: |
-            Thank you for opening this pull request!
-
-            We require commits to be signed and it looks like this PR contains unsigned commits.
-
-            Get help in the [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#sign-your-commits)
-            or on [Github doc](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/managing-commit-signature-verification/signing-commits).
-
   check-breaking-change-label:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     env:
@@ -102,4 +84,3 @@ jobs:
           echo "Pull request is labeled as 'do not merge'"
           echo "This workflow fails so that the pull request cannot be merged"
           exit 1
-

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -29,13 +29,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Checkout
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
       - name: Install Rust nightly
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
         with:
@@ -48,11 +42,6 @@ jobs:
         run: cargo make lint-format
       - name: Check documentation
         run: cargo make lint-docs
-      - name: Check conventional commits
-        uses: crate-ci/committed@master
-        with:
-          args: "-vv"
-          commits: HEAD
       - name: Check typos
         uses: crate-ci/typos@master
       - name: Lint dependencies
@@ -92,7 +81,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Generate coverage
         run: cargo make coverage
       - name: Upload to codecov.io
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
           fail_ci_if_error: true
@@ -102,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-        toolchain: ["1.70.0", "stable"]
+        toolchain: ["1.74.0", "stable"]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
@@ -145,7 +134,7 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-        toolchain: ["1.70.0", "stable"]
+        toolchain: ["1.74.0", "stable"]
         backend: [crossterm, termion, termwiz]
         exclude:
           # termion is not supported on windows

BREAKING-CHANGES.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 This document contains a list of breaking changes in each version and some notes to help migrate
 between versions. It is compiled manually from the commit history and changelog. We also tag PRs on
-github with a [breaking change] label.
+GitHub with a [breaking change] label.
 
 [breaking change]: (https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues?q=label%3A%22breaking+change%22)
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ This is a quick summary of the sections below:
   - `Scrollbar`: symbols moved to `symbols` module
   - MSRV is now 1.67.0
 - [v0.22.0](#v0220)
-  - serde representation of `Borders` and `Modifiers` has changed
+  - `serde` representation of `Borders` and `Modifiers` has changed
 - [v0.21.0](#v0210)
   - MSRV is now 1.65.0
   - `terminal::ViewPort` is now an enum
@@ -49,19 +49,19 @@ This is a quick summary of the sections below:
 
 ## [v0.26.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.26.0)
 
-### `Flex::Start` is the new default flex mode for `Layout`
+### `Flex::Start` is the new default flex mode for `Layout` ([#881])
 
 [#881]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/881
 
-Previously, constraints would stretch to fill all available space, violating constraints if 
+Previously, constraints would stretch to fill all available space, violating constraints if
 necessary.
 
-With v0.26.0, `Flex` modes are introduced and the default is `Flex::Start`, which will align 
-areas associated with constraints to be beginning of the area. With v0.26.0, additionally, 
-`Min` constraints grow to fill excess space. These changes will allow users to build layouts 
+With v0.26.0, `Flex` modes are introduced, and the default is `Flex::Start`, which will align
+areas associated with constraints to be beginning of the area. With v0.26.0, additionally,
+`Min` constraints grow to fill excess space. These changes will allow users to build layouts
 more easily.
 
-With v0.26.0, users will most likely not need to change what constraints they use to create 
+With v0.26.0, users will most likely not need to change what constraints they use to create
 existing layouts with `Flex::Start`. However, to get old behavior, use `Flex::Legacy`.
 
 ```diff
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ by removing the call to `.collect()`.
 [#751]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/751
 
 The default() implementation of Table now sets the column_spacing field to 1 and the segment_size
-field to SegmentSize::None. This will affect the rendering of a small amount of apps.
+field to `SegmentSize::None`. This will affect the rendering of a small amount of apps.
 
 To use the previous default values, call `table.segment_size(Default::default())` and
 `table.column_spacing(0)`.
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ longer can be called from a constant context.
 [#708]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/708
 
 Previously the style of a `Line` was stored in the `Span`s that make up the line. Now the `Line`
-itself has a `style` field, which can be set with the `Line::style` method. Any code that creates
+itself has a `style` field, which can be set with the `Line::styled` method. Any code that creates
 `Line`s using the struct initializer instead of constructors will fail to compile due to the added
 field. This can be easily fixed by adding `..Default::default()` to the field list or by using a
 constructor method (`Line::styled()`, `Line::raw()`) or conversion method (`Line::from()`).
@@ -222,8 +222,8 @@ widget in the default configuration would not show any indication of the selecte
 
 [#664]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/664
 
-Previously `Table`s could be constructed without widths. In almost all cases this is an error.
-A new widths parameter is now mandatory on `Table::new()`. Existing code of the form:
+Previously `Table`s could be constructed without `widths`. In almost all cases this is an error.
+A new `widths` parameter is now mandatory on `Table::new()`. Existing code of the form:
 
 ```diff
 - Table::new(rows).widths(widths)
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ let layout = layout::new(Direction::Vertical, [Constraint::Min(1), Constraint::M
 
 ## [v0.24.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.24.0)
 
-### ScrollbarState field type changed from `u16` to `usize` ([#456])
+### `ScrollbarState` field type changed from `u16` to `usize` ([#456])
 
 [#456]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/456
 
@@ -385,12 +385,12 @@ The MSRV of ratatui is now 1.67 due to an MSRV update in a dependency (`time`).
 
 ## [v0.22.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.22.0)
 
-### bitflags updated to 2.3 ([#205])
+### `bitflags` updated to 2.3 ([#205])
 
 [#205]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/205
 
-The serde representation of bitflags has changed. Any existing serialized types that have Borders or
-Modifiers will need to be re-serialized. This is documented in the [bitflags
+The `serde` representation of `bitflags` has changed. Any existing serialized types that have Borders or
+Modifiers will need to be re-serialized. This is documented in the [`bitflags`
 changelog](https://github.com/bitflags/bitflags/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md#200-rc2)..
 
 ## [v0.21.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.21.0)
@@ -422,9 +422,9 @@ let terminal = Terminal::with_options(backend, TerminalOptions {
 
 [#168]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/168
 
-A new type `Masked` was introduced that implements `From<Text<'a>>`. This causes any code that did
+A new type `Masked` was introduced that implements `From<Text<'a>>`. This causes any code that
 previously did not need to use type annotations to fail to compile. To fix this, annotate or call
-to_string() / to_owned() / as_str() on the value. E.g.:
+`to_string()` / `to_owned()` / `as_str()` on the value. E.g.:
 
 ```diff
 - let paragraph = Paragraph::new("".as_ref());

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,7 +2,616 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 
-## [0.26.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/0.26.0) - 2024-02-02
+## [0.26.2](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.26.2) - 2024-04-15
+
+This is a patch release that fixes bugs and adds enhancements, including new iterator constructors, List scroll padding, and various rendering improvements. ✨
+
+✨ **Release highlights**: <https://ratatui.rs/highlights/v0262/>
+
+### Features
+
+- [11b452d](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/11b452d56fe590188ee7a53fa2dde95513b1a4c7)
+  *(layout)* Mark various functions as const by @EdJoPaTo in [#951](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/951)
+
+- [1cff511](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/1cff51193466f5a94d202b6233d56889eccf6d7b)
+  *(line)* Impl Styled for Line by @joshka in [#968](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/968)
+
+  ````text
+  This adds `FromIterator` impls for `Line` and `Text` that allow creating
+  `Line` and `Text` instances from iterators of `Span` and `Line`
+  instances, respectively.
+
+  ```rust
+  let line = Line::from_iter(vec!["Hello".blue(), " world!".green()]);
+  let line: Line = iter::once("Hello".blue())
+      .chain(iter::once(" world!".green()))
+      .collect();
+  let text = Text::from_iter(vec!["The first line", "The second line"]);
+  let text: Text = iter::once("The first line")
+      .chain(iter::once("The second line"))
+      .collect();
+  ```
+  ````
+
+- [654949b](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/654949bb00b4522130642f9ad50ab4d9095d921b)
+  *(list)* Add Scroll Padding to Lists by @CameronBarnes in [#958](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/958)
+
+  ````text
+  Introduces scroll padding, which allows the api user to request that a certain number of ListItems be kept visible above and below the currently selected item while scrolling.
+
+  ```rust
+  let list = List::new(items).scroll_padding(1);
+  ```
+  ````
+
+  Fixes:https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/955
+
+- [26af650](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/26af65043ee9f165459dec228d12eaeed9997d92)
+  *(text)* Add push methods for text and line by @joshka in [#998](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/998)
+
+  ````text
+  Adds the following methods to the `Text` and `Line` structs:
+  - Text::push_line
+  - Text::push_span
+  - Line::push_span
+
+  This allows for adding lines and spans to a text object without having
+  to call methods on the fields directly, which is useful for incremental
+  construction of text objects.
+  ````
+
+- [b5bdde0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/b5bdde079e0e1eda98b9b1bbbba011b770e5b167)
+  *(text)* Add `FromIterator` impls for `Line` and `Text` by @joshka in [#967](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/967)
+
+  ````text
+  This adds `FromIterator` impls for `Line` and `Text` that allow creating
+  `Line` and `Text` instances from iterators of `Span` and `Line`
+  instances, respectively.
+
+  ```rust
+  let line = Line::from_iter(vec!["Hello".blue(), " world!".green()]);
+  let line: Line = iter::once("Hello".blue())
+      .chain(iter::once(" world!".green()))
+      .collect();
+  let text = Text::from_iter(vec!["The first line", "The second line"]);
+  let text: Text = iter::once("The first line")
+      .chain(iter::once("The second line"))
+      .collect();
+  ```
+  ````
+
+- [12f67e8](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/12f67e810fad0f907546408192a2380b590ff7bd)
+  *(uncategorized)* Impl Widget for `&str` and `String` by @kdheepak in [#952](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/952)
+
+  ````text
+  Currently, `f.render_widget("hello world".bold(), area)` works but
+  `f.render_widget("hello world", area)` doesn't. This PR changes that my
+  implementing `Widget` for `&str` and `String`. This makes it easier to
+  render strings with no styles as widgets.
+
+  Example usage:
+
+  ```rust
+  terminal.draw(|f| f.render_widget("Hello World!", f.size()))?;
+  ```
+
+  ---------
+  ````
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- [0207160](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/02071607848c51250b4663722c52e19c8ce1c5e2)
+  *(line)* Line truncation respects alignment by @TadoTheMiner in [#987](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/987)
+
+  ````text
+  When rendering a `Line`, the line will be truncated:
+  - on the right for left aligned lines
+  - on the left for right aligned lines
+  - on bot sides for centered lines
+
+  E.g. "Hello World" will be rendered as "Hello", "World", "lo wo" for
+  left, right, centered lines respectively.
+  ````
+
+  Fixes:https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/932
+
+- [c56f49b](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/c56f49b9fb1c7f1c8c97749119e85f81882ca9a9)
+  *(list)* Saturating_sub to fix highlight_symbol overflow by @mrjackwills in [#949](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/949)
+
+  ````text
+  An overflow (pedantically an underflow) can occur if the
+  highlight_symbol is a multi-byte char, and area is reduced to a size
+  less than that char length.
+  ````
+
+- [b7778e5](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/b7778e5cd15d0d4b28f7bbb8b3c62950748e333a)
+  *(paragraph)* Unit test typo by @joshka in [#1022](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1022)
+
+- [943c043](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/943c0431d968a82b23a2f31527f32e57f86f8a7c)
+  *(scrollbar)* Dont render on 0 length track by @EdJoPaTo in [#964](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/964)
+
+  ````text
+  Fixes a panic when `track_length - 1` is used. (clamp panics on `-1.0`
+  being smaller than `0.0`)
+  ````
+
+- [742a5ea](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/742a5ead066bec14047f6ab7ffa3ac8307eea715)
+  *(text)* Fix panic when rendering out of bounds by @joshka in [#997](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/997)
+
+  ````text
+  Previously it was possible to cause a panic when rendering to an area
+  outside of the buffer bounds. Instead this now correctly renders nothing
+  to the buffer.
+  ````
+
+- [f6c4e44](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/f6c4e447e65fe10f4fc7fcc9e9c4312acad41096)
+  *(uncategorized)* Ensure that paragraph correctly renders styled text by @joshka in [#992](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/992)
+
+  ````text
+  Paragraph was ignoring the new `Text::style` field added in 0.26.0
+  ````
+
+  Fixes:https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/990
+
+- [35e971f](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/35e971f7ebb0deadc613b561b15511abd48bdb54)
+  *(uncategorized)* Scrollbar thumb not visible on long lists by @ThomasMiz in [#959](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/959)
+
+  ````text
+  When displaying somewhat-long lists, the `Scrollbar` widget sometimes did not display a thumb character, and only the track will be visible.
+  ````
+
+### Refactor
+
+- [6fd5f63](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/6fd5f631bbd58156d9fcae196040bb0248097819)
+  *(lint)* Prefer idiomatic for loops by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [37b957c](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/37b957c7e167a7ecda07b8a60cee5de71efcc55e)
+  *(lints)* Add lints to scrollbar by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [c12bcfe](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/c12bcfefa26529610886040bd96f2b6762436b15)
+  *(non-src)* Apply pedantic lints by @EdJoPaTo in [#976](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/976)
+
+  ````text
+  Fixes many not yet enabled lints (mostly pedantic) on everything that is
+  not the lib (examples, benches, tests). Therefore, this is not containing
+  anything that can be a breaking change.
+
+  Lints are not enabled as that should be the job of #974. I created this
+  as a separate PR as its mostly independent and would only clutter up the
+  diff of #974 even more.
+
+  Also see
+  https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/974#discussion_r1506458743
+
+  ---------
+  ````
+
+- [8719608](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/8719608bdaf32ba92bdfdd60569cf73f7070a618)
+  *(span)* Rename to_aligned_line into into_aligned_line by @EdJoPaTo in [#993](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/993)
+
+  ````text
+  With the Rust method naming conventions these methods are into methods
+  consuming the Span. Therefore, it's more consistent to use `into_`
+  instead of `to_`.
+
+  ```rust
+  Span::to_centered_line
+  Span::to_left_aligned_line
+  Span::to_right_aligned_line
+  ```
+
+  Are marked deprecated and replaced with the following
+
+  ```rust
+  Span::into_centered_line
+  Span::into_left_aligned_line
+  Span::into_right_aligned_line
+  ```
+  ````
+
+- [b831c56](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/b831c5688c6f1fbfa6ae2bcd70d803a54fcf0196)
+  *(widget-ref)* Clippy::needless_pass_by_value by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [359204c](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/359204c9298cc26ea21807d886d596de0329bacc)
+  *(uncategorized)* Simplify to io::Result by @EdJoPaTo in [#1016](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1016)
+
+  ````text
+  Simplifies the code, logic stays exactly the same.
+  ````
+
+- [8e68db9](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/8e68db9e2f57fcbf7cb5140006bbbd4dd80bf907)
+  *(uncategorized)* Remove pointless default on internal structs by @EdJoPaTo in [#980](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/980)
+
+  See #978
+
+Also remove other derives. They are unused and just slow down
+compilation.
+
+- [3be189e](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/3be189e3c6ebd418d13138ff32bc4a749dc840cf)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::thread_local_initializer_can_be_made_const by @EdJoPaTo
+
+  ````text
+  enabled by default on nightly
+  ````
+
+- [5c4efac](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/5c4efacd1d70bb295d90ffaa73853dc206c187fb)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::map_err_ignore by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [bbb6d65](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/bbb6d65e063df9a74ab6487b2216183c1fdd7230)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::else_if_without_else by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [fdb14dc](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/fdb14dc7cd69788e2ed20709e767f7631b11ffa2)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::redundant_type_annotations by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [9b3b23a](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/9b3b23ac14518a1ef23065d4a5da0fb047b18213)
+  *(uncategorized)* Remove literal suffix by @EdJoPaTo
+
+  ````text
+  its not needed and can just be assumed
+  ````
+
+  related:clippy::(un)separated_literal_suffix
+
+- [58b6e0b](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/58b6e0be0f4db3d90005e130e4b84cd865179785)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::should_panic_without_expect by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [c870a41](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/c870a41057ac0c14c2e72e762b37689dc32e7b23)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::many_single_char_names by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [a6036ad](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/a6036ad78911653407f607f5efa556a055d3dce9)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::similar_names by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [060d26b](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/060d26b6dc6e1027dbf46ae98b0ebba83701f941)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::match_same_arms by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [fcbea9e](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/fcbea9ee68591344a29a7b2e83f1c8c878857aeb)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::uninlined_format_args by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [14b24e7](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/14b24e75858af48f39d5880e7f6c9adeac1b1da9)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::if_not_else by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [5ed1f43](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/5ed1f43c627053f25d9ee711677ebec6cb8fcd85)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::redundant_closure_for_method_calls by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [c8c7924](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/c8c7924e0ca84351f5ed5c54e79611ce16d4dc37)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::too_many_lines by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [e3afe7c](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/e3afe7c8a14c1cffd7de50782a7acf0f95f41673)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::unreadable_literal by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [a1f54de](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/a1f54de7d60fa6c57be29bf8f02a675e58b7b9c2)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::bool_to_int_with_if by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [b8ea190](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/b8ea190bf2cde8c18e2ac8276d2eb57d219db263)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::cast_lossless by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [0de5238](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/0de5238ed3613f2d663f5e9628ca7b2aa205ed02)
+  *(uncategorized)* Dead_code by @EdJoPaTo
+
+  ````text
+  enabled by default, only detected by nightly yet
+  ````
+
+- [df5dddf](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/df5dddfbc9c679d15a5a90ea79bb1f8946d5cb9c)
+  *(uncategorized)* Unused_imports by @EdJoPaTo
+
+  ````text
+  enabled by default, only detected on nightly yet
+  ````
+
+- [f1398ae](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/f1398ae6cb1abd32106923d64844b482c7ba6f82)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::useless_vec by @EdJoPaTo
+
+  ````text
+  Lint enabled by default but only nightly finds this yet
+  ````
+
+- [525848f](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/525848ff4e066526d402fecf1d5b9c63cff1f22a)
+  *(uncategorized)* Manually apply clippy::use_self for impl with lifetimes by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [660c718](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/660c7183c7a10dc453d80dfb651d9534536960b9)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::empty_line_after_doc_comments by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [ab951fa](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/ab951fae8166c9321728ba942b48552dfe4d9c55)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::return_self_not_must_use by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [3cd4369](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/3cd436917649a93b4b80d0c4a0343284e0585522)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::doc_markdown by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [9bc014d](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/9bc014d7f16efdb70fcd6b6b786fe74eac7b9bdf)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::items_after_statements by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [36a0cd5](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/36a0cd56e5645533a1d6c2720536fa10a56b0d40)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::deref_by_slicing by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [f7f6692](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/f7f66928a8833532a3bc97292665640285e7aafa)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::equatable_if_let by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [01418eb](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/01418eb7c2e1874cb4070828c485d81ea171b18d)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::default_trait_access by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [8536760](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/8536760e7802a498f7c6d9fe8fb4c7920a1c6e71)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::inefficient_to_string by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [a558b19](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/a558b19c9a7b90a1ed3f309301f49f0b483e02ec)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::implicit_clone by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [5b00e3a](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/5b00e3aae98cb5c20c10bec944948a75ac83f956)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::use_self by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [27680c0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/27680c05ce1670f026ad23c446ada321c1c755f0)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::semicolon_if_nothing_returned by @EdJoPaTo
+
+### Documentation
+
+- [14461c3](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/14461c3a3554c95905ebca433fc3d4dae1e1acda)
+  *(breaking-changes)* Typos and markdownlint by @EdJoPaTo in [#1009](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1009)
+
+- [d0067c8](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/d0067c8815d5244d319934d58a9366c8ad36b3e5)
+  *(license)* Update copyright years by @orhun in [#962](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/962)
+
+- [88bfb5a](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/88bfb5a43027cf3410ad560772c5bfdbaa3d58b7)
+  *(text)* Update Text and Line docs by @joshka in [#969](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/969)
+
+- [3b002fd](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/3b002fdcab964ce3f65f55dc8053d9678ae247a3)
+  *(uncategorized)* Update incompatible code warning in examples readme by @joshka in [#1013](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1013)
+
+### Performance
+
+- [e02f476](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/e02f4768ce2ee30473200fe98e2687e42acb9c33)
+  *(borders)* Allow border!() in const by @EdJoPaTo in [#977](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/977)
+
+  ````text
+  This allows more compiler optimizations when the macro is used.
+  ````
+
+- [541f0f9](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/541f0f99538762a07d68a71b2989ecc6ff6f71ef)
+  *(cell)* Use const CompactString::new_inline by @EdJoPaTo in [#979](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/979)
+
+  ````text
+  Some minor find when messing around trying to `const` all the things.
+
+  While `reset()` and `default()` can not be `const` it's still a benefit
+  when their contents are.
+  ````
+
+- [65e7923](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/65e792375396c3160d76964ef0dfc4fb1e53be41)
+  *(scrollbar)* Const creation by @EdJoPaTo in [#963](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/963)
+
+  ````text
+  A bunch of `const fn` allow for more performance and `Default` now uses the `const` new implementations.
+  ````
+
+- [8195f52](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/8195f526cb4b321f337dcbe9e689cc7f6eb84065)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::needless_pass_by_value by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [183c07e](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/183c07ef436cbb8fb0bec418042b44b4fedd836f)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::trivially_copy_pass_by_ref by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [a13867f](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/a13867ffceb2f8f57f4540049754c2f916fd3efc)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::cloned_instead_of_copied by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [3834374](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/3834374652b46c5ddbfedcf8dea2086fd762f884)
+  *(uncategorized)* Clippy::missing_const_for_fn by @EdJoPaTo
+
+### Miscellaneous Tasks
+
+- [125ee92](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/125ee929ee9009b97a270e2e105a3f1167ab13d7)
+  *(docs)* Fix: fix typos in crate documentation by @orhun in [#1002](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1002)
+
+- [38c17e0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/38c17e091cf3f4de2d196ecdd6a40129019eafc4)
+  *(editorconfig)* Set and apply some defaults by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [07da90a](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/07da90a7182035b24f870bcbf0a0ffaad75eb48b)
+  *(funding)* Add eth address for receiving funds from drips.network by @BenJam in [#994](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/994)
+
+- [078e97e](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/078e97e4ff65c02afa7c884914ecd38a6e959b58)
+  *(github)* Add EdJoPaTo as a maintainer by @orhun in [#986](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/986)
+
+- [b0314c5](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/b0314c5731b32f51f5b6ca71a5194c6d7f265972)
+  *(uncategorized)* Remove conventional commit check for PR by @Valentin271 in [#950](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/950)
+
+  ````text
+  This removes conventional commit check for PRs.
+
+  Since we use the PR title and description this is useless. It fails a
+  lot of time and we ignore it.
+
+  IMPORTANT NOTE: This does **not** mean Ratatui abandons conventional
+  commits. This only relates to commits in PRs.
+  ````
+
+### Build
+
+- [6e6ba27](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/6e6ba27a122560bcf47b0efd20b7095f1bfd8714)
+  *(lint)* Warn on pedantic and allow the rest by @EdJoPaTo
+
+- [c4ce7e8](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/c4ce7e8ff6f00875e1ead5b68052f0db737bd44d)
+  *(uncategorized)* Enable more satisfied lints by @EdJoPaTo
+
+  ````text
+  These lints dont generate warnings and therefore dont need refactoring.
+  I think they are useful in the future.
+  ````
+
+- [a4e84a6](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/a4e84a6a7f6f5b80903799028f30e2a4438f2807)
+  *(uncategorized)* Increase msrv to 1.74.0 by @EdJoPaTo [**breaking**]
+
+  ````text
+  configure lints in Cargo.toml requires 1.74.0
+  ````
+
+  BREAKING CHANGE:rust 1.74 is required now
+
+### New Contributors
+
+* @TadoTheMiner made their first contribution in [#987](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/987)
+* @BenJam made their first contribution in [#994](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/994)
+* @CameronBarnes made their first contribution in [#958](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/958)
+* @ThomasMiz made their first contribution in [#959](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/959)
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/compare/v0.26.1...0.26.2
+
+## [0.26.1](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.26.1) - 2024-02-12
+
+This is a patch release that fixes bugs and adds enhancements, including new iterators, title options for blocks, and various rendering improvements. ✨
+
+### Features
+
+- [74a0511](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/74a051147a4059990c31e08d96a8469d8220537b)
+  *(rect)* Add Rect::positions iterator ([#928](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/928))
+
+  ````text
+  Useful for performing some action on all the cells in a particular area.
+  E.g.,
+
+  ```rust
+  fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+     for position in area.positions() {
+          buf.get_mut(position.x, position.y).set_symbol("x");
+      }
+  }
+  ```
+  ````
+
+- [9182f47](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/9182f47026d1630cb749163b6f8b8987474312ae)
+  *(uncategorized)* Add Block::title_top and Block::title_top_bottom ([#940](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/940))
+
+  ````text
+  This adds the ability to add titles to the top and bottom of a block
+  without having to use the `Title` struct (which will be removed in a
+  future release - likely v0.28.0).
+
+  Fixes a subtle bug if the title was created from a right aligned Line
+  and was also right aligned. The title would be rendered one cell too far
+  to the right.
+
+  ```rust
+  Block::bordered()
+      .title_top(Line::raw("A").left_aligned())
+      .title_top(Line::raw("B").centered())
+      .title_top(Line::raw("C").right_aligned())
+      .title_bottom(Line::raw("D").left_aligned())
+      .title_bottom(Line::raw("E").centered())
+      .title_bottom(Line::raw("F").right_aligned())
+      .render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
+  // renders
+  "┌A─────B─────C┐",
+  "│             │",
+  "└D─────E─────F┘",
+  ```
+
+  Addresses part of https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/738
+  ````
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- [2202059](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/220205925911ed4377358d2a28ffca9373f11bda)
+  *(block)* Fix crash on empty right aligned title ([#933](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/933))
+
+  ````text
+  - Simplified implementation of the rendering for block.
+  - Introduces a subtle rendering change where centered titles that are
+    odd in length will now be rendered one character to the left compared
+    to before. This aligns with other places that we render centered text
+    and is a more consistent behavior. See
+    https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/807#discussion_r1455645954
+    for another example of this.
+  ````
+
+  Fixes: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/929
+
+- [14c67fb](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/14c67fbb52101d10b2d2e26898c408ab8dd3ec2d)
+  *(list)* Highlight symbol when using a  multi-bytes char ([#924](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/924))
+
+  ````text
+  ratatui v0.26.0 brought a regression in the List widget, in which the
+  highlight symbol width was incorrectly calculated - specifically when
+  the highlight symbol was a multi-char character, e.g. `▶`.
+  ````
+
+- [0dcdbea](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/0dcdbea083aace6d531c0d505837e0911f400675)
+  *(paragraph)* Render Line::styled correctly inside a paragraph ([#930](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/930))
+
+  ````text
+  Renders the styled graphemes of the line instead of the contained spans.
+  ````
+
+- [fae5862](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/fae5862c6e0947ee1488a7e4775413dbead67c8b)
+  *(uncategorized)* Ensure that buffer::set_line sets the line style ([#926](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/926))
+
+  ````text
+  Fixes a regression in 0.26 where buffer::set_line was no longer setting
+  the style. This was due to the new style field on Line instead of being
+  stored only in the spans.
+
+  Also adds a configuration for just running unit tests to bacon.toml.
+  ````
+
+- [fbb5dfa](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/fbb5dfaaa903efde0e63114c393dc3063d5f56fd)
+  *(uncategorized)* Scrollbar rendering when no track symbols are provided ([#911](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/911))
+
+### Refactor
+
+- [c3fb258](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/c3fb25898f3e3ffe485ee69631b680679874d2cb)
+  *(rect)* Move iters to module and add docs ([#927](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/927))
+
+- [e51ca6e](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/e51ca6e0d2705e6e0a96aeee78f1e80fcaaf34fc)
+  *(uncategorized)* Finish tidying up table ([#942](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/942))
+
+- [91040c0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/91040c0865043b8d5e7387509523a41345ed5af3)
+  *(uncategorized)* Rearrange block structure ([#939](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/939))
+
+### Documentation
+
+- [61a8278](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/61a827821dff2bd733377cfc143266edce1dbeec)
+  *(canvas)* Add documentation to canvas module ([#913](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/913))
+
+  ````text
+  Document the whole `canvas` module. With this, the whole `widgets`
+  module is documented.
+  ````
+
+- [d2d91f7](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/d2d91f754c87458c6d07863eca20f3ea8ae319ce)
+  *(changelog)* Add sponsors section ([#908](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/908))
+
+- [410d08b](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/410d08b2b5812d7e29302adc0e8ddf18eb7d1d26)
+  *(uncategorized)* Add link to FOSDEM 2024 talk ([#944](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/944))
+
+- [1f208ff](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/1f208ffd0368b4d269854dc0c550686dcd2d1de0)
+  *(uncategorized)* Add GitHub Sponsors badge ([#943](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/943))
+
+### Performance
+
+- [0963463](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/096346350e19c5de9a4d74bba64796997e9f40da)
+  *(uncategorized)* Use drain instead of remove in chart examples ([#922](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/922))
+
+### Miscellaneous Tasks
+
+- [a4892ad](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/a4892ad444739d7a760bc45bbd954e728c66b2d2)
+  *(uncategorized)* Fix typo in docsrs example ([#946](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/946))
+
+- [18870ce](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/18870ce99063a492674de061441b2cce5dc54c60)
+  *(uncategorized)* Fix the method name for setting the Line style ([#947](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/947))
+
+- [8fb4630](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/8fb46301a00b5d065f9b890496f914d3fdc17495)
+  *(uncategorized)* Remove github action bot that makes comments nudging commit signing ([#937](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/937))
+
+  ````text
+  We can consider reverting this commit once this PR is merged:
+  https://github.com/1Password/check-signed-commits-action/pull/9
+  ````
+
+### Contributors
+
+Thank you so much to everyone that contributed to this release!
+
+Here is the list of contributors who have contributed to `ratatui` for the first time!
+
+* @mo8it
+* @m4rch3n1ng
+
+## [0.26.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.26.0) - 2024-02-02
 
 We are excited to announce the new version of `ratatui` - a Rust library that's all about cooking up TUIs 🐭
 
@@ -1648,7 +2257,18 @@ Here is the list of contributors who have contributed to `ratatui` for the first
 * @bblsh
 * @Eeelco
 
-## [0.25.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/0.25.0) - 2023-12-18
+### Sponsors
+
+Shout out to our new sponsors!
+
+* @pythops
+* @DanNixon
+* @ymgyt
+* @plabayo
+* @atuinsh
+* @JeftavanderHorst!
+
+## [0.25.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.25.0) - 2023-12-18
 
 We are thrilled to announce the new version of `ratatui` - a Rust library that's all about cooking up TUIs 🐭
 
@@ -2133,7 +2753,7 @@ Here is the list of contributors who have contributed to `ratatui` for the first
 * @YeungKC
 * @lyuha
 
-## [0.24.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/0.24.0) - 2023-10-23
+## [0.24.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.24.0) - 2023-10-23
 
 We are excited to announce the new version of `ratatui` - a Rust library that's all about cooking up TUIs 🐭
 

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ exist to show coverage directly in your editor. E.g.:
 
 ### Documentation
 
-Here are some guidelines for writing documentation in Ratatui.  
+Here are some guidelines for writing documentation in Ratatui.
+
 Every public API **must** be documented.
 
 Keep in mind that Ratatui tends to attract beginner Rust users that may not be familiar with Rust
@@ -125,10 +126,9 @@ the concepts pointing to the various methods. Focus on interaction with various
 enough information that helps understand why you might want something.
 
 Examples should help users understand a particular usage, not test a feature. They should be as
-simple as possible.  
-Prefer hiding imports and using wildcards to keep things concise. Some imports may still be shown
-to demonstrate a particular non-obvious import (e.g. `Stylize` trait to use style methods).  
-Speaking of `Stylize`, you should use it over the more verbose style setters:
+simple as possible. Prefer hiding imports and using wildcards to keep things concise. Some imports
+may still be shown to demonstrate a particular non-obvious import (e.g. `Stylize` trait to use style
+methods). Speaking of `Stylize`, you should use it over the more verbose style setters:
 
 ```rust
 let style = Style::new().red().bold();
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifiers::BOLD);
 
 #### Format
 
-- First line is summary, second is blank, third onward is more detail  
+- First line is summary, second is blank, third onward is more detail
 
 ```rust
 /// Summary
@@ -148,10 +148,10 @@ let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifiers::BOLD);
 fn foo() {}
 ```
 
-- Max line length is 100 characters  
+- Max line length is 100 characters
 See [vscode rewrap extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=stkb.rewrap)
 
-- Doc comments are above macros  
+- Doc comments are above macros
 i.e.
 
 ```rust
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ i.e.
 struct Foo {}
 ```
 
-- Code items should be between backticks  
+- Code items should be between backticks
 i.e. ``[`Block`]``, **NOT** ``[Block]``
 
 ### Deprecation notice

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 [package]
 name = "ratatui"
-version = "0.26.0" # crate version
+version = "0.26.2" # crate version
 authors = ["Florian Dehau <work@fdehau.com>", "The Ratatui Developers"]
 description = "A library that's all about cooking up terminal user interfaces"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/"
-keywords = ["tui", "terminal", "dashboard"]
 repository = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui"
+homepage = "https://ratatui.rs"
+keywords = ["tui", "terminal", "dashboard"]
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
 exclude = [
@@ -18,29 +20,28 @@ exclude = [
 ]
 autoexamples = true
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.70.0"
+rust-version = "1.74.0"
 
 [badges]
 
 [dependencies]
-crossterm = { version = "0.27", optional = true }
-termion = { version = "3.0", optional = true }
-termwiz = { version = "0.22.0", optional = true }
-
-serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["derive"] }
 bitflags = "2.3"
 cassowary = "0.3"
-indoc = "2.0"
+compact_str = "0.7.1"
+crossterm = { version = "0.27", optional = true }
+document-features = { version = "0.2.7", optional = true }
 itertools = "0.12"
+lru = "0.12.0"
 paste = "1.0.2"
+serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["derive"] }
+stability = "0.2.0"
 strum = { version = "0.26", features = ["derive"] }
+termion = { version = "3.0", optional = true }
+termwiz = { version = "0.22.0", optional = true }
 time = { version = "0.3.11", optional = true, features = ["local-offset"] }
 unicode-segmentation = "1.10"
+unicode-truncate = "1"
 unicode-width = "0.1"
-document-features = { version = "0.2.7", optional = true }
-lru = "0.12.0"
-stability = "0.1.1"
-compact_str = "0.7.1"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 anyhow = "1.0.71"
@@ -51,16 +52,52 @@ cargo-husky = { version = "1.5.0", default-features = false, features = [
 ] }
 color-eyre = "0.6.2"
 criterion = { version = "0.5.1", features = ["html_reports"] }
-derive_builder = "0.13.0"
+derive_builder = "0.20.0"
 fakeit = "1.1"
 font8x8 = "0.3.1"
+indoc = "2"
 palette = "0.7.3"
 pretty_assertions = "1.4.0"
 rand = "0.8.5"
 rand_chacha = "0.3.1"
-rstest = "0.18.2"
+rstest = "0.19.0"
 serde_json = "1.0.109"
 
+[lints.rust]
+unsafe_code = "forbid"
+
+[lints.clippy]
+cargo = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+pedantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+cast_possible_truncation = "allow"
+cast_possible_wrap = "allow"
+cast_precision_loss = "allow"
+cast_sign_loss = "allow"
+missing_errors_doc = "allow"
+missing_panics_doc = "allow"
+module_name_repetitions = "allow"
+must_use_candidate = "allow"
+wildcard_imports = "allow"
+
+# nursery or restricted
+as_underscore = "warn"
+deref_by_slicing = "warn"
+else_if_without_else = "warn"
+empty_line_after_doc_comments = "warn"
+equatable_if_let = "warn"
+fn_to_numeric_cast_any = "warn"
+format_push_string = "warn"
+map_err_ignore = "warn"
+missing_const_for_fn = "warn"
+mixed_read_write_in_expression = "warn"
+mod_module_files = "warn"
+needless_raw_strings = "warn"
+redundant_type_annotations = "warn"
+rest_pat_in_fully_bound_structs = "warn"
+string_lit_chars_any = "warn"
+string_to_string = "warn"
+use_self = "warn"
+
 [features]
 #! The crate provides a set of optional features that can be enabled in your `cargo.toml` file.
 #!
@@ -126,6 +163,10 @@ harness = false
 name = "block"
 harness = false
 
+[[bench]]
+name = "line"
+harness = false
+
 [[bench]]
 name = "list"
 harness = false

FUNDING.json

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "drips": {
+    "ethereum": {
+      "ownedBy": "0x6053C8984f4F214Ad12c4653F28514E1E09213B5"
+    }
+  }
+}

LICENSE

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)
 
 Copyright (c) 2016-2022 Florian Dehau
-Copyright (c) 2023 The Ratatui Developers
+Copyright (c) 2023-2024 The Ratatui Developers
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

Makefile.toml

@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@ skip_core_tasks = true
 # all features except the backend ones
 ALL_FEATURES = "all-widgets,macros,serde"
 
+[env.ALL_FEATURES_FLAG]
 # Windows does not support building termion, so this avoids the build failure by providing two
 # sets of flags, one for Windows and one for other platforms.
-# Windows: --features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termwiz,underline-color
-# Other: --features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termion,termwiz,underline-color
-ALL_FEATURES_FLAG = { source = "${CARGO_MAKE_RUST_TARGET_OS}", default_value = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termion,termwiz,unstable", mapping = { "windows" = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termwiz,unstable" } }
+source = "${CARGO_MAKE_RUST_TARGET_OS}"
+default_value = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termion,termwiz,underline-color,unstable"
+mapping = { "windows" = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termwiz,underline-color,unstable" }
 
 [tasks.default]
 alias = "ci"

README.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 <div align="center">
 
 [![Crate Badge]][Crate] [![Docs Badge]][API Docs] [![CI Badge]][CI Workflow] [![License
-Badge]](./LICENSE)<br>
+Badge]](./LICENSE) [![Sponsors Badge]][GitHub Sponsors]<br>
 [![Codecov Badge]][Codecov] [![Deps.rs Badge]][Deps.rs] [![Discord Badge]][Discord Server]
 [![Matrix Badge]][Matrix]<br>
 
@@ -61,6 +61,9 @@ This is in contrast to the retained mode style of rendering where widgets are up
 automatically redrawn on the next frame. See the [Rendering] section of the [Ratatui Website]
 for more info.
 
