docs(examples): show line gauge in demo example (#1309)

It's no longer needed since #1260

.cargo-husky/hooks/pre-push

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-if !(command cargo-make >/dev/null 2>&1); then # Check if cargo-make is installed
-    echo Attempting to run cargo-make as part of the pre-push hook but it\'s not installed.
-    echo Please install it by running the following command:
-    echo
-    echo "    cargo install --force cargo-make"
-    echo
-    echo If you don\'t want to run cargo-make as part of the pre-push hook, you can run
-    echo the following command instead of git push:
-    echo
-    echo "    git push --no-verify"
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-cargo make ci

.editorconfig

@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@
 
 root = true
 
+[*]
+charset = utf-8
+end_of_line = lf
+insert_final_newline = true
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true
+
 [*.rs]
 indent_style = space
 indent_size = 4

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@
 # https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore#_pattern_format
 
 # Maintainers
-* @orhun @mindoodoo @sayanarijit @joshka @kdheepak @Valentin271
+* @ratatui-org/maintainers

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 name: Bug report
 about: Create an issue about a bug you encountered
 title: ''
-labels: bug
+labels: 'Type: Bug'
 assignees: ''
 ---
 
@@ -17,26 +17,22 @@ A detailed and complete issue is more likely to be processed quickly.
 A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
 -->
 
-
 ## To Reproduce
 <!--
 Try to reduce the issue to a simple code sample exhibiting the problem.
 Ideally, fork the project and add a test or an example.
 -->
 
-
 ## Expected behavior
 <!--
 A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
 -->
 
-
 ## Screenshots
 <!--
 If applicable, add screenshots, gifs or videos to help explain your problem.
 -->
 
-
 ## Environment
 <!--
 Add a description of the systems where you are observing the issue. For example:

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 blank_issues_enabled: false
 contact_links:
+  - name: Frequently Asked Questions
+    url: https://ratatui.rs/faq/
+    about: Check the website FAQ section to see if your question has already been answered
+  - name: Ratatui Forum
+    url: https://forum.ratatui.rs
+    about: Ask questions about ratatui on our Forum
   - name: Discord Chat
     url: https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj
     about: Ask questions about ratatui on Discord

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 name: Feature request
 about: Suggest an idea for this project
 title: ''
-labels: enhancement
+labels: 'Type: Enhancement'
 assignees: ''
 
 ---

.github/workflows/bench_base.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: Run Benchmarks
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+
+jobs:
+  benchmark_base_branch:
+    name: Continuous Benchmarking with Bencher
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: bencherdev/bencher@main
+      - name: Track base branch benchmarks with Bencher
+        run: |
+          bencher run \
+          --project ratatui-org \
+          --token '${{ secrets.BENCHER_API_TOKEN }}' \
+          --branch main \
+          --testbed ubuntu-latest \
+          --adapter rust_criterion \
+          --err \
+          cargo bench

.github/workflows/bench_run_fork_pr.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: Run and Cache Benchmarks
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types: [opened, reopened, edited, synchronize]
+
+jobs:
+  benchmark_fork_pr_branch:
+    name: Run Fork PR Benchmarks
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Run Benchmarks
+        run: cargo bench > benchmark_results.txt
+      - name: Upload Benchmark Results
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: benchmark_results.txt
+          path: ./benchmark_results.txt
+      - name: Upload GitHub Pull Request Event
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: event.json
+          path: ${{ github.event_path }}

.github/workflows/bench_track_fork_pr.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+name: Track Benchmarks with Bencher
+
+on:
+  workflow_run:
+    workflows: [Run and Cache Benchmarks]
+    types: [completed]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  pull-requests: write
+
+jobs:
+  track_fork_pr_branch:
+    if: github.event.workflow_run.conclusion == 'success'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      BENCHMARK_RESULTS: benchmark_results.txt
+      PR_EVENT: event.json
+    steps:
+      - name: Download Benchmark Results
+        uses: actions/github-script@v7
+        with:
+          script: |
+            async function downloadArtifact(artifactName) {
+              let allArtifacts = await github.rest.actions.listWorkflowRunArtifacts({
+                owner: context.repo.owner,
+                repo: context.repo.repo,
+                run_id: context.payload.workflow_run.id,
+              });
+              let matchArtifact = allArtifacts.data.artifacts.filter((artifact) => {
+                return artifact.name == artifactName
+              })[0];
+              if (!matchArtifact) {
+                core.setFailed(`Failed to find artifact: ${artifactName}`);
+              }
+              let download = await github.rest.actions.downloadArtifact({
+                owner: context.repo.owner,
+                repo: context.repo.repo,
+                artifact_id: matchArtifact.id,
+                archive_format: 'zip',
+              });
+              let fs = require('fs');
+              fs.writeFileSync(`${process.env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/${artifactName}.zip`, Buffer.from(download.data));
+            }
+            await downloadArtifact(process.env.BENCHMARK_RESULTS);
+            await downloadArtifact(process.env.PR_EVENT);
+      - name: Unzip Benchmark Results
+        run: |
+          unzip $BENCHMARK_RESULTS.zip
+          unzip $PR_EVENT.zip
+      - name: Export PR Event Data
+        uses: actions/github-script@v7
+        with:
+          script: |
+            let fs = require('fs');
+            let prEvent = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(process.env.PR_EVENT, {encoding: 'utf8'}));
+            core.exportVariable("PR_HEAD", `${prEvent.number}/merge`);
+            core.exportVariable("PR_BASE", prEvent.pull_request.base.ref);
+            core.exportVariable("PR_BASE_SHA", prEvent.pull_request.base.sha);
+            core.exportVariable("PR_NUMBER", prEvent.number);
+      - uses: bencherdev/bencher@main
+      - name: Track Benchmarks with Bencher
+        run: |
+          bencher run \
+          --project ratatui-org \
+          --token '${{ secrets.BENCHER_API_TOKEN }}' \
+          --branch '${{ env.PR_HEAD }}' \
+          --branch-start-point '${{ env.PR_BASE }}' \
+          --branch-start-point-hash '${{ env.PR_BASE_SHA }}' \
+          --testbed ubuntu-latest \
+          --adapter rust_criterion \
+          --err \
+          --github-actions '${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}' \
+          --ci-number '${{ env.PR_NUMBER }}' \
+          --file "$BENCHMARK_RESULTS"