+You can also watch the [FOSDEM 2024 talk] about Ratatui which gives a brief introduction to
+terminal user interfaces and showcases the features of Ratatui, along with a hello world demo.
+
 ## Other documentation
 
 - [Ratatui Website] - explains the library's concepts and provides step-by-step tutorials
@@ -159,7 +162,7 @@ fn handle_events() -> io::Result<bool> {
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
     frame.render_widget(
         Paragraph::new("Hello World!")
-            .block(Block::default().title("Greeting").borders(Borders::ALL)),
+            .block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
         frame.size(),
     );
 }
@@ -204,11 +207,11 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
     )
     .split(main_layout[1]);
     frame.render_widget(
-        Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Left"),
+        Block::bordered().title("Left"),
         inner_layout[0],
     );
     frame.render_widget(
-        Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Right"),
+        Block::bordered().title("Right"),
         inner_layout[1],
     );
 }
@@ -301,6 +304,7 @@ Running this example produces the following output:
 [Changelog]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md
 [Contributing]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md
 [Breaking Changes]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/BREAKING-CHANGES.md
+[FOSDEM 2024 talk]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU0q6NOLJ20
 [docsrs-hello]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/c3c3c289b1eb8d562afb1931adb4dc719cd48490/examples/docsrs-hello.png?raw=true
 [docsrs-layout]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/c3c3c289b1eb8d562afb1931adb4dc719cd48490/examples/docsrs-layout.png?raw=true
 [docsrs-styling]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/c3c3c289b1eb8d562afb1931adb4dc719cd48490/examples/docsrs-styling.png?raw=true
@@ -322,23 +326,24 @@ Running this example produces the following output:
 [Termion]: https://crates.io/crates/termion
 [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
 [tui-rs]: https://crates.io/crates/tui
-[Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square
-[License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square
-[CI Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
+[GitHub Sponsors]: https://github.com/sponsors/ratatui-org
+[Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44&color=E05D44
+[License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square&color=1370D3
+[CI Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
 [CI Workflow]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions/workflows/ci.yml
 [Codecov Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST
+    https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST&color=C43AC3&logoColor=C43AC3
 [Codecov]: https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui
 [Deps.rs Badge]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui/status.svg?style=flat-square
 [Deps.rs]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui
 [Discord Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square
+    https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square&color=1370D3&logoColor=1370D3
 [Discord Server]: https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj
-[Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square
+[Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44
 [Matrix Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix
+    https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix&color=C43AC3
 [Matrix]: https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org
+[Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square&color=1370D3
 
 <!-- cargo-rdme end -->
 

bacon.toml

@@ -44,6 +44,16 @@ command = [
 ]
 need_stdout = true
 
+[jobs.test-unit]
+command = [
+    "cargo", "test",
+    "--lib",
+    "--all-features",
+    "--color", "always",
+    "--", "--color", "always", # see https://github.com/Canop/bacon/issues/124
+]
+need_stdout = true
+
 [jobs.doc]
 command = [
     "cargo", "+nightly", "doc",
@@ -74,7 +84,7 @@ on_success = "job:doc" # so that we don't open the browser at each change
 command = [
     "cargo", "llvm-cov",
     "--lcov", "--output-path", "target/lcov.info",
-    "--all-features", 
+    "--all-features",
     "--color", "always",
 ]
 
@@ -97,4 +107,6 @@ ctrl-c = "job:check-crossterm"
 ctrl-t = "job:check-termion"
 ctrl-w = "job:check-termwiz"
 v = "job:coverage"
-u = "job:coverage-unit-tests-only"
+ctrl-v = "job:coverage-unit-tests-only"
+u = "job:test-unit"
+n = "job:nextest"

benches/barchart.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use ratatui::{
 };
 
 /// Benchmark for rendering a barchart.
-pub fn barchart(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn barchart(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("barchart");
     let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, barchart: &BarChart) {
             bench_barchart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
         },
         criterion::BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    )
+    );
 }
 
 criterion_group!(benches, barchart);

benches/block.rs

@@ -1,44 +1,42 @@
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Bencher, Criterion};
 use ratatui::{
     buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::Rect,
-    prelude::Alignment,
+    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
     widgets::{
         block::{Position, Title},
-        Block, Borders, Padding, Widget,
+        Block, Padding, Widget,
     },
 };
 
 /// Benchmark for rendering a block.
-pub fn block(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn block(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("block");
 
-    for buffer_size in &[
-        Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 50),  // vertically split screen
-        Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 50),  // 1080p fullscreen with medium font
-        Rect::new(0, 0, 256, 256), // Max sized area
+    for (width, height) in [
+        (100, 50),  // vertically split screen
+        (200, 50),  // 1080p fullscreen with medium font
+        (256, 256), // Max sized area
     ] {
-        let buffer_area = buffer_size.area();
+        let buffer_size = Rect::new(0, 0, width, height);
 
         // Render an empty block
         group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("render_empty", buffer_area),
+            format!("render_empty/{width}x{height}"),
             &Block::new(),
             |b, block| render(b, block, buffer_size),
         );
 
         // Render with all features
         group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("render_all_feature", buffer_area),
-            &Block::new()
-                .borders(Borders::ALL)
+            format!("render_all_feature/{width}x{height}"),
+            &Block::bordered()
+                .padding(Padding::new(5, 5, 2, 2))
                 .title("test title")
                 .title(
                     Title::from("bottom left title")
                         .alignment(Alignment::Right)
                         .position(Position::Bottom),
-                )
-                .padding(Padding::new(5, 5, 2, 2)),
+                ),
             |b, block| render(b, block, buffer_size),
         );
     }
@@ -47,8 +45,8 @@ pub fn block(c: &mut Criterion) {
 }
 
 /// render the block into a buffer of the given `size`
-fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, block: &Block, size: &Rect) {
-    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(*size);
+fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, block: &Block, size: Rect) {
+    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(size);
     // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
     // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
     bencher.iter_batched(
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, block: &Block, size: &Rect) {
             bench_block.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
         },
         BatchSize::SmallInput,
-    )
+    );
 }
 
 criterion_group!(benches, block);

benches/line.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use std::hint::black_box;
+
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
+    style::Stylize,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
+
+fn line_render(criterion: &mut Criterion) {
+    for alignment in [Alignment::Left, Alignment::Center, Alignment::Right] {
+        let mut group = criterion.benchmark_group(format!("line_render/{alignment}"));
+        group.sample_size(1000);
+
+        let line = &Line::from(vec![
+            "This".red(),
+            " ".green(),
+            "is".italic(),
+            " ".blue(),
+            "SPARTA!!".bold(),
+        ])
+        .alignment(alignment);
+
+        for width in [0, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 42] {
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, width, 1);
+
+            group.bench_function(width.to_string(), |bencher| {
+                let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(area);
+                bencher.iter(|| black_box(line).render(area, &mut buffer));
+            });
+        }
+        group.finish();
+    }
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, line_render);
+criterion_main!(benches);

benches/list.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use ratatui::{
 
 /// Benchmark for rendering a list.
 /// It only benchmarks the render with a different amount of items.
-pub fn list(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn list(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("list");
 
     for line_count in [64, 2048, 16384] {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub fn list(c: &mut Criterion) {
                     ListState::default()
                         .with_offset(line_count / 2)
                         .with_selected(Some(line_count / 2)),
-                )
+                );
             },
         );
     }
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, list: &List) {
             Widget::render(bench_list, buffer.area, &mut buffer);
         },
         BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    )
+    );
 }
 
 /// render the list into a common size buffer with a state
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn render_stateful(bencher: &mut Bencher, list: &List, mut state: ListState) {
             StatefulWidget::render(bench_list, buffer.area, &mut buffer, &mut state);
         },
         BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    )
+    );
 }
 
 criterion_group!(benches, list);

benches/paragraph.rs

@@ -17,15 +17,15 @@ const WRAP_WIDTH: u16 = 100;
 /// Benchmark for rendering a paragraph with a given number of lines. The design of this benchmark
 /// allows comparison of the performance of rendering a paragraph with different numbers of lines.
 /// as well as comparing with the various settings on the scroll and wrap features.
-pub fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("paragraph");
-    for &line_count in [64, 2048, MAX_SCROLL_OFFSET].iter() {
+    for line_count in [64, 2048, MAX_SCROLL_OFFSET] {
         let lines = random_lines(line_count);
         let lines = lines.as_str();
 
         // benchmark that measures the overhead of creating a paragraph separately from rendering
         group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new("new", line_count), lines, |b, lines| {
-            b.iter(|| Paragraph::new(black_box(lines)))
+            b.iter(|| Paragraph::new(black_box(lines)));
         });
 
         // render the paragraph with no scroll
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ pub fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
         // scroll the paragraph by half the number of lines and render
         group.bench_with_input(
             BenchmarkId::new("render_scroll_half", line_count),
-            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0u16, line_count / 2)),
+            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0, line_count / 2)),
             |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, NO_WRAP_WIDTH),
         );
 
         // scroll the paragraph by the full number of lines and render
         group.bench_with_input(
             BenchmarkId::new("render_scroll_full", line_count),
-            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0u16, line_count)),
+            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0, line_count)),
             |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, NO_WRAP_WIDTH),
         );
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pub fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
             BenchmarkId::new("render_wrap_scroll_full", line_count),
             &Paragraph::new(lines)
                 .wrap(Wrap { trim: false })
-                .scroll((0u16, line_count)),
+                .scroll((0, line_count)),
             |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, WRAP_WIDTH),
         );
     }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, paragraph: &Paragraph, width: u16) {
             bench_paragraph.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
         },
         BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    )
+    );
 }
 
 /// Create a string with the given number of lines filled with nonsense words
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, paragraph: &Paragraph, width: u16) {
 /// English language has about 5.1 average characters per word so including the space between words
 /// this should emit around 200 characters per paragraph on average.
 fn random_lines(count: u16) -> String {
-    let count = count as i64;
+    let count = i64::from(count);
     let sentence_count = 3;
     let word_count = 11;
     fakeit::words::paragraph(count, sentence_count, word_count, "\n".into())

benches/sparkline.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use ratatui::{
 };
 
 /// Benchmark for rendering a sparkline.
-pub fn sparkline(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn sparkline(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("sparkline");
     let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, sparkline: &Sparkline) {
             bench_sparkline.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
         },
         criterion::BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    )
+    );
 }
 
 criterion_group!(benches, sparkline);

cliff.toml

@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-# configuration for https://github.com/orhun/git-cliff
+# git-cliff ~ configuration file
+# https://git-cliff.org/docs/configuration
+
+[remote.github]
+owner = "ratatui-org"
+repo = "ratatui"
 
 [changelog]
 # changelog header
@@ -21,8 +26,10 @@ body = """
 {% endif -%}
 
 {% macro commit(commit) -%}
-- [{{ commit.id | truncate(length=7, end="") }}]({{ "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/" ~ commit.id }})
-  *({{commit.scope | default(value = "uncategorized") | lower }})* {{ commit.message | upper_first }}
+- [{{ commit.id | truncate(length=7, end="") }}]({{ "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/" ~ commit.id }}) \
+  *({{commit.scope | default(value = "uncategorized") | lower }})* {{ commit.message | upper_first | trim }}\
+  {% if commit.github.username %} by @{{ commit.github.username }}{%- endif -%}\
+  {% if commit.github.pr_number %} in [#{{ commit.github.pr_number }}]({{ self::remote_url() }}/pull/{{ commit.github.pr_number }}){%- endif %}\
 {%- if commit.breaking %} [**breaking**]{% endif %}
 {%- if commit.body %}
 
@@ -49,6 +56,28 @@ body = """
 {%- endif -%}
 {%- endfor -%}
 {%- endfor %}
+
+{% if github.contributors | filter(attribute="is_first_time", value=true) | length != 0 %}
+### New Contributors
+{%- endif %}\
+{% for contributor in github.contributors | filter(attribute="is_first_time", value=true) %}
+* @{{ contributor.username }} made their first contribution
+{%- if contributor.pr_number %} in \
+[#{{ contributor.pr_number }}]({{ self::remote_url() }}/pull/{{ contributor.pr_number }}) \
+{%- endif %}
+{%- endfor -%}
+
+{% if version %}
+{% if previous.version %}
+**Full Changelog**: {{ self::remote_url() }}/compare/{{ previous.version }}...{{ version }}
+{% endif %}
+{% else -%}
+  {% raw %}\n{% endraw %}
+{% endif %}
+
+{%- macro remote_url() -%}
+https://github.com/{{ remote.github.owner }}/{{ remote.github.repo }}\
+{% endmacro %}
 """
 
 
@@ -68,7 +97,7 @@ filter_unconventional = true
 split_commits = false
 # regex for preprocessing the commit messages
 commit_preprocessors = [
-  { pattern = '\((\w+\s)?#([0-9]+)\)', replace = "([#${2}](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/${2}))" },
+  { pattern = '\((\w+\s)?#([0-9]+)\)', replace = "" },
   { pattern = '(better safe shared layout cache)', replace = "perf(layout): ${1}" },
   { pattern = '(Clarify README.md)', replace = "docs(readme): ${1}" },
   { pattern = '(Update README.md)', replace = "docs(readme): ${1}" },

clippy.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+avoid-breaking-exported-api = false
+
+# https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#/multiple_crate_versions
+# ratatui -> bitflags v2.3
+# termwiz -> wezterm-blob-leases -> mac_address -> nix -> bitflags v1.3.2
+# crossterm -> all the windows- deps https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1064#issuecomment-2078848980
+allowed-duplicate-crates = [
+    "bitflags",
+    "windows-targets",
+    "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
+    "windows_aarch64_msvc",
+    "windows_i686_gnu",
+    "windows_i686_msvc",
+    "windows_x86_64_gnu",
+    "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
+    "windows_x86_64_msvc",
+]

examples/README.md

@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 # Examples
 
-This folder contains unreleased code. View the [examples for the latest release
-(0.25.0)](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/v0.25.0/examples) instead.
+This folder might use unreleased code. View the examples for the latest release instead.
 
 > [!WARNING]
 >
-> There are backwards incompatible changes in these examples, as they are designed to compile
+> There may be backwards incompatible changes in these examples, as they are designed to compile
 > against the `main` branch.
 >
 > There are a few workaround for this problem:
 >
 > - View the examples as they were when the latest version was release by selecting the tag that
->   matches that version. E.g. <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/v0.25.0/examples>. There
->   is a combo box at the top of this page which allows you to select any previous tagged version.
-> - To view the code locally, checkout the tag using `git switch --detach v0.25.0`.
-> - Use the latest [alpha version of Ratatui]. These are released weekly on Saturdays.
+>   matches that version. E.g. <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/v0.26.1/examples>.
+> - If you're viewing this file on GitHub, there is a combo box at the top of this page  which
+>   allows you to select any previous tagged version.
+> - To view the code locally, checkout the tag. E.g. `git switch --detach v0.26.1`.
+> - Use the latest [alpha version of Ratatui] in your app. These are released weekly on Saturdays.
 > - Compile your code against the main branch either locally by adding e.g. `path = "../ratatui"` to
 >   the dependency, or remotely by adding `git = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui"`
 >

examples/barchart.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] BarChart example
+//! # [Ratatui] `BarChart` example
 //!
 //! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
 //!
@@ -24,7 +24,10 @@ use crossterm::{
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block, Paragraph},
+};
 
 struct Company<'a> {
     revenue: [u64; 4],
@@ -41,7 +44,7 @@ struct App<'a> {
 const TOTAL_REVENUE: &str = "Total Revenue";
 
 impl<'a> App<'a> {
-    fn new() -> App<'a> {
+    fn new() -> Self {
         App {
             data: vec![
                 ("B1", 9),
@@ -137,7 +140,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
         let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
         if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -156,7 +159,7 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     let [left, right] = horizontal.areas(bottom);
 
     let barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Data1"))
         .data(&app.data)
         .bar_width(9)
         .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
@@ -167,6 +170,7 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     draw_horizontal_bars(frame, app, right);
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
 fn create_groups<'a>(app: &'a App, combine_values_and_labels: bool) -> Vec<BarGroup<'a>> {
     app.months
         .iter()
@@ -206,21 +210,23 @@ fn create_groups<'a>(app: &'a App, combine_values_and_labels: bool) -> Vec<BarGr
         .collect()
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 fn draw_bar_with_group_labels(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
+    const LEGEND_HEIGHT: u16 = 6;
+
     let groups = create_groups(app, false);
 
     let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Data1"))
         .bar_width(7)
         .group_gap(3);
 
     for group in groups {
-        barchart = barchart.data(group)
+        barchart = barchart.data(group);
     }
 
     f.render_widget(barchart, area);
 
-    const LEGEND_HEIGHT: u16 = 6;
     if area.height >= LEGEND_HEIGHT && area.width >= TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2 {
         let legend_width = TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2;
         let legend_area = Rect {
@@ -233,23 +239,25 @@ fn draw_bar_with_group_labels(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 fn draw_horizontal_bars(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
+    const LEGEND_HEIGHT: u16 = 6;
+
     let groups = create_groups(app, true);
 
     let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Data1"))
         .bar_width(1)
         .group_gap(1)
         .bar_gap(0)
         .direction(Direction::Horizontal);
 
     for group in groups {
-        barchart = barchart.data(group)
+        barchart = barchart.data(group);
     }
 
     f.render_widget(barchart, area);
 
-    const LEGEND_HEIGHT: u16 = 6;
     if area.height >= LEGEND_HEIGHT && area.width >= TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2 {
         let legend_width = TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2;
         let legend_area = Rect {
@@ -278,15 +286,13 @@ fn draw_legend(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
             "- Company B",
             Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
         )),
-        Line::from(vec![Span::styled(
+        Line::from(Span::styled(
             "- Company C",
             Style::default().fg(Color::White),
-        )]),
+        )),
     ];
 
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::White));
+    let block = Block::bordered().style(Style::default().fg(Color::White));
     let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text).block(block);
     f.render_widget(paragraph, area);
 }

examples/block.rs

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal) -> Result<()> {
 fn handle_events() -> Result<ControlFlow<()>> {
     if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(100))? {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+            if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                 return Ok(ControlFlow::Break(()));
             }
         }
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ fn placeholder_paragraph() -> Paragraph<'static> {
 fn render_borders(paragraph: &Paragraph, border: Borders, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
     let block = Block::new()
         .borders(border)
-        .title(format!("Borders::{border:#?}", border = border));
+        .title(format!("Borders::{border:#?}"));
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
@@ -160,23 +160,20 @@ fn render_border_type(
     frame: &mut Frame,
     area: Rect,
 ) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .border_type(border_type)
         .title(format!("BorderType::{border_type:#?}"));
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 fn render_styled_borders(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .border_style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic())
         .title("Styled borders");
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
 fn render_styled_block(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic())
         .title("Styled block");
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
@@ -184,8 +181,7 @@ fn render_styled_block(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
 
 // Note: this currently renders incorrectly, see https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/349
 fn render_styled_title(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .title("Styled title")
         .title_style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic());
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
@@ -196,21 +192,19 @@ fn render_styled_title_content(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: R
         "Styled ".blue().on_white().bold().italic(),
         "title content".red().on_white().bold().italic(),
     ]);
-    let block = Block::new().borders(Borders::ALL).title(title);
+    let block = Block::bordered().title(title);
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
 fn render_multiple_titles(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .title("Multiple".blue().on_white().bold().italic())
         .title("Titles".red().on_white().bold().italic());
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
 fn render_multiple_title_positions(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .title(
             Title::from("top left")
                 .position(Position::Top)
@@ -245,16 +239,15 @@ fn render_multiple_title_positions(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, are
 }
 
 fn render_padding(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
-        .title("Padding")
-        .padding(Padding::new(5, 10, 1, 2));
+    let block = Block::bordered()
+        .padding(Padding::new(5, 10, 1, 2))
+        .title("Padding");
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
 fn render_nested_blocks(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let outer_block = Block::new().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Outer block");
-    let inner_block = Block::new().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Inner block");
+    let outer_block = Block::bordered().title("Outer block");
+    let inner_block = Block::bordered().title("Inner block");
     let inner = outer_block.inner(area);
     frame.render_widget(outer_block, area);
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(inner_block), inner);

examples/calendar.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
+
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
 use crossterm::{
@@ -166,15 +168,13 @@ fn make_dates(current_year: i32) -> CalendarEventStore {
 mod cals {
     use super::*;
 
-    pub(super) fn get_cal<'a, DS: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: DS) -> Monthly<'a, DS> {
-        use Month::*;
+    pub fn get_cal<'a, DS: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: DS) -> Monthly<'a, DS> {
         match m {
-            May => example1(m, y, es),
-            June => example2(m, y, es),
-            July => example3(m, y, es),
-            December => example3(m, y, es),
-            February => example4(m, y, es),
-            November => example5(m, y, es),
+            Month::May => example1(m, y, es),
+            Month::June => example2(m, y, es),
+            Month::July | Month::December => example3(m, y, es),
+            Month::February => example4(m, y, es),
+            Month::November => example5(m, y, es),
             _ => default(m, y, es),
         }
     }

examples/canvas.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
+
 use std::{
     io::{self, stdout, Stdout},
     time::{Duration, Instant},
@@ -44,8 +46,8 @@ struct App {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> App {
-        App {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
             x: 0.0,
             y: 0.0,
             ball: Circle {
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ impl App {
 
     pub fn run() -> io::Result<()> {
         let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
-        let mut app = App::new();
+        let mut app = Self::new();
         let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
         let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(16);
         loop {
@@ -106,13 +108,13 @@ impl App {
         // bounce the ball by flipping the velocity vector
         let ball = &self.ball;
         let playground = self.playground;
-        if ball.x - ball.radius < playground.left() as f64
-            || ball.x + ball.radius > playground.right() as f64
+        if ball.x - ball.radius < f64::from(playground.left())
+            || ball.x + ball.radius > f64::from(playground.right())
         {
             self.vx = -self.vx;
         }
-        if ball.y - ball.radius < playground.top() as f64
-            || ball.y + ball.radius > playground.bottom() as f64
+        if ball.y - ball.radius < f64::from(playground.top())
+            || ball.y + ball.radius > f64::from(playground.bottom())
         {
             self.vy = -self.vy;
         }
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ impl App {
 
     fn map_canvas(&self) -> impl Widget + '_ {
         Canvas::default()
-            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("World"))
+            .block(Block::bordered().title("World"))
             .marker(self.marker)
             .paint(|ctx| {
                 ctx.draw(&Map {
@@ -150,7 +152,7 @@ impl App {
 
     fn pong_canvas(&self) -> impl Widget + '_ {
         Canvas::default()
-            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Pong"))
+            .block(Block::bordered().title("Pong"))
             .marker(self.marker)
             .paint(|ctx| {
                 ctx.draw(&self.ball);
@@ -160,36 +162,38 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn boxes_canvas(&self, area: Rect) -> impl Widget {
-        let (left, right, bottom, top) =
-            (0.0, area.width as f64, 0.0, area.height as f64 * 2.0 - 4.0);
+        let left = 0.0;
+        let right = f64::from(area.width);
+        let bottom = 0.0;
+        let top = f64::from(area.height).mul_add(2.0, -4.0);
         Canvas::default()
-            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Rects"))
+            .block(Block::bordered().title("Rects"))
             .marker(self.marker)
             .x_bounds([left, right])
             .y_bounds([bottom, top])
             .paint(|ctx| {
                 for i in 0..=11 {
                     ctx.draw(&Rectangle {
-                        x: (i * i + 3 * i) as f64 / 2.0 + 2.0,
+                        x: f64::from(i * i + 3 * i) / 2.0 + 2.0,
                         y: 2.0,
-                        width: i as f64,
-                        height: i as f64,
+                        width: f64::from(i),
+                        height: f64::from(i),
                         color: Color::Red,
                     });
                     ctx.draw(&Rectangle {
-                        x: (i * i + 3 * i) as f64 / 2.0 + 2.0,
+                        x: f64::from(i * i + 3 * i) / 2.0 + 2.0,
                         y: 21.0,
-                        width: i as f64,
-                        height: i as f64,
+                        width: f64::from(i),
+                        height: f64::from(i),
                         color: Color::Blue,
                     });
                 }
                 for i in 0..100 {
                     if i % 10 != 0 {
-                        ctx.print(i as f64 + 1.0, 0.0, format!("{i}", i = i % 10));
+                        ctx.print(f64::from(i) + 1.0, 0.0, format!("{i}", i = i % 10));
                     }
                     if i % 2 == 0 && i % 10 != 0 {
-                        ctx.print(0.0, i as f64, format!("{i}", i = i % 10));
+                        ctx.print(0.0, f64::from(i), format!("{i}", i = i % 10));
                     }
                 }
             })

examples/chart.rs

@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ use crossterm::{
 };
 use ratatui::{
     prelude::*,
-    widgets::{block::Title, *},
+    widgets::{block::Title, Axis, Block, Chart, Dataset, GraphType, LegendPosition},
 };
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct SinSignal {
+struct SinSignal {
     x: f64,
     interval: f64,
     period: f64,
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ pub struct SinSignal {
 }
 
 impl SinSignal {
-    pub fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> SinSignal {
-        SinSignal {
+    const fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> Self {
+        Self {
             x: 0.0,
             interval,
             period,
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ struct App {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> App {
+    fn new() -> Self {
         let mut signal1 = SinSignal::new(0.2, 3.0, 18.0);
         let mut signal2 = SinSignal::new(0.1, 2.0, 10.0);
         let data1 = signal1.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<(f64, f64)>>();
         let data2 = signal2.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<(f64, f64)>>();
-        App {
+        Self {
             signal1,
             data1,
             signal2,
@@ -81,14 +81,12 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn on_tick(&mut self) {
-        for _ in 0..5 {
-            self.data1.remove(0);
-        }
+        self.data1.drain(0..5);
         self.data1.extend(self.signal1.by_ref().take(5));
-        for _ in 0..10 {
-            self.data2.remove(0);
-        }
+
+        self.data2.drain(0..10);
         self.data2.extend(self.signal2.by_ref().take(10));
+
         self.window[0] += 1.0;
         self.window[1] += 1.0;
     }
@@ -135,7 +133,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
         let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
         if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -186,11 +184,7 @@ fn render_chart1(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, app: &App) {
     ];
 
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
-        .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title("Chart 1".cyan().bold())
-                .borders(Borders::ALL),
-        )
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Chart 1".cyan().bold()))
         .x_axis(
             Axis::default()
                 .title("X Axis")
@@ -219,13 +213,11 @@ fn render_line_chart(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
 
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title(
-                    Title::default()
-                        .content("Line chart".cyan().bold())
-                        .alignment(Alignment::Center),
-                )
-                .borders(Borders::ALL),
+            Block::bordered().title(
+                Title::default()
+                    .content("Line chart".cyan().bold())
+                    .alignment(Alignment::Center),
+            ),
         )
         .x_axis(
             Axis::default()
@@ -244,7 +236,7 @@ fn render_line_chart(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
         .legend_position(Some(LegendPosition::TopLeft))
         .hidden_legend_constraints((Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)));
 
-    f.render_widget(chart, area)
+    f.render_widget(chart, area);
 }
 
 fn render_scatter(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
@@ -271,7 +263,7 @@ fn render_scatter(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
 
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
         .block(
-            Block::new().borders(Borders::all()).title(
+            Block::bordered().title(
                 Title::default()
                     .content("Scatter chart".cyan().bold())
                     .alignment(Alignment::Center),
@@ -312,7 +304,7 @@ const HEAVY_PAYLOAD_DATA: [(f64, f64); 9] = [
 const MEDIUM_PAYLOAD_DATA: [(f64, f64); 29] = [
     (1963., 29500.),
     (1964., 30600.),
-    (1965., 177900.),
+    (1965., 177_900.),
     (1965., 21000.),
     (1966., 17900.),
     (1966., 8400.),
@@ -342,7 +334,7 @@ const MEDIUM_PAYLOAD_DATA: [(f64, f64); 29] = [
 ];
 
 const SMALL_PAYLOAD_DATA: [(f64, f64); 23] = [
-    (1961., 118500.),
+    (1961., 118_500.),
     (1962., 14900.),
     (1975., 21400.),
     (1980., 32800.),

examples/colors.rs

@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-/// This example shows all the colors supported by ratatui. It will render a grid of foreground
-/// and background colors with their names and indexes.
+// This example shows all the colors supported by ratatui. It will render a grid of foreground
+// and background colors with their names and indexes.
+
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     io::{self, Stdout},
@@ -28,7 +29,10 @@ use crossterm::{
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
+};
 
 type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
 
@@ -48,7 +52,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
 
         if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250))? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -226,12 +230,12 @@ fn render_indexed_colors(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
 }
 
 fn title_block(title: String) -> Block<'static> {
-    Block::default()
+    Block::new()
         .borders(Borders::TOP)
-        .border_style(Style::new().dark_gray())
-        .title(title)
         .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .border_style(Style::new().dark_gray())
         .title_style(Style::new().reset())
+        .title(title)
 }
 
 fn render_indexed_grayscale(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {

examples/colors_rgb.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Colors_RGB example
+//! # [Ratatui] `Colors_RGB` example
 //!
 //! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
 //!
@@ -13,18 +13,19 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-/// This example shows the full range of RGB colors that can be displayed in the terminal.
-///
-/// Requires a terminal that supports 24-bit color (true color) and unicode.
-///
-/// This example also demonstrates how implementing the Widget trait on a mutable reference
-/// allows the widget to update its state while it is being rendered. This allows the fps
-/// widget to update the fps calculation and the colors widget to update a cached version of
-/// the colors to render instead of recalculating them every frame.
-///
-/// This is an alternative to using the StatefulWidget trait and a separate state struct. It is
-/// useful when the state is only used by the widget and doesn't need to be shared with other
-/// widgets.
+// This example shows the full range of RGB colors that can be displayed in the terminal.
+//
+// Requires a terminal that supports 24-bit color (true color) and unicode.
+//
+// This example also demonstrates how implementing the Widget trait on a mutable reference
+// allows the widget to update its state while it is being rendered. This allows the fps
+// widget to update the fps calculation and the colors widget to update a cached version of
+// the colors to render instead of recalculating them every frame.
+//
+// This is an alternative to using the `StatefulWidget` trait and a separate state struct. It
+// is useful when the state is only used by the widget and doesn't need to be shared with
+// other widgets.
+
 use std::{
     io::stdout,
     panic,
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ impl App {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
+    const fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self.state, AppState::Running)
     }
 
@@ -140,6 +141,7 @@ impl App {
 /// to update the colors to render.
 impl Widget for &mut App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        #[allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
         use Constraint::*;
         let [top, colors] = Layout::vertical([Length(1), Min(0)]).areas(area);
         let [title, fps] = Layout::horizontal([Min(0), Length(8)]).areas(top);
@@ -151,9 +153,9 @@ impl Widget for &mut App {
     }
 }
 
-/// Default impl for FpsWidget
+/// Default impl for `FpsWidget`
 ///
-/// Manual impl is required because we need to initialize the last_instant field to the current
+/// Manual impl is required because we need to initialize the `last_instant` field to the current
 /// instant.
 impl Default for FpsWidget {
     fn default() -> Self {
@@ -165,7 +167,7 @@ impl Default for FpsWidget {
     }
 }
 
-/// Widget impl for FpsWidget
+/// Widget impl for `FpsWidget`
 ///
 /// This is implemented on a mutable reference so that we can update the frame count and fps
 /// calculation while rendering.
@@ -173,7 +175,7 @@ impl Widget for &mut FpsWidget {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         self.calculate_fps();
         if let Some(fps) = self.fps {
-            let text = format!("{:.1} fps", fps);
+            let text = format!("{fps:.1} fps");
             Text::from(text).render(area, buf);
         }
     }
@@ -185,6 +187,7 @@ impl FpsWidget {
     /// This updates the fps once a second, but only if the widget has rendered at least 2 frames
     /// since the last calculation. This avoids noise in the fps calculation when rendering on slow
     /// machines that can't render at least 2 frames per second.
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
     fn calculate_fps(&mut self) {
         self.frame_count += 1;
         let elapsed = self.last_instant.elapsed();
@@ -196,7 +199,7 @@ impl FpsWidget {
     }
 }
 
-/// Widget impl for ColorsWidget
+/// Widget impl for `ColorsWidget`
 ///
 /// This is implemented on a mutable reference so that we can update the frame count and store a
 /// cached version of the colors to render instead of recalculating them every frame.
@@ -226,6 +229,7 @@ impl ColorsWidget {
     ///
     /// This is called once per frame to setup the colors to render. It caches the colors so that
     /// they don't need to be recalculated every frame.
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
     fn setup_colors(&mut self, size: Rect) {
         let Rect { width, height, .. } = size;
         // double the height because each screen row has two rows of half block pixels
@@ -253,7 +257,7 @@ impl ColorsWidget {
     }
 }
 
-/// Install color_eyre panic and error hooks
+/// Install `color_eyre` panic and error hooks
 ///
 /// The hooks restore the terminal to a usable state before printing the error message.
 fn install_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
@@ -266,7 +270,7 @@ fn install_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
     }))?;
     panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }

examples/constraint-explorer.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
+
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ use ratatui::{
     prelude::*,
     style::palette::tailwind::*,
     symbols::line,
-    widgets::*,
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Wrap},
 };
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr};
 
@@ -67,9 +69,9 @@ enum ConstraintName {
 /// └──────────────┘
 /// ```
 struct ConstraintBlock {
-    selected: bool,
-    legend: bool,
     constraint: Constraint,
+    legend: bool,
+    selected: bool,
 }
 
 /// A widget that renders a spacer with a label indicating the width of the spacer. E.g.:
@@ -146,32 +148,31 @@ impl App {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// select the next block with wrap around
     fn increment_value(&mut self) {
-        if self.constraints.is_empty() {
+        let Some(constraint) = self.constraints.get_mut(self.selected_index) else {
             return;
-        }
-        self.constraints[self.selected_index] = match self.constraints[self.selected_index] {
-            Constraint::Length(v) => Constraint::Length(v.saturating_add(1)),
-            Constraint::Min(v) => Constraint::Min(v.saturating_add(1)),
-            Constraint::Max(v) => Constraint::Max(v.saturating_add(1)),
-            Constraint::Fill(v) => Constraint::Fill(v.saturating_add(1)),
-            Constraint::Percentage(v) => Constraint::Percentage(v.saturating_add(1)),
-            Constraint::Ratio(n, d) => Constraint::Ratio(n, d.saturating_add(1)),
+        };
+        match constraint {
+            Constraint::Length(v)
+            | Constraint::Min(v)
+            | Constraint::Max(v)
+            | Constraint::Fill(v)
+            | Constraint::Percentage(v) => *v = v.saturating_add(1),
+            Constraint::Ratio(_n, d) => *d = d.saturating_add(1),
         };
     }
 
     fn decrement_value(&mut self) {
-        if self.constraints.is_empty() {
+        let Some(constraint) = self.constraints.get_mut(self.selected_index) else {
             return;
-        }
-        self.constraints[self.selected_index] = match self.constraints[self.selected_index] {
-            Constraint::Length(v) => Constraint::Length(v.saturating_sub(1)),
-            Constraint::Min(v) => Constraint::Min(v.saturating_sub(1)),
-            Constraint::Max(v) => Constraint::Max(v.saturating_sub(1)),
-            Constraint::Fill(v) => Constraint::Fill(v.saturating_sub(1)),
-            Constraint::Percentage(v) => Constraint::Percentage(v.saturating_sub(1)),
-            Constraint::Ratio(n, d) => Constraint::Ratio(n, d.saturating_sub(1)),
+        };
+        match constraint {
+            Constraint::Length(v)
+            | Constraint::Min(v)
+            | Constraint::Max(v)
+            | Constraint::Fill(v)
+            | Constraint::Percentage(v) => *v = v.saturating_sub(1),
+            Constraint::Ratio(_n, d) => *d = d.saturating_sub(1),
         };
     }
 
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn exit(&mut self) {
-        self.mode = AppMode::Quit
+        self.mode = AppMode::Quit;
     }
 
     fn swap_constraint(&mut self, name: ConstraintName) {
@@ -235,7 +236,7 @@ impl App {
             ConstraintName::Min => Min(self.value),
             ConstraintName::Max => Max(self.value),
             ConstraintName::Fill => Fill(self.value),
-            ConstraintName::Ratio => Ratio(1, self.value as u32 / 4), // for balance
+            ConstraintName::Ratio => Ratio(1, u32::from(self.value) / 4), // for balance
         };
         self.constraints[self.selected_index] = constraint;
     }
@@ -243,14 +244,13 @@ impl App {
 
 impl From<Constraint> for ConstraintName {
     fn from(constraint: Constraint) -> Self {
-        use Constraint::*;
         match constraint {
-            Length(_) => ConstraintName::Length,
-            Percentage(_) => ConstraintName::Percentage,
-            Ratio(_, _) => ConstraintName::Ratio,
-            Min(_) => ConstraintName::Min,
-            Max(_) => ConstraintName::Max,
-            Fill(_) => ConstraintName::Fill,
+            Length(_) => Self::Length,
+            Percentage(_) => Self::Percentage,
+            Ratio(_, _) => Self::Ratio,
+            Min(_) => Self::Min,
+            Max(_) => Self::Max,
+            Fill(_) => Self::Fill,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -267,9 +267,9 @@ impl Widget for &App {
             ])
             .areas(area);
 
-        self.header().render(header_area, buf);
-        self.instructions().render(instructions_area, buf);
-        self.swap_legend().render(swap_legend_area, buf);
+        App::header().render(header_area, buf);
+        App::instructions().render(instructions_area, buf);
+        App::swap_legend().render(swap_legend_area, buf);
         self.render_layout_blocks(blocks_area, buf);
     }
 }
@@ -280,12 +280,12 @@ impl App {
     const TEXT_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c400;
     const AXIS_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c500;
 
-    fn header(&self) -> impl Widget {
+    fn header() -> impl Widget {
         let text = "Constraint Explorer";
-        text.bold().fg(Self::HEADER_COLOR).to_centered_line()
+        text.bold().fg(Self::HEADER_COLOR).into_centered_line()
     }
 
-    fn instructions(&self) -> impl Widget {
+    fn instructions() -> impl Widget {
         let text = "◄ ►: select, ▲ ▼: edit, 1-6: swap, a: add, x: delete, q: quit, + -: spacing";
         Paragraph::new(text)
             .fg(Self::TEXT_COLOR)
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ impl App {
             .wrap(Wrap { trim: false })
     }
 
-    fn swap_legend(&self) -> impl Widget {
+    fn swap_legend() -> impl Widget {
         #[allow(unstable_name_collisions)]
         Paragraph::new(
             Line::from(
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ impl App {
         let label = if self.spacing != 0 {
             format!("{} px (gap: {} px)", width, self.spacing)
         } else {
-            format!("{} px", width)
+            format!("{width} px")
         };
         let bar_width = width.saturating_sub(2) as usize; // we want to `<` and `>` at the ends
         let width_bar = format!("<{label:-^bar_width$}>");
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ impl App {
         self.render_layout_block(Flex::Center, center, buf);
         self.render_layout_block(Flex::End, end, buf);
         self.render_layout_block(Flex::SpaceAround, space_around, buf);
-        self.render_layout_block(Flex::SpaceBetween, space_between, buf)
+        self.render_layout_block(Flex::SpaceBetween, space_between, buf);
     }
 
     fn render_user_constraints_legend(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ impl App {
             Layout::vertical([Length(1), Max(1), Length(4)]).areas(area);
 
         if label_area.height > 0 {
-            format!("Flex::{:?}", flex).bold().render(label_area, buf);
+            format!("Flex::{flex:?}").bold().render(label_area, buf);
         }
 
         self.axis(area.width).render(axis_area, buf);
@@ -405,17 +405,17 @@ impl Widget for ConstraintBlock {
 impl ConstraintBlock {
     const TEXT_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c200;
 
-    fn new(constraint: Constraint, selected: bool, legend: bool) -> Self {
+    const fn new(constraint: Constraint, selected: bool, legend: bool) -> Self {
         Self {
             constraint,
-            selected,
             legend,
+            selected,
         }
     }
 
     fn label(&self, width: u16) -> String {
-        let long_width = format!("{} px", width);
-        let short_width = format!("{}", width);
+        let long_width = format!("{width} px");
+        let short_width = format!("{width}");
         // border takes up 2 columns
         let available_space = width.saturating_sub(2) as usize;
         let width_label = if long_width.len() < available_space {
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ impl ConstraintBlock {
         } else if short_width.len() < available_space {
             short_width
         } else {
-            "".to_string()
+            String::new()
         };
         format!("{}\n{}", self.constraint, width_label)
     }
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ impl ConstraintBlock {
         } else {
             main_color
         };
-        Block::default()
+        Block::new()
             .fg(Self::TEXT_COLOR)
             .bg(selected_color)
             .render(area, buf);
@@ -499,9 +499,9 @@ impl Widget for SpacerBlock {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         match area.height {
             1 => (),
-            2 => self.render_2px(area, buf),
-            3 => self.render_3px(area, buf),
-            _ => self.render_4px(area, buf),
+            2 => Self::render_2px(area, buf),
+            3 => Self::render_3px(area, buf),
+            _ => Self::render_4px(area, buf),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ impl SpacerBlock {
     /// A label that says "Spacer" if there is enough space
     fn spacer_label(width: u16) -> impl Widget {
         let label = if width >= 6 { "Spacer" } else { "" };
-        label.fg(SpacerBlock::TEXT_COLOR).to_centered_line()
+        label.fg(Self::TEXT_COLOR).into_centered_line()
     }
 
     /// A label that says "8 px" if there is enough space
@@ -553,12 +553,12 @@ impl SpacerBlock {
         } else if short_label.len() < width as usize {
             short_label
         } else {
-            "".to_string()
+            String::new()
         };
         Line::styled(label, Self::TEXT_COLOR).centered()
     }
 
-    fn render_2px(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_2px(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         if area.width > 1 {
             Self::block().render(area, buf);
         } else {
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ impl SpacerBlock {
         }
     }
 
-    fn render_3px(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_3px(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         if area.width > 1 {
             Self::block().render(area, buf);
         } else {
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ impl SpacerBlock {
         Self::spacer_label(area.width).render(row, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_4px(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_4px(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         if area.width > 1 {
             Self::block().render(area, buf);
         } else {
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ impl SpacerBlock {
 }
 
 impl ConstraintName {
-    fn color(&self) -> Color {
+    const fn color(self) -> Color {
         match self {
             Self::Length => SLATE.c700,
             Self::Percentage => SLATE.c800,
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ impl ConstraintName {
         }
     }
 
-    fn lighter_color(&self) -> Color {
+    const fn lighter_color(self) -> Color {
         match self {
             Self::Length => STONE.c500,
             Self::Percentage => STONE.c600,
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
     }))?;
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }

examples/constraints.rs

@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
+
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
 use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
     ExecutableCommand,
 };
@@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ impl App {
         self.max_scroll_offset = (self.selected_tab.get_example_count() - 1) * EXAMPLE_HEIGHT;
     }
 
-    fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
+    fn is_running(self) -> bool {
         self.state == AppState::Running
     }
 
@@ -107,6 +109,9 @@ impl App {
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
             use KeyCode::*;
+            if key.kind != KeyEventKind::Press {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
             match key.code {
                 Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
                 Char('l') | Right => self.next(),
@@ -138,14 +143,14 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn up(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll_offset = self.scroll_offset.saturating_sub(1)
+        self.scroll_offset = self.scroll_offset.saturating_sub(1);
     }
 
     fn down(&mut self) {
         self.scroll_offset = self
             .scroll_offset
             .saturating_add(1)
-            .min(self.max_scroll_offset)
+            .min(self.max_scroll_offset);
     }
 
     fn top(&mut self) {
@@ -159,17 +164,16 @@ impl App {
 
 impl Widget for App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [tabs, axis, demo] =
-            Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Length(3), Fill(0)]).areas(area);
+        let [tabs, axis, demo] = Layout::vertical([Length(3), Length(3), Fill(0)]).areas(area);
 
         self.render_tabs(tabs, buf);
-        self.render_axis(axis, buf);
+        Self::render_axis(axis, buf);
         self.render_demo(demo, buf);
     }
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn render_tabs(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_tabs(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let titles = SelectedTab::iter().map(SelectedTab::to_tab_title);
         let block = Block::new()
             .title("Constraints ".bold())
@@ -183,17 +187,17 @@ impl App {
             .render(area, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_axis(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_axis(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let width = area.width as usize;
         // a bar like `<----- 80 px ----->`
-        let width_label = format!("{} px", width);
+        let width_label = format!("{width} px");
         let width_bar = format!(
             "<{width_label:-^width$}>",
             width = width - width_label.len() / 2
         );
         Paragraph::new(width_bar.dark_gray())
             .centered()
-            .block(Block::default().padding(Padding {
+            .block(Block::new().padding(Padding {
                 left: 0,
                 right: 0,
                 top: 1,
@@ -206,7 +210,8 @@ impl App {
     ///
     /// This function renders the demo content into a separate buffer and then splices the buffer
     /// into the main buffer. This is done to make it possible to handle scrolling easily.
-    fn render_demo(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+    fn render_demo(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         // render demo content into a separate buffer so all examples fit we add an extra
         // area.height to make sure the last example is fully visible even when the scroll offset is
         // at the max
@@ -246,41 +251,40 @@ impl App {
 
 impl SelectedTab {
     /// Get the previous tab, if there is no previous tab return the current tab.
-    fn previous(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index: usize = *self as usize;
+    fn previous(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index: usize = self as usize;
         let previous_index = current_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
     /// Get the next tab, if there is no next tab return the current tab.
-    fn next(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = *self as usize;
+    fn next(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index = self as usize;
         let next_index = current_index.saturating_add(1);
-        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
-    fn get_example_count(&self) -> u16 {
-        use SelectedTab::*;
+    const fn get_example_count(self) -> u16 {
+        #[allow(clippy::match_same_arms)]
         match self {
-            Length => 4,
-            Percentage => 5,
-            Ratio => 4,
-            Fill => 2,
-            Min => 5,
-            Max => 5,
+            Self::Length => 4,
+            Self::Percentage => 5,
+            Self::Ratio => 4,
+            Self::Fill => 2,
+            Self::Min => 5,
+            Self::Max => 5,
         }
     }
 
-    fn to_tab_title(value: SelectedTab) -> Line<'static> {
-        use SelectedTab::*;
+    fn to_tab_title(value: Self) -> Line<'static> {
         let text = format!("  {value}  ");
         let color = match value {
-            Length => LENGTH_COLOR,
-            Percentage => PERCENTAGE_COLOR,
-            Ratio => RATIO_COLOR,
-            Fill => FILL_COLOR,
-            Min => MIN_COLOR,
-            Max => MAX_COLOR,
+            Self::Length => LENGTH_COLOR,
+            Self::Percentage => PERCENTAGE_COLOR,
+            Self::Ratio => RATIO_COLOR,
+            Self::Fill => FILL_COLOR,
+            Self::Min => MIN_COLOR,
+            Self::Max => MAX_COLOR,
         };
         text.fg(tailwind::SLATE.c200).bg(color).into()
     }
@@ -289,18 +293,18 @@ impl SelectedTab {
 impl Widget for SelectedTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         match self {
-            SelectedTab::Length => self.render_length_example(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Percentage => self.render_percentage_example(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Ratio => self.render_ratio_example(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Fill => self.render_fill_example(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Min => self.render_min_example(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Max => self.render_max_example(area, buf),
+            Self::Length => Self::render_length_example(area, buf),
+            Self::Percentage => Self::render_percentage_example(area, buf),
+            Self::Ratio => Self::render_ratio_example(area, buf),
+            Self::Fill => Self::render_fill_example(area, buf),
+            Self::Min => Self::render_min_example(area, buf),
+            Self::Max => Self::render_max_example(area, buf),
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl SelectedTab {
-    fn render_length_example(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_length_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let [example1, example2, example3, _] =
             Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 4]).areas(area);
 
@@ -309,7 +313,7 @@ impl SelectedTab {
         Example::new(&[Length(20), Max(20)]).render(example3, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_percentage_example(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_percentage_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] =
             Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]).areas(area);
 
@@ -320,7 +324,7 @@ impl SelectedTab {
         Example::new(&[Percentage(0), Fill(0)]).render(example5, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_ratio_example(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_ratio_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let [example1, example2, example3, example4, _] =
             Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 5]).areas(area);
 
@@ -330,14 +334,14 @@ impl SelectedTab {
         Example::new(&[Ratio(1, 2), Percentage(25), Length(10)]).render(example4, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_fill_example(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_fill_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let [example1, example2, _] = Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 3]).areas(area);
 
         Example::new(&[Fill(1), Fill(2), Fill(3)]).render(example1, buf);
         Example::new(&[Fill(1), Percentage(50), Fill(1)]).render(example2, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_min_example(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_min_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] =
             Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]).areas(area);
 
@@ -348,7 +352,7 @@ impl SelectedTab {
         Example::new(&[Percentage(100), Min(80)]).render(example5, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_max_example(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_max_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] =
             Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]).areas(area);
 
@@ -379,14 +383,13 @@ impl Widget for Example {
         let blocks = Layout::horizontal(&self.constraints).split(area);
 
         for (block, constraint) in blocks.iter().zip(&self.constraints) {
-            self.illustration(*constraint, block.width)
-                .render(*block, buf);
+            Self::illustration(*constraint, block.width).render(*block, buf);
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl Example {
-    fn illustration(&self, constraint: Constraint, width: u16) -> Paragraph {
+    fn illustration(constraint: Constraint, width: u16) -> impl Widget {
         let color = match constraint {
             Constraint::Length(_) => LENGTH_COLOR,
             Constraint::Percentage(_) => PERCENTAGE_COLOR,
@@ -417,7 +420,7 @@ fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
     }))?;
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }

examples/custom_widget.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use crossterm::{
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
 
 /// A custom widget that renders a button with a label, theme and state.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ const GREEN: Theme = Theme {
 
 /// A button with a label that can be themed.
 impl<'a> Button<'a> {
-    pub fn new<T: Into<Line<'a>>>(label: T) -> Button<'a> {
+    pub fn new<T: Into<Line<'a>>>(label: T) -> Self {
         Button {
             label: label.into(),
             theme: BLUE,
@@ -79,18 +79,19 @@ impl<'a> Button<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn theme(mut self, theme: Theme) -> Button<'a> {
+    pub const fn theme(mut self, theme: Theme) -> Self {
         self.theme = theme;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn state(mut self, state: State) -> Button<'a> {
+    pub const fn state(mut self, state: State) -> Self {
         self.state = state;
         self
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> Widget for Button<'a> {
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let (background, text, shadow, highlight) = self.colors();
         buf.set_style(area, Style::new().bg(background).fg(text));
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ impl<'a> Widget for Button<'a> {
 }
 
 impl Button<'_> {
-    fn colors(&self) -> (Color, Color, Color, Color) {
+    const fn colors(&self) -> (Color, Color, Color, Color) {
         let theme = self.theme;
         match self.state {
             State::Normal => (theme.background, theme.text, theme.shadow, theme.highlight),
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
 
 fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
     let mut selected_button: usize = 0;
-    let button_states = &mut [State::Selected, State::Normal, State::Normal];
+    let mut button_states = [State::Selected, State::Normal, State::Normal];
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|frame| ui(frame, button_states))?;
         if !event::poll(Duration::from_millis(100))? {
@@ -174,18 +175,20 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
                 if key.kind != event::KeyEventKind::Press {
                     continue;
                 }
-                if handle_key_event(key, button_states, &mut selected_button).is_break() {
+                if handle_key_event(key, &mut button_states, &mut selected_button).is_break() {
                     break;
                 }
             }
-            Event::Mouse(mouse) => handle_mouse_event(mouse, button_states, &mut selected_button),
+            Event::Mouse(mouse) => {
+                handle_mouse_event(mouse, &mut button_states, &mut selected_button);
+            }
             _ => (),
         }
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, states: &[State; 3]) {
+fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, states: [State; 3]) {
     let vertical = Layout::vertical([
         Constraint::Length(1),
         Constraint::Max(3),
@@ -202,7 +205,7 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, states: &[State; 3]) {
     frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("←/→: select, Space: toggle, q: quit"), help);
 }
 
-fn render_buttons(frame: &mut Frame<'_>, area: Rect, states: &[State; 3]) {
+fn render_buttons(frame: &mut Frame<'_>, area: Rect, states: [State; 3]) {
     let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([
         Constraint::Length(15),
         Constraint::Length(15),

examples/demo/app.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use rand::{
     distributions::{Distribution, Uniform},
     rngs::ThreadRng,
 };
-use ratatui::widgets::*;
+use ratatui::widgets::ListState;
 
 const TASKS: [&str; 24] = [
     "Item1", "Item2", "Item3", "Item4", "Item5", "Item6", "Item7", "Item8", "Item9", "Item10",
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ pub struct RandomSignal {
 }
 
 impl RandomSignal {
-    pub fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> RandomSignal {
-        RandomSignal {
+    pub fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> Self {
+        Self {
             distribution: Uniform::new(lower, upper),
             rng: rand::thread_rng(),
         }
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ pub struct SinSignal {
 }
 
 impl SinSignal {
-    pub fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> SinSignal {
-        SinSignal {
+    pub const fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> Self {
+        Self {
             x: 0.0,
             interval,
             period,
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ pub struct StatefulList<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T> StatefulList<T> {
-    pub fn with_items(items: Vec<T>) -> StatefulList<T> {
-        StatefulList {
+    pub fn with_items(items: Vec<T>) -> Self {
+        Self {
             state: ListState::default(),
             items,
         }
@@ -191,9 +191,7 @@ where
     S: Iterator,
 {
     fn on_tick(&mut self) {
-        for _ in 0..self.tick_rate {
-            self.points.remove(0);
-        }
+        self.points.drain(0..self.tick_rate);
         self.points
             .extend(self.source.by_ref().take(self.tick_rate));
     }
@@ -237,7 +235,7 @@ pub struct App<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> App<'a> {
-    pub fn new(title: &'a str, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> App<'a> {
+    pub fn new(title: &'a str, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Self {
         let mut rand_signal = RandomSignal::new(0, 100);
         let sparkline_points = rand_signal.by_ref().take(300).collect();
         let mut sin_signal = SinSignal::new(0.2, 3.0, 18.0);

examples/demo/termwiz.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use ratatui::prelude::*;
-use termwiz::{input::*, terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal};
+use termwiz::{
+    input::{InputEvent, KeyCode},
+    terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal,
+};
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};
 

examples/demo/ui.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#[allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
 use ratatui::{
     prelude::*,
     widgets::{canvas::*, *},
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ pub fn draw(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         .iter()
         .map(|t| text::Line::from(Span::styled(*t, Style::default().fg(Color::Green))))
         .collect::<Tabs>()
-        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title(app.title))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title(app.title))
         .highlight_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
         .select(app.tabs.index);
     f.render_widget(tabs, chunks[0]);
@@ -45,12 +46,12 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     ])
     .margin(1)
     .split(area);
-    let block = Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Graphs");
+    let block = Block::bordered().title("Graphs");
     f.render_widget(block, area);
 
     let label = format!("{:.2}%", app.progress * 100.0);
     let gauge = Gauge::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge:"))
+        .block(Block::new().title("Gauge:"))
         .gauge_style(
             Style::default()
                 .fg(Color::Magenta)
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[0]);
 
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Sparkline:"))
+        .block(Block::new().title("Sparkline:"))
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
         .data(&app.sparkline.points)
         .bar_set(if app.enhanced_graphics {
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[1]);
 
     let line_gauge = LineGauge::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("LineGauge:"))
+        .block(Block::new().title("LineGauge:"))
         .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
         .line_set(if app.enhanced_graphics {
             symbols::line::THICK
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     f.render_widget(line_gauge, chunks[2]);
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
 fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     let constraints = if app.show_chart {
         vec![Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
                 .map(|i| ListItem::new(vec![text::Line::from(Span::raw(*i))]))
                 .collect();
             let tasks = List::new(tasks)
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"))
+                .block(Block::bordered().title("List"))
                 .highlight_style(Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
                 .highlight_symbol("> ");
             f.render_stateful_widget(tasks, chunks[0], &mut app.tasks.state);
@@ -136,12 +138,12 @@ fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
                     ListItem::new(content)
                 })
                 .collect();
-            let logs = List::new(logs).block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"));
+            let logs = List::new(logs).block(Block::bordered().title("List"));
             f.render_stateful_widget(logs, chunks[1], &mut app.logs.state);
         }
 
         let barchart = BarChart::default()
-            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Bar chart"))
+            .block(Block::bordered().title("Bar chart"))
             .data(&app.barchart)
             .bar_width(3)
             .bar_gap(2)
@@ -193,14 +195,12 @@ fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
         ];
         let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
             .block(
-                Block::default()
-                    .title(Span::styled(
-                        "Chart",
-                        Style::default()
-                            .fg(Color::Cyan)
-                            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-                    ))
-                    .borders(Borders::ALL),
+                Block::bordered().title(Span::styled(
+                    "Chart",
+                    Style::default()
+                        .fg(Color::Cyan)
+                        .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+                )),
             )
             .x_axis(
                 Axis::default()
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ fn draw_text(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
             "One more thing is that it should display unicode characters: 10€"
         ),
     ];
-    let block = Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title(Span::styled(
+    let block = Block::bordered().title(Span::styled(
         "Footer",
         Style::default()
             .fg(Color::Magenta)
@@ -290,11 +290,11 @@ fn draw_second_tab(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
             .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
             .bottom_margin(1),
     )
-    .block(Block::default().title("Servers").borders(Borders::ALL));
+    .block(Block::bordered().title("Servers"));
     f.render_widget(table, chunks[0]);
 
     let map = Canvas::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("World").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("World"))
         .paint(|ctx| {
             ctx.draw(&Map {
                 color: Color::White,
@@ -388,6 +388,6 @@ fn draw_third_tab(f: &mut Frame, _app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
             Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
         ],
     )
-    .block(Block::default().title("Colors").borders(Borders::ALL));
+    .block(Block::bordered().title("Colors"));
     f.render_widget(table, chunks[0]);
 }

examples/demo2/app.rs

@@ -38,14 +38,10 @@ enum Tab {
 }
 
 pub fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-    App::new().run(terminal)
+    App::default().run(terminal)
 }
 
 impl App {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self::default()
-    }
-
     /// Run the app until the user quits.
     pub fn run(&mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         while self.is_running() {
@@ -80,11 +76,12 @@ impl App {
         let timeout = Duration::from_secs_f64(1.0 / 50.0);
         match term::next_event(timeout)? {
             Some(Event::Key(key)) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => self.handle_key_press(key),
-            _ => Ok(()),
+            _ => {}
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn handle_key_press(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) -> Result<()> {
+    fn handle_key_press(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) {
         use KeyCode::*;
         match key.code {
             Char('q') | Esc => self.mode = Mode::Quit,
@@ -93,10 +90,8 @@ impl App {
             Char('k') | Up => self.prev(),
             Char('j') | Down => self.next(),
             Char('d') | Delete => self.destroy(),
-
             _ => {}
         };
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn prev(&mut self) {
@@ -124,11 +119,11 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn next_tab(&mut self) {
-        self.tab = self.tab.next()
+        self.tab = self.tab.next();
     }
 
     fn destroy(&mut self) {
-        self.mode = Mode::Destroy
+        self.mode = Mode::Destroy;
     }
 }
 
@@ -147,7 +142,7 @@ impl Widget for &App {
         Block::new().style(THEME.root).render(area, buf);
         self.render_title_bar(title_bar, buf);
         self.render_selected_tab(tab, buf);
-        self.render_bottom_bar(bottom_bar, buf);
+        App::render_bottom_bar(bottom_bar, buf);
     }
 }
 
@@ -157,7 +152,7 @@ impl App {
         let [title, tabs] = layout.areas(area);
 
         Span::styled("Ratatui", THEME.app_title).render(title, buf);
-        let titles = Tab::iter().map(|tab| tab.title());
+        let titles = Tab::iter().map(Tab::title);
         Tabs::new(titles)
             .style(THEME.tabs)
             .highlight_style(THEME.tabs_selected)
@@ -177,7 +172,7 @@ impl App {
         };
     }
 
-    fn render_bottom_bar(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_bottom_bar(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let keys = [
             ("H/←", "Left"),
             ("L/→", "Right"),
@@ -189,8 +184,8 @@ impl App {
         let spans = keys
             .iter()
             .flat_map(|(key, desc)| {
-                let key = Span::styled(format!(" {} ", key), THEME.key_binding.key);
-                let desc = Span::styled(format!(" {} ", desc), THEME.key_binding.description);
+                let key = Span::styled(format!(" {key} "), THEME.key_binding.key);
+                let desc = Span::styled(format!(" {desc} "), THEME.key_binding.description);
                 [key, desc]
             })
             .collect_vec();
@@ -202,22 +197,22 @@ impl App {
 }
 
 impl Tab {
-    fn next(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = *self as usize;
+    fn next(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index = self as usize;
         let next_index = current_index.saturating_add(1);
-        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
-    fn prev(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = *self as usize;
+    fn prev(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index = self as usize;
         let prev_index = current_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        Self::from_repr(prev_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(prev_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
-    fn title(&self) -> String {
+    fn title(self) -> String {
         match self {
-            Tab::About => "".to_string(),
-            tab => format!(" {} ", tab),
+            Self::About => String::new(),
+            tab => format!(" {tab} "),
         }
     }
 }

examples/demo2/big_text.rs

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ use std::cmp::min;
 
 use derive_builder::Builder;
 use font8x8::UnicodeFonts;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, text::StyledGrapheme, widgets::Widget};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, text::StyledGrapheme};
 
 #[allow(unused)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Default)]
@@ -129,24 +129,24 @@ pub struct BigText<'a> {
 
     /// The size of single glyphs
     ///
-    /// Defaults to `BigTextSize::default()` (=> BigTextSize::Full)
+    /// Defaults to `BigTextSize::default()` (=> `BigTextSize::Full`)
     #[builder(default)]
     pixel_size: PixelSize,
 }
 
 impl Widget for BigText<'_> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let layout = layout(area, &self.pixel_size);
+        let layout = layout(area, self.pixel_size);
         for (line, line_layout) in self.lines.iter().zip(layout) {
             for (g, cell) in line.styled_graphemes(self.style).zip(line_layout) {
-                render_symbol(g, cell, buf, &self.pixel_size);
+                render_symbol(&g, cell, buf, self.pixel_size);
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
 /// Returns how many cells are needed to display a full 8x8 glyphe using the given font size
-fn cells_per_glyph(size: &PixelSize) -> (u16, u16) {
+const fn cells_per_glyph(size: PixelSize) -> (u16, u16) {
     match size {
         PixelSize::Full => (8, 8),
         PixelSize::HalfHeight => (8, 4),
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn cells_per_glyph(size: &PixelSize) -> (u16, u16) {
 /// The size of each cell depends on given font size
 fn layout(
     area: Rect,
-    pixel_size: &PixelSize,
+    pixel_size: PixelSize,
 ) -> impl IntoIterator<Item = impl IntoIterator<Item = Rect>> {
     let (width, height) = cells_per_glyph(pixel_size);
     (area.top()..area.bottom())
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ fn layout(
 
 /// Render a single grapheme into a cell by looking up the corresponding 8x8 bitmap in the
 /// `BITMAPS` array and setting the corresponding cells in the buffer.
-fn render_symbol(grapheme: StyledGrapheme, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_size: &PixelSize) {
+fn render_symbol(grapheme: &StyledGrapheme, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_size: PixelSize) {
     buf.set_style(area, grapheme.style);
     let c = grapheme.symbol.chars().next().unwrap(); // TODO: handle multi-char graphemes
     if let Some(glyph) = font8x8::BASIC_FONTS.get(c) {
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn render_symbol(grapheme: StyledGrapheme, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_s
 }
 
 /// Get the correct unicode symbol for two vertical "pixels"
-fn get_symbol_half_height(top: u8, bottom: u8) -> char {
+const fn get_symbol_half_height(top: u8, bottom: u8) -> char {
     match top {
         0 => match bottom {
             0 => ' ',
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ fn get_symbol_half_height(top: u8, bottom: u8) -> char {
 }
 
 /// Get the correct unicode symbol for two horizontal "pixels"
-fn get_symbol_half_width(left: u8, right: u8) -> char {
+const fn get_symbol_half_width(left: u8, right: u8) -> char {
     match left {
         0 => match right {
             0 => ' ',
@@ -215,20 +215,26 @@ fn get_symbol_half_width(left: u8, right: u8) -> char {
 }
 
 /// Get the correct unicode symbol for 2x2 "pixels"
-fn get_symbol_half_size(top_left: u8, top_right: u8, bottom_left: u8, bottom_right: u8) -> char {
-    let top_left = if top_left > 0 { 1 } else { 0 };
-    let top_right = if top_right > 0 { 1 } else { 0 };
-    let bottom_left = if bottom_left > 0 { 1 } else { 0 };
-    let bottom_right = if bottom_right > 0 { 1 } else { 0 };
-
+const fn get_symbol_half_size(
+    top_left: u8,
+    top_right: u8,
+    bottom_left: u8,
+    bottom_right: u8,
+) -> char {
     const QUADRANT_SYMBOLS: [char; 16] = [
         ' ', '▘', '▝', '▀', '▖', '▌', '▞', '▛', '▗', '▚', '▐', '▜', '▄', '▙', '▟', '█',
     ];
-    QUADRANT_SYMBOLS[top_left + (top_right << 1) + (bottom_left << 2) + (bottom_right << 3)]
+
+    let top_left = if top_left > 0 { 1 } else { 0 };
+    let top_right = if top_right > 0 { 1 << 1 } else { 0 };
+    let bottom_left = if bottom_left > 0 { 1 << 2 } else { 0 };
+    let bottom_right = if bottom_right > 0 { 1 << 3 } else { 0 };
+
+    QUADRANT_SYMBOLS[top_left + top_right + bottom_left + bottom_right]
 }
 
 /// Render a single 8x8 glyph into a cell by setting the corresponding cells in the buffer.
-fn render_glyph(glyph: [u8; 8], area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_size: &PixelSize) {
+fn render_glyph(glyph: [u8; 8], area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_size: PixelSize) {
     let (width, height) = cells_per_glyph(pixel_size);
 
     let glyph_vertical_index = (0..glyph.len()).step_by(8 / height as usize);
@@ -270,8 +276,6 @@ fn render_glyph(glyph: [u8; 8], area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_size: &Pixel
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use ratatui::assert_buffer_eq;
-
     use super::*;
 
     type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>;
@@ -302,7 +306,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 80, 8));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             " ████     ██                     ███            ████      ██                    ",
             "██  ██                            ██             ██                             ",
             "███      ███    █████    ███ ██   ██     ████    ██      ███    █████    ████   ",
@@ -312,7 +316,7 @@ mod tests {
             " ████    ████   ██  ██      ██   ████    ████   ███████  ████   ██  ██   ████   ",
             "                        █████                                                   ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -323,7 +327,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 70, 6));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "██████                                             █               ███",
             "█ ██ █                                            ██                ██",
             "  ██    ██ ███  ██  ██  █████    ████    ████    █████   ████       ██",
@@ -331,7 +335,7 @@ mod tests {
             "  ██     ██  ██ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██       █████    ██    ██████  ██  ██",
             "  ██     ██     ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██    ██ █  ██      ██  ██",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -342,7 +346,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 16));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "██   ██          ███       █      ██    ",
             "███ ███           ██      ██            ",
             "███████ ██  ██    ██     █████   ███    ",
@@ -360,7 +364,7 @@ mod tests {
             "███████  ████   ██  ██   ████   █████   ",
             "                                        ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -372,18 +376,17 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 8));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            " ████      █             ███               ███  ",
-            "██  ██    ██              ██                ██  ",
-            "███      █████  ██  ██    ██     ████       ██  ",
-            " ███      ██    ██  ██    ██    ██  ██   █████  ",
-            "   ███    ██    ██  ██    ██    ██████  ██  ██  ",
-            "██  ██    ██ █   █████    ██    ██      ██  ██  ",
-            " ████      ██       ██   ████    ████    ███ ██ ",
-            "                █████                           ",
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            " ████      █             ███               ███  ".bold(),
+            "██  ██    ██              ██                ██  ".bold(),
+            "███      █████  ██  ██    ██     ████       ██  ".bold(),
+            " ███      ██    ██  ██    ██    ██  ██   █████  ".bold(),
+            "   ███    ██    ██  ██    ██    ██████  ██  ██  ".bold(),
+            "██  ██    ██ █   █████    ██    ██      ██  ██  ".bold(),
+            " ████      ██       ██   ████    ████    ███ ██ ".bold(),
+            "                █████                           ".bold(),
         ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 8), Style::new().bold());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -398,7 +401,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 24));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "██████             ███                  ",
             " ██  ██             ██                  ",
             " ██  ██  ████       ██                  ",
@@ -427,7 +430,7 @@ mod tests {
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 8), Style::new().red());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 40, 8), Style::new().green());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 16, 32, 8), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -439,13 +442,13 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 80, 4));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "▄█▀▀█▄    ▀▀                     ▀██            ▀██▀      ▀▀                    ",
             "▀██▄     ▀██    ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀▄█▀   ██    ▄█▀▀█▄   ██      ▀██    ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄  ",
             "▄▄ ▀██    ██    ██  ██  ▀█▄▄██    ██    ██▀▀▀▀   ██  ▄█   ██    ██  ██  ██▀▀▀▀  ",
             " ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀  ▄▄▄▄█▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀  ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀   ▀▀▀▀   ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -457,12 +460,12 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 70, 3));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "█▀██▀█                                            ▄█               ▀██",
             "  ██    ▀█▄█▀█▄ ██  ██  ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄   ▀▀▀█▄   ▀██▀▀  ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██",
             "  ██     ██  ▀▀ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ▄▄  ▄█▀▀██    ██ ▄  ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -474,7 +477,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 8));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "██▄ ▄██          ▀██      ▄█      ▀▀    ",
             "███████ ██  ██    ██     ▀██▀▀   ▀██    ",
             "██ ▀ ██ ██  ██    ██      ██ ▄    ██    ",
@@ -484,7 +487,7 @@ mod tests {
             " ██  ▄█   ██    ██  ██  ██▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀█▄  ",
             "▀▀▀▀▀▀▀  ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀   ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀▀▀   ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -497,14 +500,13 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 4));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▄█▀▀█▄    ▄█             ▀██               ▀██  ",
-            "▀██▄     ▀██▀▀  ██  ██    ██    ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██  ",
-            "▄▄ ▀██    ██ ▄  ▀█▄▄██    ██    ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██  ",
-            " ▀▀▀▀      ▀▀   ▄▄▄▄█▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀ ▀▀ ",
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "▄█▀▀█▄    ▄█             ▀██               ▀██  ".bold(),
+            "▀██▄     ▀██▀▀  ██  ██    ██    ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██  ".bold(),
+            "▄▄ ▀██    ██ ▄  ▀█▄▄██    ██    ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██  ".bold(),
+            " ▀▀▀▀      ▀▀   ▄▄▄▄█▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀ ▀▀ ".bold(),
         ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 4), Style::new().bold());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -520,7 +522,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 12));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "▀██▀▀█▄            ▀██                  ",
             " ██▄▄█▀ ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██                  ",
             " ██ ▀█▄ ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██                  ",
@@ -537,7 +539,7 @@ mod tests {
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 4), Style::new().red());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 4, 40, 4), Style::new().green());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 32, 4), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -549,7 +551,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 8));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "▐█▌  █          ▐█      ██   █          ",
             "█ █              █      ▐▌              ",
             "█▌  ▐█  ██▌ ▐█▐▌ █  ▐█▌ ▐▌  ▐█  ██▌ ▐█▌ ",
@@ -559,7 +561,7 @@ mod tests {
             "▐█▌ ▐█▌ █ █   █ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ███▌▐█▌ █ █ ▐█▌ ",
             "            ██▌                         ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -571,7 +573,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 35, 6));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "███                      ▐       ▐█",
             "▌█▐                      █        █",
             " █  █▐█ █ █ ██▌ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ▐██ ▐█▌   █",
@@ -579,7 +581,7 @@ mod tests {
             " █  ▐▌▐▌█ █ █ █ █   ▐██  █  ███ █ █",
             " █  ▐▌  █ █ █ █ █ █ █ █  █▐ █   █ █",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -591,7 +593,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 16));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "█ ▐▌    ▐█   ▐   █  ",
             "█▌█▌     █   █      ",
             "███▌█ █  █  ▐██ ▐█  ",
@@ -609,7 +611,7 @@ mod tests {
             "███▌▐█▌ █ █ ▐█▌ ██▌ ",
             "                    ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -622,18 +624,17 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 8));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▐█▌  ▐      ▐█       ▐█ ",
-            "█ █  █       █        █ ",
-            "█▌  ▐██ █ █  █  ▐█▌   █ ",
-            "▐█   █  █ █  █  █ █ ▐██ ",
-            " ▐█  █  █ █  █  ███ █ █ ",
-            "█ █  █▐ ▐██  █  █   █ █ ",
-            "▐█▌  ▐▌   █ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ▐█▐▌",
-            "        ██▌             ",
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "▐█▌  ▐      ▐█       ▐█ ".bold(),
+            "█ █  █       █        █ ".bold(),
+            "█▌  ▐██ █ █  █  ▐█▌   █ ".bold(),
+            "▐█   █  █ █  █  █ █ ▐██ ".bold(),
+            " ▐█  █  █ █  █  ███ █ █ ".bold(),
+            "█ █  █▐ ▐██  █  █   █ █ ".bold(),
+            "▐█▌  ▐▌   █ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ▐█▐▌".bold(),
+            "        ██▌             ".bold(),
         ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 8), Style::new().bold());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -649,7 +650,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 24));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "███      ▐█         ",
             "▐▌▐▌      █         ",
             "▐▌▐▌▐█▌   █         ",
@@ -678,7 +679,7 @@ mod tests {
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 8), Style::new().red());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 20, 8), Style::new().green());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 16, 16, 8), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -711,13 +712,13 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 4));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "▟▀▙  ▀          ▝█      ▜▛   ▀          ",
             "▜▙  ▝█  █▀▙ ▟▀▟▘ █  ▟▀▙ ▐▌  ▝█  █▀▙ ▟▀▙ ",
             "▄▝█  █  █ █ ▜▄█  █  █▀▀ ▐▌▗▌ █  █ █ █▀▀ ",
             "▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▄▄▛ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▀▀▀▘▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▝▀▘ ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -729,12 +730,12 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 35, 3));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "▛█▜                      ▟       ▝█",
             " █  ▜▟▜▖█ █ █▀▙ ▟▀▙ ▝▀▙ ▝█▀ ▟▀▙ ▗▄█",
             " █  ▐▌▝▘█ █ █ █ █ ▄ ▟▀█  █▗ █▀▀ █ █",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -746,7 +747,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 8));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "█▖▟▌    ▝█   ▟   ▀  ",
             "███▌█ █  █  ▝█▀ ▝█  ",
             "█▝▐▌█ █  █   █▗  █  ",
@@ -756,7 +757,7 @@ mod tests {
             "▐▌▗▌ █  █ █ █▀▀ ▝▀▙ ",
             "▀▀▀▘▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▝▀▘ ▀▀▘ ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -769,14 +770,13 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 4));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▟▀▙  ▟      ▝█       ▝█ ",
-            "▜▙  ▝█▀ █ █  █  ▟▀▙ ▗▄█ ",
-            "▄▝█  █▗ ▜▄█  █  █▀▀ █ █ ",
-            "▝▀▘  ▝▘ ▄▄▛ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▝▘",
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "▟▀▙  ▟      ▝█       ▝█ ".bold(),
+            "▜▙  ▝█▀ █ █  █  ▟▀▙ ▗▄█ ".bold(),
+            "▄▝█  █▗ ▜▄█  █  █▀▀ █ █ ".bold(),
+            "▝▀▘  ▝▘ ▄▄▛ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▝▘".bold(),
         ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 4), Style::new().bold());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 12));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "▜▛▜▖     ▝█         ",
             "▐▙▟▘▟▀▙ ▗▄█         ",
             "▐▌▜▖█▀▀ █ █         ",
@@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ mod tests {
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 4), Style::new().red());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 4, 20, 4), Style::new().green());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 16, 4), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 }

examples/demo2/colors.rs

@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ use ratatui::prelude::*;
 pub struct RgbSwatch;
 
 impl Widget for RgbSwatch {
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss, clippy::similar_names)]
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         for (yi, y) in (area.top()..area.bottom()).enumerate() {
-            let value = area.height as f32 - yi as f32;
-            let value_fg = value / (area.height as f32);
-            let value_bg = (value - 0.5) / (area.height as f32);
+            let value = f32::from(area.height) - yi as f32;
+            let value_fg = value / f32::from(area.height);
+            let value_bg = (value - 0.5) / f32::from(area.height);
             for (xi, x) in (area.left()..area.right()).enumerate() {
-                let hue = xi as f32 * 360.0 / area.width as f32;
+                let hue = xi as f32 * 360.0 / f32::from(area.width);
                 let fg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value_fg);
                 let bg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value_bg);
                 buf.get_mut(x, y).set_char('▀').set_fg(fg).set_bg(bg);
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ impl Widget for RgbSwatch {
     }
 }
 
-/// Convert a hue and value into an RGB color via the OkLab color space.
+/// Convert a hue and value into an RGB color via the Oklab color space.
 ///
 /// See <https://bottosson.github.io/posts/oklab/> for more details.
 pub fn color_from_oklab(hue: f32, saturation: f32, value: f32) -> Color {

examples/demo2/destroy.rs

@@ -30,11 +30,16 @@ pub fn destroy(frame: &mut Frame<'_>) {
 ///
 /// Each pick some random pixels and move them each down one row. This is a very inefficient way to
 /// do this, but it works well enough for this demo.
+#[allow(
+    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+    clippy::cast_precision_loss,
+    clippy::cast_sign_loss
+)]
 fn drip(frame_count: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     // a seeded rng as we have to move the same random pixels each frame
     let mut rng = rand_chacha::ChaCha8Rng::seed_from_u64(10);
     let ramp_frames = 450;
-    let fractional_speed = frame_count as f64 / ramp_frames as f64;
+    let fractional_speed = frame_count as f64 / f64::from(ramp_frames);
     let variable_speed = DRIP_SPEED as f64 * fractional_speed * fractional_speed * fractional_speed;
     let pixel_count = (frame_count as f64 * variable_speed).floor() as usize;
     for _ in 0..pixel_count {
@@ -68,6 +73,7 @@ fn drip(frame_count: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
 }
 
 /// draw some text fading in and out from black to red and back
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation, clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
 fn text(frame_count: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let sub_frame = frame_count.saturating_sub(TEXT_DELAY);
     if sub_frame == 0 {
@@ -114,10 +120,13 @@ fn blend(mask_color: Color, cell_color: Color, percentage: f64) -> Color {
         return mask_color;
     };
 
-    let red = mask_red as f64 * percentage + cell_red as f64 * (1.0 - percentage);
-    let green = mask_green as f64 * percentage + cell_green as f64 * (1.0 - percentage);
-    let blue = mask_blue as f64 * percentage + cell_blue as f64 * (1.0 - percentage);
+    let remain = 1.0 - percentage;
 
+    let red = f64::from(mask_red).mul_add(percentage, f64::from(cell_red) * remain);
+    let green = f64::from(mask_green).mul_add(percentage, f64::from(cell_green) * remain);
+    let blue = f64::from(mask_blue).mul_add(percentage, f64::from(cell_blue) * remain);
+
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation, clippy::cast_sign_loss)]
     Color::Rgb(red as u8, green as u8, blue as u8)
 }
 

examples/demo2/errors.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub fn init_hooks() -> Result<()> {
     }))?;
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = term::restore();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }

examples/demo2/main.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,14 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![allow(
+    clippy::enum_glob_use,
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
+    clippy::must_use_candidate,
+    clippy::wildcard_imports
+)]
+
 mod app;
 mod big_text;
 mod colors;
@@ -31,7 +39,7 @@ pub use theme::*;
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     errors::init_hooks()?;
     let terminal = &mut term::init()?;
-    App::new().run(terminal)?;
+    App::default().run(terminal)?;
     term::restore()?;
     Ok(())
 }

examples/demo2/tabs/about.rs

@@ -97,10 +97,11 @@ fn render_crate_description(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .render(area, buf);
 }
 
-/// Use half block characters to render a logo based on the RATATUI_LOGO const.
+/// Use half block characters to render a logo based on the `RATATUI_LOGO` const.
 ///
 /// The logo is rendered in three colors, one for the rat, one for the terminal, and one for the
 /// rat's eye. The eye color alternates between two colors based on the selected row.
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 pub fn render_logo(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let eye_color = if selected_row % 2 == 0 {
         THEME.logo.rat_eye

examples/demo2/tabs/recipe.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ struct Ingredient {
 }
 
 impl Ingredient {
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     fn height(&self) -> u16 {
         self.name.lines().count() as u16
     }
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ fn render_recipe(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
 
 fn render_ingredients(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let mut state = TableState::default().with_selected(Some(selected_row));
-    let rows = INGREDIENTS.iter().cloned();
+    let rows = INGREDIENTS.iter().copied();
     let theme = THEME.recipe;
     StatefulWidget::render(
         Table::new(rows, [Constraint::Length(7), Constraint::Length(30)])
@@ -171,5 +172,5 @@ fn render_scrollbar(position: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .end_symbol(None)
         .track_symbol(None)
         .thumb_symbol("▐")
-        .render(area, buf, &mut state)
+        .render(area, buf, &mut state);
 }

examples/demo2/tabs/traceroute.rs

@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ fn render_hops(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .iter()
         .map(|hop| Row::new(vec![hop.host, hop.address]))
         .collect_vec();
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .title("Traceroute bad.horse".bold().white())
+    let block = Block::new()
+        .padding(Padding::new(1, 1, 1, 1))
         .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-        .padding(Padding::new(1, 1, 1, 1));
+        .title("Traceroute bad.horse".bold().white());
     StatefulWidget::render(
         Table::new(rows, [Constraint::Max(100), Constraint::Length(15)])
             .header(Row::new(vec!["Host", "Address"]).set_style(THEME.traceroute.header))

examples/demo2/tabs/weather.rs

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn render_simple_barchart(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
                 // This doesn't actually render correctly as the text is too wide for the bar
                 // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/513 for more info
                 // (the demo GIFs hack around this by hacking the calculation in bars.rs)
-                .text_value(format!("{}°", value))
+                .text_value(format!("{value}°"))
                 .style(if value > 70 {
                     Style::new().fg(Color::Red)
                 } else {
@@ -128,12 +128,14 @@ fn render_horizontal_barchart(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .render(area, buf);
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
 pub fn render_gauge(progress: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let percent = (progress * 3).min(100) as f64;
 
     render_line_gauge(percent, area, buf);
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 fn render_line_gauge(percent: f64, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     // cycle color hue based on the percent for a neat effect yellow -> red
     let hue = 90.0 - (percent as f32 * 0.6);
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ fn render_line_gauge(percent: f64, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let fg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value);
     let bg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value * 0.5);
     let label = if percent < 100.0 {
-        format!("Downloading: {}%", percent)
+        format!("Downloading: {percent}%")
     } else {
         "Download Complete!".into()
     };

examples/docsrs.rs

@@ -19,9 +19,12 @@ use crossterm::{
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
     ExecutableCommand,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
+};
 
-/// Example code for libr.rs
+/// Example code for lib.rs
 ///
 /// When cargo-rdme supports doc comments that import from code, this will be imported
 /// rather than copied to the lib.rs file.
@@ -34,7 +37,6 @@ fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
     let mut should_quit = false;
     while !should_quit {
         terminal.draw(match arg.as_str() {
-            "hello_world" => hello_world,
             "layout" => layout,
             "styling" => styling,
             _ => hello_world,
@@ -49,8 +51,7 @@ fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
 
 fn hello_world(frame: &mut Frame) {
     frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!")
-            .block(Block::default().title("Greeting").borders(Borders::ALL)),
+        Paragraph::new("Hello World!").block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
         frame.size(),
     );
 }
@@ -85,8 +86,8 @@ fn layout(frame: &mut Frame) {
         Block::new().borders(Borders::TOP).title("Status Bar"),
         status_bar,
     );
-    frame.render_widget(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Left"), left);
-    frame.render_widget(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Right"), right);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Left"), left);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Right"), right);
 }
 
 fn styling(frame: &mut Frame) {

examples/flex.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
+
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
@@ -165,7 +167,7 @@ impl App {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
+    fn is_running(self) -> bool {
         self.state == AppState::Running
     }
 
@@ -203,14 +205,14 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn up(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll_offset = self.scroll_offset.saturating_sub(1)
+        self.scroll_offset = self.scroll_offset.saturating_sub(1);
     }
 
     fn down(&mut self) {
         self.scroll_offset = self
             .scroll_offset
             .saturating_add(1)
-            .min(max_scroll_offset())
+            .min(max_scroll_offset());
     }
 
     fn top(&mut self) {
@@ -239,8 +241,7 @@ fn max_scroll_offset() -> u16 {
     example_height()
         - EXAMPLE_DATA
             .last()
-            .map(|(desc, _)| get_description_height(desc) + 4)
-            .unwrap_or(0)
+            .map_or(0, |(desc, _)| get_description_height(desc) + 4)
 }
 
 /// The height of all examples combined
@@ -264,12 +265,12 @@ impl Widget for App {
         } else {
             axis.width
         };
-        self.axis(axis_width, self.spacing).render(axis, buf);
+        Self::axis(axis_width, self.spacing).render(axis, buf);
     }
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn tabs(&self) -> impl Widget {
+    fn tabs(self) -> impl Widget {
         let tab_titles = SelectedTab::iter().map(SelectedTab::to_tab_title);
         let block = Block::new()
             .title(Title::from("Flex Layouts ".bold()))
@@ -283,13 +284,13 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     /// a bar like `<----- 80 px (gap: 2 px)? ----->`
-    fn axis(&self, width: u16, spacing: u16) -> impl Widget {
+    fn axis(width: u16, spacing: u16) -> impl Widget {
         let width = width as usize;
         // only show gap when spacing is not zero
         let label = if spacing != 0 {
-            format!("{} px (gap: {} px)", width, spacing)
+            format!("{width} px (gap: {spacing} px)")
         } else {
-            format!("{} px", width)
+            format!("{width} px")
         };
         let bar_width = width.saturating_sub(2); // we want to `<` and `>` at the ends
         let width_bar = format!("<{label:-^bar_width$}>");
@@ -302,6 +303,7 @@ impl App {
     /// into the main buffer. This is done to make it possible to handle scrolling easily.
     ///
     /// Returns bool indicating whether scroll was needed
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     fn render_demo(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) -> bool {
         // render demo content into a separate buffer so all examples fit we add an extra
         // area.height to make sure the last example is fully visible even when the scroll offset is
@@ -347,31 +349,30 @@ impl App {
 
 impl SelectedTab {
     /// Get the previous tab, if there is no previous tab return the current tab.
-    fn previous(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index: usize = *self as usize;
+    fn previous(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index: usize = self as usize;
         let previous_index = current_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
     /// Get the next tab, if there is no next tab return the current tab.
-    fn next(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = *self as usize;
+    fn next(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index = self as usize;
         let next_index = current_index.saturating_add(1);
-        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
     /// Convert a `SelectedTab` into a `Line` to display it by the `Tabs` widget.
-    fn to_tab_title(value: SelectedTab) -> Line<'static> {
+    fn to_tab_title(value: Self) -> Line<'static> {
         use tailwind::*;
-        use SelectedTab::*;
         let text = value.to_string();
         let color = match value {
-            Legacy => ORANGE.c400,
-            Start => SKY.c400,
-            Center => SKY.c300,
-            End => SKY.c200,
-            SpaceAround => INDIGO.c400,
-            SpaceBetween => INDIGO.c300,
+            Self::Legacy => ORANGE.c400,
+            Self::Start => SKY.c400,
+            Self::Center => SKY.c300,
+            Self::End => SKY.c200,
+            Self::SpaceAround => INDIGO.c400,
+            Self::SpaceBetween => INDIGO.c300,
         };
         format!(" {text} ").fg(color).bg(Color::Black).into()
     }
@@ -382,20 +383,18 @@ impl StatefulWidget for SelectedTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, spacing: &mut Self::State) {
         let spacing = *spacing;
         match self {
-            SelectedTab::Legacy => self.render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Legacy, spacing),
-            SelectedTab::Start => self.render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Start, spacing),
-            SelectedTab::Center => self.render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Center, spacing),
-            SelectedTab::End => self.render_examples(area, buf, Flex::End, spacing),
-            SelectedTab::SpaceAround => self.render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceAround, spacing),
-            SelectedTab::SpaceBetween => {
-                self.render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceBetween, spacing)
-            }
+            Self::Legacy => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Legacy, spacing),
+            Self::Start => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Start, spacing),
+            Self::Center => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Center, spacing),
+            Self::End => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::End, spacing),
+            Self::SpaceAround => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceAround, spacing),
+            Self::SpaceBetween => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceBetween, spacing),
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl SelectedTab {
-    fn render_examples(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, flex: Flex, spacing: u16) {
+    fn render_examples(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, flex: Flex, spacing: u16) {
         let heights = EXAMPLE_DATA
             .iter()
             .map(|(desc, _)| get_description_height(desc) + 4);
@@ -432,7 +431,7 @@ impl Widget for Example {
             Paragraph::new(
                 self.description
                     .split('\n')
-                    .map(|s| format!("// {}", s).italic().fg(tailwind::SLATE.c400))
+                    .map(|s| format!("// {s}").italic().fg(tailwind::SLATE.c400))
                     .map(Line::from)
                     .collect::<Vec<Line>>(),
             )
@@ -440,18 +439,17 @@ impl Widget for Example {
         }
 
         for (block, constraint) in blocks.iter().zip(&self.constraints) {
-            self.illustration(*constraint, block.width)
-                .render(*block, buf);
+            Self::illustration(*constraint, block.width).render(*block, buf);
         }
 
         for spacer in spacers.iter() {
-            self.render_spacer(*spacer, buf);
+            Self::render_spacer(*spacer, buf);
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl Example {
-    fn render_spacer(&self, spacer: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_spacer(spacer: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         if spacer.width > 1 {
             let corners_only = symbols::border::Set {
                 top_left: line::NORMAL.top_left,
@@ -483,7 +481,7 @@ impl Example {
         } else if width > 2 {
             format!("{width}")
         } else {
-            "".to_string()
+            String::new()
         };
         let text = Text::from(vec![
             Line::raw(""),
@@ -496,7 +494,7 @@ impl Example {
             .render(spacer, buf);
     }
 
-    fn illustration(&self, constraint: Constraint, width: u16) -> Paragraph {
+    fn illustration(constraint: Constraint, width: u16) -> impl Widget {
         let main_color = color_for_constraint(constraint);
         let fg_color = Color::White;
         let title = format!("{constraint}");
@@ -510,7 +508,7 @@ impl Example {
     }
 }
 
-fn color_for_constraint(constraint: Constraint) -> Color {
+const fn color_for_constraint(constraint: Constraint) -> Color {
     use tailwind::*;
     match constraint {
         Constraint::Min(_) => BLUE.c900,
@@ -532,7 +530,7 @@ fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
     }))?;
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -551,6 +549,7 @@ fn restore_terminal() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 fn get_description_height(s: &str) -> u16 {
     if s.is_empty() {
         0

examples/gauge.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
+
 use std::{io::stdout, time::Duration};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ use crossterm::{
 use ratatui::{
     prelude::*,
     style::palette::tailwind,
-    widgets::{block::Title, *},
+    widgets::{block::Title, Block, Borders, Gauge, Padding, Paragraph},
 };
 
 const GAUGE1_COLOR: Color = tailwind::RED.c800;
@@ -84,7 +86,7 @@ impl App {
         // difference between how a continuous gauge acts for floor and rounded values.
         self.progress_columns = (self.progress_columns + 1).clamp(0, terminal_width);
         self.progress1 = self.progress_columns * 100 / terminal_width;
-        self.progress2 = self.progress_columns as f64 * 100.0 / terminal_width as f64;
+        self.progress2 = f64::from(self.progress_columns) * 100.0 / f64::from(terminal_width);
 
         // progress3 and progress4 similarly show the difference between unicode and non-unicode
         // gauges measuring the same thing.
@@ -119,6 +121,7 @@ impl App {
 }
 
 impl Widget for &App {
+    #[allow(clippy::similar_names)]
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         use Constraint::*;
         let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(2), Min(0), Length(1)]);
@@ -127,8 +130,8 @@ impl Widget for &App {
         let layout = Layout::vertical([Ratio(1, 4); 4]);
         let [gauge1_area, gauge2_area, gauge3_area, gauge4_area] = layout.areas(gauge_area);
 
-        self.render_header(header_area, buf);
-        self.render_footer(footer_area, buf);
+        render_header(header_area, buf);
+        render_footer(footer_area, buf);
 
         self.render_gauge1(gauge1_area, buf);
         self.render_gauge2(gauge2_area, buf);
@@ -137,23 +140,23 @@ impl Widget for &App {
     }
 }
 
+fn render_header(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    Paragraph::new("Ratatui Gauge Example")
+        .bold()
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
+        .render(area, buf);
+}
+
+fn render_footer(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    Paragraph::new("Press ENTER to start")
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
+        .bold()
+        .render(area, buf);
+}
+
 impl App {
-    fn render_header(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        Paragraph::new("Ratatui Gauge Example")
-            .bold()
-            .alignment(Alignment::Center)
-            .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_footer(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        Paragraph::new("Press ENTER to start")
-            .alignment(Alignment::Center)
-            .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
-            .bold()
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
     fn render_gauge1(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let title = title_block("Gauge with percentage");
         Gauge::default()
@@ -203,11 +206,11 @@ impl App {
 
 fn title_block(title: &str) -> Block {
     let title = Title::from(title).alignment(Alignment::Center);
-    Block::default()
-        .title(title)
+    Block::new()
         .borders(Borders::NONE)
-        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
         .padding(Padding::vertical(1))
+        .title(title)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
 }
 
 fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
@@ -220,7 +223,7 @@ fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
     }))?;
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }

examples/hello_world.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use crossterm::{
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
 
 /// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
 /// this is not meant to be prescriptive. It is only meant to demonstrate the basic setup and

examples/inline.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
+
 use std::{
     collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque},
     error::Error,
@@ -129,6 +131,7 @@ fn input_handling(tx: mpsc::Sender<Event>) {
     });
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
 fn workers(tx: mpsc::Sender<Event>) -> Vec<Worker> {
     (0..4)
         .map(|id| {
@@ -168,6 +171,7 @@ fn downloads() -> Downloads {
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
 fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
     workers: Vec<Worker>,
@@ -194,7 +198,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
             Event::DownloadUpdate(worker_id, _download_id, progress) => {
                 let download = downloads.in_progress.get_mut(&worker_id).unwrap();
                 download.progress = progress;
-                redraw = false
+                redraw = false;
             }
             Event::DownloadDone(worker_id, download_id) => {
                 let download = downloads.in_progress.remove(&worker_id).unwrap();
@@ -232,7 +236,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
 fn ui(f: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
     let area = f.size();
 
-    let block = Block::default().title(block::Title::from("Progress").alignment(Alignment::Center));
+    let block = Block::new().title(block::Title::from("Progress").alignment(Alignment::Center));
     f.render_widget(block, area);
 
     let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(2), Constraint::Length(4)]).margin(1);
@@ -242,6 +246,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
 
     // total progress
     let done = NUM_DOWNLOADS - downloads.pending.len() - downloads.in_progress.len();
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
     let progress = LineGauge::default()
         .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
         .label(format!("{done}/{NUM_DOWNLOADS}"))
@@ -271,6 +276,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
     let list = List::new(items);
     f.render_widget(list, list_area);
 
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     for (i, (_, download)) in downloads.in_progress.iter().enumerate() {
         let gauge = Gauge::default()
             .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))

examples/layout.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
+
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
 use crossterm::{
@@ -21,7 +23,11 @@ use crossterm::{
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{layout::Constraint::*, prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    layout::Constraint::*,
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+};
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     // setup terminal
@@ -55,13 +61,14 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
         terminal.draw(ui)?;
 
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+            if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                 return Ok(());
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
     let vertical = Layout::vertical([
         Length(4),  // text
@@ -94,12 +101,12 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
         .iter()
         .flat_map(|area| {
             Layout::horizontal([
-                Constraint::Length(14),
-                Constraint::Length(14),
-                Constraint::Length(14),
-                Constraint::Length(14),
-                Constraint::Length(14),
-                Constraint::Min(0), // fills remaining space
+                Length(14),
+                Length(14),
+                Length(14),
+                Length(14),
+                Length(14),
+                Min(0), // fills remaining space
             ])
             .split(*area)
             .iter()
@@ -183,16 +190,15 @@ fn render_example_combination(
     title: &str,
     constraints: Vec<(Constraint, Constraint)>,
 ) {
-    let block = Block::default()
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .title(title.gray())
         .style(Style::reset())
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
         .border_style(Style::default().fg(Color::DarkGray));
     let inner = block.inner(area);
     frame.render_widget(block, area);
     let layout = Layout::vertical(vec![Length(1); constraints.len() + 1]).split(inner);
-    for (i, (a, b)) in constraints.iter().enumerate() {
-        render_single_example(frame, layout[i], vec![*a, *b, Min(0)]);
+    for (i, (a, b)) in constraints.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        render_single_example(frame, layout[i], vec![a, b, Min(0)]);
     }
     // This is to make it easy to visually see the alignment of the examples
     // with the constraints.
@@ -213,11 +219,11 @@ fn render_single_example(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect, constraints: Vec<Constra
 
 fn constraint_label(constraint: Constraint) -> String {
     match constraint {
-        Length(n) => format!("{n}"),
-        Min(n) => format!("{n}"),
-        Max(n) => format!("{n}"),
-        Percentage(n) => format!("{n}"),
-        Fill(n) => format!("{n}"),
-        Ratio(a, b) => format!("{a}:{b}"),
+        Constraint::Ratio(a, b) => format!("{a}:{b}"),
+        Constraint::Length(n)
+        | Constraint::Min(n)
+        | Constraint::Max(n)
+        | Constraint::Percentage(n)
+        | Constraint::Fill(n) => format!("{n}"),
     }
 }

examples/list.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
+
 use std::{error::Error, io, io::stdout};
 
 use color_eyre::config::HookBuilder;
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
     }))?;
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -100,9 +102,9 @@ fn restore_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-impl App<'_> {
-    fn new<'a>() -> App<'a> {
-        App {
+impl<'a> App<'a> {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
             items: StatefulList::with_items([
                 ("Rewrite everything with Rust!", "I can't hold my inner voice. He tells me to rewrite the complete universe with Rust", Status::Todo),
                 ("Rewrite all of your tui apps with Ratatui", "Yes, you heard that right. Go and replace your tui with Ratatui.", Status::Completed),
@@ -125,11 +127,11 @@ impl App<'_> {
     }
 
     fn go_top(&mut self) {
-        self.items.state.select(Some(0))
+        self.items.state.select(Some(0));
     }
 
     fn go_bottom(&mut self) {
-        self.items.state.select(Some(self.items.items.len() - 1))
+        self.items.state.select(Some(self.items.items.len() - 1));
     }
 }
 
@@ -177,30 +179,23 @@ impl Widget for &mut App<'_> {
         let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]);
         let [upper_item_list_area, lower_item_list_area] = vertical.areas(rest_area);
 
-        self.render_title(header_area, buf);
+        render_title(header_area, buf);
         self.render_todo(upper_item_list_area, buf);
         self.render_info(lower_item_list_area, buf);
-        self.render_footer(footer_area, buf);
+        render_footer(footer_area, buf);
     }
 }
 
 impl App<'_> {
-    fn render_title(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        Paragraph::new("Ratatui List Example")
-            .bold()
-            .centered()
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
     fn render_todo(&mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         // We create two blocks, one is for the header (outer) and the other is for list (inner).
-        let outer_block = Block::default()
+        let outer_block = Block::new()
             .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG)
+            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
             .title("TODO List")
-            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center);
-        let inner_block = Block::default()
+            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
+            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG);
+        let inner_block = Block::new()
             .borders(Borders::NONE)
             .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
             .bg(NORMAL_ROW_COLOR);
@@ -251,16 +246,16 @@ impl App<'_> {
         };
 
         // We show the list item's info under the list in this paragraph
-        let outer_info_block = Block::default()
+        let outer_info_block = Block::new()
             .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG)
+            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
             .title("TODO Info")
-            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center);
-        let inner_info_block = Block::default()
+            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
+            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG);
+        let inner_info_block = Block::new()
             .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_COLOR)
-            .padding(Padding::horizontal(1));
+            .padding(Padding::horizontal(1))
+            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_COLOR);
 
         // This is a similar process to what we did for list. outer_info_area will be used for
         // header inner_info_area will be used for the list info.
@@ -278,14 +273,19 @@ impl App<'_> {
         // We can now render the item info
         info_paragraph.render(inner_info_area, buf);
     }
+}
 
-    fn render_footer(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        Paragraph::new(
-            "\nUse ↓↑ to move, ← to unselect, → to change status, g/G to go top/bottom.",
-        )
+fn render_title(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    Paragraph::new("Ratatui List Example")
+        .bold()
+        .centered()
+        .render(area, buf);
+}
+
+fn render_footer(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    Paragraph::new("\nUse ↓↑ to move, ← to unselect, → to change status, g/G to go top/bottom.")
         .centered()
         .render(area, buf);
-    }
 }
 
 impl StatefulList<'_> {

examples/modifiers.rs

@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-/// This example is useful for testing how your terminal emulator handles different modifiers.
-/// It will render a grid of combinations of foreground and background colors with all
-/// modifiers applied to them.
+// This example is useful for testing how your terminal emulator handles different modifiers.
+// It will render a grid of combinations of foreground and background colors with all
+// modifiers applied to them.
+
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     io::{self, Stdout},
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ use crossterm::{
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
 
 type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
 
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
 
         if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250))? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -87,8 +88,8 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
         .chain(Modifier::all().iter())
         .collect_vec();
     let mut index = 0;
-    for bg in colors.iter() {
-        for fg in colors.iter() {
+    for bg in &colors {
+        for fg in &colors {
             for modifier in &all_modifiers {
                 let modifier_name = format!("{modifier:11?}");
                 let padding = (" ").repeat(12 - modifier_name.len());

examples/panic.rs

@@ -35,7 +35,10 @@ use crossterm::{
     event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+};
 
 type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
 
@@ -139,11 +142,9 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
         Line::from("try first without the panic handler to see the difference"),
     ];
 
-    let b = Block::default()
-        .title("Panic Handler Demo")
-        .borders(Borders::ALL);
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Panic Handler Demo"))
+        .centered();
 
-    let p = Paragraph::new(text).block(b).centered();
-
-    f.render_widget(p, f.size());
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, f.size());
 }

examples/paragraph.rs

@@ -24,15 +24,18 @@ use crossterm::{
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Wrap},
+};
 
 struct App {
     scroll: u16,
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> App {
-        App { scroll: 0 }
+    const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { scroll: 0 }
     }
 
     fn on_tick(&mut self) {
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
         let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
         if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -102,7 +105,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(size.width) / s.len() + 4);
     long_line.push('\n');
 
-    let block = Block::default().black();
+    let block = Block::new().black();
     f.render_widget(block, size);
 
     let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Ratio(1, 4); 4]).split(size);
@@ -124,8 +127,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     ];
 
     let create_block = |title| {
-        Block::default()
-            .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        Block::bordered()
             .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
             .title(Span::styled(
                 title,

examples/popup.rs

@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-/// See also https://github.com/joshka/tui-popup and
-/// https://github.com/sephiroth74/tui-confirm-dialog
+// See also https://github.com/joshka/tui-popup and
+// https://github.com/sephiroth74/tui-confirm-dialog
+
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
 use crossterm::{
@@ -22,15 +23,18 @@ use crossterm::{
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::{Block, Clear, Paragraph, Wrap},
+};
 
 struct App {
     show_popup: bool,
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> App {
-        App { show_popup: false }
+    const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { show_popup: false }
     }
 }
 
@@ -94,14 +98,11 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
         .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
     f.render_widget(paragraph, instructions);
 
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .title("Content")
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
-        .on_blue();
+    let block = Block::bordered().title("Content").on_blue();
     f.render_widget(block, content);
 
     if app.show_popup {
-        let block = Block::default().title("Popup").borders(Borders::ALL);
+        let block = Block::bordered().title("Popup");
         let area = centered_rect(60, 20, area);
         f.render_widget(Clear, area); //this clears out the background
         f.render_widget(block, area);

examples/ratatui-logo.rs

@@ -22,49 +22,46 @@ use std::{
 use crossterm::terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode};
 use indoc::indoc;
 use itertools::izip;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
 
 /// A fun example of using half block characters to draw a logo
-fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
+#[allow(clippy::many_single_char_names)]
+fn logo() -> String {
     let r = indoc! {"
             ▄▄▄
             █▄▄▀
             █  █
-        "}
-    .lines();
+        "};
     let a = indoc! {"
              ▄▄
             █▄▄█
             █  █
-        "}
-    .lines();
+        "};
     let t = indoc! {"
             ▄▄▄
              █
              █
-        "}
-    .lines();
+        "};
     let u = indoc! {"
             ▄  ▄
             █  █
             ▀▄▄▀
-        "}
-    .lines();
+        "};
     let i = indoc! {"
             ▄
             █
             █
-        "}
-    .lines();
+        "};
+    izip!(r.lines(), a.lines(), t.lines(), u.lines(), i.lines())
+        .map(|(r, a, t, u, i)| format!("{r:5}{a:5}{t:4}{a:5}{t:4}{u:5}{i:5}"))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("\n")
+}
+
+fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
     let mut terminal = init()?;
     terminal.draw(|frame| {
-        let logo = izip!(r, a.clone(), t.clone(), a, t, u, i)
-            .map(|(r, a, t, a2, t2, u, i)| {
-                format!("{:5}{:5}{:4}{:5}{:4}{:5}{:5}", r, a, t, a2, t2, u, i)
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new(logo), frame.size());
+        frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new(logo()), frame.size());
     })?;
     sleep(Duration::from_secs(5));
     restore()?;
@@ -72,7 +69,7 @@ fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn init() -> io::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
+fn init() -> io::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
     enable_raw_mode()?;
     let options = TerminalOptions {
         viewport: Viewport::Inline(3),
@@ -80,7 +77,7 @@ pub fn init() -> io::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
     Terminal::with_options(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()), options)
 }
 
-pub fn restore() -> io::Result<()> {
+fn restore() -> io::Result<()> {
     disable_raw_mode()?;
     Ok(())
 }

examples/scrollbar.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
+
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     io,
@@ -107,6 +110,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines, clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
     let size = f.size();
 
@@ -133,10 +137,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         Line::from("This is a line".reset()),
         Line::from(vec![
             Span::raw("Masked text: "),
-            Span::styled(
-                Masked::new("password", '*'),
-                Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
-            ),
+            Span::styled(Masked::new("password", '*'), Style::new().fg(Color::Red)),
         ]),
         Line::from("This is a line "),
         Line::from("This is a line   ".red()),
@@ -146,10 +147,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         Line::from("This is a line".reset()),
         Line::from(vec![
             Span::raw("Masked text: "),
-            Span::styled(
-                Masked::new("password", '*'),
-                Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
-            ),
+            Span::styled(Masked::new("password", '*'), Style::new().fg(Color::Red)),
         ]),
     ];
     app.vertical_scroll_state = app.vertical_scroll_state.content_length(text.len());
@@ -157,9 +155,9 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
 
     let create_block = |title: &'static str| Block::bordered().gray().title(title.bold());
 
-    let title = Block::default()
-        .title("Use h j k l or ◄ ▲ ▼ ► to scroll ".bold())
-        .title_alignment(Alignment::Center);
+    let title = Block::new()
+        .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .title("Use h j k l or ◄ ▲ ▼ ► to scroll ".bold());
     f.render_widget(title, chunks[0]);
 
     let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
@@ -168,8 +166,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         .scroll((app.vertical_scroll as u16, 0));
     f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[1]);
     f.render_stateful_widget(
-        Scrollbar::default()
-            .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalRight)
+        Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalRight)
             .begin_symbol(Some("↑"))
             .end_symbol(Some("↓")),
         chunks[1],
@@ -184,8 +181,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         .scroll((app.vertical_scroll as u16, 0));
     f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[2]);
     f.render_stateful_widget(
-        Scrollbar::default()
-            .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalLeft)
+        Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalLeft)
             .symbols(scrollbar::VERTICAL)
             .begin_symbol(None)
             .track_symbol(None)
@@ -205,8 +201,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         .scroll((0, app.horizontal_scroll as u16));
     f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[3]);
     f.render_stateful_widget(
-        Scrollbar::default()
-            .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
+        Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
             .thumb_symbol("🬋")
             .end_symbol(None),
         chunks[3].inner(&Margin {
@@ -224,8 +219,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         .scroll((0, app.horizontal_scroll as u16));
     f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[4]);
     f.render_stateful_widget(
-        Scrollbar::default()
-            .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
+        Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
             .thumb_symbol("░")
             .track_symbol(Some("─")),
         chunks[4].inner(&Margin {

examples/sparkline.rs

@@ -28,17 +28,20 @@ use rand::{
     distributions::{Distribution, Uniform},
     rngs::ThreadRng,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Sparkline},
+};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct RandomSignal {
+struct RandomSignal {
     distribution: Uniform<u64>,
     rng: ThreadRng,
 }
 
 impl RandomSignal {
-    pub fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> RandomSignal {
-        RandomSignal {
+    fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> Self {
+        Self {
             distribution: Uniform::new(lower, upper),
             rng: rand::thread_rng(),
         }
@@ -60,12 +63,12 @@ struct App {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> App {
+    fn new() -> Self {
         let mut signal = RandomSignal::new(0, 100);
         let data1 = signal.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
         let data2 = signal.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
         let data3 = signal.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
-        App {
+        Self {
             signal,
             data1,
             data2,
@@ -127,7 +130,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
         let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
         if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -148,18 +151,18 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     .split(f.size());
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title("Data1")
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
+            Block::new()
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
+                .title("Data1"),
         )
         .data(&app.data1)
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow));
     f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[0]);
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title("Data2")
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
+            Block::new()
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
+                .title("Data2"),
         )
         .data(&app.data2)
         .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Green));
@@ -167,9 +170,9 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     // Multiline
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title("Data3")
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
+            Block::new()
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
+                .title("Data3"),
         )
         .data(&app.data3)
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red));

examples/table.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
+
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
 use crossterm::{
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ struct TableColors {
 }
 
 impl TableColors {
-    fn new(color: &tailwind::Palette) -> Self {
+    const fn new(color: &tailwind::Palette) -> Self {
         Self {
             buffer_bg: tailwind::SLATE.c950,
             header_bg: color.c900,
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ struct Data {
 }
 
 impl Data {
-    fn ref_array(&self) -> [&String; 3] {
+    const fn ref_array(&self) -> [&String; 3] {
         [&self.name, &self.address, &self.email]
     }
 
@@ -96,9 +98,9 @@ struct App {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> App {
+    fn new() -> Self {
         let data_vec = generate_fake_names();
-        App {
+        Self {
             state: TableState::default().with_selected(0),
             longest_item_lens: constraint_len_calculator(&data_vec),
             scroll_state: ScrollbarState::new((data_vec.len() - 1) * ITEM_HEIGHT),
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     pub fn set_colors(&mut self) {
-        self.colors = TableColors::new(&PALETTES[self.color_index])
+        self.colors = TableColors::new(&PALETTES[self.color_index]);
     }
 }
 
@@ -245,8 +247,7 @@ fn render_table(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
         .fg(app.colors.selected_style_fg);
 
     let header = ["Name", "Address", "Email"]
-        .iter()
-        .cloned()
+        .into_iter()
         .map(Cell::from)
         .collect::<Row>()
         .style(header_style)
@@ -257,9 +258,8 @@ fn render_table(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
             _ => app.colors.alt_row_color,
         };
         let item = data.ref_array();
-        item.iter()
-            .cloned()
-            .map(|content| Cell::from(Text::from(format!("\n{}\n", content))))
+        item.into_iter()
+            .map(|content| Cell::from(Text::from(format!("\n{content}\n"))))
             .collect::<Row>()
             .style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.row_fg).bg(color))
             .height(4)
@@ -308,6 +308,7 @@ fn constraint_len_calculator(items: &[Data]) -> (u16, u16, u16) {
         .max()
         .unwrap_or(0);
 
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     (name_len as u16, address_len as u16, email_len as u16)
 }
 
@@ -325,15 +326,14 @@ fn render_scrollbar(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     );
 }
 
-fn render_footer(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
+fn render_footer(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
     let info_footer = Paragraph::new(Line::from(INFO_TEXT))
         .style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.row_fg).bg(app.colors.buffer_bg))
         .centered()
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .borders(Borders::ALL)
-                .border_style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.footer_border_color))
-                .border_type(BorderType::Double),
+            Block::bordered()
+                .border_type(BorderType::Double)
+                .border_style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.footer_border_color)),
         );
     f.render_widget(info_footer, area);
 }

examples/tabs.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{io, io::stdout};
+#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports, clippy::enum_glob_use)]
+
+use std::io::stdout;
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
 use crossterm::{
@@ -72,7 +74,7 @@ impl App {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
             if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
                 use KeyCode::*;
@@ -102,17 +104,17 @@ impl App {
 
 impl SelectedTab {
     /// Get the previous tab, if there is no previous tab return the current tab.
-    fn previous(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index: usize = *self as usize;
+    fn previous(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index: usize = self as usize;
         let previous_index = current_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
     /// Get the next tab, if there is no next tab return the current tab.
-    fn next(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = *self as usize;
+    fn next(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index = self as usize;
         let next_index = current_index.saturating_add(1);
-        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 }
 
@@ -125,20 +127,16 @@ impl Widget for &App {
         let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Min(0), Length(20)]);
         let [tabs_area, title_area] = horizontal.areas(header_area);
 
-        self.render_title(title_area, buf);
+        render_title(title_area, buf);
         self.render_tabs(tabs_area, buf);
         self.selected_tab.render(inner_area, buf);
-        self.render_footer(footer_area, buf);
+        render_footer(footer_area, buf);
     }
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn render_title(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        "Ratatui Tabs Example".bold().render(area, buf);
-    }
-
     fn render_tabs(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let titles = SelectedTab::iter().map(|tab| tab.title());
+        let titles = SelectedTab::iter().map(SelectedTab::title);
         let highlight_style = (Color::default(), self.selected_tab.palette().c700);
         let selected_tab_index = self.selected_tab as usize;
         Tabs::new(titles)
@@ -148,74 +146,77 @@ impl App {
             .divider(" ")
             .render(area, buf);
     }
+}
 
-    fn render_footer(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        Line::raw("◄ ► to change tab | Press q to quit")
-            .centered()
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
+fn render_title(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    "Ratatui Tabs Example".bold().render(area, buf);
+}
+
+fn render_footer(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    Line::raw("◄ ► to change tab | Press q to quit")
+        .centered()
+        .render(area, buf);
 }
 
 impl Widget for SelectedTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         // in a real app these might be separate widgets
         match self {
-            SelectedTab::Tab1 => self.render_tab0(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Tab2 => self.render_tab1(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Tab3 => self.render_tab2(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Tab4 => self.render_tab3(area, buf),
+            Self::Tab1 => self.render_tab0(area, buf),
+            Self::Tab2 => self.render_tab1(area, buf),
+            Self::Tab3 => self.render_tab2(area, buf),
+            Self::Tab4 => self.render_tab3(area, buf),
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl SelectedTab {
     /// Return tab's name as a styled `Line`
-    fn title(&self) -> Line<'static> {
+    fn title(self) -> Line<'static> {
         format!("  {self}  ")
             .fg(tailwind::SLATE.c200)
             .bg(self.palette().c900)
             .into()
     }
 
-    fn render_tab0(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_tab0(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         Paragraph::new("Hello, World!")
             .block(self.block())
-            .render(area, buf)
+            .render(area, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_tab1(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_tab1(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         Paragraph::new("Welcome to the Ratatui tabs example!")
             .block(self.block())
-            .render(area, buf)
+            .render(area, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_tab2(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_tab2(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         Paragraph::new("Look! I'm different than others!")
             .block(self.block())
-            .render(area, buf)
+            .render(area, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_tab3(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_tab3(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         Paragraph::new("I know, these are some basic changes. But I think you got the main idea.")
             .block(self.block())
-            .render(area, buf)
+            .render(area, buf);
     }
 
     /// A block surrounding the tab's content
-    fn block(&self) -> Block<'static> {
-        Block::default()
-            .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    fn block(self) -> Block<'static> {
+        Block::bordered()
             .border_set(symbols::border::PROPORTIONAL_TALL)
             .padding(Padding::horizontal(1))
             .border_style(self.palette().c700)
     }
 
-    fn palette(&self) -> tailwind::Palette {
+    const fn palette(self) -> tailwind::Palette {
         match self {
-            SelectedTab::Tab1 => tailwind::BLUE,
-            SelectedTab::Tab2 => tailwind::EMERALD,
-            SelectedTab::Tab3 => tailwind::INDIGO,
-            SelectedTab::Tab4 => tailwind::RED,
+            Self::Tab1 => tailwind::BLUE,
+            Self::Tab2 => tailwind::EMERALD,
+            Self::Tab3 => tailwind::INDIGO,
+            Self::Tab4 => tailwind::RED,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
     }))?;
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }

examples/user_input.rs

@@ -13,28 +13,31 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+// A simple example demonstrating how to handle user input. This is a bit out of the scope of
+// the library as it does not provide any input handling out of the box. However, it may helps
+// some to get started.
+//
+// This is a very simple example:
+//   * An input box always focused. Every character you type is registered here.
+//   * An entered character is inserted at the cursor position.
+//   * Pressing Backspace erases the left character before the cursor position
+//   * Pressing Enter pushes the current input in the history of previous messages. **Note: ** as
+//   this is a relatively simple example unicode characters are unsupported and their use will
+// result in undefined behaviour.
+//
+// See also https://github.com/rhysd/tui-textarea and https://github.com/sayanarijit/tui-input/
+
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-/// A simple example demonstrating how to handle user input. This is a bit out of the scope of
-/// the library as it does not provide any input handling out of the box. However, it may helps
-/// some to get started.
-///
-/// This is a very simple example:
-///   * An input box always focused. Every character you type is registered here.
-///   * An entered character is inserted at the cursor position.
-///   * Pressing Backspace erases the left character before the cursor position
-///   * Pressing Enter pushes the current input in the history of previous messages. **Note: **
-///     as
-///   this is a relatively simple example unicode characters are unsupported and their use will
-/// result in undefined behaviour.
-///
-/// See also https://github.com/rhysd/tui-textarea and https://github.com/sayanarijit/tui-input/
 use crossterm::{
     event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
     execute,
     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::{Block, List, ListItem, Paragraph},
+};
 
 enum InputMode {
     Normal,
@@ -46,49 +49,59 @@ struct App {
     /// Current value of the input box
     input: String,
     /// Position of cursor in the editor area.
-    cursor_position: usize,
+    character_index: usize,
     /// Current input mode
     input_mode: InputMode,
     /// History of recorded messages
     messages: Vec<String>,
 }
 
-impl Default for App {
-    fn default() -> App {
-        App {
+impl App {
+    const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
             input: String::new(),
             input_mode: InputMode::Normal,
             messages: Vec::new(),
-            cursor_position: 0,
+            character_index: 0,
         }
     }
-}
 
-impl App {
     fn move_cursor_left(&mut self) {
-        let cursor_moved_left = self.cursor_position.saturating_sub(1);
-        self.cursor_position = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_left);
+        let cursor_moved_left = self.character_index.saturating_sub(1);
+        self.character_index = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_left);
     }
 
     fn move_cursor_right(&mut self) {
-        let cursor_moved_right = self.cursor_position.saturating_add(1);
-        self.cursor_position = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_right);
+        let cursor_moved_right = self.character_index.saturating_add(1);
+        self.character_index = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_right);
     }
 
     fn enter_char(&mut self, new_char: char) {
-        self.input.insert(self.cursor_position, new_char);
-
+        let index = self.byte_index();
+        self.input.insert(index, new_char);
         self.move_cursor_right();
     }
 
+    /// Returns the byte index based on the character position.
+    ///
+    /// Since each character in a string can be contain multiple bytes, it's necessary to calculate
+    /// the byte index based on the index of the character.
+    fn byte_index(&mut self) -> usize {
+        self.input
+            .char_indices()
+            .map(|(i, _)| i)
+            .nth(self.character_index)
+            .unwrap_or(self.input.len())
+    }
+
     fn delete_char(&mut self) {
-        let is_not_cursor_leftmost = self.cursor_position != 0;
+        let is_not_cursor_leftmost = self.character_index != 0;
         if is_not_cursor_leftmost {
             // Method "remove" is not used on the saved text for deleting the selected char.
             // Reason: Using remove on String works on bytes instead of the chars.
             // Using remove would require special care because of char boundaries.
 
-            let current_index = self.cursor_position;
+            let current_index = self.character_index;
             let from_left_to_current_index = current_index - 1;
 
             // Getting all characters before the selected character.
@@ -104,11 +117,11 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn clamp_cursor(&self, new_cursor_pos: usize) -> usize {
-        new_cursor_pos.clamp(0, self.input.len())
+        new_cursor_pos.clamp(0, self.input.chars().count())
     }
 
     fn reset_cursor(&mut self) {
-        self.cursor_position = 0;
+        self.character_index = 0;
     }
 
     fn submit_message(&mut self) {
@@ -127,7 +140,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
 
     // create app and run it
-    let app = App::default();
+    let app = App::new();
     let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app);
 
     // restore terminal
@@ -180,7 +193,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
                     }
                     _ => {}
                 },
-                _ => {}
+                InputMode::Editing => {}
             }
         }
     }
@@ -225,7 +238,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
             InputMode::Normal => Style::default(),
             InputMode::Editing => Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
         })
-        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Input"));
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Input"));
     f.render_widget(input, input_area);
     match app.input_mode {
         InputMode::Normal =>
@@ -235,13 +248,14 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
         InputMode::Editing => {
             // Make the cursor visible and ask ratatui to put it at the specified coordinates after
             // rendering
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
             f.set_cursor(
                 // Draw the cursor at the current position in the input field.
                 // This position is can be controlled via the left and right arrow key
-                input_area.x + app.cursor_position as u16 + 1,
+                input_area.x + app.character_index as u16 + 1,
                 // Move one line down, from the border to the input line
                 input_area.y + 1,
-            )
+            );
         }
     }
 
@@ -254,7 +268,6 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
             ListItem::new(content)
         })
         .collect();
-    let messages =
-        List::new(messages).block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Messages"));
+    let messages = List::new(messages).block(Block::bordered().title("Messages"));
     f.render_widget(messages, messages_area);
 }

examples/vhs/custom_widget.tape

@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ Space
 Left
 Space
 Left
-Space
+Space

examples/vhs/demo2-destroy.tape

@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ Enter
 Sleep 2s
 Show
 Type "d"
-Sleep 30s
+Sleep 30s

examples/vhs/demo2-social.tape

@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ Tab
 # Weather
 Set TypingSpeed 100ms
 Down 40
-Sleep 2s
+Sleep 2s

examples/vhs/demo2.tape

@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ Tab
 Screenshot "target/demo2-weather.png"
 Set TypingSpeed 100ms
 Down 40
-Sleep 2s
+Sleep 2s

src/backend/crossterm.rs

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ use crossterm::{
     cursor::{Hide, MoveTo, Show},
     execute, queue,
     style::{
-        Attribute as CAttribute, Attributes as CAttributes, Color as CColor, ContentStyle, Print,
-        SetAttribute, SetBackgroundColor, SetForegroundColor,
+        Attribute as CAttribute, Attributes as CAttributes, Color as CColor, Colors, ContentStyle,
+        Print, SetAttribute, SetBackgroundColor, SetColors, SetForegroundColor,
     },
     terminal::{self, Clear},
 };
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ where
     /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
     /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
     /// ```
-    pub fn new(writer: W) -> CrosstermBackend<W> {
-        CrosstermBackend { writer }
+    pub const fn new(writer: W) -> Self {
+        Self { writer }
     }
 }
 
@@ -145,14 +145,12 @@ where
                 diff.queue(&mut self.writer)?;
                 modifier = cell.modifier;
             }
-            if cell.fg != fg {
-                let color = CColor::from(cell.fg);
-                queue!(self.writer, SetForegroundColor(color))?;
+            if cell.fg != fg || cell.bg != bg {
+                queue!(
+                    self.writer,
+                    SetColors(Colors::new(cell.fg.into(), cell.bg.into()))
+                )?;
                 fg = cell.fg;
-            }
-            if cell.bg != bg {
-                let color = CColor::from(cell.bg);
-                queue!(self.writer, SetBackgroundColor(color))?;
                 bg = cell.bg;
             }
             #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
@@ -228,7 +226,7 @@ where
         Ok(Rect::new(0, 0, width, height))
     }
 
-    fn window_size(&mut self) -> Result<WindowSize, io::Error> {
+    fn window_size(&mut self) -> io::Result<WindowSize> {
         let crossterm::terminal::WindowSize {
             columns,
             rows,
@@ -252,25 +250,25 @@ where
 impl From<Color> for CColor {
     fn from(color: Color) -> Self {
         match color {
-            Color::Reset => CColor::Reset,
-            Color::Black => CColor::Black,
-            Color::Red => CColor::DarkRed,
-            Color::Green => CColor::DarkGreen,
-            Color::Yellow => CColor::DarkYellow,
-            Color::Blue => CColor::DarkBlue,
-            Color::Magenta => CColor::DarkMagenta,
-            Color::Cyan => CColor::DarkCyan,
-            Color::Gray => CColor::Grey,
-            Color::DarkGray => CColor::DarkGrey,
-            Color::LightRed => CColor::Red,
-            Color::LightGreen => CColor::Green,
-            Color::LightBlue => CColor::Blue,
-            Color::LightYellow => CColor::Yellow,
-            Color::LightMagenta => CColor::Magenta,
-            Color::LightCyan => CColor::Cyan,
-            Color::White => CColor::White,
-            Color::Indexed(i) => CColor::AnsiValue(i),
-            Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => CColor::Rgb { r, g, b },
+            Color::Reset => Self::Reset,
+            Color::Black => Self::Black,
+            Color::Red => Self::DarkRed,
+            Color::Green => Self::DarkGreen,
+            Color::Yellow => Self::DarkYellow,
+            Color::Blue => Self::DarkBlue,
+            Color::Magenta => Self::DarkMagenta,
+            Color::Cyan => Self::DarkCyan,
+            Color::Gray => Self::Grey,
+            Color::DarkGray => Self::DarkGrey,
+            Color::LightRed => Self::Red,
+            Color::LightGreen => Self::Green,
+            Color::LightBlue => Self::Blue,
+            Color::LightYellow => Self::Yellow,
+            Color::LightMagenta => Self::Magenta,
+            Color::LightCyan => Self::Cyan,
+            Color::White => Self::White,
+            Color::Indexed(i) => Self::AnsiValue(i),
+            Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => Self::Rgb { r, g, b },
         }
     }
 }
@@ -304,14 +302,13 @@ impl From<CColor> for Color {
 /// The `ModifierDiff` struct is used to calculate the difference between two `Modifier`
 /// values. This is useful when updating the terminal display, as it allows for more
 /// efficient updates by only sending the necessary changes.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 struct ModifierDiff {
     pub from: Modifier,
     pub to: Modifier,
 }
 
 impl ModifierDiff {
-    fn queue<W>(&self, mut w: W) -> io::Result<()>
+    fn queue<W>(self, mut w: W) -> io::Result<()>
     where
         W: io::Write,
     {
@@ -377,22 +374,22 @@ impl From<CAttribute> for Modifier {
         // `Attribute*s*` (note the *s*) contains multiple `Attribute`
         // We convert `Attribute` to `Attribute*s*` (containing only 1 value) to avoid implementing
         // the conversion again
-        Modifier::from(CAttributes::from(value))
+        Self::from(CAttributes::from(value))
     }
 }
 
 impl From<CAttributes> for Modifier {
     fn from(value: CAttributes) -> Self {
-        let mut res = Modifier::empty();
+        let mut res = Self::empty();
 
         if value.has(CAttribute::Bold) {
-            res |= Modifier::BOLD;
+            res |= Self::BOLD;
         }
         if value.has(CAttribute::Dim) {
-            res |= Modifier::DIM;
+            res |= Self::DIM;
         }
         if value.has(CAttribute::Italic) {
-            res |= Modifier::ITALIC;
+            res |= Self::ITALIC;
         }
         if value.has(CAttribute::Underlined)
             || value.has(CAttribute::DoubleUnderlined)
@@ -400,22 +397,22 @@ impl From<CAttributes> for Modifier {
             || value.has(CAttribute::Underdotted)
             || value.has(CAttribute::Underdashed)
         {
-            res |= Modifier::UNDERLINED;
+            res |= Self::UNDERLINED;
         }
         if value.has(CAttribute::SlowBlink) {
-            res |= Modifier::SLOW_BLINK;
+            res |= Self::SLOW_BLINK;
         }
         if value.has(CAttribute::RapidBlink) {
-            res |= Modifier::RAPID_BLINK;
+            res |= Self::RAPID_BLINK;
         }
         if value.has(CAttribute::Reverse) {
-            res |= Modifier::REVERSED;
+            res |= Self::REVERSED;
         }
         if value.has(CAttribute::Hidden) {
-            res |= Modifier::HIDDEN;
+            res |= Self::HIDDEN;
         }
         if value.has(CAttribute::CrossedOut) {
-            res |= Modifier::CROSSED_OUT;
+            res |= Self::CROSSED_OUT;
         }
 
         res
@@ -449,10 +446,10 @@ impl From<ContentStyle> for Style {
         }
 
         Self {
-            fg: value.foreground_color.map(|c| c.into()),
-            bg: value.background_color.map(|c| c.into()),
+            fg: value.foreground_color.map(Into::into),
+            bg: value.background_color.map(Into::into),
             #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
-            underline_color: value.underline_color.map(|c| c.into()),
+            underline_color: value.underline_color.map(Into::into),
             add_modifier: value.attributes.into(),
             sub_modifier,
         }
@@ -668,6 +665,6 @@ mod tests {
                 ..Default::default()
             }),
             Style::default().underline_color(Color::Red)
-        )
+        );
     }
 }

src/backend/termion.rs

@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ where
     /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
     /// let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout());
     /// ```
-    pub fn new(writer: W) -> TermionBackend<W> {
-        TermionBackend { writer }
+    pub const fn new(writer: W) -> Self {
+        Self { writer }
     }
 }
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ where
         Ok(Rect::new(0, 0, terminal.0, terminal.1))
     }
 
-    fn window_size(&mut self) -> Result<WindowSize, io::Error> {
+    fn window_size(&mut self) -> io::Result<WindowSize> {
         Ok(WindowSize {
             columns_rows: termion::terminal_size()?.into(),
             pixels: termion::terminal_size_pixels()?.into(),
@@ -209,16 +209,13 @@ where
         self.writer.flush()
     }
 }
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 struct Fg(Color);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 struct Bg(Color);
 
 /// The `ModifierDiff` struct is used to calculate the difference between two `Modifier`
 /// values. This is useful when updating the terminal display, as it allows for more
 /// efficient updates by only sending the necessary changes.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 struct ModifierDiff {
     from: Modifier,
     to: Modifier,
@@ -319,37 +316,37 @@ from_termion_for_color!(LightWhite, White);
 
 impl From<tcolor::AnsiValue> for Color {
     fn from(value: tcolor::AnsiValue) -> Self {
-        Color::Indexed(value.0)
+        Self::Indexed(value.0)
     }
 }
 
 impl From<tcolor::Bg<tcolor::AnsiValue>> for Style {
     fn from(value: tcolor::Bg<tcolor::AnsiValue>) -> Self {
-        Style::default().bg(Color::Indexed(value.0 .0))
+        Self::default().bg(Color::Indexed(value.0 .0))
     }
 }
 
 impl From<tcolor::Fg<tcolor::AnsiValue>> for Style {
     fn from(value: tcolor::Fg<tcolor::AnsiValue>) -> Self {
-        Style::default().fg(Color::Indexed(value.0 .0))
+        Self::default().fg(Color::Indexed(value.0 .0))
     }
 }
 
 impl From<tcolor::Rgb> for Color {
     fn from(value: tcolor::Rgb) -> Self {
-        Color::Rgb(value.0, value.1, value.2)
+        Self::Rgb(value.0, value.1, value.2)
     }
 }
 
 impl From<tcolor::Bg<tcolor::Rgb>> for Style {
     fn from(value: tcolor::Bg<tcolor::Rgb>) -> Self {
-        Style::default().bg(Color::Rgb(value.0 .0, value.0 .1, value.0 .2))
+        Self::default().bg(Color::Rgb(value.0 .0, value.0 .1, value.0 .2))
     }
 }
 
 impl From<tcolor::Fg<tcolor::Rgb>> for Style {
     fn from(value: tcolor::Fg<tcolor::Rgb>) -> Self {
-        Style::default().fg(Color::Rgb(value.0 .0, value.0 .1, value.0 .2))
+        Self::default().fg(Color::Rgb(value.0 .0, value.0 .1, value.0 .2))
     }
 }
 
@@ -438,7 +435,7 @@ from_termion_for_modifier!(Blink, SLOW_BLINK);
 
 impl From<termion::style::Reset> for Modifier {
     fn from(_: termion::style::Reset) -> Self {
-        Modifier::empty()
+        Self::empty()
     }
 }
 

src/backend/termwiz.rs

@@ -84,23 +84,23 @@ impl TermwizBackend {
     /// let backend = TermwizBackend::new()?;
     /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
     /// ```
-    pub fn new() -> Result<TermwizBackend, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    pub fn new() -> Result<Self, Box<dyn Error>> {
         let mut buffered_terminal =
             BufferedTerminal::new(SystemTerminal::new(Capabilities::new_from_env()?)?)?;
         buffered_terminal.terminal().set_raw_mode()?;
         buffered_terminal.terminal().enter_alternate_screen()?;
-        Ok(TermwizBackend { buffered_terminal })
+        Ok(Self { buffered_terminal })
     }
 
     /// Creates a new Termwiz backend instance with the given buffered terminal.
-    pub fn with_buffered_terminal(instance: BufferedTerminal<SystemTerminal>) -> TermwizBackend {
-        TermwizBackend {
+    pub const fn with_buffered_terminal(instance: BufferedTerminal<SystemTerminal>) -> Self {
+        Self {
             buffered_terminal: instance,
         }
     }
 
     /// Returns a reference to the buffered terminal used by the backend.
-    pub fn buffered_terminal(&self) -> &BufferedTerminal<SystemTerminal> {
+    pub const fn buffered_terminal(&self) -> &BufferedTerminal<SystemTerminal> {
         &self.buffered_terminal
     }
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ impl TermwizBackend {
 }
 
 impl Backend for TermwizBackend {
-    fn draw<'a, I>(&mut self, content: I) -> Result<(), io::Error>
+    fn draw<'a, I>(&mut self, content: I) -> io::Result<()>
     where
         I: Iterator<Item = (u16, u16, &'a Cell)>,
     {
@@ -181,13 +181,13 @@ impl Backend for TermwizBackend {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.buffered_terminal
             .add_change(Change::CursorVisibility(CursorVisibility::Hidden));
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.buffered_terminal
             .add_change(Change::CursorVisibility(CursorVisibility::Visible));
         Ok(())
@@ -207,18 +207,18 @@ impl Backend for TermwizBackend {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn clear(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    fn clear(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.buffered_terminal
             .add_change(Change::ClearScreen(termwiz::color::ColorAttribute::Default));
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn size(&self) -> Result<Rect, io::Error> {
+    fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Rect> {
         let (cols, rows) = self.buffered_terminal.dimensions();
         Ok(Rect::new(0, 0, u16_max(cols), u16_max(rows)))
     }
 
-    fn window_size(&mut self) -> Result<WindowSize, io::Error> {
+    fn window_size(&mut self) -> io::Result<WindowSize> {
         let ScreenSize {
             cols,
             rows,
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ impl Backend for TermwizBackend {
         })
     }
 
-    fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.buffered_terminal
             .flush()
             .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e))?;
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ impl Backend for TermwizBackend {
 
 impl From<CellAttributes> for Style {
     fn from(value: CellAttributes) -> Self {
-        let mut style = Style::new()
+        let mut style = Self::new()
             .add_modifier(value.intensity().into())
             .add_modifier(value.underline().into())
             .add_modifier(value.blink().into());
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ impl From<CellAttributes> for Style {
 
         style.fg = Some(value.foreground().into());
         style.bg = Some(value.background().into());
-        #[cfg(feature = "underline_color")]
+        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
         {
             style.underline_color = Some(value.underline_color().into());
         }
@@ -283,9 +283,9 @@ impl From<CellAttributes> for Style {
 impl From<Intensity> for Modifier {
     fn from(value: Intensity) -> Self {
         match value {
-            Intensity::Normal => Modifier::empty(),
-            Intensity::Bold => Modifier::BOLD,
-            Intensity::Half => Modifier::DIM,
+            Intensity::Normal => Self::empty(),
+            Intensity::Bold => Self::BOLD,
+            Intensity::Half => Self::DIM,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -293,8 +293,8 @@ impl From<Intensity> for Modifier {
 impl From<Underline> for Modifier {
     fn from(value: Underline) -> Self {
         match value {
-            Underline::None => Modifier::empty(),
-            _ => Modifier::UNDERLINED,
+            Underline::None => Self::empty(),
+            _ => Self::UNDERLINED,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -302,17 +302,17 @@ impl From<Underline> for Modifier {
 impl From<Blink> for Modifier {
     fn from(value: Blink) -> Self {
         match value {
-            Blink::None => Modifier::empty(),
-            Blink::Slow => Modifier::SLOW_BLINK,
-            Blink::Rapid => Modifier::RAPID_BLINK,
+            Blink::None => Self::empty(),
+            Blink::Slow => Self::SLOW_BLINK,
+            Blink::Rapid => Self::RAPID_BLINK,
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl From<Color> for ColorAttribute {
-    fn from(color: Color) -> ColorAttribute {
+    fn from(color: Color) -> Self {
         match color {
-            Color::Reset => ColorAttribute::Default,
+            Color::Reset => Self::Default,
             Color::Black => AnsiColor::Black.into(),
             Color::DarkGray => AnsiColor::Grey.into(),
             Color::Gray => AnsiColor::Silver.into(),
@@ -329,10 +329,8 @@ impl From<Color> for ColorAttribute {
             Color::White => AnsiColor::White.into(),
             Color::Blue => AnsiColor::Navy.into(),
             Color::LightBlue => AnsiColor::Blue.into(),
-            Color::Indexed(i) => ColorAttribute::PaletteIndex(i),
-            Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => {
-                ColorAttribute::TrueColorWithDefaultFallback(SrgbaTuple::from((r, g, b)))
-            }
+            Color::Indexed(i) => Self::PaletteIndex(i),
+            Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => Self::TrueColorWithDefaultFallback(SrgbaTuple::from((r, g, b))),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -340,22 +338,22 @@ impl From<Color> for ColorAttribute {
 impl From<AnsiColor> for Color {
     fn from(value: AnsiColor) -> Self {
         match value {
-            AnsiColor::Black => Color::Black,
-            AnsiColor::Grey => Color::DarkGray,
-            AnsiColor::Silver => Color::Gray,
-            AnsiColor::Maroon => Color::Red,
-            AnsiColor::Red => Color::LightRed,
-            AnsiColor::Green => Color::Green,
-            AnsiColor::Lime => Color::LightGreen,
-            AnsiColor::Olive => Color::Yellow,
-            AnsiColor::Yellow => Color::LightYellow,
-            AnsiColor::Purple => Color::Magenta,
-            AnsiColor::Fuchsia => Color::LightMagenta,
-            AnsiColor::Teal => Color::Cyan,
-            AnsiColor::Aqua => Color::LightCyan,
-            AnsiColor::White => Color::White,
-            AnsiColor::Navy => Color::Blue,
-            AnsiColor::Blue => Color::LightBlue,
+            AnsiColor::Black => Self::Black,
+            AnsiColor::Grey => Self::DarkGray,
+            AnsiColor::Silver => Self::Gray,
+            AnsiColor::Maroon => Self::Red,
+            AnsiColor::Red => Self::LightRed,
+            AnsiColor::Green => Self::Green,
+            AnsiColor::Lime => Self::LightGreen,
+            AnsiColor::Olive => Self::Yellow,
+            AnsiColor::Yellow => Self::LightYellow,
+            AnsiColor::Purple => Self::Magenta,
+            AnsiColor::Fuchsia => Self::LightMagenta,
+            AnsiColor::Teal => Self::Cyan,
+            AnsiColor::Aqua => Self::LightCyan,
+            AnsiColor::White => Self::White,
+            AnsiColor::Navy => Self::Blue,
+            AnsiColor::Blue => Self::LightBlue,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -365,8 +363,8 @@ impl From<ColorAttribute> for Color {
         match value {
             ColorAttribute::TrueColorWithDefaultFallback(srgba)
             | ColorAttribute::TrueColorWithPaletteFallback(srgba, _) => srgba.into(),
-            ColorAttribute::PaletteIndex(i) => Color::Indexed(i),
-            ColorAttribute::Default => Color::Reset,
+            ColorAttribute::PaletteIndex(i) => Self::Indexed(i),
+            ColorAttribute::Default => Self::Reset,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -374,8 +372,8 @@ impl From<ColorAttribute> for Color {
 impl From<ColorSpec> for Color {
     fn from(value: ColorSpec) -> Self {
         match value {
-            ColorSpec::Default => Color::Reset,
-            ColorSpec::PaletteIndex(i) => Color::Indexed(i),
+            ColorSpec::Default => Self::Reset,
+            ColorSpec::PaletteIndex(i) => Self::Indexed(i),
             ColorSpec::TrueColor(srgba) => srgba.into(),
         }
     }
@@ -384,14 +382,14 @@ impl From<ColorSpec> for Color {
 impl From<SrgbaTuple> for Color {
     fn from(value: SrgbaTuple) -> Self {
         let (r, g, b, _) = value.to_srgb_u8();
-        Color::Rgb(r, g, b)
+        Self::Rgb(r, g, b)
     }
 }
 
 impl From<RgbColor> for Color {
     fn from(value: RgbColor) -> Self {
         let (r, g, b) = value.to_tuple_rgb8();
-        Color::Rgb(r, g, b)
+        Self::Rgb(r, g, b)
     }
 }
 
@@ -409,7 +407,6 @@ fn u16_max(i: usize) -> u16 {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::style::Stylize;
 
     mod into_color {
         use Color as C;
@@ -578,11 +575,19 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn from_cell_attribute_for_style() {
+        use crate::style::Stylize;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+        const STYLE: Style = Style::new()
+            .underline_color(Color::Reset)
+            .fg(Color::Reset)
+            .bg(Color::Reset);
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "underline-color"))]
+        const STYLE: Style = Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset);
+
         // default
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::from(CellAttributes::default()),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset)
-        );
+        assert_eq!(Style::from(CellAttributes::default()), STYLE);
+
         // foreground color
         assert_eq!(
             Style::from(
@@ -590,7 +595,7 @@ mod tests {
                     .set_foreground(ColorAttribute::PaletteIndex(31))
                     .to_owned()
             ),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Indexed(31)).bg(Color::Reset)
+            STYLE.fg(Color::Indexed(31))
         );
         // background color
         assert_eq!(
@@ -599,21 +604,7 @@ mod tests {
                     .set_background(ColorAttribute::PaletteIndex(31))
                     .to_owned()
             ),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Indexed(31))
-        );
-        // underline color
-        #[cfg(feature = "underline_color")]
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::from(
-                CellAttributes::default()
-                    .set_underline_color(AnsiColor::Red)
-                    .set
-                    .to_owned()
-            ),
-            Style::new()
-                .fg(Color::Reset)
-                .bg(Color::Reset)
-                .underline_color(Color::Red)
+            STYLE.bg(Color::Indexed(31))
         );
         // underlined
         assert_eq!(
@@ -622,12 +613,12 @@ mod tests {
                     .set_underline(Underline::Single)
                     .to_owned()
             ),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).underlined()
+            STYLE.underlined()
         );
         // blink
         assert_eq!(
             Style::from(CellAttributes::default().set_blink(Blink::Slow).to_owned()),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).slow_blink()
+            STYLE.slow_blink()
         );
         // intensity
         assert_eq!(
@@ -636,27 +627,38 @@ mod tests {
                     .set_intensity(Intensity::Bold)
                     .to_owned()
             ),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).bold()
+            STYLE.bold()
         );
         // italic
         assert_eq!(
             Style::from(CellAttributes::default().set_italic(true).to_owned()),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).italic()
+            STYLE.italic()
         );
         // reversed
         assert_eq!(
             Style::from(CellAttributes::default().set_reverse(true).to_owned()),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).reversed()
+            STYLE.reversed()
         );
         // strikethrough
         assert_eq!(
             Style::from(CellAttributes::default().set_strikethrough(true).to_owned()),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).crossed_out()
+            STYLE.crossed_out()
         );
         // hidden
         assert_eq!(
             Style::from(CellAttributes::default().set_invisible(true).to_owned()),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).hidden()
+            STYLE.hidden()
+        );
+
+        // underline color
+        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from(
+                CellAttributes::default()
+                    .set_underline_color(AnsiColor::Red)
+                    .to_owned()
+            ),
+            STYLE.underline_color(Color::Indexed(9))
         );
     }
 }

src/backend/test.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //! It is used in the integration tests to verify the correctness of the library.
 
 use std::{
-    fmt::{Display, Write},
+    fmt::{self, Write},
     io,
 };
 
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@ use crate::{
     layout::{Rect, Size},
 };
 
-/// A [`Backend`] implementation used for integration testing that that renders to an in memory
-/// buffer.
+/// A [`Backend`] implementation used for integration testing that renders to an memory buffer.
 ///
 /// Note: that although many of the integration and unit tests in ratatui are written using this
 /// backend, it is preferable to write unit tests for widgets directly against the buffer rather
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ use crate::{
 ///
 /// let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
 /// backend.clear()?;
-/// backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 2]));
+/// backend.assert_buffer_lines(["          "; 2]);
 /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
 /// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
@@ -72,9 +71,9 @@ fn buffer_view(buffer: &Buffer) -> String {
 }
 
 impl TestBackend {
-    /// Creates a new TestBackend with the specified width and height.
-    pub fn new(width: u16, height: u16) -> TestBackend {
-        TestBackend {
+    /// Creates a new `TestBackend` with the specified width and height.
+    pub fn new(width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
+        Self {
             width,
             height,
             buffer: Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, width, height)),
@@ -83,68 +82,59 @@ impl TestBackend {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Returns a reference to the internal buffer of the TestBackend.
-    pub fn buffer(&self) -> &Buffer {
+    /// Returns a reference to the internal buffer of the `TestBackend`.
+    pub const fn buffer(&self) -> &Buffer {
         &self.buffer
     }
 
-    /// Resizes the TestBackend to the specified width and height.
+    /// Resizes the `TestBackend` to the specified width and height.
     pub fn resize(&mut self, width: u16, height: u16) {
         self.buffer.resize(Rect::new(0, 0, width, height));
         self.width = width;
         self.height = height;
     }
 
-    /// Asserts that the TestBackend's buffer is equal to the expected buffer.
-    /// If the buffers are not equal, a panic occurs with a detailed error message
-    /// showing the differences between the expected and actual buffers.
+    /// Asserts that the `TestBackend`'s buffer is equal to the expected buffer.
+    ///
+    /// This is a shortcut for `assert_eq!(self.buffer(), &expected)`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// When they are not equal, a panic occurs with a detailed error message showing the
+    /// differences between the expected and actual buffers.
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn assert_buffer(&self, expected: &Buffer) {
-        assert_eq!(expected.area, self.buffer.area);
-        let diff = expected.diff(&self.buffer);
-        if diff.is_empty() {
-            return;
-        }
+        // TODO: use assert_eq!()
+        crate::assert_buffer_eq!(&self.buffer, expected);
+    }
 
-        let mut debug_info = String::from("Buffers are not equal");
-        debug_info.push('\n');
-        debug_info.push_str("Expected:");
-        debug_info.push('\n');
-        let expected_view = buffer_view(expected);
-        debug_info.push_str(&expected_view);
-        debug_info.push('\n');
-        debug_info.push_str("Got:");
-        debug_info.push('\n');
-        let view = buffer_view(&self.buffer);
-        debug_info.push_str(&view);
-        debug_info.push('\n');
-
-        debug_info.push_str("Diff:");
-        debug_info.push('\n');
-        let nice_diff = diff
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(i, (x, y, cell))| {
-                let expected_cell = expected.get(*x, *y);
-                format!("{i}: at ({x}, {y}) expected {expected_cell:?} got {cell:?}")
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        debug_info.push_str(&nice_diff);
-        panic!("{debug_info}");
+    /// Asserts that the `TestBackend`'s buffer is equal to the expected lines.
+    ///
+    /// This is a shortcut for `assert_eq!(self.buffer(), &Buffer::with_lines(expected))`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// When they are not equal, a panic occurs with a detailed error message showing the
+    /// differences between the expected and actual buffers.
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn assert_buffer_lines<'line, Lines>(&self, expected: Lines)
+    where
+        Lines: IntoIterator,
+        Lines::Item: Into<crate::text::Line<'line>>,
+    {
+        self.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(expected));
     }
 }
 
-impl Display for TestBackend {
-    /// Formats the TestBackend for display by calling the buffer_view function
+impl fmt::Display for TestBackend {
+    /// Formats the `TestBackend` for display by calling the `buffer_view` function
     /// on its internal buffer.
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", buffer_view(&self.buffer))
     }
 }
 
 impl Backend for TestBackend {
-    fn draw<'a, I>(&mut self, content: I) -> Result<(), io::Error>
+    fn draw<'a, I>(&mut self, content: I) -> io::Result<()>
     where
         I: Iterator<Item = (u16, u16, &'a Cell)>,
     {
@@ -155,26 +145,26 @@ impl Backend for TestBackend {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.cursor = false;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.cursor = true;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(u16, u16), io::Error> {
+    fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<(u16, u16)> {
         Ok(self.pos)
     }
 
-    fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.pos = (x, y);
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn clear(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    fn clear(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.buffer.reset();
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -244,11 +234,11 @@ impl Backend for TestBackend {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn size(&self) -> Result<Rect, io::Error> {
+    fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Rect> {
         Ok(Rect::new(0, 0, self.width, self.height))
     }
 
-    fn window_size(&mut self) -> Result<WindowSize, io::Error> {
+    fn window_size(&mut self) -> io::Result<WindowSize> {
         // Some arbitrary window pixel size, probably doesn't need much testing.
         static WINDOW_PIXEL_SIZE: Size = Size {
             width: 640,
@@ -260,7 +250,7 @@ impl Backend for TestBackend {
         })
     }
 
-    fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
@@ -276,7 +266,7 @@ mod tests {
             TestBackend {
                 width: 10,
                 height: 2,
-                buffer: Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 2]),
+                buffer: Buffer::with_lines(["          "; 2]),
                 cursor: false,
                 pos: (0, 0),
             }
@@ -284,20 +274,19 @@ mod tests {
     }
     #[test]
     fn test_buffer_view() {
-        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaa"; 2]);
+        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(["aaaa"; 2]);
         assert_eq!(buffer_view(&buffer), "\"aaaa\"\n\"aaaa\"\n");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn buffer_view_with_overwrites() {
         let multi_byte_char = "👨‍👩‍👧‍👦"; // renders 8 wide
-        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![multi_byte_char]);
+        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines([multi_byte_char]);
         assert_eq!(
             buffer_view(&buffer),
             format!(
                 r#""{multi_byte_char}" Hidden by multi-width symbols: [(1, " "), (2, " "), (3, " "), (4, " "), (5, " "), (6, " "), (7, " ")]
 "#,
-                multi_byte_char = multi_byte_char
             )
         );
     }
@@ -305,35 +294,33 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn buffer() {
         let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
-        assert_eq!(backend.buffer(), &Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 2]));
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines(["          "; 2]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn resize() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
         backend.resize(5, 5);
-        assert_eq!(backend.buffer(), &Buffer::with_lines(vec!["     "; 5]));
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines(["     "; 5]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn assert_buffer() {
         let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
-        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 2]);
-        backend.assert_buffer(&buffer);
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines(["          "; 2]);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    #[should_panic]
+    #[should_panic = "buffer contents not equal"]
     fn assert_buffer_panics() {
         let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
-        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaaaaaaaa"; 2]);
-        backend.assert_buffer(&buffer);
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines(["aaaaaaaaaa"; 2]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn display() {
         let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
-        assert_eq!(format!("{}", backend), "\"          \"\n\"          \"\n");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{backend}"), "\"          \"\n\"          \"\n");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -343,7 +330,7 @@ mod tests {
         cell.set_symbol("a");
         backend.draw([(0, 0, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
         backend.draw([(0, 1, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec!["a         "; 2]));
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines(["a         "; 2]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -375,24 +362,19 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn clear() {
-        let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 4);
+        let mut backend = TestBackend::new(4, 2);
         let mut cell = Cell::default();
         cell.set_symbol("a");
         backend.draw([(0, 0, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
         backend.draw([(0, 1, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
         backend.clear().unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "          ",
-            "          ",
-            "          ",
-            "          ",
-        ]));
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines(["    ", "    "]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn clear_region_all() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
@@ -401,19 +383,19 @@ mod tests {
         ]);
 
         backend.clear_region(ClearType::All).unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn clear_region_after_cursor() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
@@ -423,19 +405,19 @@ mod tests {
 
         backend.set_cursor(3, 2).unwrap();
         backend.clear_region(ClearType::AfterCursor).unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaa      ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn clear_region_before_cursor() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
@@ -445,19 +427,19 @@ mod tests {
 
         backend.set_cursor(5, 3).unwrap();
         backend.clear_region(ClearType::BeforeCursor).unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "     aaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn clear_region_current_line() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
@@ -467,19 +449,19 @@ mod tests {
 
         backend.set_cursor(3, 1).unwrap();
         backend.clear_region(ClearType::CurrentLine).unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "          ",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn clear_region_until_new_line() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
@@ -489,19 +471,19 @@ mod tests {
 
         backend.set_cursor(3, 0).unwrap();
         backend.clear_region(ClearType::UntilNewLine).unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "aaa       ",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn append_lines_not_at_last_line() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
@@ -527,19 +509,19 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor().unwrap(), (4, 4));
 
         // As such the buffer should remain unchanged
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
             "dddddddddd",
             "eeeeeeeeee",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn append_lines_at_last_line() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
@@ -553,7 +535,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         backend.append_lines(1).unwrap();
 
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
             "dddddddddd",
@@ -569,7 +551,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn append_multiple_lines_not_at_last_line() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
@@ -586,19 +568,19 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor().unwrap(), (1, 4));
 
         // As such the buffer should remain unchanged
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
             "dddddddddd",
             "eeeeeeeeee",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn append_multiple_lines_past_last_line() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
@@ -611,19 +593,19 @@ mod tests {
         backend.append_lines(3).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor().unwrap(), (1, 4));
 
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "cccccccccc",
             "dddddddddd",
             "eeeeeeeeee",
             "          ",
             "          ",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn append_multiple_lines_where_cursor_at_end_appends_height_lines() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
@@ -636,19 +618,19 @@ mod tests {
         backend.append_lines(5).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor().unwrap(), (1, 4));
 
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn append_multiple_lines_where_cursor_appends_height_lines() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
@@ -661,13 +643,13 @@ mod tests {
         backend.append_lines(5).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor().unwrap(), (1, 4));
 
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
             "dddddddddd",
             "eeeeeeeeee",
             "          ",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]

src/buffer/assert.rs

@@ -1,57 +1,44 @@
 /// Assert that two buffers are equal by comparing their areas and content.
 ///
-/// On panic, displays the areas or the content and a diff of the contents.
+/// # Panics
+/// When the buffers differ this method panics and displays the differences similar to
+/// `assert_eq!()`.
+#[deprecated = "use assert_eq!(&actual, &expected)"]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! assert_buffer_eq {
     ($actual_expr:expr, $expected_expr:expr) => {
         match (&$actual_expr, &$expected_expr) {
             (actual, expected) => {
-                if actual.area != expected.area {
-                    panic!(
-                        indoc::indoc!(
-                            "
-                            buffer areas not equal
-                            expected:  {:?}
-                            actual:    {:?}"
-                        ),
-                        expected, actual
-                    );
-                }
-                let diff = expected.diff(&actual);
-                if !diff.is_empty() {
-                    let nice_diff = diff
-                        .iter()
-                        .enumerate()
-                        .map(|(i, (x, y, cell))| {
-                            let expected_cell = expected.get(*x, *y);
-                            indoc::formatdoc! {"
-                                {i}: at ({x}, {y})
-                                  expected: {expected_cell:?}
-                                  actual:   {cell:?}
-                            "}
-                        })
-                        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-                        .join("\n");
-                    panic!(
-                        indoc::indoc!(
-                            "
-                            buffer contents not equal
-                            expected: {:?}
-                            actual: {:?}
-                            diff:
-                            {}"
-                        ),
-                        expected, actual, nice_diff
-                    );
-                }
+                assert!(
+                    actual.area == expected.area,
+                    "buffer areas not equal\nexpected: {expected:?}\nactual:   {actual:?}",
+                );
+                let nice_diff = expected
+                    .diff(actual)
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .enumerate()
+                    .map(|(i, (x, y, cell))| {
+                        let expected_cell = expected.get(x, y);
+                        format!("{i}: at ({x}, {y})\n  expected: {expected_cell:?}\n  actual:   {cell:?}")
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                    .join("\n");
+                assert!(
+                    nice_diff.is_empty(),
+                    "buffer contents not equal\nexpected: {expected:?}\nactual:   {actual:?}\ndiff:\n{nice_diff}",
+                );
                 // shouldn't get here, but this guards against future behavior
                 // that changes equality but not area or content
-                assert_eq!(actual, expected, "buffers not equal");
+                assert_eq!(
+                    actual, expected,
+                    "buffers are not equal in an unexpected way. Please open an issue about this."
+                );
             }
         }
     };
 }
 
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::prelude::*;
@@ -63,7 +50,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, other_buffer);
     }
 
-    #[should_panic]
+    #[should_panic = "buffer areas not equal"]
     #[test]
     fn assert_buffer_eq_panics_on_unequal_area() {
         let buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
@@ -71,7 +58,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, other_buffer);
     }
 
-    #[should_panic]
+    #[should_panic = "buffer contents not equal"]
     #[test]
     fn assert_buffer_eq_panics_on_unequal_style() {
         let buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));

src/buffer/buffer.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-use std::{
-    cmp::min,
-    fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result},
-};
+use std::fmt;
 
 use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
@@ -55,23 +52,22 @@ pub struct Buffer {
 
 impl Buffer {
     /// Returns a Buffer with all cells set to the default one
-    pub fn empty(area: Rect) -> Buffer {
-        let cell = Cell::default();
-        Buffer::filled(area, &cell)
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn empty(area: Rect) -> Self {
+        Self::filled(area, &Cell::default())
     }
 
     /// Returns a Buffer with all cells initialized with the attributes of the given Cell
-    pub fn filled(area: Rect, cell: &Cell) -> Buffer {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn filled(area: Rect, cell: &Cell) -> Self {
         let size = area.area() as usize;
-        let mut content = Vec::with_capacity(size);
-        for _ in 0..size {
-            content.push(cell.clone());
-        }
-        Buffer { area, content }
+        let content = vec![cell.clone(); size];
+        Self { area, content }
     }
 
     /// Returns a Buffer containing the given lines
-    pub fn with_lines<'a, Iter>(lines: Iter) -> Buffer
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn with_lines<'a, Iter>(lines: Iter) -> Self
     where
         Iter: IntoIterator,
         Iter::Item: Into<Line<'a>>,
@@ -79,7 +75,7 @@ impl Buffer {
         let lines = lines.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let height = lines.len() as u16;
         let width = lines.iter().map(Line::width).max().unwrap_or_default() as u16;
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, width, height));
+        let mut buffer = Self::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, width, height));
         for (y, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
             buffer.set_line(0, y as u16, line, width);
         }
@@ -92,17 +88,19 @@ impl Buffer {
     }
 
     /// Returns the area covered by this buffer
-    pub fn area(&self) -> &Rect {
+    pub const fn area(&self) -> &Rect {
         &self.area
     }
 
     /// Returns a reference to Cell at the given coordinates
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn get(&self, x: u16, y: u16) -> &Cell {
         let i = self.index_of(x, y);
         &self.content[i]
     }
 
     /// Returns a mutable reference to Cell at the given coordinates
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn get_mut(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> &mut Cell {
         let i = self.index_of(x, y);
         &mut self.content[i]
@@ -134,6 +132,7 @@ impl Buffer {
     /// // starts at (200, 100).
     /// buffer.index_of(0, 0); // Panics
     /// ```
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn index_of(&self, x: u16, y: u16) -> usize {
         debug_assert!(
             x >= self.area.left()
@@ -184,65 +183,56 @@ impl Buffer {
     }
 
     /// Print a string, starting at the position (x, y)
-    ///
-    /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
-    /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
     pub fn set_string<T, S>(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, string: T, style: S)
     where
         T: AsRef<str>,
         S: Into<Style>,
     {
-        self.set_stringn(x, y, string, usize::MAX, style.into());
+        self.set_stringn(x, y, string, usize::MAX, style);
     }
 
     /// Print at most the first n characters of a string if enough space is available
-    /// until the end of the line
+    /// until the end of the line.
     ///
-    /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
-    /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
+    /// Use [`Buffer::set_string`] when the maximum amount of characters can be printed.
     pub fn set_stringn<T, S>(
         &mut self,
-        x: u16,
+        mut x: u16,
         y: u16,
         string: T,
-        width: usize,
+        max_width: usize,
         style: S,
     ) -> (u16, u16)
     where
         T: AsRef<str>,
         S: Into<Style>,
     {
+        let max_width = max_width.try_into().unwrap_or(u16::MAX);
+        let mut remaining_width = self.area.right().saturating_sub(x).min(max_width);
+        let graphemes = UnicodeSegmentation::graphemes(string.as_ref(), true)
+            .map(|symbol| (symbol, symbol.width() as u16))
+            .filter(|(_symbol, width)| *width > 0)
+            .map_while(|(symbol, width)| {
+                remaining_width = remaining_width.checked_sub(width)?;
+                Some((symbol, width))
+            });
         let style = style.into();
-        let mut index = self.index_of(x, y);
-        let mut x_offset = x as usize;
-        let graphemes = UnicodeSegmentation::graphemes(string.as_ref(), true);
-        let max_offset = min(self.area.right() as usize, width.saturating_add(x as usize));
-        for s in graphemes {
-            let width = s.width();
-            if width == 0 {
-                continue;
-            }
-            // `x_offset + width > max_offset` could be integer overflow on 32-bit machines if we
-            // change dimensions to usize or u32 and someone resizes the terminal to 1x2^32.
-            if width > max_offset.saturating_sub(x_offset) {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            self.content[index].set_symbol(s);
-            self.content[index].set_style(style);
+        for (symbol, width) in graphemes {
+            self.get_mut(x, y).set_symbol(symbol).set_style(style);
+            let next_symbol = x + width;
+            x += 1;
             // Reset following cells if multi-width (they would be hidden by the grapheme),
-            for i in index + 1..index + width {
-                self.content[i].reset();
+            while x < next_symbol {
+                self.get_mut(x, y).reset();
+                x += 1;
             }
-            index += width;
-            x_offset += width;
         }
-        (x_offset as u16, y)
+        (x, y)
     }
 
     /// Print a line, starting at the position (x, y)
-    pub fn set_line(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, line: &Line<'_>, width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
-        let mut remaining_width = width;
+    pub fn set_line(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, line: &Line<'_>, max_width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
+        let mut remaining_width = max_width;
         let mut x = x;
         for span in line {
             if remaining_width == 0 {
@@ -253,7 +243,7 @@ impl Buffer {
                 y,
                 span.content.as_ref(),
                 remaining_width as usize,
-                span.style,
+                line.style.patch(span.style),
             );
             let w = pos.0.saturating_sub(x);
             x = pos.0;
@@ -263,8 +253,8 @@ impl Buffer {
     }
 
     /// Print a span, starting at the position (x, y)
-    pub fn set_span(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, span: &Span<'_>, width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
-        self.set_stringn(x, y, span.content.as_ref(), width as usize, span.style)
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, span: &Span<'_>, max_width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
+        self.set_stringn(x, y, &span.content, max_width as usize, span.style)
     }
 
     /// Set the style of all cells in the given area.
@@ -301,10 +291,9 @@ impl Buffer {
     }
 
     /// Merge an other buffer into this one
-    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: &Buffer) {
+    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: &Self) {
         let area = self.area.union(other.area);
-        let cell = Cell::default();
-        self.content.resize(area.area() as usize, cell.clone());
+        self.content.resize(area.area() as usize, Cell::default());
 
         // Move original content to the appropriate space
         let size = self.area.area() as usize;
@@ -314,7 +303,7 @@ impl Buffer {
             let k = ((y - area.y) * area.width + x - area.x) as usize;
             if i != k {
                 self.content[k] = self.content[i].clone();
-                self.content[i] = cell.clone();
+                self.content[i] = Cell::default();
             }
         }
 
@@ -358,7 +347,7 @@ impl Buffer {
     /// Next:    `aコ`
     /// Updates: `0: a, 1: コ` (double width symbol at index 1 - skip index 2)
     /// ```
-    pub fn diff<'a>(&self, other: &'a Buffer) -> Vec<(u16, u16, &'a Cell)> {
+    pub fn diff<'a>(&self, other: &'a Self) -> Vec<(u16, u16, &'a Cell)> {
         let previous_buffer = &self.content;
         let next_buffer = &other.content;
 
@@ -383,7 +372,7 @@ impl Buffer {
     }
 }
 
-impl Debug for Buffer {
+impl fmt::Debug for Buffer {
     /// Writes a debug representation of the buffer to the given formatter.
     ///
     /// The format is like a pretty printed struct, with the following fields:
@@ -391,11 +380,14 @@ impl Debug for Buffer {
     /// * `content`: displayed as a list of strings representing the content of the buffer
     /// * `styles`: displayed as a list of: `{ x: 1, y: 2, fg: Color::Red, bg: Color::Blue,
     ///   modifier: Modifier::BOLD }` only showing a value when there is a change in style.
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
-        f.write_fmt(format_args!(
-            "Buffer {{\n    area: {:?},\n    content: [\n",
-            &self.area
-        ))?;
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_fmt(format_args!("Buffer {{\n    area: {:?}", &self.area))?;
+
+        if self.area.is_empty() {
+            return f.write_str("\n}");
+        }
+
+        f.write_str(",\n    content: [\n")?;
         let mut last_style = None;
         let mut styles = vec![];
         for (y, line) in self.content.chunks(self.area.width as usize).enumerate() {
@@ -426,12 +418,13 @@ impl Debug for Buffer {
                     }
                 }
             }
+            f.write_str("\",")?;
             if !overwritten.is_empty() {
                 f.write_fmt(format_args!(
-                    "// hidden by multi-width symbols: {overwritten:?}"
+                    " // hidden by multi-width symbols: {overwritten:?}"
                 ))?;
             }
-            f.write_str("\",\n")?;
+            f.write_str("\n")?;
         }
         f.write_str("    ],\n    styles: [\n")?;
         for s in styles {
@@ -453,8 +446,12 @@ impl Debug for Buffer {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use std::iter;
+
+    use itertools::Itertools;
+    use rstest::{fixture, rstest};
+
     use super::*;
-    use crate::assert_buffer_eq;
 
     fn cell(s: &str) -> Cell {
         let mut cell = Cell::default();
@@ -463,10 +460,40 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn debug() {
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 2));
-        buf.set_string(0, 0, "Hello World!", Style::default());
-        buf.set_string(
+    fn debug_empty_buffer() {
+        let buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::ZERO);
+        let result = format!("{buffer:?}");
+        println!("{result}");
+        let expected = "Buffer {\n    area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 0, height: 0 }\n}";
+        assert_eq!(result, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+    #[test]
+    fn debug_grapheme_override() {
+        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(["a🦀b"]);
+        let result = format!("{buffer:?}");
+        println!("{result}");
+        let expected = indoc::indoc!(
+            r#"
+            Buffer {
+                area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 4, height: 1 },
+                content: [
+                    "a🦀b", // hidden by multi-width symbols: [(2, " ")]
+                ],
+                styles: [
+                    x: 0, y: 0, fg: Reset, bg: Reset, underline: Reset, modifier: NONE,
+                ]
+            }"#
+        );
+        assert_eq!(result, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn debug_some_example() {
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 2));
+        buffer.set_string(0, 0, "Hello World!", Style::default());
+        buffer.set_string(
             0,
             1,
             "G'day World!",
@@ -475,42 +502,40 @@ mod tests {
                 .bg(Color::Yellow)
                 .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
         );
+        let result = format!("{buffer:?}");
+        println!("{result}");
         #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
-        assert_eq!(
-            format!("{buf:?}"),
-            indoc::indoc!(
-                "
-                Buffer {
-                    area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 12, height: 2 },
-                    content: [
-                        \"Hello World!\",
-                        \"G'day World!\",
-                    ],
-                    styles: [
-                        x: 0, y: 0, fg: Reset, bg: Reset, underline: Reset, modifier: NONE,
-                        x: 0, y: 1, fg: Green, bg: Yellow, underline: Reset, modifier: BOLD,
-                    ]
-                }"
-            )
+        let expected = indoc::indoc!(
+            r#"
+            Buffer {
+                area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 12, height: 2 },
+                content: [
+                    "Hello World!",
+                    "G'day World!",
+                ],
+                styles: [
+                    x: 0, y: 0, fg: Reset, bg: Reset, underline: Reset, modifier: NONE,
+                    x: 0, y: 1, fg: Green, bg: Yellow, underline: Reset, modifier: BOLD,
+                ]
+            }"#
         );
         #[cfg(not(feature = "underline-color"))]
-        assert_eq!(
-            format!("{buf:?}"),
-            indoc::indoc!(
-                "
-                Buffer {
-                    area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 12, height: 2 },
-                    content: [
-                        \"Hello World!\",
-                        \"G'day World!\",
-                    ],
-                    styles: [
-                        x: 0, y: 0, fg: Reset, bg: Reset, modifier: NONE,
-                        x: 0, y: 1, fg: Green, bg: Yellow, modifier: BOLD,
-                    ]
-                }"
-            )
+        let expected = indoc::indoc!(
+            r#"
+            Buffer {
+                area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 12, height: 2 },
+                content: [
+                    "Hello World!",
+                    "G'day World!",
+                ],
+                styles: [
+                    x: 0, y: 0, fg: Reset, bg: Reset, modifier: NONE,
+                    x: 0, y: 1, fg: Green, bg: Yellow, modifier: BOLD,
+                ]
+            }"#
         );
+
+        assert_eq!(result, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -554,27 +579,27 @@ mod tests {
 
         // Zero-width
         buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, "aaa", 0, Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["     "]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["     "]));
 
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "aaa", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaa  "]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["aaa  "]));
 
         // Width limit:
         buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, "bbbbbbbbbbbbbb", 4, Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["bbbb "]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["bbbb "]));
 
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "12345", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["12345"]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["12345"]));
 
         // Width truncation:
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "123456", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["12345"]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["12345"]));
 
         // multi-line
         buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 2));
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "12345", Style::default());
         buffer.set_string(0, 1, "67890", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["12345", "67890"]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["12345", "67890"]));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -585,7 +610,7 @@ mod tests {
         // multi-width overwrite
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "aaaaa", Style::default());
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "称号", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["称号a"]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["称号a"]));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -596,12 +621,12 @@ mod tests {
         // Leading grapheme with zero width
         let s = "\u{1}a";
         buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, s, 1, Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["a"]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["a"]));
 
         // Trailing grapheme with zero with
         let s = "a\u{1}";
         buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, s, 1, Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["a"]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["a"]));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -609,37 +634,109 @@ mod tests {
         let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(area);
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "コン", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["コン "]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["コン "]));
 
         // Only 1 space left.
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "コンピ", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["コン "]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["コン "]));
+    }
+
+    #[fixture]
+    fn small_one_line_buffer() -> Buffer {
+        Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1))
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case::empty("", "     ")]
+    #[case::one("1", "1    ")]
+    #[case::full("12345", "12345")]
+    #[case::overflow("123456", "12345")]
+    fn set_line_raw(
+        mut small_one_line_buffer: Buffer,
+        #[case] content: &str,
+        #[case] expected: &str,
+    ) {
+        let line = Line::raw(content);
+        small_one_line_buffer.set_line(0, 0, &line, 5);
+
+        // note: testing with empty / set_string here instead of with_lines because with_lines calls
+        // set_line
+        let mut expected_buffer = Buffer::empty(small_one_line_buffer.area);
+        expected_buffer.set_string(0, 0, expected, Style::default());
+        assert_eq!(small_one_line_buffer, expected_buffer);
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case::empty("", "     ")]
+    #[case::one("1", "1    ")]
+    #[case::full("12345", "12345")]
+    #[case::overflow("123456", "12345")]
+    fn set_line_styled(
+        mut small_one_line_buffer: Buffer,
+        #[case] content: &str,
+        #[case] expected: &str,
+    ) {
+        let color = Color::Blue;
+        let line = Line::styled(content, color);
+        small_one_line_buffer.set_line(0, 0, &line, 5);
+
+        // note: manually testing the contents here as the Buffer::with_lines calls set_line
+        let actual_contents = small_one_line_buffer
+            .content
+            .iter()
+            .map(Cell::symbol)
+            .join("");
+        let actual_styles = small_one_line_buffer
+            .content
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| c.fg)
+            .collect_vec();
+
+        // set_line only sets the style for non-empty cells (unlike Line::render which sets the
+        // style for all cells)
+        let expected_styles = iter::repeat(color)
+            .take(content.len().min(5))
+            .chain(iter::repeat(Color::default()).take(5_usize.saturating_sub(content.len())))
+            .collect_vec();
+        assert_eq!(actual_contents, expected);
+        assert_eq!(actual_styles, expected_styles);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn set_style() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaaa", "bbbbb", "ccccc"]);
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::with_lines(["aaaaa", "bbbbb", "ccccc"]);
         buffer.set_style(Rect::new(0, 1, 5, 1), Style::new().red());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaaa".into(), "bbbbb".red(), "ccccc".into(),])
-        );
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "aaaaa".into(),
+            "bbbbb".red(),
+            "ccccc".into(),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn set_style_does_not_panic_when_out_of_area() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaaa", "bbbbb", "ccccc"]);
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::with_lines(["aaaaa", "bbbbb", "ccccc"]);
         buffer.set_style(Rect::new(0, 1, 10, 3), Style::new().red());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaaa".into(), "bbbbb".red(), "ccccc".red(),])
-        );
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "aaaaa".into(),
+            "bbbbb".red(),
+            "ccccc".red(),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn with_lines() {
-        let buffer =
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec!["┌────────┐", "│コンピュ│", "│ーa 上で│", "└────────┘"]);
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "┌────────┐",
+            "│コンピュ│",
+            "│ーa 上で│",
+            "└────────┘",
+        ]);
         assert_eq!(buffer.area.x, 0);
         assert_eq!(buffer.area.y, 0);
         assert_eq!(buffer.area.width, 10);
@@ -675,14 +772,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn diff_single_width() {
-        let prev = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let prev = Buffer::with_lines([
             "          ",
             "┌Title─┐  ",
             "│      │  ",
             "│      │  ",
             "└──────┘  ",
         ]);
-        let next = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let next = Buffer::with_lines([
             "          ",
             "┌TITLE─┐  ",
             "│      │  ",
@@ -704,11 +801,11 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     #[rustfmt::skip]
     fn diff_multi_width() {
-        let prev = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let prev = Buffer::with_lines([
             "┌Title─┐  ",
             "└──────┘  ",
         ]);
-        let next = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let next = Buffer::with_lines([
             "┌称号──┐  ",
             "└──────┘  ",
         ]);
@@ -727,8 +824,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn diff_multi_width_offset() {
-        let prev = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["┌称号──┐"]);
-        let next = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["┌─称号─┐"]);
+        let prev = Buffer::with_lines(["┌称号──┐"]);
+        let next = Buffer::with_lines(["┌─称号─┐"]);
 
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
         assert_eq!(
@@ -739,8 +836,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn diff_skip() {
-        let prev = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["123"]);
-        let mut next = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["456"]);
+        let prev = Buffer::with_lines(["123"]);
+        let mut next = Buffer::with_lines(["456"]);
         for i in 1..3 {
             next.content[i].set_skip(true);
         }
@@ -770,7 +867,7 @@ mod tests {
             Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
         );
         one.merge(&two);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(one, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["11", "11", "22", "22"]));
+        assert_eq!(one, Buffer::with_lines(["11", "11", "22", "22"]));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -794,10 +891,7 @@ mod tests {
             Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
         );
         one.merge(&two);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            one,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec!["22  ", "22  ", "  11", "  11"])
-        );
+        assert_eq!(one, Buffer::with_lines(["22  ", "22  ", "  11", "  11"]));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -821,14 +915,14 @@ mod tests {
             Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
         );
         one.merge(&two);
-        let mut merged = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["222 ", "222 ", "2221", "2221"]);
+        let mut merged = Buffer::with_lines(["222 ", "222 ", "2221", "2221"]);
         merged.area = Rect {
             x: 1,
             y: 1,
             width: 4,
             height: 4,
         };
-        assert_buffer_eq!(one, merged);
+        assert_eq!(one, merged);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -887,6 +981,6 @@ mod tests {
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 2));
         buf.set_string(0, 0, "foo", Style::new().red());
         buf.set_string(0, 1, "bar", Style::new().blue());
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["foo".red(), "bar".blue()]));
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["foo".red(), "bar".blue()]));
     }
 }

src/buffer/cell.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::fmt::Debug;
-
 use compact_str::CompactString;
 
 use crate::prelude::*;
@@ -42,26 +40,26 @@ impl Cell {
     }
 
     /// Sets the symbol of the cell.
-    pub fn set_symbol(&mut self, symbol: &str) -> &mut Cell {
+    pub fn set_symbol(&mut self, symbol: &str) -> &mut Self {
         self.symbol = CompactString::new(symbol);
         self
     }
 
     /// Sets the symbol of the cell to a single character.
-    pub fn set_char(&mut self, ch: char) -> &mut Cell {
+    pub fn set_char(&mut self, ch: char) -> &mut Self {
         let mut buf = [0; 4];
         self.symbol = CompactString::new(ch.encode_utf8(&mut buf));
         self
     }
 
     /// Sets the foreground color of the cell.
-    pub fn set_fg(&mut self, color: Color) -> &mut Cell {
+    pub fn set_fg(&mut self, color: Color) -> &mut Self {
         self.fg = color;
         self
     }
 
     /// Sets the background color of the cell.
-    pub fn set_bg(&mut self, color: Color) -> &mut Cell {
+    pub fn set_bg(&mut self, color: Color) -> &mut Self {
         self.bg = color;
         self
     }
@@ -70,7 +68,7 @@ impl Cell {
     ///
     ///  `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
     /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
-    pub fn set_style<S: Into<Style>>(&mut self, style: S) -> &mut Cell {
+    pub fn set_style<S: Into<Style>>(&mut self, style: S) -> &mut Self {
         let style = style.into();
         if let Some(c) = style.fg {
             self.fg = c;
@@ -107,14 +105,14 @@ impl Cell {
     ///
     /// This is helpful when it is necessary to prevent the buffer from overwriting a cell that is
     /// covered by an image from some terminal graphics protocol (Sixel / iTerm / Kitty ...).
-    pub fn set_skip(&mut self, skip: bool) -> &mut Cell {
+    pub fn set_skip(&mut self, skip: bool) -> &mut Self {
         self.skip = skip;
         self
     }
 
     /// Resets the cell to the default state.
     pub fn reset(&mut self) {
-        self.symbol = CompactString::new(" ");
+        self.symbol = CompactString::new_inline(" ");
         self.fg = Color::Reset;
         self.bg = Color::Reset;
         #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
@@ -127,9 +125,9 @@ impl Cell {
 }
 
 impl Default for Cell {
-    fn default() -> Cell {
-        Cell {
-            symbol: CompactString::new(" "),
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            symbol: CompactString::new_inline(" "),
             fg: Color::Reset,
             bg: Color::Reset,
             #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]

src/layout.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![warn(clippy::missing_const_for_fn)]
+
 mod alignment;
 mod constraint;
 mod corner;

src/layout/constraint.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::fmt::{self, Display};
+use std::fmt;
 
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use strum::EnumIs;
@@ -197,22 +197,21 @@ impl Constraint {
     )]
     pub fn apply(&self, length: u16) -> u16 {
         match *self {
-            Constraint::Percentage(p) => {
-                let p = p as f32 / 100.0;
-                let length = length as f32;
+            Self::Percentage(p) => {
+                let p = f32::from(p) / 100.0;
+                let length = f32::from(length);
                 (p * length).min(length) as u16
             }
-            Constraint::Ratio(numerator, denominator) => {
+            Self::Ratio(numerator, denominator) => {
                 // avoid division by zero by using 1 when denominator is 0
                 // this results in 0/0 -> 0 and x/0 -> x for x != 0
                 let percentage = numerator as f32 / denominator.max(1) as f32;
-                let length = length as f32;
+                let length = f32::from(length);
                 (percentage * length).min(length) as u16
             }
-            Constraint::Length(l) => length.min(l),
-            Constraint::Fill(l) => length.min(l),
-            Constraint::Max(m) => length.min(m),
-            Constraint::Min(m) => length.max(m),
+            Self::Length(l) | Self::Fill(l) => length.min(l),
+            Self::Max(m) => length.min(m),
+            Self::Min(m) => length.max(m),
         }
     }
 
@@ -226,11 +225,11 @@ impl Constraint {
     /// let constraints = Constraint::from_lengths([1, 2, 3]);
     /// let layout = Layout::default().constraints(constraints).split(area);
     /// ```
-    pub fn from_lengths<T>(lengths: T) -> Vec<Constraint>
+    pub fn from_lengths<T>(lengths: T) -> Vec<Self>
     where
         T: IntoIterator<Item = u16>,
     {
-        lengths.into_iter().map(Constraint::Length).collect_vec()
+        lengths.into_iter().map(Self::Length).collect_vec()
     }
 
     /// Convert an iterator of ratios into a vector of constraints
@@ -243,13 +242,13 @@ impl Constraint {
     /// let constraints = Constraint::from_ratios([(1, 4), (1, 2), (1, 4)]);
     /// let layout = Layout::default().constraints(constraints).split(area);
     /// ```
-    pub fn from_ratios<T>(ratios: T) -> Vec<Constraint>
+    pub fn from_ratios<T>(ratios: T) -> Vec<Self>
     where
         T: IntoIterator<Item = (u32, u32)>,
     {
         ratios
             .into_iter()
-            .map(|(n, d)| Constraint::Ratio(n, d))
+            .map(|(n, d)| Self::Ratio(n, d))
             .collect_vec()
     }
 
@@ -263,14 +262,11 @@ impl Constraint {
     /// let constraints = Constraint::from_percentages([25, 50, 25]);
     /// let layout = Layout::default().constraints(constraints).split(area);
     /// ```
-    pub fn from_percentages<T>(percentages: T) -> Vec<Constraint>
+    pub fn from_percentages<T>(percentages: T) -> Vec<Self>
     where
         T: IntoIterator<Item = u16>,
     {
-        percentages
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(Constraint::Percentage)
-            .collect_vec()
+        percentages.into_iter().map(Self::Percentage).collect_vec()
     }
 
     /// Convert an iterator of maxes into a vector of constraints
@@ -283,11 +279,11 @@ impl Constraint {
     /// let constraints = Constraint::from_maxes([1, 2, 3]);
     /// let layout = Layout::default().constraints(constraints).split(area);
     /// ```
-    pub fn from_maxes<T>(maxes: T) -> Vec<Constraint>
+    pub fn from_maxes<T>(maxes: T) -> Vec<Self>
     where
         T: IntoIterator<Item = u16>,
     {
-        maxes.into_iter().map(Constraint::Max).collect_vec()
+        maxes.into_iter().map(Self::Max).collect_vec()
     }
 
     /// Convert an iterator of mins into a vector of constraints
@@ -300,11 +296,11 @@ impl Constraint {
     /// let constraints = Constraint::from_mins([1, 2, 3]);
     /// let layout = Layout::default().constraints(constraints).split(area);
     /// ```
-    pub fn from_mins<T>(mins: T) -> Vec<Constraint>
+    pub fn from_mins<T>(mins: T) -> Vec<Self>
     where
         T: IntoIterator<Item = u16>,
     {
-        mins.into_iter().map(Constraint::Min).collect_vec()
+        mins.into_iter().map(Self::Min).collect_vec()
     }
 
     /// Convert an iterator of proportional factors into a vector of constraints
@@ -317,22 +313,22 @@ impl Constraint {
     /// let constraints = Constraint::from_mins([1, 2, 3]);
     /// let layout = Layout::default().constraints(constraints).split(area);
     /// ```
-    pub fn from_fills<T>(proportional_factors: T) -> Vec<Constraint>
+    pub fn from_fills<T>(proportional_factors: T) -> Vec<Self>
     where
         T: IntoIterator<Item = u16>,
     {
         proportional_factors
             .into_iter()
-            .map(Constraint::Fill)
+            .map(Self::Fill)
             .collect_vec()
     }
 }
 
 impl From<u16> for Constraint {
-    /// Convert a u16 into a [Constraint::Length]
+    /// Convert a `u16` into a [`Constraint::Length`]
     ///
     /// This is useful when you want to specify a fixed size for a layout, but don't want to
-    /// explicitly create a [Constraint::Length] yourself.
+    /// explicitly create a [`Constraint::Length`] yourself.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -343,38 +339,38 @@ impl From<u16> for Constraint {
     /// let layout = Layout::horizontal([1, 2, 3]).split(area);
     /// let layout = Layout::vertical([1, 2, 3]).split(area);
     /// ````
-    fn from(length: u16) -> Constraint {
-        Constraint::Length(length)
+    fn from(length: u16) -> Self {
+        Self::Length(length)
     }
 }
 
-impl From<&Constraint> for Constraint {
-    fn from(constraint: &Constraint) -> Self {
+impl From<&Self> for Constraint {
+    fn from(constraint: &Self) -> Self {
         *constraint
     }
 }
 
-impl AsRef<Constraint> for Constraint {
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Constraint {
+impl AsRef<Self> for Constraint {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Self {
         self
     }
 }
 
 impl Default for Constraint {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Constraint::Percentage(100)
+        Self::Percentage(100)
     }
 }
 
-impl Display for Constraint {
+impl fmt::Display for Constraint {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            Constraint::Percentage(p) => write!(f, "Percentage({})", p),
-            Constraint::Ratio(n, d) => write!(f, "Ratio({}, {})", n, d),
-            Constraint::Length(l) => write!(f, "Length({})", l),
-            Constraint::Fill(l) => write!(f, "Fill({})", l),
-            Constraint::Max(m) => write!(f, "Max({})", m),
-            Constraint::Min(m) => write!(f, "Min({})", m),
+            Self::Percentage(p) => write!(f, "Percentage({p})"),
+            Self::Ratio(n, d) => write!(f, "Ratio({n}, {d})"),
+            Self::Length(l) => write!(f, "Length({l})"),
+            Self::Fill(l) => write!(f, "Fill({l})"),
+            Self::Max(m) => write!(f, "Max({m})"),
+            Self::Min(m) => write!(f, "Min({m})"),
         }
     }
 }

src/layout/layout.rs

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ type Cache = LruCache<(Rect, Layout), (Segments, Spacers)>;
 const FLOAT_PRECISION_MULTIPLIER: f64 = 100.0;
 
 thread_local! {
-    static LAYOUT_CACHE: OnceLock<RefCell<Cache>> = OnceLock::new();
+    static LAYOUT_CACHE: OnceLock<RefCell<Cache>> = const { OnceLock::new() };
 }
 
 /// A layout is a set of constraints that can be applied to a given area to split it into smaller
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ thread_local! {
 /// many of the constraints in order of their priorities.
 ///
 /// When the layout is computed, the result is cached in a thread-local cache, so that subsequent
-/// calls with the same parameters are faster. The cache is a LruCache, and the size of the cache
+/// calls with the same parameters are faster. The cache is a `LruCache`, and the size of the cache
 /// can be configured using [`Layout::init_cache()`].
 ///
 /// # Constructors
@@ -127,13 +127,13 @@ impl Layout {
     ///
     /// The `constraints` parameter accepts any type that implements `IntoIterator<Item =
     /// Into<Constraint>>`. This includes arrays, slices, vectors, iterators. `Into<Constraint>` is
-    /// implemented on u16, so you can pass an array, vec, etc. of u16 to this function to create a
-    /// layout with fixed size chunks.
+    /// implemented on `u16`, so you can pass an array, `Vec`, etc. of `u16` to this function to
+    /// create a layout with fixed size chunks.
     ///
     /// Default values for the other fields are:
     ///
     /// - `margin`: 0, 0
-    /// - `flex`: Flex::Start
+    /// - `flex`: [`Flex::Start`]
     /// - `spacing`: 0
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -152,15 +152,15 @@ impl Layout {
     ///
     /// Layout::new(Direction::Horizontal, vec![1, 2]);
     /// ```
-    pub fn new<I>(direction: Direction, constraints: I) -> Layout
+    pub fn new<I>(direction: Direction, constraints: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator,
         I::Item: Into<Constraint>,
     {
-        Layout {
+        Self {
             direction,
             constraints: constraints.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
-            ..Layout::default()
+            ..Self::default()
         }
     }
 
@@ -175,12 +175,12 @@ impl Layout {
     /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
     /// let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(5), Constraint::Min(0)]);
     /// ```
-    pub fn vertical<I>(constraints: I) -> Layout
+    pub fn vertical<I>(constraints: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator,
         I::Item: Into<Constraint>,
     {
-        Layout::new(Direction::Vertical, constraints.into_iter().map(Into::into))
+        Self::new(Direction::Vertical, constraints.into_iter().map(Into::into))
     }
 
     /// Creates a new horizontal layout with default values.
@@ -194,19 +194,19 @@ impl Layout {
     /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
     /// let layout = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(5), Constraint::Min(0)]);
     /// ```
-    pub fn horizontal<I>(constraints: I) -> Layout
+    pub fn horizontal<I>(constraints: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator,
         I::Item: Into<Constraint>,
     {
-        Layout::new(
+        Self::new(
             Direction::Horizontal,
             constraints.into_iter().map(Into::into),
         )
     }
 
     /// Initialize an empty cache with a custom size. The cache is keyed on the layout and area, so
-    /// that subsequent calls with the same parameters are faster. The cache is a LruCache, and
+    /// that subsequent calls with the same parameters are faster. The cache is a `LruCache`, and
     /// grows until `cache_size` is reached.
     ///
     /// Returns true if the cell's value was set by this call.
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ impl Layout {
     /// has set this value or that the cache size is already initialized.
     ///
     /// Note that a custom cache size will be set only if this function:
-    /// * is called before [Layout::split()] otherwise, the cache size is
+    /// * is called before [`Layout::split()`] otherwise, the cache size is
     ///   [`Self::DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE`].
     /// * is called for the first time, subsequent calls do not modify the cache size.
     pub fn init_cache(cache_size: usize) -> bool {
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ impl Layout {
     /// assert_eq!(layout[..], [Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 5), Rect::new(0, 5, 10, 5)]);
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
-    pub const fn direction(mut self, direction: Direction) -> Layout {
+    pub const fn direction(mut self, direction: Direction) -> Self {
         self.direction = direction;
         self
     }
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ impl Layout {
     /// Layout::default().constraints(vec![1, 2, 3]);
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
-    pub fn constraints<I>(mut self, constraints: I) -> Layout
+    pub fn constraints<I>(mut self, constraints: I) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator,
         I::Item: Into<Constraint>,
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ impl Layout {
     /// assert_eq!(layout[..], [Rect::new(2, 2, 6, 6)]);
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
-    pub const fn margin(mut self, margin: u16) -> Layout {
+    pub const fn margin(mut self, margin: u16) -> Self {
         self.margin = Margin {
             horizontal: margin,
             vertical: margin,
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ impl Layout {
     /// assert_eq!(layout[..], [Rect::new(2, 0, 6, 10)]);
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
-    pub const fn horizontal_margin(mut self, horizontal: u16) -> Layout {
+    pub const fn horizontal_margin(mut self, horizontal: u16) -> Self {
         self.margin.horizontal = horizontal;
         self
     }
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ impl Layout {
     /// assert_eq!(layout[..], [Rect::new(0, 2, 10, 6)]);
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
-    pub const fn vertical_margin(mut self, vertical: u16) -> Layout {
+    pub const fn vertical_margin(mut self, vertical: u16) -> Self {
         self.margin.vertical = vertical;
         self
     }
@@ -366,8 +366,8 @@ impl Layout {
     ///
     /// # Arguments
     ///
-    /// * `flex`: A `Flex` enum value that represents the flex behavior of the layout. It can be one
-    ///   of the following:
+    /// * `flex`: A [`Flex`] enum value that represents the flex behavior of the layout. It can be
+    ///   one of the following:
     ///   - [`Flex::Legacy`]: The last item is stretched to fill the excess space.
     ///   - [`Flex::Start`]: The items are aligned to the start of the layout.
     ///   - [`Flex::Center`]: The items are aligned to the center of the layout.
@@ -391,7 +391,8 @@ impl Layout {
     /// # use ratatui::layout::{Flex, Layout, Constraint::*};
     /// let layout = Layout::horizontal([Length(20), Length(20), Length(20)]).flex(Flex::Legacy);
     /// ```
-    pub const fn flex(mut self, flex: Flex) -> Layout {
+    #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
+    pub const fn flex(mut self, flex: Flex) -> Self {
         self.flex = flex;
         self
     }
@@ -414,13 +415,14 @@ impl Layout {
     /// # Notes
     ///
     /// - If the layout has only one item, the spacing will not be applied.
-    /// - Spacing will not be applied for `Flex::SpaceAround` and `Flex::SpaceBetween`
-    pub const fn spacing(mut self, spacing: u16) -> Layout {
+    /// - Spacing will not be applied for [`Flex::SpaceAround`] and [`Flex::SpaceBetween`]
+    #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
+    pub const fn spacing(mut self, spacing: u16) -> Self {
         self.spacing = spacing;
         self
     }
 
-    /// Split the rect into a number of sub-rects according to the given [`Layout`]`.
+    /// Split the rect into a number of sub-rects according to the given [`Layout`].
     ///
     /// An ergonomic wrapper around [`Layout::split`] that returns an array of `Rect`s instead of
     /// `Rc<[Rect]>`.
@@ -446,10 +448,10 @@ impl Layout {
     /// # }
     pub fn areas<const N: usize>(&self, area: Rect) -> [Rect; N] {
         let (areas, _) = self.split_with_spacers(area);
-        areas.to_vec().try_into().expect("invalid number of rects")
+        areas.as_ref().try_into().expect("invalid number of rects")
     }
 
-    /// Split the rect into a number of sub-rects according to the given [`Layout`]` and return just
+    /// Split the rect into a number of sub-rects according to the given [`Layout`] and return just
     /// the spacers between the areas.
     ///
     /// This method requires the number of constraints to be known at compile time. If you don't
@@ -480,7 +482,7 @@ impl Layout {
     pub fn spacers<const N: usize>(&self, area: Rect) -> [Rect; N] {
         let (_, spacers) = self.split_with_spacers(area);
         spacers
-            .to_vec()
+            .as_ref()
             .try_into()
             .expect("invalid number of rects")
     }
@@ -495,8 +497,8 @@ impl Layout {
     ///
     /// This method stores the result of the computation in a thread-local cache keyed on the layout
     /// and area, so that subsequent calls with the same parameters are faster. The cache is a
-    /// LruCache, and grows until [`Self::DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE`] is reached by default, if the cache
-    /// is initialized with the [Layout::init_cache()] grows until the initialized cache size.
+    /// `LruCache`, and grows until [`Self::DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE`] is reached by default, if the cache
+    /// is initialized with the [`Layout::init_cache()`] grows until the initialized cache size.
     ///
     /// There is a helper method that can be used to split the whole area into smaller ones based on
     /// the layout: [`Layout::areas()`]. That method is a shortcut for calling this method. It
@@ -532,8 +534,8 @@ impl Layout {
     ///
     /// This method stores the result of the computation in a thread-local cache keyed on the layout
     /// and area, so that subsequent calls with the same parameters are faster. The cache is a
-    /// LruCache, and grows until [`Self::DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE`] is reached by default, if the cache
-    /// is initialized with the [Layout::init_cache()] grows until the initialized cache size.
+    /// `LruCache`, and grows until [`Self::DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE`] is reached by default, if the cache
+    /// is initialized with the [`Layout::init_cache()`] grows until the initialized cache size.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -698,7 +700,7 @@ fn configure_variable_constraints(
     area: Element,
 ) -> Result<(), AddConstraintError> {
     // all variables are in the range [area.start, area.end]
-    for &variable in variables.iter() {
+    for &variable in variables {
         solver.add_constraint(variable | GE(REQUIRED) | area.start)?;
         solver.add_constraint(variable | LE(REQUIRED) | area.end)?;
     }
@@ -733,7 +735,7 @@ fn configure_constraints(
                 }
             }
             Constraint::Length(length) => {
-                solver.add_constraint(element.has_int_size(length, LENGTH_SIZE_EQ))?
+                solver.add_constraint(element.has_int_size(length, LENGTH_SIZE_EQ))?;
             }
             Constraint::Percentage(p) => {
                 let size = area.size() * f64::from(p) / 100.00;
@@ -764,7 +766,7 @@ fn configure_flex_constraints(
     let spacing_f64 = f64::from(spacing) * FLOAT_PRECISION_MULTIPLIER;
     match flex {
         Flex::Legacy => {
-            for spacer in spacers_except_first_and_last.iter() {
+            for spacer in spacers_except_first_and_last {
                 solver.add_constraint(spacer.has_size(spacing_f64, SPACER_SIZE_EQ))?;
             }
             if let (Some(first), Some(last)) = (spacers.first(), spacers.last()) {
@@ -776,9 +778,9 @@ fn configure_flex_constraints(
         // constraints are satisfied
         Flex::SpaceAround => {
             for (left, right) in spacers.iter().tuple_combinations() {
-                solver.add_constraint(left.has_size(right, SPACER_SIZE_EQ))?
+                solver.add_constraint(left.has_size(right, SPACER_SIZE_EQ))?;
             }
-            for spacer in spacers.iter() {
+            for spacer in spacers {
                 solver.add_constraint(spacer.has_min_size(spacing, SPACER_SIZE_EQ))?;
                 solver.add_constraint(spacer.has_size(area, SPACE_GROW))?;
             }
@@ -788,12 +790,12 @@ fn configure_flex_constraints(
         // constraints are satisfied, but the first and last spacers are zero size
         Flex::SpaceBetween => {
             for (left, right) in spacers_except_first_and_last.iter().tuple_combinations() {
-                solver.add_constraint(left.has_size(right.size(), SPACER_SIZE_EQ))?
+                solver.add_constraint(left.has_size(right.size(), SPACER_SIZE_EQ))?;
             }
-            for spacer in spacers_except_first_and_last.iter() {
+            for spacer in spacers_except_first_and_last {
                 solver.add_constraint(spacer.has_min_size(spacing, SPACER_SIZE_EQ))?;
             }
-            for spacer in spacers_except_first_and_last.iter() {
+            for spacer in spacers_except_first_and_last {
                 solver.add_constraint(spacer.has_size(area, SPACE_GROW))?;
             }
             if let (Some(first), Some(last)) = (spacers.first(), spacers.last()) {
@@ -846,7 +848,7 @@ fn configure_flex_constraints(
 /// │abcdef││abcdefabcdef│
 /// └──────┘└────────────┘
 ///
-/// size == base_element * scaling_factor
+/// `size == base_element * scaling_factor`
 fn configure_fill_constraints(
     solver: &mut Solver,
     segments: &[Element],
@@ -1075,8 +1077,6 @@ mod strengths {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use std::iter;
-
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
@@ -1104,7 +1104,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!Layout::init_cache(15));
         LAYOUT_CACHE.with(|c| {
             assert_eq!(c.get().unwrap().borrow().cap().get(), 10);
-        })
+        });
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1130,7 +1130,7 @@ mod tests {
                 c.get().unwrap().borrow().cap().get(),
                 Layout::DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE
             );
-        })
+        });
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1207,7 +1207,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     /// The purpose of this test is to ensure that layout can be constructed with any type that
-    /// implements IntoIterator<Item = AsRef<Constraint>>.
+    /// implements `IntoIterator<Item = AsRef<Constraint>>`.
     #[test]
     #[allow(
         clippy::needless_borrow,
@@ -1253,14 +1253,14 @@ mod tests {
             "constraints should be settable with an iter"
         );
 
-        let iterator = CONSTRAINTS.iter().map(|c| c.to_owned());
+        let iterator = CONSTRAINTS.iter().map(ToOwned::to_owned);
         assert_eq!(
             Layout::default().constraints(iterator).constraints,
             CONSTRAINTS,
             "constraints should be settable with an iterator"
         );
 
-        let iterator_ref = CONSTRAINTS.iter().map(|c| c.as_ref());
+        let iterator_ref = CONSTRAINTS.iter().map(AsRef::as_ref);
         assert_eq!(
             Layout::default().constraints(iterator_ref).constraints,
             CONSTRAINTS,
@@ -1334,7 +1334,6 @@ mod tests {
         use rstest::rstest;
 
         use crate::{
-            assert_buffer_eq,
             layout::flex::Flex,
             prelude::{Constraint::*, *},
             widgets::Paragraph,
@@ -1361,8 +1360,7 @@ mod tests {
                 let s = c.to_string().repeat(area.width as usize);
                 Paragraph::new(s).render(layout[i], &mut buffer);
             }
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![expected]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
         }
 
         #[rstest]
@@ -1406,7 +1404,7 @@ mod tests {
             #[case] constraints: &[Constraint],
             #[case] expected: &str,
         ) {
-            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected)
+            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected);
         }
 
         #[rstest]
@@ -1449,7 +1447,7 @@ mod tests {
             #[case] constraints: &[Constraint],
             #[case] expected: &str,
         ) {
-            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected)
+            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected);
         }
 
         #[rstest]
@@ -1485,7 +1483,7 @@ mod tests {
             #[case] constraints: &[Constraint],
             #[case] expected: &str,
         ) {
-            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected)
+            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected);
         }
 
         #[rstest] // flex, width, lengths, expected
@@ -1618,7 +1616,7 @@ mod tests {
             #[case] constraints: &[Constraint],
             #[case] expected: &str,
         ) {
-            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected)
+            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected);
         }
 
         #[rstest]
@@ -1655,7 +1653,7 @@ mod tests {
             #[case] constraints: &[Constraint],
             #[case] expected: &str,
         ) {
-            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected)
+            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected);
         }
 
         #[rstest]
@@ -1692,7 +1690,7 @@ mod tests {
             #[case] constraints: &[Constraint],
             #[case] expected: &str,
         ) {
-            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected)
+            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected);
         }
 
         #[rstest]
@@ -1795,7 +1793,7 @@ mod tests {
             #[case] constraints: &[Constraint],
             #[case] expected: &str,
         ) {
-            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected)
+            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected);
         }
 
         #[rstest]
@@ -1832,7 +1830,7 @@ mod tests {
             #[case] constraints: &[Constraint],
             #[case] expected: &str,
         ) {
-            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected)
+            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected);
         }
 
         #[rstest]
@@ -1869,7 +1867,7 @@ mod tests {
             #[case] constraints: &[Constraint],
             #[case] expected: &str,
         ) {
-            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected)
+            letters(flex, constraints, width, expected);
         }
 
         #[test]
@@ -1984,7 +1982,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(Flex::Legacy)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| r.width)
                 .collect::<Vec<u16>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2004,7 +2001,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(Flex::Start)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| (r.x, r.width))
                 .collect::<Vec<(u16, u16)>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2036,7 +2032,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(Flex::Legacy)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| r.width)
                 .collect::<Vec<u16>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2067,7 +2062,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(Flex::Start)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| r.width)
                 .collect::<Vec<u16>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2077,7 +2071,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(Flex::Center)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| r.width)
                 .collect::<Vec<u16>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2087,7 +2080,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(Flex::End)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| r.width)
                 .collect::<Vec<u16>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2097,7 +2089,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(Flex::SpaceAround)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| r.width)
                 .collect::<Vec<u16>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2107,7 +2098,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(Flex::SpaceBetween)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| r.width)
                 .collect::<Vec<u16>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2122,7 +2112,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(Flex::Legacy)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| r.width)
                 .collect::<Vec<u16>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2170,7 +2159,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(Flex::Legacy)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| r.width)
                 .collect::<Vec<u16>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2188,7 +2176,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(Flex::Legacy)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| r.width)
                 .collect::<Vec<u16>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2207,7 +2194,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(Flex::Legacy)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| r.width)
                 .collect::<Vec<u16>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2272,7 +2258,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(flex)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| (r.x, r.width))
                 .collect::<Vec<(u16, u16)>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2331,7 +2316,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(Flex::Legacy)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| (r.x, r.width))
                 .collect::<Vec<(u16, u16)>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);
@@ -2356,7 +2340,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .flex(flex)
                 .split(rect)
                 .iter()
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|r| (r.x, r.width))
                 .collect::<Vec<(u16, u16)>>();
             assert_eq!(expected, r);

src/layout/margin.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::fmt::{self, Display};
+use std::fmt;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Margin {
@@ -7,15 +7,15 @@ pub struct Margin {
 }
 
 impl Margin {
-    pub const fn new(horizontal: u16, vertical: u16) -> Margin {
-        Margin {
+    pub const fn new(horizontal: u16, vertical: u16) -> Self {
+        Self {
             horizontal,
             vertical,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl Display for Margin {
+impl fmt::Display for Margin {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}x{}", self.horizontal, self.vertical)
     }

src/layout/position.rs

@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ pub struct Position {
 
 impl Position {
     /// Create a new position
-    pub fn new(x: u16, y: u16) -> Self {
-        Position { x, y }
+    pub const fn new(x: u16, y: u16) -> Self {
+        Self { x, y }
     }
 }
 
 impl From<(u16, u16)> for Position {
     fn from((x, y): (u16, u16)) -> Self {
-        Position { x, y }
+        Self { x, y }
     }
 }
 

src/layout/rect.rs

@@ -4,78 +4,40 @@ use std::{
     fmt,
 };
 
-use layout::{Position, Size};
-
+use super::{Position, Size};
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
-mod offset;
-pub use offset::*;
+mod iter;
+pub use iter::*;
 
+/// A Rectangular area.
+///
 /// A simple rectangle used in the computation of the layout and to give widgets a hint about the
 /// area they are supposed to render to.
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub struct Rect {
-    /// The x coordinate of the top left corner of the rect.
+    /// The x coordinate of the top left corner of the `Rect`.
     pub x: u16,
-    /// The y coordinate of the top left corner of the rect.
+    /// The y coordinate of the top left corner of the `Rect`.
     pub y: u16,
-    /// The width of the rect.
+    /// The width of the `Rect`.
     pub width: u16,
-    /// The height of the rect.
+    /// The height of the `Rect`.
     pub height: u16,
 }
 
-/// Manages row divisions within a `Rect`.
+/// Amounts by which to move a [`Rect`](super::Rect).
 ///
-/// The `Rows` struct is an iterator that allows iterating through rows of a given `Rect`.
-pub struct Rows {
-    /// The `Rect` associated with the rows.
-    pub rect: Rect,
-    /// The y coordinate of the row within the `Rect`.
-    pub current_row: u16,
-}
-
-impl Iterator for Rows {
-    type Item = Rect;
-
-    /// Retrieves the next row within the `Rect`.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` when there are no more rows to iterate through.
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        if self.current_row >= self.rect.bottom() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let row = Rect::new(self.rect.x, self.current_row, self.rect.width, 1);
-        self.current_row += 1;
-        Some(row)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Manages column divisions within a `Rect`.
+/// Positive numbers move to the right/bottom and negative to the left/top.
 ///
-/// The `Columns` struct is an iterator that allows iterating through columns of a given `Rect`.
-pub struct Columns {
-    /// The `Rect` associated with the columns.
-    pub rect: Rect,
-    /// The x coordinate of the column within the `Rect`.
-    pub current_column: u16,
-}
-
-impl Iterator for Columns {
-    type Item = Rect;
-
-    /// Retrieves the next column within the `Rect`.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` when there are no more columns to iterate through.
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        if self.current_column >= self.rect.right() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let column = Rect::new(self.current_column, self.rect.y, 1, self.rect.height);
-        self.current_column += 1;
-        Some(column)
-    }
+/// See [`Rect::offset`]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Offset {
+    /// How much to move on the X axis
+    pub x: i32,
+    /// How much to move on the Y axis
+    pub y: i32,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for Rect {
@@ -85,9 +47,17 @@ impl fmt::Display for Rect {
 }
 
 impl Rect {
-    /// Creates a new rect, with width and height limited to keep the area under max u16. If
+    /// A zero sized Rect at position 0,0
+    pub const ZERO: Self = Self {
+        x: 0,
+        y: 0,
+        width: 0,
+        height: 0,
+    };
+
+    /// Creates a new `Rect`, with width and height limited to keep the area under max `u16`. If
     /// clipped, aspect ratio will be preserved.
-    pub fn new(x: u16, y: u16, width: u16, height: u16) -> Rect {
+    pub fn new(x: u16, y: u16, width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
         let max_area = u16::max_value();
         let (clipped_width, clipped_height) =
             if u32::from(width) * u32::from(height) > u32::from(max_area) {
@@ -99,7 +69,7 @@ impl Rect {
             } else {
                 (width, height)
             };
-        Rect {
+        Self {
             x,
             y,
             width: clipped_width,
@@ -107,54 +77,58 @@ impl Rect {
         }
     }
 
-    /// The area of the rect. If the area is larger than the maximum value of u16, it will be
-    /// clamped to u16::MAX.
+    /// The area of the `Rect`. If the area is larger than the maximum value of `u16`, it will be
+    /// clamped to `u16::MAX`.
     pub const fn area(self) -> u16 {
         self.width.saturating_mul(self.height)
     }
 
-    /// Returns true if the rect has no area.
+    /// Returns true if the `Rect` has no area.
     pub const fn is_empty(self) -> bool {
         self.width == 0 || self.height == 0
     }
 
-    /// Returns the left coordinate of the rect.
+    /// Returns the left coordinate of the `Rect`.
     pub const fn left(self) -> u16 {
         self.x
     }
 
-    /// Returns the right coordinate of the rect. This is the first coordinate outside of the rect.
+    /// Returns the right coordinate of the `Rect`. This is the first coordinate outside of the
+    /// `Rect`.
     ///
     /// If the right coordinate is larger than the maximum value of u16, it will be clamped to
-    /// u16::MAX.
+    /// `u16::MAX`.
     pub const fn right(self) -> u16 {
         self.x.saturating_add(self.width)
     }
 
-    /// Returns the top coordinate of the rect.
+    /// Returns the top coordinate of the `Rect`.
     pub const fn top(self) -> u16 {
         self.y
     }
 
-    /// Returns the bottom coordinate of the rect. This is the first coordinate outside of the rect.
+    /// Returns the bottom coordinate of the `Rect`. This is the first coordinate outside of the
+    /// `Rect`.
     ///
     /// If the bottom coordinate is larger than the maximum value of u16, it will be clamped to
-    /// u16::MAX.
+    /// `u16::MAX`.
     pub const fn bottom(self) -> u16 {
         self.y.saturating_add(self.height)
     }
 
-    /// Returns a new rect inside the current one, with the given margin on each side.
+    /// Returns a new `Rect` inside the current one, with the given margin on each side.
     ///
-    /// If the margin is larger than the rect, the returned rect will have no area.
-    pub fn inner(self, margin: &Margin) -> Rect {
+    /// If the margin is larger than the `Rect`, the returned `Rect` will have no area.
+    #[allow(clippy::trivially_copy_pass_by_ref)] // See PR #1008
+    #[must_use = "method returns the modified value"]
+    pub const fn inner(self, margin: &Margin) -> Self {
         let doubled_margin_horizontal = margin.horizontal.saturating_mul(2);
         let doubled_margin_vertical = margin.vertical.saturating_mul(2);
 
         if self.width < doubled_margin_horizontal || self.height < doubled_margin_vertical {
-            Rect::default()
+            Self::ZERO
         } else {
-            Rect {
+            Self {
                 x: self.x.saturating_add(margin.horizontal),
                 y: self.y.saturating_add(margin.vertical),
                 width: self.width.saturating_sub(doubled_margin_horizontal),
@@ -171,25 +145,27 @@ impl Rect {
     /// - Positive `y` moves the whole `Rect` to the bottom, negative to the top.
     ///
     /// See [`Offset`] for details.
-    pub fn offset(self, offset: Offset) -> Rect {
-        Rect {
+    #[must_use = "method returns the modified value"]
+    pub fn offset(self, offset: Offset) -> Self {
+        Self {
             x: i32::from(self.x)
                 .saturating_add(offset.x)
-                .clamp(0, (u16::MAX - self.width) as i32) as u16,
+                .clamp(0, i32::from(u16::MAX - self.width)) as u16,
             y: i32::from(self.y)
                 .saturating_add(offset.y)
-                .clamp(0, (u16::MAX - self.height) as i32) as u16,
+                .clamp(0, i32::from(u16::MAX - self.height)) as u16,
             ..self
         }
     }
 
-    /// Returns a new rect that contains both the current one and the given one.
-    pub fn union(self, other: Rect) -> Rect {
+    /// Returns a new `Rect` that contains both the current one and the given one.
+    #[must_use = "method returns the modified value"]
+    pub fn union(self, other: Self) -> Self {
         let x1 = min(self.x, other.x);
         let y1 = min(self.y, other.y);
         let x2 = max(self.right(), other.right());
         let y2 = max(self.bottom(), other.bottom());
-        Rect {
+        Self {
             x: x1,
             y: y1,
             width: x2.saturating_sub(x1),
@@ -197,15 +173,16 @@ impl Rect {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Returns a new rect that is the intersection of the current one and the given one.
+    /// Returns a new `Rect` that is the intersection of the current one and the given one.
     ///
-    /// If the two rects do not intersect, the returned rect will have no area.
-    pub fn intersection(self, other: Rect) -> Rect {
+    /// If the two `Rect`s do not intersect, the returned `Rect` will have no area.
+    #[must_use = "method returns the modified value"]
+    pub fn intersection(self, other: Self) -> Self {
         let x1 = max(self.x, other.x);
         let y1 = max(self.y, other.y);
         let x2 = min(self.right(), other.right());
         let y2 = min(self.bottom(), other.bottom());
-        Rect {
+        Self {
             x: x1,
             y: y1,
             width: x2.saturating_sub(x1),
@@ -213,17 +190,17 @@ impl Rect {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Returns true if the two rects intersect.
-    pub const fn intersects(self, other: Rect) -> bool {
+    /// Returns true if the two `Rect`s intersect.
+    pub const fn intersects(self, other: Self) -> bool {
         self.x < other.right()
             && self.right() > other.x
             && self.y < other.bottom()
             && self.bottom() > other.y
     }
 
-    /// Returns true if the given position is inside the rect.
+    /// Returns true if the given position is inside the `Rect`.
     ///
-    /// The position is considered inside the rect if it is on the rect's border.
+    /// The position is considered inside the `Rect` if it is on the `Rect`'s border.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -239,20 +216,20 @@ impl Rect {
             && position.y < self.bottom()
     }
 
-    /// Clamp this rect to fit inside the other rect.
+    /// Clamp this `Rect` to fit inside the other `Rect`.
     ///
-    /// If the width or height of this rect is larger than the other rect, it will be clamped to the
-    /// other rect's width or height.
+    /// If the width or height of this `Rect` is larger than the other `Rect`, it will be clamped to
+    /// the other `Rect`'s width or height.
     ///
-    /// If the left or top coordinate of this rect is smaller than the other rect, it will be
-    /// clamped to the other rect's left or top coordinate.
+    /// If the left or top coordinate of this `Rect` is smaller than the other `Rect`, it will be
+    /// clamped to the other `Rect`'s left or top coordinate.
     ///
-    /// If the right or bottom coordinate of this rect is larger than the other rect, it will be
-    /// clamped to the other rect's right or bottom coordinate.
+    /// If the right or bottom coordinate of this `Rect` is larger than the other `Rect`, it will be
+    /// clamped to the other `Rect`'s right or bottom coordinate.
     ///
-    /// This is different from [`Rect::intersection`] because it will move this rect to fit inside
-    /// the other rect, while [`Rect::intersection`] instead would keep this rect's position and
-    /// truncate its size to only that which is inside the other rect.
+    /// This is different from [`Rect::intersection`] because it will move this `Rect` to fit inside
+    /// the other `Rect`, while [`Rect::intersection`] instead would keep this `Rect`'s position and
+    /// truncate its size to only that which is inside the other `Rect`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -263,58 +240,66 @@ impl Rect {
     /// let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 100).clamp(area);
     /// # }
     /// ```
-    pub fn clamp(self, other: Rect) -> Rect {
+    #[must_use = "method returns the modified value"]
+    pub fn clamp(self, other: Self) -> Self {
         let width = self.width.min(other.width);
         let height = self.height.min(other.height);
         let x = self.x.clamp(other.x, other.right().saturating_sub(width));
         let y = self.y.clamp(other.y, other.bottom().saturating_sub(height));
-        Rect::new(x, y, width, height)
+        Self::new(x, y, width, height)
     }
 
-    /// Creates an iterator over rows within the `Rect`.
+    /// An iterator over rows within the `Rect`.
     ///
-    /// This method returns a `Rows` iterator that allows iterating through rows of the `Rect`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// use ratatui::prelude::*;
-    /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 5);
-    /// for row in area.rows() {
-    ///     // Perform operations on each row of the area
-    ///     println!("Row: {:?}", row);
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    ///     for row in area.rows() {
+    ///         Line::raw("Hello, world!").render(row, buf);
+    ///     }
     /// }
     /// ```
-    pub fn rows(&self) -> Rows {
-        Rows {
-            rect: *self,
-            current_row: self.y,
-        }
+    pub const fn rows(self) -> Rows {
+        Rows::new(self)
     }
 
-    /// Creates an iterator over columns within the `Rect`.
+    /// An iterator over columns within the `Rect`.
     ///
-    /// This method returns a `Columns` iterator that allows iterating through columns of the
-    /// `Rect`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
+    /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// use ratatui::prelude::*;
-    /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 5);
-    /// for column in area.columns() {
-    ///     // Perform operations on each column of the area
-    ///     println!("Column: {:?}", column);
+    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    ///     if let Some(left) = area.columns().next() {
+    ///         Block::new().borders(Borders::LEFT).render(left, buf);
+    ///     }
     /// }
     /// ```
-    pub fn columns(&self) -> Columns {
-        Columns {
-            rect: *self,
-            current_column: self.x,
-        }
+    pub const fn columns(self) -> Columns {
+        Columns::new(self)
     }
 
-    /// Returns a [`Position`] with the same coordinates as this rect.
+    /// An iterator over the positions within the `Rect`.
+    ///
+    /// The positions are returned in a row-major order (left-to-right, top-to-bottom).
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    ///     for position in area.positions() {
+    ///         buf.get_mut(position.x, position.y).set_symbol("x");
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    pub const fn positions(self) -> Positions {
+        Positions::new(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a [`Position`] with the same coordinates as this `Rect`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -323,25 +308,37 @@ impl Rect {
     /// let rect = Rect::new(1, 2, 3, 4);
     /// let position = rect.as_position();
     /// ````
-    pub fn as_position(self) -> Position {
+    pub const fn as_position(self) -> Position {
         Position {
             x: self.x,
             y: self.y,
         }
     }
 
-    /// Converts the rect into a size struct.
-    pub fn as_size(self) -> Size {
+    /// Converts the `Rect` into a size struct.
+    pub const fn as_size(self) -> Size {
         Size {
             width: self.width,
             height: self.height,
         }
     }
+
+    /// indents the x value of the `Rect` by a given `offset`
+    ///
+    /// This is pub(crate) for now as we need to stabilize the naming / design of this API.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) const fn indent_x(self, offset: u16) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: self.x.saturating_add(offset),
+            width: self.width.saturating_sub(offset),
+            ..self
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<(Position, Size)> for Rect {
     fn from((position, size): (Position, Size)) -> Self {
-        Rect {
+        Self {
             x: position.x,
             y: position.y,
             width: size.width,

src/layout/rect/iter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+use self::layout::Position;
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+/// An iterator over rows within a `Rect`.
+pub struct Rows {
+    /// The `Rect` associated with the rows.
+    pub rect: Rect,
+    /// The y coordinate of the row within the `Rect`.
+    pub current_row: u16,
+}
+
+impl Rows {
+    /// Creates a new `Rows` iterator.
+    pub const fn new(rect: Rect) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            rect,
+            current_row: rect.y,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for Rows {
+    type Item = Rect;
+
+    /// Retrieves the next row within the `Rect`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when there are no more rows to iterate through.
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.current_row >= self.rect.bottom() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let row = Rect::new(self.rect.x, self.current_row, self.rect.width, 1);
+        self.current_row += 1;
+        Some(row)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator over columns within a `Rect`.
+pub struct Columns {
+    /// The `Rect` associated with the columns.
+    pub rect: Rect,
+    /// The x coordinate of the column within the `Rect`.
+    pub current_column: u16,
+}
+
+impl Columns {
+    /// Creates a new `Columns` iterator.
+    pub const fn new(rect: Rect) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            rect,
+            current_column: rect.x,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for Columns {
+    type Item = Rect;
+
+    /// Retrieves the next column within the `Rect`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when there are no more columns to iterate through.
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.current_column >= self.rect.right() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let column = Rect::new(self.current_column, self.rect.y, 1, self.rect.height);
+        self.current_column += 1;
+        Some(column)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator over positions within a `Rect`.
+///
+/// The iterator will yield all positions within the `Rect` in a row-major order.
+pub struct Positions {
+    /// The `Rect` associated with the positions.
+    pub rect: Rect,
+    /// The current position within the `Rect`.
+    pub current_position: Position,
+}
+
+impl Positions {
+    /// Creates a new `Positions` iterator.
+    pub const fn new(rect: Rect) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            rect,
+            current_position: Position::new(rect.x, rect.y),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for Positions {
+    type Item = Position;
+
+    /// Retrieves the next position within the `Rect`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when there are no more positions to iterate through.
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.current_position.y >= self.rect.bottom() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let position = self.current_position;
+        self.current_position.x += 1;
+        if self.current_position.x >= self.rect.right() {
+            self.current_position.x = self.rect.x;
+            self.current_position.y += 1;
+        }
+        Some(position)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rows() {
+        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 2);
+        let mut rows = Rows::new(rect);
+        assert_eq!(rows.next(), Some(Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next(), Some(Rect::new(0, 1, 2, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn columns() {
+        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 2);
+        let mut columns = Columns::new(rect);
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), Some(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), Some(Rect::new(1, 0, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn positions() {
+        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 2);
+        let mut positions = Positions::new(rect);
+        assert_eq!(positions.next(), Some(Position::new(0, 0)));
+        assert_eq!(positions.next(), Some(Position::new(1, 0)));
+        assert_eq!(positions.next(), Some(Position::new(0, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(positions.next(), Some(Position::new(1, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(positions.next(), None);
+    }
+}

src/layout/rect/offset.rs

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-/// Amounts by which to move a [`Rect`](super::Rect).
-///
-/// Positive numbers move to the right/bottom and negative to the left/top.
-///
-/// See [`Rect::offset`](super::Rect::offset)
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct Offset {
-    /// How much to move on the X axis
-    pub x: i32,
-    /// How much to move on the Y axis
-    pub y: i32,
-}

src/layout/size.rs

@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ pub struct Size {
 
 impl Size {
     /// Create a new `Size` struct
-    pub fn new(width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
-        Size { width, height }
+    pub const fn new(width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
+        Self { width, height }
     }
 }
 
 impl From<(u16, u16)> for Size {
     fn from((width, height): (u16, u16)) -> Self {
-        Size { width, height }
+        Self { width, height }
     }
 }
 

src/lib.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
-
 //! ![Demo](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/1d39444e3dea6f309cf9035be2417ac711c1abc9/examples/demo2-destroy.gif?raw=true)
 //!
 //! <div align="center">
 //!
 //! [![Crate Badge]][Crate] [![Docs Badge]][API Docs] [![CI Badge]][CI Workflow] [![License
-//! Badge]](./LICENSE)<br>
+//! Badge]](./LICENSE) [![Sponsors Badge]][GitHub Sponsors]<br>
 //! [![Codecov Badge]][Codecov] [![Deps.rs Badge]][Deps.rs] [![Discord Badge]][Discord Server]
 //! [![Matrix Badge]][Matrix]<br>
 //!
@@ -40,6 +38,9 @@
 //! automatically redrawn on the next frame. See the [Rendering] section of the [Ratatui Website]
 //! for more info.
 //!
+//! You can also watch the [FOSDEM 2024 talk] about Ratatui which gives a brief introduction to
+//! terminal user interfaces and showcases the features of Ratatui, along with a hello world demo.
+//!
 //! ## Other documentation
 //!
 //! - [Ratatui Website] - explains the library's concepts and provides step-by-step tutorials
@@ -138,8 +139,7 @@
 //!
 //! fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
 //!     frame.render_widget(
-//!         Paragraph::new("Hello World!")
-//!             .block(Block::default().title("Greeting").borders(Borders::ALL)),
+//!         Paragraph::new("Hello World!").block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
 //!         frame.size(),
 //!     );
 //! }
@@ -183,14 +183,8 @@
 //!         [Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)],
 //!     )
 //!     .split(main_layout[1]);
-//!     frame.render_widget(
-//!         Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Left"),
-//!         inner_layout[0],
-//!     );
-//!     frame.render_widget(
-//!         Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Right"),
-//!         inner_layout[1],
-//!     );
+//!     frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Left"), inner_layout[0]);
+//!     frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Right"), inner_layout[1]);
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
@@ -299,6 +293,7 @@
 //! [Changelog]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md
 //! [Contributing]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md
 //! [Breaking Changes]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/BREAKING-CHANGES.md
+//! [FOSDEM 2024 talk]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU0q6NOLJ20
 //! [docsrs-hello]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/c3c3c289b1eb8d562afb1931adb4dc719cd48490/examples/docsrs-hello.png?raw=true
 //! [docsrs-layout]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/c3c3c289b1eb8d562afb1931adb4dc719cd48490/examples/docsrs-layout.png?raw=true
 //! [docsrs-styling]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/c3c3c289b1eb8d562afb1931adb4dc719cd48490/examples/docsrs-styling.png?raw=true
@@ -320,6 +315,7 @@
 //! [Termion]: https://crates.io/crates/termion
 //! [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
 //! [tui-rs]: https://crates.io/crates/tui
+//! [GitHub Sponsors]: https://github.com/sponsors/ratatui-org
 //! [Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square
 //! [License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square
 //! [CI Badge]:
@@ -337,6 +333,7 @@
 //! [Matrix Badge]:
 //!     https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix
 //! [Matrix]: https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org
+//! [Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square
 
 // show the feature flags in the generated documentation
 #![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]

src/style.rs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 //! that implements [`Styled`]. E.g.:
 //! - Strings and string slices when styled return a [`Span`]
 //! - [`Span`]s can be styled again, which will merge the styles.
-//! - Many widget types can be styled directly rather than calling their style() method.
+//! - Many widget types can be styled directly rather than calling their `style()` method.
 //!
 //! See the [`Stylize`] and [`Styled`] traits for more information. These traits are re-exported in
 //! the [`prelude`] module for convenience.
@@ -68,14 +68,14 @@
 //! [`prelude`]: crate::prelude
 //! [`Span`]: crate::text::Span
 
-use std::fmt::{self, Debug};
+use std::fmt;
 
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 
 mod color;
 mod stylize;
 
-pub use color::Color;
+pub use color::{Color, ParseColorError};
 pub use stylize::{Styled, Stylize};
 pub mod palette;
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
         if self.is_empty() {
             return write!(f, "NONE");
         }
-        fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+        write!(f, "{}", self.0)
     }
 }
 
@@ -234,26 +234,26 @@ pub struct Style {
 }
 
 impl Default for Style {
-    fn default() -> Style {
-        Style::new()
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
     }
 }
 
 impl Styled for Style {
-    type Item = Style;
+    type Item = Self;
 
     fn style(&self) -> Style {
         *self
     }
 
-    fn set_style<S: Into<Style>>(self, style: S) -> Self::Item {
+    fn set_style<S: Into<Self>>(self, style: S) -> Self::Item {
         self.patch(style)
     }
 }
 
 impl Style {
-    pub const fn new() -> Style {
-        Style {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
             fg: None,
             bg: None,
             #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
@@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ impl Style {
     }
 
     /// Returns a `Style` resetting all properties.
-    pub const fn reset() -> Style {
-        Style {
+    pub const fn reset() -> Self {
+        Self {
             fg: Some(Color::Reset),
             bg: Some(Color::Reset),
             #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ impl Style {
     /// assert_eq!(style.patch(diff), Style::default().fg(Color::Red));
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "`fg` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
-    pub const fn fg(mut self, color: Color) -> Style {
+    pub const fn fg(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
         self.fg = Some(color);
         self
     }
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ impl Style {
     /// assert_eq!(style.patch(diff), Style::default().bg(Color::Red));
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "`bg` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
-    pub const fn bg(mut self, color: Color) -> Style {
+    pub const fn bg(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
         self.bg = Some(color);
         self
     }
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ impl Style {
     /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
     #[must_use = "`underline_color` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
-    pub const fn underline_color(mut self, color: Color) -> Style {
+    pub const fn underline_color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
         self.underline_color = Some(color);
         self
     }
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ impl Style {
     /// assert_eq!(patched.sub_modifier, Modifier::empty());
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "`add_modifier` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
-    pub const fn add_modifier(mut self, modifier: Modifier) -> Style {
+    pub const fn add_modifier(mut self, modifier: Modifier) -> Self {
         self.sub_modifier = self.sub_modifier.difference(modifier);
         self.add_modifier = self.add_modifier.union(modifier);
         self
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ impl Style {
     /// assert_eq!(patched.sub_modifier, Modifier::ITALIC);
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "`remove_modifier` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
-    pub const fn remove_modifier(mut self, modifier: Modifier) -> Style {
+    pub const fn remove_modifier(mut self, modifier: Modifier) -> Self {
         self.add_modifier = self.add_modifier.difference(modifier);
         self.sub_modifier = self.sub_modifier.union(modifier);
         self
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ impl Style {
     /// );
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "`patch` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
-    pub fn patch<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, other: S) -> Style {
+    pub fn patch<S: Into<Self>>(mut self, other: S) -> Self {
         let other = other.into();
         self.fg = other.fg.or(self.fg);
         self.bg = other.bg.or(self.bg);
@@ -550,34 +550,30 @@ impl From<(Color, Color, Modifier, Modifier)> for Style {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
+    use rstest::rstest;
 
-    fn styles() -> Vec<Style> {
-        vec![
-            Style::default(),
-            Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
-            Style::default().bg(Color::Yellow),
-            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-            Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
-            Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
-            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
-            Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
-        ]
-    }
+    use super::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn combined_patch_gives_same_result_as_individual_patch() {
-        let styles = styles();
+        let styles = [
+            Style::new(),
+            Style::new().fg(Color::Yellow),
+            Style::new().bg(Color::Yellow),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
+        ];
         for &a in &styles {
             for &b in &styles {
                 for &c in &styles {
                     for &d in &styles {
-                        let combined = a.patch(b.patch(c.patch(d)));
-
                         assert_eq!(
-                            Style::default().patch(a).patch(b).patch(c).patch(d),
-                            Style::default().patch(combined)
+                            Style::new().patch(a).patch(b).patch(c).patch(d),
+                            Style::new().patch(a.patch(b.patch(c.patch(d))))
                         );
                     }
                 }
@@ -589,7 +585,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn combine_individual_modifiers() {
         use crate::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect};
 
-        let mods = vec![
+        let mods = [
             Modifier::BOLD,
             Modifier::DIM,
             Modifier::ITALIC,
@@ -603,37 +599,30 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1));
 
-        for m in &mods {
+        for m in mods {
             buffer.get_mut(0, 0).set_style(Style::reset());
-            buffer
-                .get_mut(0, 0)
-                .set_style(Style::default().add_modifier(*m));
+            buffer.get_mut(0, 0).set_style(Style::new().add_modifier(m));
             let style = buffer.get(0, 0).style();
-            assert!(style.add_modifier.contains(*m));
-            assert!(!style.sub_modifier.contains(*m));
+            assert!(style.add_modifier.contains(m));
+            assert!(!style.sub_modifier.contains(m));
         }
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn modifier_debug() {
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::empty()), "NONE");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::BOLD), "BOLD");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::DIM), "DIM");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::ITALIC), "ITALIC");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::UNDERLINED), "UNDERLINED");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::SLOW_BLINK), "SLOW_BLINK");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::RAPID_BLINK), "RAPID_BLINK");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::REVERSED), "REVERSED");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::HIDDEN), "HIDDEN");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::CROSSED_OUT), "CROSSED_OUT");
-        assert_eq!(
-            format!("{:?}", Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::DIM),
-            "BOLD | DIM"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            format!("{:?}", Modifier::all()),
-            "BOLD | DIM | ITALIC | UNDERLINED | SLOW_BLINK | RAPID_BLINK | REVERSED | HIDDEN | CROSSED_OUT"
-        );
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Modifier::empty(), "NONE")]
+    #[case(Modifier::BOLD, "BOLD")]
+    #[case(Modifier::DIM, "DIM")]
+    #[case(Modifier::ITALIC, "ITALIC")]
+    #[case(Modifier::UNDERLINED, "UNDERLINED")]
+    #[case(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK, "SLOW_BLINK")]
+    #[case(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK, "RAPID_BLINK")]
+    #[case(Modifier::REVERSED, "REVERSED")]
+    #[case(Modifier::HIDDEN, "HIDDEN")]
+    #[case(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT, "CROSSED_OUT")]
+    #[case(Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::DIM, "BOLD | DIM")]
+    #[case(Modifier::all(), "BOLD | DIM | ITALIC | UNDERLINED | SLOW_BLINK | RAPID_BLINK | REVERSED | HIDDEN | CROSSED_OUT")]
+    fn modifier_debug(#[case] modifier: Modifier, #[case] expected: &str) {
+        assert_eq!(format!("{modifier:?}"), expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -660,9 +649,10 @@ mod tests {
                 .bg(Color::Black)
                 .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
                 .remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)
-        )
+        );
     }
 
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
     #[test]
     fn style_can_be_stylized() {
         // foreground colors

src/style/color.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-use std::{
-    fmt::{self, Debug, Display},
-    str::FromStr,
-};
+#![allow(clippy::unreadable_literal)]
+
+use std::{fmt, str::FromStr};
 
 /// ANSI Color
 ///
@@ -64,7 +63,6 @@ use std::{
 ///
 /// [ANSI color table]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#Colors
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize))]
 pub enum Color {
     /// Resets the foreground or background color
     #[default]
@@ -131,22 +129,110 @@ impl Color {
     /// Convert a u32 to a Color
     ///
     /// The u32 should be in the format 0x00RRGGBB.
-    pub const fn from_u32(u: u32) -> Color {
+    pub const fn from_u32(u: u32) -> Self {
         let r = (u >> 16) as u8;
         let g = (u >> 8) as u8;
         let b = u as u8;
-        Color::Rgb(r, g, b)
+        Self::Rgb(r, g, b)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+impl serde::Serialize for Color {
+    /// This utilises the [`fmt::Display`] implementation for serialization.
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        serializer.serialize_str(&self.to_string())
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 impl<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de> for Color {
+    /// This is used to deserialize a value into Color via serde.
+    ///
+    /// This implementation uses the `FromStr` trait to deserialize strings, so named colours, RGB,
+    /// and indexed values are able to be deserialized. In addition, values that were produced by
+    /// the the older serialization implementation of Color are also able to be deserialized.
+    ///
+    /// Prior to v0.26.0, Ratatui would be serialized using a map for indexed and RGB values, for
+    /// examples in json `{"Indexed": 10}` and `{"Rgb": [255, 0, 255]}` respectively. Now they are
+    /// serialized using the string representation of the index and the RGB hex value, for example
+    /// in json it would now be `"10"` and `"#FF00FF"` respectively.
+    ///
+    /// See the [`Color`] documentation for more information on color names.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Debug, serde::Deserialize)]
+    /// struct Theme {
+    ///     color: Color,
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// # fn get_theme() -> Result<(), serde_json::Error> {
+    /// let theme: Theme = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"color": "bright-white"}"#)?;
+    /// assert_eq!(theme.color, Color::White);
+    ///
+    /// let theme: Theme = serde_json::from_str(r##"{"color": "#00FF00"}"##)?;
+    /// assert_eq!(theme.color, Color::Rgb(0, 255, 0));
+    ///
+    /// let theme: Theme = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"color": "42"}"#)?;
+    /// assert_eq!(theme.color, Color::Indexed(42));
+    ///
+    /// let err = serde_json::from_str::<Theme>(r#"{"color": "invalid"}"#).unwrap_err();
+    /// assert!(err.is_data());
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     err.to_string(),
+    ///     "Failed to parse Colors at line 1 column 20"
+    /// );
+    ///
+    /// // Deserializing from the previous serialization implementation
+    /// let theme: Theme = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"color": {"Rgb":[255,0,255]}}"#)?;
+    /// assert_eq!(theme.color, Color::Rgb(255, 0, 255));
+    ///
+    /// let theme: Theme = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"color": {"Indexed":10}}"#)?;
+    /// assert_eq!(theme.color, Color::Indexed(10));
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
     fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
     where
         D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
     {
-        let s = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-        FromStr::from_str(&s).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+        /// Colors are currently serialized with the `Display` implementation, so
+        /// RGB values are serialized via hex, for example "#FFFFFF".
+        ///
+        /// Previously they were serialized using serde derive, which encoded
+        /// RGB values as a map, for example { "rgb": [255, 255, 255] }.
+        ///
+        /// The deserialization implementation utilises a `Helper` struct
+        /// to be able to support both formats for backwards compatibility.
+        #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+        enum ColorWrapper {
+            Rgb(u8, u8, u8),
+            Indexed(u8),
+        }
+
+        #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+        #[serde(untagged)]
+        enum ColorFormat {
+            V2(String),
+            V1(ColorWrapper),
+        }
+
+        let multi_type = ColorFormat::deserialize(deserializer)
+            .map_err(|err| serde::de::Error::custom(format!("Failed to parse Colors: {err}")))?;
+        match multi_type {
+            ColorFormat::V2(s) => FromStr::from_str(&s).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom),
+            ColorFormat::V1(color_wrapper) => match color_wrapper {
+                ColorWrapper::Rgb(red, green, blue) => Ok(Self::Rgb(red, green, blue)),
+                ColorWrapper::Indexed(index) => Ok(Self::Indexed(index)),
+            },
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -154,8 +240,8 @@ impl<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de> for Color {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct ParseColorError;
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for ParseColorError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+impl fmt::Display for ParseColorError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "Failed to parse Colors")
     }
 }
@@ -247,28 +333,28 @@ impl FromStr for Color {
     }
 }
 
-impl Display for Color {
+impl fmt::Display for Color {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            Color::Reset => write!(f, "Reset"),
-            Color::Black => write!(f, "Black"),
-            Color::Red => write!(f, "Red"),
-            Color::Green => write!(f, "Green"),
-            Color::Yellow => write!(f, "Yellow"),
-            Color::Blue => write!(f, "Blue"),
-            Color::Magenta => write!(f, "Magenta"),
-            Color::Cyan => write!(f, "Cyan"),
-            Color::Gray => write!(f, "Gray"),
-            Color::DarkGray => write!(f, "DarkGray"),
-            Color::LightRed => write!(f, "LightRed"),
-            Color::LightGreen => write!(f, "LightGreen"),
-            Color::LightYellow => write!(f, "LightYellow"),
-            Color::LightBlue => write!(f, "LightBlue"),
-            Color::LightMagenta => write!(f, "LightMagenta"),
-            Color::LightCyan => write!(f, "LightCyan"),
-            Color::White => write!(f, "White"),
-            Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => write!(f, "#{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}", r, g, b),
-            Color::Indexed(i) => write!(f, "{}", i),
+            Self::Reset => write!(f, "Reset"),
+            Self::Black => write!(f, "Black"),
+            Self::Red => write!(f, "Red"),
+            Self::Green => write!(f, "Green"),
+            Self::Yellow => write!(f, "Yellow"),
+            Self::Blue => write!(f, "Blue"),
+            Self::Magenta => write!(f, "Magenta"),
+            Self::Cyan => write!(f, "Cyan"),
+            Self::Gray => write!(f, "Gray"),
+            Self::DarkGray => write!(f, "DarkGray"),
+            Self::LightRed => write!(f, "LightRed"),
+            Self::LightGreen => write!(f, "LightGreen"),
+            Self::LightYellow => write!(f, "LightYellow"),
+            Self::LightBlue => write!(f, "LightBlue"),
+            Self::LightMagenta => write!(f, "LightMagenta"),
+            Self::LightCyan => write!(f, "LightCyan"),
+            Self::White => write!(f, "White"),
+            Self::Rgb(r, g, b) => write!(f, "#{r:02X}{g:02X}{b:02X}"),
+            Self::Indexed(i) => write!(f, "{i}"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -308,8 +394,8 @@ impl Color {
 /// Converts normalized HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness) values to RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color
 /// representation. H, S, and L values should be in the range [0, 1].
 ///
-/// Based on https://github.com/killercup/hsl-rs/blob/b8a30e11afd75f262e0550725333293805f4ead0/src/lib.rs
-fn normalized_hsl_to_rgb(h: f64, s: f64, l: f64) -> Color {
+/// Based on <https://github.com/killercup/hsl-rs/blob/b8a30e11afd75f262e0550725333293805f4ead0/src/lib.rs>
+fn normalized_hsl_to_rgb(hue: f64, saturation: f64, lightness: f64) -> Color {
     // This function can be made into `const` in the future.
     // This comment contains the relevant information for making it `const`.
     //
@@ -329,33 +415,33 @@ fn normalized_hsl_to_rgb(h: f64, s: f64, l: f64) -> Color {
     // ```
 
     // Initialize RGB components
-    let r: f64;
-    let g: f64;
-    let b: f64;
+    let red: f64;
+    let green: f64;
+    let blue: f64;
 
     // Check if the color is achromatic (grayscale)
-    if s == 0.0 {
-        r = l;
-        g = l;
-        b = l;
+    if saturation == 0.0 {
+        red = lightness;
+        green = lightness;
+        blue = lightness;
     } else {
         // Calculate RGB components for colored cases
-        let q = if l < 0.5 {
-            l * (1.0 + s)
+        let q = if lightness < 0.5 {
+            lightness * (1.0 + saturation)
         } else {
-            l + s - l * s
+            lightness + saturation - lightness * saturation
         };
-        let p = 2.0 * l - q;
-        r = hue_to_rgb(p, q, h + 1.0 / 3.0);
-        g = hue_to_rgb(p, q, h);
-        b = hue_to_rgb(p, q, h - 1.0 / 3.0);
+        let p = 2.0 * lightness - q;
+        red = hue_to_rgb(p, q, hue + 1.0 / 3.0);
+        green = hue_to_rgb(p, q, hue);
+        blue = hue_to_rgb(p, q, hue - 1.0 / 3.0);
     }
 
     // Scale RGB components to the range [0, 255] and create a Color::Rgb instance
     Color::Rgb(
-        (r * 255.0).round() as u8,
-        (g * 255.0).round() as u8,
-        (b * 255.0).round() as u8,
+        (red * 255.0).round() as u8,
+        (green * 255.0).round() as u8,
+        (blue * 255.0).round() as u8,
     )
 }
 
@@ -577,4 +663,42 @@ mod tests {
             Color::deserialize("#00000000".into_deserializer());
         assert!(color.is_err());
     }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    #[test]
+    fn serialize_then_deserialize() -> Result<(), serde_json::Error> {
+        let json_rgb = serde_json::to_string(&Color::Rgb(255, 0, 255))?;
+        assert_eq!(json_rgb, r##""#FF00FF""##);
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::from_str::<Color>(&json_rgb)?,
+            Color::Rgb(255, 0, 255)
+        );
+
+        let json_white = serde_json::to_string(&Color::White)?;
+        assert_eq!(json_white, r#""White""#);
+
+        let json_indexed = serde_json::to_string(&Color::Indexed(10))?;
+        assert_eq!(json_indexed, r#""10""#);
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::from_str::<Color>(&json_indexed)?,
+            Color::Indexed(10)
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    #[test]
+    fn deserialize_with_previous_format() -> Result<(), serde_json::Error> {
+        assert_eq!(Color::White, serde_json::from_str::<Color>("\"White\"")?);
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::Rgb(255, 0, 255),
+            serde_json::from_str::<Color>(r#"{"Rgb":[255,0,255]}"#)?
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::Indexed(10),
+            serde_json::from_str::<Color>(r#"{"Indexed":10}"#)?
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }

src/style/palette.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(clippy::unreadable_literal)]
+
 //! A module for defining color palettes.
 
 pub mod material;

src/style/palette/material.rs

@@ -455,11 +455,11 @@ pub struct NonAccentedPalette {
 }
 
 impl AccentedPalette {
-    /// Create a new AccentedPalette from the given variants
+    /// Create a new `AccentedPalette` from the given variants
     ///
     /// The variants should be in the format [0x00RRGGBB, ...]
-    pub const fn from_variants(variants: [u32; 14]) -> AccentedPalette {
-        AccentedPalette {
+    pub const fn from_variants(variants: [u32; 14]) -> Self {
+        Self {
             c50: Color::from_u32(variants[0]),
             c100: Color::from_u32(variants[1]),
             c200: Color::from_u32(variants[2]),
@@ -479,11 +479,11 @@ impl AccentedPalette {
 }
 
 impl NonAccentedPalette {
-    /// Create a new NonAccented from the given variants
+    /// Create a new `NonAccented` from the given variants
     ///
     /// The variants should be in the format [0x00RRGGBB, ...]
-    pub const fn from_variants(variants: [u32; 10]) -> NonAccentedPalette {
-        NonAccentedPalette {
+    pub const fn from_variants(variants: [u32; 10]) -> Self {
+        Self {
             c50: Color::from_u32(variants[0]),
             c100: Color::from_u32(variants[1]),
             c200: Color::from_u32(variants[2]),

src/style/stylize.rs

@@ -133,11 +133,7 @@ macro_rules! modifier {
 ///     "world".green().on_yellow().not_bold(),
 /// ]);
 /// let paragraph = Paragraph::new(line).italic().underlined();
-/// let block = Block::default()
-///     .title("Title")
-///     .borders(Borders::ALL)
-///     .on_white()
-///     .bold();
+/// let block = Block::bordered().title("Title").on_white().bold();
 /// ```
 pub trait Stylize<'a, T>: Sized {
     #[must_use = "`bg` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
@@ -348,7 +344,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // format!() is used to create a temporary String inside a closure, which suffers the same
         // issue as above without the `Styled` trait impl for `String`
-        let items = vec![String::from("a"), String::from("b")];
+        let items = [String::from("a"), String::from("b")];
         let sss = items.iter().map(|s| format!("{s}{s}").red()).collect_vec();
         assert_eq!(sss, vec![Span::from("aa").red(), Span::from("bb").red()]);
     }
@@ -393,12 +389,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn repeated_attributes() {
-        let cyan_bg = Style::default().bg(Color::Cyan);
-        let cyan_fg = Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan);
+        let bg = Style::default().bg(Color::Cyan);
+        let fg = Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan);
 
         // Behavior: the last one set is the definitive one
-        assert_eq!("hello".on_red().on_cyan(), Span::styled("hello", cyan_bg));
-        assert_eq!("hello".red().cyan(), Span::styled("hello", cyan_fg));
+        assert_eq!("hello".on_red().on_cyan(), Span::styled("hello", bg));
+        assert_eq!("hello".red().cyan(), Span::styled("hello", fg));
     }
 
     #[test]

src/symbols.rs

@@ -395,6 +395,7 @@ pub mod border {
     /// ▏xxxxx▕
     /// ▔▔▔▔▔▔▔
     /// ```
+    #[allow(clippy::doc_markdown)]
     pub const ONE_EIGHTH_WIDE: Set = Set {
         top_right: ONE_EIGHTH_BOTTOM_EIGHT,
         top_left: ONE_EIGHTH_BOTTOM_EIGHT,
@@ -414,6 +415,7 @@ pub mod border {
     /// ▕xx▏
     /// ▕▁▁▏
     /// ```
+    #[allow(clippy::doc_markdown)]
     pub const ONE_EIGHTH_TALL: Set = Set {
         top_right: ONE_EIGHTH_LEFT_EIGHT,
         top_left: ONE_EIGHTH_RIGHT_EIGHT,

src/terminal/frame.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{prelude::*, widgets::WidgetRef};
+use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// A consistent view into the terminal state for rendering a single frame.
 ///
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl Frame<'_> {
     /// If your app listens for a resize event from the backend, it should ignore the values from
     /// the event for any calculations that are used to render the current frame and use this value
     /// instead as this is the size of the buffer that is used to render the current frame.
-    pub fn size(&self) -> Rect {
+    pub const fn size(&self) -> Rect {
         self.viewport_area
     }
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl Frame<'_> {
     /// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
     /// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
     /// # let mut frame = terminal.get_frame();
-    /// let block = Block::default();
+    /// let block = Block::new();
     /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5);
     /// frame.render_widget(block, area);
     /// ```
@@ -87,10 +87,11 @@ impl Frame<'_> {
     /// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
     /// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
     /// # let mut frame = terminal.get_frame();
-    /// let block = Block::default();
+    /// let block = Block::new();
     /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5);
     /// frame.render_widget_ref(block, area);
     /// ```
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
     #[stability::unstable(feature = "widget-ref")]
     pub fn render_widget_ref<W: WidgetRef>(&mut self, widget: W, area: Rect) {
         widget.render_ref(area, self.buffer);
@@ -146,6 +147,7 @@ impl Frame<'_> {
     /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5);
     /// frame.render_stateful_widget_ref(list, area, &mut state);
     /// ```
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
     #[stability::unstable(feature = "widget-ref")]
     pub fn render_stateful_widget_ref<W>(&mut self, widget: W, area: Rect, state: &mut W::State)
     where
@@ -177,7 +179,7 @@ impl Frame<'_> {
     ///
     /// Each time a frame has been rendered, this count is incremented,
     /// providing a consistent way to reference the order and number of frames processed by the
-    /// terminal. When count reaches its maximum value (usize::MAX), it wraps around to zero.
+    /// terminal. When count reaches its maximum value (`usize::MAX`), it wraps around to zero.
     ///
     /// This count is particularly useful when dealing with dynamic content or animations where the
     /// state of the display changes over time. By tracking the frame count, developers can
@@ -193,7 +195,7 @@ impl Frame<'_> {
     /// let current_count = frame.count();
     /// println!("Current frame count: {}", current_count);
     /// ```
-    pub fn count(&self) -> usize {
+    pub const fn count(&self) -> usize {
         self.count
     }
 }

src/terminal/terminal.rs

@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ where
     /// let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
     /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
     /// ```
-    pub fn new(backend: B) -> io::Result<Terminal<B>> {
-        Terminal::with_options(
+    pub fn new(backend: B) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        Self::with_options(
             backend,
             TerminalOptions {
                 viewport: Viewport::Fullscreen,
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ where
     /// let terminal = Terminal::with_options(backend, TerminalOptions { viewport })?;
     /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
     /// ```
-    pub fn with_options(mut backend: B, options: TerminalOptions) -> io::Result<Terminal<B>> {
+    pub fn with_options(mut backend: B, options: TerminalOptions) -> io::Result<Self> {
         let size = match options.viewport {
             Viewport::Fullscreen | Viewport::Inline(_) => backend.size()?,
             Viewport::Fixed(area) => area,
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ where
             Viewport::Inline(height) => compute_inline_size(&mut backend, height, size, 0)?,
             Viewport::Fixed(area) => (area, (area.left(), area.top())),
         };
-        Ok(Terminal {
+        Ok(Self {
             backend,
             buffers: [Buffer::empty(viewport_area), Buffer::empty(viewport_area)],
             current: 0,
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Gets the backend
-    pub fn backend(&self) -> &B {
+    pub const fn backend(&self) -> &B {
         &self.backend
     }
 

src/terminal/viewport.rs

@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ pub enum Viewport {
 impl fmt::Display for Viewport {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            Viewport::Fullscreen => write!(f, "Fullscreen"),
-            Viewport::Inline(height) => write!(f, "Inline({})", height),
-            Viewport::Fixed(area) => write!(f, "Fixed({})", area),
+            Self::Fullscreen => write!(f, "Fullscreen"),
+            Self::Inline(height) => write!(f, "Inline({height})"),
+            Self::Fixed(area) => write!(f, "Fixed({area})"),
         }
     }
 }

src/text.rs

@@ -25,21 +25,20 @@
 //! // Converted to Line(vec![
 //! //   Span { content: Cow::Borrowed("My title"), style: Style { .. } }
 //! // ])
-//! let block = Block::default().title("My title");
+//! let block = Block::new().title("My title");
 //!
 //! // A simple string with a unique style.
 //! // Converted to Line(vec![
 //! //   Span { content: Cow::Borrowed("My title"), style: Style { fg: Some(Color::Yellow), .. }
 //! // ])
-//! let block =
-//!     Block::default().title(Span::styled("My title", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)));
+//! let block = Block::new().title(Span::styled("My title", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)));
 //!
 //! // A string with multiple styles.
 //! // Converted to Line(vec![
 //! //   Span { content: Cow::Borrowed("My"), style: Style { fg: Some(Color::Yellow), .. } },
 //! //   Span { content: Cow::Borrowed(" title"), .. }
 //! // ])
-//! let block = Block::default().title(vec![
+//! let block = Block::new().title(vec![
 //!     Span::styled("My", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)),
 //!     Span::raw(" title"),
 //! ]);

src/text/grapheme.rs

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ impl<'a> StyledGrapheme<'a> {
     ///
     /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
     /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
-    pub fn new<S: Into<Style>>(symbol: &'a str, style: S) -> StyledGrapheme<'a> {
-        StyledGrapheme {
+    pub fn new<S: Into<Style>>(symbol: &'a str, style: S) -> Self {
+        Self {
             symbol,
             style: style.into(),
         }
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ impl<'a> StyledGrapheme<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> Styled for StyledGrapheme<'a> {
-    type Item = StyledGrapheme<'a>;
+    type Item = Self;
 
     fn style(&self) -> Style {
         self.style

src/text/line.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 #![deny(missing_docs)]
-use std::borrow::Cow;
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic, clippy::nursery, clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
+use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
+
+use unicode_truncate::UnicodeTruncateStr;
 
 use super::StyledGrapheme;
-use crate::{prelude::*, widgets::Widget};
+use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// A line of text, consisting of one or more [`Span`]s.
 ///
@@ -10,28 +13,21 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, widgets::Widget};
 /// text. When a [`Line`] is rendered, it is rendered as a single line of text, with each [`Span`]
 /// being rendered in order (left to right).
 ///
-/// [`Line`]s can be created from [`Span`]s, [`String`]s, and [`&str`]s. They can be styled with a
-/// [`Style`], and have an [`Alignment`].
-///
-/// The line's [`Alignment`] is used by the rendering widget to determine how to align the line
-/// within the available space. If the line is longer than the available space, the alignment is
-/// ignored and the line is truncated.
-///
-/// The line's [`Style`] is used by the rendering widget to determine how to style the line. If the
-/// line is longer than the available space, the style is applied to the entire line, and the line
-/// is truncated. Each [`Span`] in the line will be styled with the [`Style`] of the line, and then
-/// with its own [`Style`].
-///
-/// `Line` implements the [`Widget`] trait, which means it can be rendered to a [`Buffer`]. Usually
-/// apps will use the [`Paragraph`] widget instead of rendering a [`Line`] directly as it provides
-/// more functionality.
-///
 /// # Constructor Methods
 ///
 /// - [`Line::default`] creates a line with empty content and the default style.
 /// - [`Line::raw`] creates a line with the given content and the default style.
 /// - [`Line::styled`] creates a line with the given content and style.
 ///
+/// # Conversion Methods
+///
+/// - [`Line::from`] creates a `Line` from a [`String`].
+/// - [`Line::from`] creates a `Line` from a [`&str`].
+/// - [`Line::from`] creates a `Line` from a [`Vec`] of [`Span`]s.
+/// - [`Line::from`] creates a `Line` from single [`Span`].
+/// - [`String::from`] converts a line into a [`String`].
+/// - [`Line::from_iter`] creates a line from an iterator of items that are convertible to [`Span`].
+///
 /// # Setter Methods
 ///
 /// These methods are fluent setters. They return a `Line` with the property set.
@@ -39,6 +35,15 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, widgets::Widget};
 /// - [`Line::spans`] sets the content of the line.
 /// - [`Line::style`] sets the style of the line.
 /// - [`Line::alignment`] sets the alignment of the line.
+/// - [`Line::left_aligned`] sets the alignment of the line to [`Alignment::Left`].
+/// - [`Line::centered`] sets the alignment of the line to [`Alignment::Center`].
+/// - [`Line::right_aligned`] sets the alignment of the line to [`Alignment::Right`].
+///
+/// # Iteration Methods
+///
+/// - [`Line::iter`] returns an iterator over the spans of this line.
+/// - [`Line::iter_mut`] returns a mutable iterator over the spans of this line.
+/// - [`Line::into_iter`] returns an iterator over the spans of this line.
 ///
 /// # Other Methods
 ///
@@ -46,6 +51,7 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, widgets::Widget};
 /// - [`Line::reset_style`] resets the style of the line.
 /// - [`Line::width`] returns the unicode width of the content held by this line.
 /// - [`Line::styled_graphemes`] returns an iterator over the graphemes held by this line.
+/// - [`Line::push_span`] adds a span to the line.
 ///
 /// # Compatibility Notes
 ///
@@ -56,19 +62,90 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, widgets::Widget};
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
+/// ## Creating Lines
+/// [`Line`]s can be created from [`Span`]s, [`String`]s, and [`&str`]s. They can be styled with a
+/// [`Style`].
+///
 /// ```rust
 /// use ratatui::prelude::*;
 ///
-/// Line::raw("unstyled");
-/// Line::styled("yellow text", Style::new().yellow());
-/// Line::from("red text").style(Style::new().red());
-/// Line::from(String::from("unstyled"));
-/// Line::from(vec![
+/// let style = Style::new().yellow();
+/// let line = Line::raw("Hello, world!").style(style);
+/// let line = Line::styled("Hello, world!", style);
+/// let line = Line::styled("Hello, world!", (Color::Yellow, Modifier::BOLD));
+///
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello, world!");
+/// let line = Line::from(String::from("Hello, world!"));
+/// let line = Line::from(vec![
 ///     Span::styled("Hello", Style::new().blue()),
 ///     Span::raw(" world!"),
 /// ]);
 /// ```
 ///
+/// ## Styling Lines
+///
+/// The line's [`Style`] is used by the rendering widget to determine how to style the line. Each
+/// [`Span`] in the line will be styled with the [`Style`] of the line, and then with its own
+/// [`Style`]. If the line is longer than the available space, the style is applied to the entire
+/// line, and the line is truncated. `Line` also implements [`Styled`] which means you can use the
+/// methods of the [`Stylize`] trait.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").style(Style::new().yellow().italic());
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").style(Color::Yellow);
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").style((Color::Yellow, Color::Black));
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").style((Color::Yellow, Modifier::ITALIC));
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").yellow().italic();
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## Aligning Lines
+///
+/// The line's [`Alignment`] is used by the rendering widget to determine how to align the line
+/// within the available space. If the line is longer than the available space, the alignment is
+/// ignored and the line is truncated.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").alignment(Alignment::Right);
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").centered();
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").left_aligned();
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").right_aligned();
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## Rendering Lines
+///
+/// `Line` implements the [`Widget`] trait, which means it can be rendered to a [`Buffer`].
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// # fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+/// // in another widget's render method
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").style(Style::new().yellow().italic());
+/// line.render(area, buf);
+/// # }
+///
+/// # fn draw(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+/// // in a terminal.draw closure
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").style(Style::new().yellow().italic());
+/// frame.render_widget(line, area);
+/// # }
+/// ```
+/// ## Rendering Lines with a Paragraph widget
+///
+/// Usually apps will use the [`Paragraph`] widget instead of rendering a [`Line`] directly as it
+/// provides more functionality.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// # fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").yellow().italic();
+/// Paragraph::new(line)
+///     .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
+///     .render(area, buf);
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
 /// [`Paragraph`]: crate::widgets::Paragraph
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Line<'a> {
@@ -102,11 +179,11 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// Line::raw(String::from("test content"));
     /// Line::raw(Cow::from("test content"));
     /// ```
-    pub fn raw<T>(content: T) -> Line<'a>
+    pub fn raw<T>(content: T) -> Self
     where
         T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
     {
-        Line {
+        Self {
             spans: content
                 .into()
                 .lines()
@@ -135,12 +212,12 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// Line::styled(String::from("My text"), style);
     /// Line::styled(Cow::from("test content"), style);
     /// ```
-    pub fn styled<T, S>(content: T, style: S) -> Line<'a>
+    pub fn styled<T, S>(content: T, style: S) -> Self
     where
         T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
         S: Into<Style>,
     {
-        Line {
+        Self {
             spans: content
                 .into()
                 .lines()
@@ -378,6 +455,23 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> std::slice::IterMut<Span<'a>> {
         self.spans.iter_mut()
     }
+
+    /// Adds a span to the line.
+    ///
+    /// `span` can be any type that is convertible into a `Span`. For example, you can pass a
+    /// `&str`, a `String`, or a `Span`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// let mut line = Line::from("Hello, ");
+    /// line.push_span(Span::raw("world!"));
+    /// line.push_span(" How are you?");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn push_span<T: Into<Span<'a>>>(&mut self, span: T) {
+        self.spans.push(span.into());
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a> IntoIterator for Line<'a> {
@@ -435,14 +529,23 @@ impl<'a> From<Span<'a>> for Line<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<Line<'a>> for String {
-    fn from(line: Line<'a>) -> String {
-        line.iter().fold(String::new(), |mut acc, s| {
+    fn from(line: Line<'a>) -> Self {
+        line.iter().fold(Self::new(), |mut acc, s| {
             acc.push_str(s.content.as_ref());
             acc
         })
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a, T> FromIterator<T> for Line<'a>
+where
+    T: Into<Span<'a>>,
+{
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(iter: I) -> Self {
+        Self::from(iter.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+    }
+}
+
 impl Widget for Line<'_> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         self.render_ref(area, buf);
@@ -452,33 +555,100 @@ impl Widget for Line<'_> {
 impl WidgetRef for Line<'_> {
     fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let area = area.intersection(buf.area);
-        buf.set_style(area, self.style);
-        let width = self.width() as u16;
-        let offset = match self.alignment {
-            Some(Alignment::Left) => 0,
-            Some(Alignment::Center) => (area.width.saturating_sub(width)) / 2,
-            Some(Alignment::Right) => area.width.saturating_sub(width),
-            None => 0,
-        };
-        let mut x = area.left().saturating_add(offset);
-        for span in self.spans.iter() {
-            let span_width = span.width() as u16;
-            let span_area = Rect {
-                x,
-                width: span_width.min(area.right() - x),
-                ..area
-            };
-            span.render(span_area, buf);
-            x = x.saturating_add(span_width);
-            if x >= area.right() {
-                break;
-            }
+        if area.is_empty() {
+            return;
         }
+        let line_width = self.width();
+        if line_width == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        buf.set_style(area, self.style);
+
+        let area_width = usize::from(area.width);
+        let can_render_complete_line = line_width <= area_width;
+        if can_render_complete_line {
+            let indent_width = match self.alignment {
+                Some(Alignment::Center) => (area_width.saturating_sub(line_width)) / 2,
+                Some(Alignment::Right) => area_width.saturating_sub(line_width),
+                Some(Alignment::Left) | None => 0,
+            };
+            let indent_width = u16::try_from(indent_width).unwrap_or(u16::MAX);
+            let area = area.indent_x(indent_width);
+            render_spans(&self.spans, area, buf, 0);
+        } else {
+            // There is not enough space to render the whole line. As the right side is truncated by
+            // the area width, only truncate the left.
+            let skip_width = match self.alignment {
+                Some(Alignment::Center) => (line_width.saturating_sub(area_width)) / 2,
+                Some(Alignment::Right) => line_width.saturating_sub(area_width),
+                Some(Alignment::Left) | None => 0,
+            };
+            render_spans(&self.spans, area, buf, skip_width);
+        };
     }
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for Line<'_> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+/// Renders all the spans of the line that should be visible.
+fn render_spans(spans: &[Span], mut area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, span_skip_width: usize) {
+    for (span, span_width, offset) in spans_after_width(spans, span_skip_width) {
+        area = area.indent_x(offset);
+        if area.is_empty() {
+            break;
+        }
+        span.render_ref(area, buf);
+        let span_width = u16::try_from(span_width).unwrap_or(u16::MAX);
+        area = area.indent_x(span_width);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns an iterator over the spans that lie after a given skip widtch from the start of the
+/// `Line` (including a partially visible span if the `skip_width` lands within a span).
+fn spans_after_width<'a>(
+    spans: &'a [Span],
+    mut skip_width: usize,
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Span<'a>, usize, u16)> {
+    spans
+        .iter()
+        .map(|span| (span, span.width()))
+        // Filter non visible spans out.
+        .filter_map(move |(span, span_width)| {
+            // Ignore spans that are completely before the offset. Decrement `span_skip_width` by
+            // the span width until we find a span that is partially or completely visible.
+            if skip_width >= span_width {
+                skip_width = skip_width.saturating_sub(span_width);
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            // Apply the skip from the start of the span, not the end as the end will be trimmed
+            // when rendering the span to the buffer.
+            let available_width = span_width.saturating_sub(skip_width);
+            skip_width = 0; // ensure the next span is rendered in full
+            Some((span, span_width, available_width))
+        })
+        .map(|(span, span_width, available_width)| {
+            if span_width <= available_width {
+                // Span is fully visible. Clone here is fast as the underlying content is `Cow`.
+                return (span.clone(), span_width, 0u16);
+            }
+            // Span is only partially visible. As the end is truncated by the area width, only
+            // truncate the start of the span.
+            let (content, actual_width) = span.content.unicode_truncate_start(available_width);
+
+            // When the first grapheme of the span was truncated, start rendering from a position
+            // that takes that into account by indenting the start of the area
+            let first_grapheme_offset = available_width.saturating_sub(actual_width);
+            let first_grapheme_offset = u16::try_from(first_grapheme_offset).unwrap_or(u16::MAX);
+            (
+                Span::styled(content, span.style),
+                actual_width,
+                first_grapheme_offset,
+            )
+        })
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Line<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         for span in &self.spans {
             write!(f, "{span}")?;
         }
@@ -486,12 +656,31 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for Line<'_> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a> Styled for Line<'a> {
+    type Item = Self;
+
+    fn style(&self) -> Style {
+        self.style
+    }
+
+    fn set_style<S: Into<Style>>(self, style: S) -> Self::Item {
+        self.style(style)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use std::iter;
+
     use rstest::{fixture, rstest};
 
     use super::*;
 
+    #[fixture]
+    fn small_buf() -> Buffer {
+        Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 1))
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn raw_str() {
         let line = Line::raw("test content");
@@ -601,6 +790,16 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(Style::reset(), line.style);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn stylize() {
+        assert_eq!(Line::default().green().style, Color::Green.into());
+        assert_eq!(
+            Line::default().on_green().style,
+            Style::new().bg(Color::Green)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Line::default().italic().style, Modifier::ITALIC.into());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn from_string() {
         let s = String::from("Hello, world!");
@@ -625,6 +824,32 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(spans, line.spans);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn from_iter() {
+        let line = Line::from_iter(vec!["Hello".blue(), " world!".green()]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            line.spans,
+            vec![
+                Span::styled("Hello", Style::new().blue()),
+                Span::styled(" world!", Style::new().green()),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn collect() {
+        let line: Line = iter::once("Hello".blue())
+            .chain(iter::once(" world!".green()))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            line.spans,
+            vec![
+                Span::styled("Hello", Style::new().blue()),
+                Span::styled(" world!", Style::new().green()),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn from_span() {
         let span = Span::styled("Hello, world!", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow));
@@ -694,76 +919,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(format!("{line_from_styled_span}"), "Hello, world!");
     }
 
-    mod widget {
-        use super::*;
-        use crate::assert_buffer_eq;
-        const BLUE: Style = Style::new().fg(Color::Blue);
-        const GREEN: Style = Style::new().fg(Color::Green);
-        const ITALIC: Style = Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
-
-        fn hello_world() -> Line<'static> {
-            Line::from(vec![
-                Span::styled("Hello ", BLUE),
-                Span::styled("world!", GREEN),
-            ])
-            .style(ITALIC)
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn render() {
-            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
-            hello_world().render(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), &mut buf);
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["Hello world!   "]);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), ITALIC);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1), BLUE);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(6, 0, 6, 1), GREEN);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn render_only_styles_line_area() {
-            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 1));
-            hello_world().render(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), &mut buf);
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["Hello world!        "]);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), ITALIC);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1), BLUE);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(6, 0, 6, 1), GREEN);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn render_truncates() {
-            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 1));
-            Line::from("Hello world!").render(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1), &mut buf);
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["Hello     "]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn render_centered() {
-            let line = hello_world().alignment(Alignment::Center);
-            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
-            line.render(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), &mut buf);
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![" Hello world!  "]);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), ITALIC);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(1, 0, 6, 1), BLUE);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(7, 0, 6, 1), GREEN);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn render_right_aligned() {
-            let line = hello_world().alignment(Alignment::Right);
-            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
-            line.render(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), &mut buf);
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["   Hello world!"]);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), ITALIC);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(3, 0, 6, 1), BLUE);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(9, 0, 6, 1), GREEN);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        }
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn left_aligned() {
         let line = Line::from("Hello, world!").left_aligned();
@@ -782,6 +937,342 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(line.alignment, Some(Alignment::Right));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    pub fn push_span() {
+        let mut line = Line::from("A");
+        line.push_span(Span::raw("B"));
+        line.push_span("C");
+        assert_eq!(
+            line.spans,
+            vec![Span::raw("A"), Span::raw("B"), Span::raw("C")]
+        );
+    }
+
+    mod widget {
+        use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
+        use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
+
+        use super::*;
+        use crate::buffer::Cell;
+
+        const BLUE: Style = Style::new().fg(Color::Blue);
+        const GREEN: Style = Style::new().fg(Color::Green);
+        const ITALIC: Style = Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
+
+        #[fixture]
+        fn hello_world() -> Line<'static> {
+            Line::from(vec![
+                Span::styled("Hello ", BLUE),
+                Span::styled("world!", GREEN),
+            ])
+            .style(ITALIC)
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render() {
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
+            hello_world().render(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), &mut buf);
+            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["Hello world!   "]);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), ITALIC);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1), BLUE);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(6, 0, 6, 1), GREEN);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render_out_of_bounds(hello_world: Line<'static>, mut small_buf: Buffer) {
+            let out_of_bounds = Rect::new(20, 20, 10, 1);
+            hello_world.render(out_of_bounds, &mut small_buf);
+            assert_eq!(small_buf, Buffer::empty(small_buf.area));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_only_styles_line_area() {
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 1));
+            hello_world().render(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), &mut buf);
+            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["Hello world!        "]);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), ITALIC);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1), BLUE);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(6, 0, 6, 1), GREEN);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_truncates() {
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 1));
+            Line::from("Hello world!").render(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1), &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello     "]));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_centered() {
+            let line = hello_world().alignment(Alignment::Center);
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
+            line.render(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), &mut buf);
+            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([" Hello world!  "]);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), ITALIC);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(1, 0, 6, 1), BLUE);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(7, 0, 6, 1), GREEN);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_right_aligned() {
+            let line = hello_world().alignment(Alignment::Right);
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
+            line.render(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), &mut buf);
+            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["   Hello world!"]);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), ITALIC);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(3, 0, 6, 1), BLUE);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(9, 0, 6, 1), GREEN);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_truncates_left() {
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
+            Line::from("Hello world")
+                .left_aligned()
+                .render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello"]));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_truncates_right() {
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
+            Line::from("Hello world")
+                .right_aligned()
+                .render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["world"]));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_truncates_center() {
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
+            Line::from("Hello world")
+                .centered()
+                .render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["lo wo"]));
+        }
+
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
+        #[test]
+        fn regression_1032() {
+            let line = Line::from(
+                "🦀 RFC8628 OAuth 2.0 Device Authorization GrantでCLIからGithubのaccess tokenを取得する"
+            );
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 83, 1));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([
+                "🦀 RFC8628 OAuth 2.0 Device Authorization GrantでCLIからGithubのaccess tokenを取得 "
+            ]));
+        }
+
+        /// Documentary test to highlight the crab emoji width / length discrepancy
+        ///
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
+        #[test]
+        fn crab_emoji_width() {
+            let crab = "🦀";
+            assert_eq!(crab.len(), 4); // bytes
+            assert_eq!(crab.chars().count(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(crab.graphemes(true).count(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(crab.width(), 2); // display width
+        }
+
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::left_4(Alignment::Left, 4, "1234")]
+        #[case::left_5(Alignment::Left, 5, "1234 ")]
+        #[case::left_6(Alignment::Left, 6, "1234🦀")]
+        #[case::left_7(Alignment::Left, 7, "1234🦀7")]
+        #[case::right_4(Alignment::Right, 4, "7890")]
+        #[case::right_5(Alignment::Right, 5, " 7890")]
+        #[case::right_6(Alignment::Right, 6, "🦀7890")]
+        #[case::right_7(Alignment::Right, 7, "4🦀7890")]
+        fn render_truncates_emoji(
+            #[case] alignment: Alignment,
+            #[case] buf_width: u16,
+            #[case] expected: &str,
+        ) {
+            let line = Line::from("1234🦀7890").alignment(alignment);
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, buf_width, 1));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
+        }
+
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
+        ///
+        /// centering is tricky because there's an ambiguity about whether to take one more char
+        /// from the left or the right when the line width is odd. This interacts with the width of
+        /// the crab emoji, which is 2 characters wide by hitting the left or right side of the
+        /// emoji.
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::center_6_0(6, 0, "")]
+        #[case::center_6_1(6, 1, " ")] // lef side of "🦀"
+        #[case::center_6_2(6, 2, "🦀")]
+        #[case::center_6_3(6, 3, "b🦀")]
+        #[case::center_6_4(6, 4, "b🦀c")]
+        #[case::center_7_0(7, 0, "")]
+        #[case::center_7_1(7, 1, " ")] // right side of "🦀"
+        #[case::center_7_2(7, 2, "🦀")]
+        #[case::center_7_3(7, 3, "🦀c")]
+        #[case::center_7_4(7, 4, "b🦀c")]
+        #[case::center_8_0(8, 0, "")]
+        #[case::center_8_1(8, 1, " ")] // right side of "🦀"
+        #[case::center_8_2(8, 2, " c")] // right side of "🦀c"
+        #[case::center_8_3(8, 3, "🦀c")]
+        #[case::center_8_4(8, 4, "🦀cd")]
+        #[case::center_8_5(8, 5, "b🦀cd")]
+        #[case::center_9_0(9, 0, "")]
+        #[case::center_9_1(9, 1, "c")]
+        #[case::center_9_2(9, 2, " c")] // right side of "🦀c"
+        #[case::center_9_3(9, 3, " cd")]
+        #[case::center_9_4(9, 4, "🦀cd")]
+        #[case::center_9_5(9, 5, "🦀cde")]
+        #[case::center_9_6(9, 6, "b🦀cde")]
+        fn render_truncates_emoji_center(
+            #[case] line_width: u16,
+            #[case] buf_width: u16,
+            #[case] expected: &str,
+        ) {
+            // because the crab emoji is 2 characters wide, it will can cause the centering tests
+            // intersect with either the left or right part of the emoji, which causes the emoji to
+            // be not rendered. Checking for four different widths of the line is enough to cover
+            // all the possible cases.
+            let value = match line_width {
+                6 => "ab🦀cd",
+                7 => "ab🦀cde",
+                8 => "ab🦀cdef",
+                9 => "ab🦀cdefg",
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+            let line = Line::from(value).centered();
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, buf_width, 1));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
+        }
+
+        /// Ensures the rendering also works away from the 0x0 position.
+        ///
+        /// Particularly of note is that an emoji that is truncated will not overwrite the
+        /// characters that are already in the buffer. This is inentional (consider how a line
+        /// that is rendered on a border should not overwrite the border with a partial emoji).
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::left(Alignment::Left, "XXa🦀bcXXX")]
+        #[case::center(Alignment::Center, "XX🦀bc🦀XX")]
+        #[case::right(Alignment::Right, "XXXbc🦀dXX")]
+        fn render_truncates_away_from_0x0(#[case] alignment: Alignment, #[case] expected: &str) {
+            let line = Line::from(vec![Span::raw("a🦀b"), Span::raw("c🦀d")]).alignment(alignment);
+            // Fill buffer with stuff to ensure the output is indeed padded
+            let mut buf = Buffer::filled(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 1), Cell::default().set_symbol("X"));
+            let area = Rect::new(2, 0, 6, 1);
+            line.render_ref(area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
+        }
+
+        /// When two spans are rendered after each other the first needs to be padded in accordance
+        /// to the skipped unicode width. In this case the first crab does not fit at width 6 which
+        /// takes a front white space.
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::right_4(4, "c🦀d")]
+        #[case::right_5(5, "bc🦀d")]
+        #[case::right_6(6, "Xbc🦀d")]
+        #[case::right_7(7, "🦀bc🦀d")]
+        #[case::right_8(8, "a🦀bc🦀d")]
+        fn render_right_aligned_multi_span(#[case] buf_width: u16, #[case] expected: &str) {
+            let line = Line::from(vec![Span::raw("a🦀b"), Span::raw("c🦀d")]).right_aligned();
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, buf_width, 1);
+            // Fill buffer with stuff to ensure the output is indeed padded
+            let mut buf = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::default().set_symbol("X"));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
+        }
+
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
+        ///
+        /// Flag emoji are actually two independent characters, so they can be truncated in the
+        /// middle of the emoji. This test documents just the emoji part of the test.
+        #[test]
+        fn flag_emoji() {
+            let str = "🇺🇸1234";
+            assert_eq!(str.len(), 12); // flag is 4 bytes
+            assert_eq!(str.chars().count(), 6); // flag is 2 chars
+            assert_eq!(str.graphemes(true).count(), 5); // flag is 1 grapheme
+            assert_eq!(str.width(), 6); // flag is 2 display width
+        }
+
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::flag_1(1, " ")]
+        #[case::flag_2(2, "🇺🇸")]
+        #[case::flag_3(3, "🇺🇸1")]
+        #[case::flag_4(4, "🇺🇸12")]
+        #[case::flag_5(5, "🇺🇸123")]
+        #[case::flag_6(6, "🇺🇸1234")]
+        #[case::flag_7(7, "🇺🇸1234 ")]
+        fn render_truncates_flag(#[case] buf_width: u16, #[case] expected: &str) {
+            let line = Line::from("🇺🇸1234");
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, buf_width, 1));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
+        }
+
+        // Buffer width is `u16`. A line can be longer.
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::left(Alignment::Left, "This is some content with a some")]
+        #[case::right(Alignment::Right, "horribly long Line over u16::MAX")]
+        fn render_truncates_very_long_line_of_many_spans(
+            #[case] alignment: Alignment,
+            #[case] expected: &str,
+        ) {
+            let part = "This is some content with a somewhat long width to be repeated over and over again to create horribly long Line over u16::MAX";
+            let min_width = usize::from(u16::MAX).saturating_add(1);
+
+            // width == len as only ASCII is used here
+            let factor = min_width.div_ceil(part.len());
+
+            let line = Line::from(vec![Span::raw(part); factor]).alignment(alignment);
+
+            dbg!(line.width());
+            assert!(line.width() >= min_width);
+
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 32, 1));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
+        }
+
+        // Buffer width is `u16`. A single span inside a line can be longer.
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::left(Alignment::Left, "This is some content with a some")]
+        #[case::right(Alignment::Right, "horribly long Line over u16::MAX")]
+        fn render_truncates_very_long_single_span_line(
+            #[case] alignment: Alignment,
+            #[case] expected: &str,
+        ) {
+            let part = "This is some content with a somewhat long width to be repeated over and over again to create horribly long Line over u16::MAX";
+            let min_width = usize::from(u16::MAX).saturating_add(1);
+
+            // width == len as only ASCII is used here
+            let factor = min_width.div_ceil(part.len());
+
+            let line = Line::from(vec![Span::raw(part.repeat(factor))]).alignment(alignment);
+
+            dbg!(line.width());
+            assert!(line.width() >= min_width);
+
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 32, 1));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
+        }
+    }
+
     mod iterators {
         use super::*;
 

src/text/masked.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-use std::{
-    borrow::Cow,
-    fmt::{self, Debug, Display},
-};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 
 use super::Text;
 
@@ -19,7 +16,7 @@ use super::Text;
 /// let password = Masked::new("12345", 'x');
 ///
 /// Paragraph::new(password).render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-/// assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["xxxxx"]));
+/// assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["xxxxx"]));
 /// ```
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Masked<'a> {
@@ -36,7 +33,7 @@ impl<'a> Masked<'a> {
     }
 
     /// The character to use for masking.
-    pub fn mask_char(&self) -> char {
+    pub const fn mask_char(&self) -> char {
         self.mask_char
     }
 
@@ -46,40 +43,41 @@ impl<'a> Masked<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Debug for Masked<'_> {
+impl fmt::Debug for Masked<'_> {
     /// Debug representation of a masked string is the underlying string
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.write_str(&self.inner).map_err(|_| fmt::Error)
+        // note that calling display instead of Debug here is intentional
+        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.inner, f)
     }
 }
 
-impl Display for Masked<'_> {
+impl fmt::Display for Masked<'_> {
     /// Display representation of a masked string is the masked string
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.write_str(&self.value()).map_err(|_| fmt::Error)
+        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.value(), f)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<&'a Masked<'a>> for Cow<'a, str> {
-    fn from(masked: &'a Masked) -> Cow<'a, str> {
+    fn from(masked: &'a Masked) -> Self {
         masked.value()
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<Masked<'a>> for Cow<'a, str> {
-    fn from(masked: Masked<'a>) -> Cow<'a, str> {
+    fn from(masked: Masked<'a>) -> Self {
         masked.value()
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<&'a Masked<'_>> for Text<'a> {
-    fn from(masked: &'a Masked) -> Text<'a> {
+    fn from(masked: &'a Masked) -> Self {
         Text::raw(masked.value())
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<Masked<'a>> for Text<'a> {
-    fn from(masked: Masked<'a>) -> Text<'a> {
+    fn from(masked: Masked<'a>) -> Self {
         Text::raw(masked.value())
     }
 }
@@ -112,12 +110,14 @@ mod tests {
     fn debug() {
         let masked = Masked::new("12345", 'x');
         assert_eq!(format!("{masked:?}"), "12345");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{masked:.3?}"), "123", "Debug truncates");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn display() {
         let masked = Masked::new("12345", 'x');
         assert_eq!(format!("{masked}"), "xxxxx");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{masked:.3}"), "xxx", "Display truncates");
     }
 
     #[test]

src/text/span.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt::Debug};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 
 use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 use super::StyledGrapheme;
-use crate::{prelude::*, widgets::Widget};
+use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// Represents a part of a line that is contiguous and where all characters share the same style.
 ///
@@ -107,11 +107,11 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     /// Span::raw("test content");
     /// Span::raw(String::from("test content"));
     /// ```
-    pub fn raw<T>(content: T) -> Span<'a>
+    pub fn raw<T>(content: T) -> Self
     where
         T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
     {
-        Span {
+        Self {
             content: content.into(),
             style: Style::default(),
         }
@@ -133,12 +133,12 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     /// Span::styled("test content", style);
     /// Span::styled(String::from("test content"), style);
     /// ```
-    pub fn styled<T, S>(content: T, style: S) -> Span<'a>
+    pub fn styled<T, S>(content: T, style: S) -> Self
     where
         T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
         S: Into<Style>,
     {
-        Span {
+        Self {
             content: content.into(),
             style: style.into(),
         }
@@ -282,36 +282,56 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
-    /// let l = "Test Content".green().italic().to_left_aligned_line();
+    /// let line = "Test Content".green().italic().into_left_aligned_line();
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
-    pub fn to_left_aligned_line(self) -> Line<'a> {
+    pub fn into_left_aligned_line(self) -> Line<'a> {
         Line::from(self).left_aligned()
     }
 
+    #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
+    #[deprecated = "use into_left_aligned_line"]
+    pub fn to_left_aligned_line(self) -> Line<'a> {
+        self.into_left_aligned_line()
+    }
+
     /// Converts this Span into a center-aligned [`Line`]
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
-    /// let l = "Test Content".green().italic().to_centered_line();
+    /// let line = "Test Content".green().italic().into_centered_line();
     /// ```
-    pub fn to_centered_line(self) -> Line<'a> {
+    #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
+    pub fn into_centered_line(self) -> Line<'a> {
         Line::from(self).centered()
     }
 
+    #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
+    #[deprecated = "use into_centered_line"]
+    pub fn to_centered_line(self) -> Line<'a> {
+        self.into_centered_line()
+    }
+
     /// Converts this Span into a right-aligned [`Line`]
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
-    /// let l = "Test Content".green().italic().to_right_aligned_line();
+    /// let line = "Test Content".green().italic().into_right_aligned_line();
     /// ```
-    pub fn to_right_aligned_line(self) -> Line<'a> {
+    #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
+    pub fn into_right_aligned_line(self) -> Line<'a> {
         Line::from(self).right_aligned()
     }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
+    #[deprecated = "use into_right_aligned_line"]
+    pub fn to_right_aligned_line(self) -> Line<'a> {
+        self.into_right_aligned_line()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a, T> From<T> for Span<'a>
@@ -324,7 +344,7 @@ where
 }
 
 impl<'a> Styled for Span<'a> {
-    type Item = Span<'a>;
+    type Item = Self;
 
     fn style(&self) -> Style {
         self.style
@@ -343,6 +363,7 @@ impl Widget for Span<'_> {
 
 impl WidgetRef for Span<'_> {
     fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let area = area.intersection(buf.area);
         let Rect {
             x: mut current_x,
             y,
@@ -374,16 +395,23 @@ impl WidgetRef for Span<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for Span<'_> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}", &self.content)
+impl fmt::Display for Span<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.content, f)
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use rstest::fixture;
+
     use super::*;
 
+    #[fixture]
+    fn small_buf() -> Buffer {
+        Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 1))
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn default() {
         let span = Span::default();
@@ -501,20 +529,42 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn display_span() {
         let span = Span::raw("test content");
-
         assert_eq!(format!("{span}"), "test content");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{span:.4}"), "test");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn display_styled_span() {
         let stylized_span = Span::styled("stylized test content", Style::new().green());
-
         assert_eq!(format!("{stylized_span}"), "stylized test content");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{stylized_span:.8}"), "stylized");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn left_aligned() {
+        let span = Span::styled("Test Content", Style::new().green().italic());
+        let line = span.into_left_aligned_line();
+        assert_eq!(line.alignment, Some(Alignment::Left));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn centered() {
+        let span = Span::styled("Test Content", Style::new().green().italic());
+        let line = span.into_centered_line();
+        assert_eq!(line.alignment, Some(Alignment::Center));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn right_aligned() {
+        let span = Span::styled("Test Content", Style::new().green().italic());
+        let line = span.into_right_aligned_line();
+        assert_eq!(line.alignment, Some(Alignment::Right));
     }
 
     mod widget {
+        use rstest::rstest;
+
         use super::*;
-        use crate::{assert_buffer_eq, style::Stylize};
 
         #[test]
         fn render() {
@@ -522,12 +572,18 @@ mod tests {
             let span = Span::styled("test content", style);
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
             span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![Line::from(vec![
+            let expected = Buffer::with_lines([Line::from(vec![
                 "test content".green().on_yellow(),
                 "   ".into(),
             ])]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render_out_of_bounds(mut small_buf: Buffer) {
+            let out_of_bounds = Rect::new(20, 20, 10, 1);
+            Span::raw("Hello, World!").render(out_of_bounds, &mut small_buf);
+            assert_eq!(small_buf, Buffer::empty(small_buf.area));
         }
 
         /// When the content of the span is longer than the area passed to render, the content
@@ -540,10 +596,11 @@ mod tests {
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 1));
             span.render(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1), &mut buf);
 
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![Line::from("test      ")]);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1), (Color::Green, Color::Yellow));
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            let expected = Buffer::with_lines([Line::from(vec![
+                "test ".green().on_yellow(),
+                "     ".into(),
+            ])]);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
 
         /// When there is already a style set on the buffer, the style of the span should be
@@ -555,12 +612,11 @@ mod tests {
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
             buf.set_style(buf.area, Style::new().italic());
             span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![Line::from(vec![
+            let expected = Buffer::with_lines([Line::from(vec![
                 "test content".green().on_yellow().italic(),
                 "   ".italic(),
             ])]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
 
         /// When the span contains a multi-width grapheme, the grapheme will ensure that the cells
@@ -571,12 +627,11 @@ mod tests {
             let span = Span::styled("test 😃 content", style);
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
             span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-
             // The existing code in buffer.set_line() handles multi-width graphemes by clearing the
             // cells of the hidden characters. This test ensures that the existing behavior is
             // preserved.
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["test 😃 content".green().on_yellow()]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(["test 😃 content".green().on_yellow()]);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
 
         /// When the span contains a multi-width grapheme that does not fit in the area passed to
@@ -589,11 +644,9 @@ mod tests {
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1));
             span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
 
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![Line::from(vec![
-                "test ".green().on_yellow(),
-                " ".into(),
-            ])]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            let expected =
+                Buffer::with_lines([Line::from(vec!["test ".green().on_yellow(), " ".into()])]);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
 
         /// When the area passed to render overflows the buffer, the content should be truncated
@@ -605,32 +658,11 @@ mod tests {
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
             span.render(Rect::new(10, 0, 20, 1), &mut buf);
 
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![Line::from(vec![
+            let expected = Buffer::with_lines([Line::from(vec![
                 "          ".into(),
                 "test ".green().on_yellow(),
             ])]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn left_aligned() {
-        let span = Span::styled("Test Content", Style::new().green().italic());
-        let line = span.to_left_aligned_line();
-        assert_eq!(line.alignment, Some(Alignment::Left));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn centered() {
-        let span = Span::styled("Test Content", Style::new().green().italic());
-        let line = span.to_centered_line();
-        assert_eq!(line.alignment, Some(Alignment::Center));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn right_aligned() {
-        let span = Span::styled("Test Content", Style::new().green().italic());
-        let line = span.to_right_aligned_line();
-        assert_eq!(line.alignment, Some(Alignment::Right));
-    }
 }

src/text/text.rs

@@ -1,34 +1,32 @@
 #![warn(missing_docs)]
-use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 
 use itertools::{Itertools, Position};
 
-use crate::{prelude::*, widgets::Widget};
+use crate::prelude::*;
 
-/// A string split over multiple lines where each line is composed of several clusters, each with
-/// their own style.
+/// A string split over one or more lines.
 ///
-/// A [`Text`], like a [`Line`], can be constructed using one of the many `From` implementations
-/// or via the [`Text::raw`] and [`Text::styled`] methods. Helpfully, [`Text`] also implements
-/// [`core::iter::Extend`] which enables the concatenation of several [`Text`] blocks.
-///
-/// The text's [`Style`] is used by the rendering widget to determine how to style the text. Each
-/// [`Line`] in the text will be styled with the [`Style`] of the text, and then with its own
-/// [`Style`]. `Text` also implements [`Styled`] which means you can use the methods of the
-/// [`Stylize`] trait.
-///
-/// The text's [`Alignment`] can be set using [`Text::alignment`]. Lines composing the text can
-/// also be individually aligned with [`Line::alignment`].
-///
-/// `Text` implements the [`Widget`] trait, which means it can be rendered to a [`Buffer`].
-/// Usually apps will use the [`Paragraph`] widget instead of rendering a `Text` directly as it
-/// provides more functionality.
+/// [`Text`] is used wherever text is displayed in the terminal and represents one or more [`Line`]s
+/// of text. When a [`Text`] is rendered, each line is rendered as a single line of text from top to
+/// bottom of the area. The text can be styled and aligned.
 ///
 /// # Constructor Methods
 ///
-/// - [`Text::default`] creates a `Text` with empty content and the default style.
 /// - [`Text::raw`] creates a `Text` (potentially multiple lines) with no style.
 /// - [`Text::styled`] creates a `Text` (potentially multiple lines) with a style.
+/// - [`Text::default`] creates a `Text` with empty content and the default style.
+///
+/// # Conversion Methods
+///
+/// - [`Text::from`] creates a `Text` from a `String`.
+/// - [`Text::from`] creates a `Text` from a `&str`.
+/// - [`Text::from`] creates a `Text` from a `Cow<str>`.
+/// - [`Text::from`] creates a `Text` from a [`Span`].
+/// - [`Text::from`] creates a `Text` from a [`Line`].
+/// - [`Text::from`] creates a `Text` from a `Vec<Line>`.
+/// - [`Text::from_iter`] creates a `Text` from an iterator of items that can be converted into
+///   `Line`.
 ///
 /// # Setter Methods
 ///
@@ -36,6 +34,15 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, widgets::Widget};
 ///
 /// - [`Text::style`] sets the style of this `Text`.
 /// - [`Text::alignment`] sets the alignment for this `Text`.
+/// - [`Text::left_aligned`] sets the alignment to [`Alignment::Left`].
+/// - [`Text::centered`] sets the alignment to [`Alignment::Center`].
+/// - [`Text::right_aligned`] sets the alignment to [`Alignment::Right`].
+///
+/// # Iteration Methods
+///
+/// - [`Text::iter`] returns an iterator over the lines of the text.
+/// - [`Text::iter_mut`] returns an iterator that allows modifying each line.
+/// - [`Text::into_iter`] returns an iterator over the lines of the text.
 ///
 /// # Other Methods
 ///
@@ -43,29 +50,121 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, widgets::Widget};
 /// - [`Text::height`] returns the height.
 /// - [`Text::patch_style`] patches the style of this `Text`, adding modifiers from the given style.
 /// - [`Text::reset_style`] resets the style of the `Text`.
+/// - [`Text::push_line`] adds a line to the text.
+/// - [`Text::push_span`] adds a span to the last line of the text.
 ///
-/// [`Paragraph`]: crate::widgets::Paragraph
-/// [`Widget`]: crate::widgets::Widget
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ## Creating Text
+///
+/// A [`Text`], like a [`Line`], can be constructed using one of the many `From` implementations or
+/// via the [`Text::raw`] and [`Text::styled`] methods. Helpfully, [`Text`] also implements
+/// [`core::iter::Extend`] which enables the concatenation of several [`Text`] blocks.
 ///
 /// ```rust
+/// use std::{borrow::Cow, iter};
+///
 /// use ratatui::prelude::*;
 ///
-/// let style = Style::default()
-///     .fg(Color::Yellow)
-///     .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
+/// let style = Style::new().yellow().italic();
+/// let text = Text::raw("The first line\nThe second line").style(style);
+/// let text = Text::styled("The first line\nThe second line", style);
+/// let text = Text::styled(
+///     "The first line\nThe second line",
+///     (Color::Yellow, Modifier::ITALIC),
+/// );
 ///
-/// // An initial two lines of `Text` built from a `&str`
-/// let mut text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
-/// assert_eq!(2, text.height());
+/// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
+/// let text = Text::from(String::from("The first line\nThe second line"));
+/// let text = Text::from(Cow::Borrowed("The first line\nThe second line"));
+/// let text = Text::from(Span::styled("The first line\nThe second line", style));
+/// let text = Text::from(Line::from("The first line"));
+/// let text = Text::from(vec![
+///     Line::from("The first line"),
+///     Line::from("The second line"),
+/// ]);
+/// let text = Text::from_iter(iter::once("The first line").chain(iter::once("The second line")));
 ///
-/// // Adding two more unstyled lines
-/// text.extend(Text::raw("These are two\nmore lines!"));
-/// assert_eq!(4, text.height());
-///
-/// // Adding a final two styled lines
-/// text.extend(Text::styled("Some more lines\nnow with more style!", style));
-/// assert_eq!(6, text.height());
+/// let mut text = Text::default();
+/// text.extend(vec![
+///     Line::from("The first line"),
+///     Line::from("The second line"),
+/// ]);
+/// text.extend(Text::from("The third line\nThe fourth line"));
 /// ```
+///
+/// ## Styling Text
+///
+/// The text's [`Style`] is used by the rendering widget to determine how to style the text. Each
+/// [`Line`] in the text will be styled with the [`Style`] of the text, and then with its own
+/// [`Style`]. `Text` also implements [`Styled`] which means you can use the methods of the
+/// [`Stylize`] trait.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line").style(Style::new().yellow().italic());
+/// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line")
+///     .yellow()
+///     .italic();
+/// let text = Text::from(vec![
+///     Line::from("The first line").yellow(),
+///     Line::from("The second line").yellow(),
+/// ])
+/// .italic();
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## Aligning Text
+/// The text's [`Alignment`] can be set using [`Text::alignment`] or the related helper methods.
+/// Lines composing the text can also be individually aligned with [`Line::alignment`].
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line").alignment(Alignment::Right);
+/// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line").right_aligned();
+/// let text = Text::from(vec![
+///     Line::from("The first line").left_aligned(),
+///     Line::from("The second line").right_aligned(),
+///     Line::from("The third line"),
+/// ])
+/// .centered();
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## Rendering Text
+/// `Text` implements the [`Widget`] trait, which means it can be rendered to a [`Buffer`] or to a
+/// [`Frame`].
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// // within another widget's `render` method:
+/// # fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+/// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
+/// text.render(area, buf);
+/// # }
+///
+/// // within a terminal.draw closure:
+/// # fn draw(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+/// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
+/// frame.render_widget(text, area);
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## Rendering Text with a Paragraph Widget
+///
+/// Usually apps will use the [`Paragraph`] widget instead of rendering a `Text` directly as it
+/// provides more functionality.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// # fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+/// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
+/// let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
+///     .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
+///     .scroll((1, 1))
+///     .render(area, buf);
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// [`Paragraph`]: crate::widgets::Paragraph
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Text<'a> {
     /// The lines that make up this piece of text.
@@ -86,7 +185,7 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// Text::raw("The first line\nThe second line");
     /// Text::raw(String::from("The first line\nThe second line"));
     /// ```
-    pub fn raw<T>(content: T) -> Text<'a>
+    pub fn raw<T>(content: T) -> Self
     where
         T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
     {
@@ -96,8 +195,7 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
             Cow::Owned(s) if s.is_empty() => vec![Line::from("")],
             Cow::Owned(s) => s.lines().map(|l| Line::from(l.to_owned())).collect(),
         };
-
-        Text::from(lines)
+        Self::from(lines)
     }
 
     /// Create some text (potentially multiple lines) with a style.
@@ -115,12 +213,12 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// Text::styled("The first line\nThe second line", style);
     /// Text::styled(String::from("The first line\nThe second line"), style);
     /// ```
-    pub fn styled<T, S>(content: T, style: S) -> Text<'a>
+    pub fn styled<T, S>(content: T, style: S) -> Self
     where
         T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
         S: Into<Style>,
     {
-        Text::raw(content).patch_style(style)
+        Self::raw(content).patch_style(style)
     }
 
     /// Returns the max width of all the lines.
@@ -345,6 +443,46 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> std::slice::IterMut<Line<'a>> {
         self.lines.iter_mut()
     }
+
+    /// Adds a line to the text.
+    ///
+    /// `line` can be any type that can be converted into a `Line`. For example, you can pass a
+    /// `&str`, a `String`, a `Span`, or a `Line`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// let mut text = Text::from("Hello, world!");
+    /// text.push_line(Line::from("How are you?"));
+    /// text.push_line(Span::from("How are you?"));
+    /// text.push_line("How are you?");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn push_line<T: Into<Line<'a>>>(&mut self, line: T) {
+        self.lines.push(line.into());
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a span to the last line of the text.
+    ///
+    /// `span` can be any type that is convertible into a `Span`. For example, you can pass a
+    /// `&str`, a `String`, or a `Span`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// let mut text = Text::from("Hello, world!");
+    /// text.push_span(Span::from("How are you?"));
+    /// text.push_span("How are you?");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn push_span<T: Into<Span<'a>>>(&mut self, span: T) {
+        let span = span.into();
+        if let Some(last) = self.lines.last_mut() {
+            last.push_span(span);
+        } else {
+            self.lines.push(Line::from(span));
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a> IntoIterator for Text<'a> {
@@ -375,26 +513,26 @@ impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a mut Text<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<String> for Text<'a> {
-    fn from(s: String) -> Text<'a> {
-        Text::raw(s)
+    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
+        Self::raw(s)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<&'a str> for Text<'a> {
-    fn from(s: &'a str) -> Text<'a> {
-        Text::raw(s)
+    fn from(s: &'a str) -> Self {
+        Self::raw(s)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for Text<'a> {
-    fn from(s: Cow<'a, str>) -> Text<'a> {
-        Text::raw(s)
+    fn from(s: Cow<'a, str>) -> Self {
+        Self::raw(s)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<Span<'a>> for Text<'a> {
-    fn from(span: Span<'a>) -> Text<'a> {
-        Text {
+    fn from(span: Span<'a>) -> Self {
+        Self {
             lines: vec![Line::from(span)],
             ..Default::default()
         }
@@ -402,8 +540,8 @@ impl<'a> From<Span<'a>> for Text<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<Line<'a>> for Text<'a> {
-    fn from(line: Line<'a>) -> Text<'a> {
-        Text {
+    fn from(line: Line<'a>) -> Self {
+        Self {
             lines: vec![line],
             ..Default::default()
         }
@@ -411,8 +549,21 @@ impl<'a> From<Line<'a>> for Text<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<Vec<Line<'a>>> for Text<'a> {
-    fn from(lines: Vec<Line<'a>>) -> Text<'a> {
-        Text {
+    fn from(lines: Vec<Line<'a>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            lines,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T> FromIterator<T> for Text<'a>
+where
+    T: Into<Line<'a>>,
+{
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(iter: I) -> Self {
+        let lines = iter.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect();
+        Self {
             lines,
             ..Default::default()
         }
@@ -429,8 +580,8 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for Text<'_> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+impl fmt::Display for Text<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         for (position, line) in self.iter().with_position() {
             if position == Position::Last {
                 write!(f, "{line}")?;
@@ -450,6 +601,7 @@ impl Widget for Text<'_> {
 
 impl WidgetRef for Text<'_> {
     fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let area = area.intersection(buf.area);
         buf.set_style(area, self.style);
         for (line, row) in self.iter().zip(area.rows()) {
             let line_width = line.width() as u16;
@@ -473,7 +625,7 @@ impl WidgetRef for Text<'_> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> Styled for Text<'a> {
-    type Item = Text<'a>;
+    type Item = Self;
 
     fn style(&self) -> Style {
         self.style
@@ -486,10 +638,16 @@ impl<'a> Styled for Text<'a> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use std::iter;
+
     use rstest::{fixture, rstest};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::style::Stylize;
+
+    #[fixture]
+    fn small_buf() -> Buffer {
+        Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 1))
+    }
 
     #[test]
     fn raw() {
@@ -601,6 +759,26 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn from_iterator() {
+        let text = Text::from_iter(vec!["The first line", "The second line"]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            text.lines,
+            vec![Line::from("The first line"), Line::from("The second line")]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn collect() {
+        let text: Text = iter::once("The first line")
+            .chain(iter::once("The second line"))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            text.lines,
+            vec![Line::from("The first line"), Line::from("The second line")]
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn into_iter() {
         let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
@@ -718,103 +896,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(Text::default().italic().style, Modifier::ITALIC.into());
     }
 
-    mod widget {
-        use super::*;
-        use crate::{assert_buffer_eq, style::Color};
-
-        #[test]
-        fn render() {
-            let text = Text::from("foo");
-
-            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
-            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
-            text.render(area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected_buf = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["foo  "]);
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected_buf);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn render_right_aligned() {
-            let text = Text::from("foo").alignment(Alignment::Right);
-
-            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
-            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
-            text.render(area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected_buf = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["  foo"]);
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected_buf);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn render_centered_odd() {
-            let text = Text::from("foo").alignment(Alignment::Center);
-
-            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
-            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
-            text.render(area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected_buf = Buffer::with_lines(vec![" foo "]);
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected_buf);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn render_centered_even() {
-            let text = Text::from("foo").alignment(Alignment::Center);
-
-            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1);
-            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
-            text.render(area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected_buf = Buffer::with_lines(vec![" foo  "]);
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected_buf);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn render_one_line_right() {
-            let text = Text::from(vec![
-                "foo".into(),
-                Line::from("bar").alignment(Alignment::Center),
-            ])
-            .alignment(Alignment::Right);
-
-            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 2);
-            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
-            text.render(area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected_buf = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["  foo", " bar "]);
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected_buf);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn render_only_styles_line_area() {
-            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
-            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
-            Text::from("foo".on_blue()).render(area, &mut buf);
-
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["foo  "]);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1), Style::new().bg(Color::Blue));
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn render_truncates() {
-            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1));
-            Text::from("foobar".on_blue()).render(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1), &mut buf);
-
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["foo   "]);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1), Style::new().bg(Color::Blue));
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        }
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn left_aligned() {
         let text = Text::from("Hello, world!").left_aligned();
@@ -833,6 +914,133 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(text.alignment, Some(Alignment::Right));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn push_line() {
+        let mut text = Text::from("A");
+        text.push_line(Line::from("B"));
+        text.push_line(Span::from("C"));
+        text.push_line("D");
+        assert_eq!(
+            text.lines,
+            vec![
+                Line::raw("A"),
+                Line::raw("B"),
+                Line::raw("C"),
+                Line::raw("D")
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn push_line_empty() {
+        let mut text = Text::default();
+        text.push_line(Line::from("Hello, world!"));
+        assert_eq!(text.lines, vec![Line::from("Hello, world!")]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn push_span() {
+        let mut text = Text::from("A");
+        text.push_span(Span::raw("B"));
+        text.push_span("C");
+        assert_eq!(
+            text.lines,
+            vec![Line::from(vec![
+                Span::raw("A"),
+                Span::raw("B"),
+                Span::raw("C")
+            ])],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn push_span_empty() {
+        let mut text = Text::default();
+        text.push_span(Span::raw("Hello, world!"));
+        assert_eq!(text.lines, vec![Line::from(Span::raw("Hello, world!"))],);
+    }
+
+    mod widget {
+        use super::*;
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render() {
+            let text = Text::from("foo");
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
+            text.render(area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["foo  "]));
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render_out_of_bounds(mut small_buf: Buffer) {
+            let out_of_bounds_area = Rect::new(20, 20, 10, 1);
+            Text::from("Hello, world!").render(out_of_bounds_area, &mut small_buf);
+            assert_eq!(small_buf, Buffer::empty(small_buf.area));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_right_aligned() {
+            let text = Text::from("foo").alignment(Alignment::Right);
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
+            text.render(area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["  foo"]));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_centered_odd() {
+            let text = Text::from("foo").alignment(Alignment::Center);
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
+            text.render(area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([" foo "]));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_centered_even() {
+            let text = Text::from("foo").alignment(Alignment::Center);
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1);
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
+            text.render(area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([" foo  "]));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_one_line_right() {
+            let text = Text::from(vec![
+                "foo".into(),
+                Line::from("bar").alignment(Alignment::Center),
+            ])
+            .alignment(Alignment::Right);
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 2);
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
+            text.render(area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["  foo", " bar "]));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_only_styles_line_area() {
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
+            Text::from("foo".on_blue()).render(area, &mut buf);
+
+            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["foo  "]);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1), Style::new().bg(Color::Blue));
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_truncates() {
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1));
+            Text::from("foobar".on_blue()).render(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1), &mut buf);
+
+            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["foo   "]);
+            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1), Style::new().bg(Color::Blue));
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
+        }
+    }
+
     mod iterators {
         use super::*;
 

src/widgets.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![warn(missing_docs)]
 //! `widgets` is a collection of types that implement [`Widget`] or [`StatefulWidget`] or both.
 //!
 //! Widgets are created for each frame as they are consumed after rendered.
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ use crate::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect};
 /// used where backwards compatibility is required (all the internal widgets use this approach).
 ///
 /// A blanket implementation of `Widget` for `&W` where `W` implements `WidgetRef` is provided.
+/// Widget is also implemented for `&str` and `String` types.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
@@ -215,7 +217,12 @@ pub trait Widget {
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub trait StatefulWidget {
+    /// State associated with the stateful widget.
+    ///
+    /// If you don't need this then you probably want to implement [`Widget`] instead.
     type State;
+    /// Draws the current state of the widget in the given buffer. That is the only method required
+    /// to implement a custom stateful widget.
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State);
 }
 
@@ -290,6 +297,8 @@ pub trait StatefulWidget {
 /// ```
 #[stability::unstable(feature = "widget-ref")]
 pub trait WidgetRef {
+    /// Draws the current state of the widget in the given buffer. That is the only method required
+    /// to implement a custom widget.
     fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer);
 }
 
@@ -346,7 +355,7 @@ impl<W: WidgetRef> WidgetRef for Option<W> {
 /// to a stateful widget and render it later. It also allows you to render boxed stateful widgets.
 ///
 /// This trait was introduced in Ratatui 0.26.0 and is implemented for all the internal stateful
-/// widgets. Implemetors should prefer to implement this over the `StatefulWidget` trait and add an
+/// widgets. Implementors should prefer to implement this over the `StatefulWidget` trait and add an
 /// implementation of `StatefulWidget` that calls `StatefulWidgetRef::render_ref` where backwards
 /// compatibility is required.
 ///
@@ -385,7 +394,12 @@ impl<W: WidgetRef> WidgetRef for Option<W> {
 /// ```
 #[stability::unstable(feature = "widget-ref")]
 pub trait StatefulWidgetRef {
+    /// State associated with the stateful widget.
+    ///
+    /// If you don't need this then you probably want to implement [`WidgetRef`] instead.
     type State;
+    /// Draws the current state of the widget in the given buffer. That is the only method required
+    /// to implement a custom stateful widget.
     fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State);
 }
 
@@ -404,6 +418,51 @@ pub trait StatefulWidgetRef {
 //     }
 // }
 
+/// Renders a string slice as a widget.
+///
+/// This implementation allows a string slice (`&str`) to act as a widget, meaning it can be drawn
+/// onto a [`Buffer`] in a specified [`Rect`]. The slice represents a static string which can be
+/// rendered by reference, thereby avoiding the need for string cloning or ownership transfer when
+/// drawing the text to the screen.
+impl Widget for &str {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        self.render_ref(area, buf);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Provides the ability to render a string slice by reference.
+///
+/// This trait implementation ensures that a string slice, which is an immutable view over a
+/// `String`, can be drawn on demand without requiring ownership of the string itself. It utilizes
+/// the default text style when rendering onto the provided [`Buffer`] at the position defined by
+/// [`Rect`].
+impl WidgetRef for &str {
+    fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        buf.set_string(area.x, area.y, self, crate::style::Style::default());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Renders a `String` object as a widget.
+///
+/// This implementation enables an owned `String` to be treated as a widget, which can be rendered
+/// on a [`Buffer`] within the bounds of a given [`Rect`].
+impl Widget for String {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        self.render_ref(area, buf);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Provides the ability to render a `String` by reference.
+///
+/// This trait allows for a `String` to be rendered onto the [`Buffer`], similarly using the default
+/// style settings. It ensures that an owned `String` can be rendered efficiently by reference,
+/// without the need to give up ownership of the underlying text.
+impl WidgetRef for String {
+    fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        buf.set_string(area.x, area.y, self, crate::style::Style::default());
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use rstest::{fixture, rstest};
@@ -449,7 +508,7 @@ mod tests {
     impl StatefulWidgetRef for PersonalGreeting {
         type State = String;
         fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State) {
-            Line::from(format!("Hello {}", state)).render(area, buf);
+            Line::from(format!("Hello {state}")).render(area, buf);
         }
     }
 
@@ -548,4 +607,52 @@ mod tests {
         widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
         assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["                    "]));
     }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn str_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        "hello world".render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn str_render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        "hello world".render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn str_option_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        Some("hello world").render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn str_option_render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        Some("hello world").render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn string_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        String::from("hello world").render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn string_render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        String::from("hello world").render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn string_option_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        Some(String::from("hello world")).render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn string_option_render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        Some(String::from("hello world")).render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
 }