.github/workflows/check-pr.yml

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ jobs:
             issue_number: context.issue.number,
             owner: context.repo.owner,
             repo: context.repo.repo,
-            labels: ['breaking change']
+            labels: ['Type: Breaking Change']
           })
 
   do-not-merge:
@@ -84,4 +84,3 @@ jobs:
           echo "Pull request is labeled as 'do not merge'"
           echo "This workflow fails so that the pull request cannot be merged"
           exit 1
-

.github/workflows/check-semver.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+name: Check Semver
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - main
+
+jobs:
+  check-semver:
+    name: Check semver
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout the repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Check semver
+        uses: obi1kenobi/cargo-semver-checks-action@v2

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -25,49 +25,56 @@ env:
 # formatting, typos, and missing tests as early as possible. This allows us to fix these and
 # resubmit the PR without having to wait for the comprehensive matrix of tests to complete.
 jobs:
-  lint:
+  rustfmt:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Install Rust nightly
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
         with:
           components: rustfmt
-      - name: Install cargo-make
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Check formatting
-        run: cargo make lint-format
-      - name: Check documentation
-        run: cargo make lint-docs
-      - name: Check typos
-        uses: crate-ci/typos@master
-      - name: Lint dependencies
-        uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v1
+      - run: cargo +nightly fmt --all --check
+
+  typos:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: crate-ci/typos@master
+
+  dependencies:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v2
 
   clippy:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Install Rust stable
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
           components: clippy
       - name: Install cargo-make
         uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Run cargo make clippy-all
-        run: cargo make clippy
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - run: cargo make clippy
+
+  markdownlint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Lint markdown
+        uses: DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action@v16
+        with:
+          globs: |
+            '**/*.md'
+            '!target'
 
   coverage:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Install Rust stable
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
@@ -76,8 +83,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
         with:
           tool: cargo-llvm-cov,cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
       - name: Generate coverage
         run: cargo make coverage
       - name: Upload to codecov.io
@@ -91,24 +97,32 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-        toolchain: ["1.70.0", "stable"]
+        toolchain: ["1.74.0", "stable"]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Install Rust {{ matrix.toolchain }}
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
         with:
           toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}
       - name: Install cargo-make
         uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Run cargo make check
-        run: cargo make check
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - run: cargo make check
         env:
           RUST_BACKTRACE: full
 
+  lint-docs:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Install Rust nightly
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
+      - name: Install cargo-make
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - run: cargo make lint-docs
+
   test-doc:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
@@ -116,14 +130,12 @@ jobs:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Install Rust stable
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
       - name: Install cargo-make
         uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
       - name: Test docs
         run: cargo make test-doc
         env:
@@ -134,7 +146,7 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-        toolchain: ["1.70.0", "stable"]
+        toolchain: ["1.74.0", "stable"]
         backend: [crossterm, termion, termwiz]
         exclude:
           # termion is not supported on windows
@@ -142,8 +154,7 @@ jobs:
             backend: termion
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Install Rust ${{ matrix.toolchain }}}
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
         with:
@@ -152,9 +163,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
       - name: Install cargo-nextest
         uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Test ${{ matrix.backend }}
-        run: cargo make test-backend ${{ matrix.backend }}
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - run: cargo make test-backend ${{ matrix.backend }}
         env:
           RUST_BACKTRACE: full

BREAKING-CHANGES.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 This document contains a list of breaking changes in each version and some notes to help migrate
 between versions. It is compiled manually from the commit history and changelog. We also tag PRs on
-github with a [breaking change] label.
+GitHub with a [breaking change] label.
 
 [breaking change]: (https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues?q=label%3A%22breaking+change%22)
 
@@ -10,6 +10,24 @@ github with a [breaking change] label.
 
 This is a quick summary of the sections below:
 
+- [v0.28.0](#v0280)
+  ⁻ `Backend::size` returns `Size` instead of `Rect`
+  - `Backend` trait migrates to `get/set_cursor_position`
+  - Ratatui now requires Crossterm 0.28.0
+  - `Axis::labels` now accepts `IntoIterator<Into<Line>>`
+  - `Layout::init_cache` no longer returns bool and takes a `NonZeroUsize` instead of `usize`
+  - `ratatui::terminal` module is now private
+  - `ToText` no longer has a lifetime
+  - `Frame::size` is deprecated and renamed to `Frame::area`
+- [v0.27.0](#v0270)
+  - List no clamps the selected index to list
+  - Prelude items added / removed
+  - 'termion' updated to 4.0
+  - `Rect::inner` takes `Margin` directly instead of reference
+  - `Buffer::filled` takes `Cell` directly instead of reference
+  - `Stylize::bg()` now accepts `Into<Color>`
+  - Removed deprecated `List::start_corner`
+  - `LineGauge::gauge_style` is deprecated
 - [v0.26.0](#v0260)
   - `Flex::Start` is the new default flex mode for `Layout`
   - `patch_style` & `reset_style` now consume and return `Self`
@@ -37,7 +55,7 @@ This is a quick summary of the sections below:
   - `Scrollbar`: symbols moved to `symbols` module
   - MSRV is now 1.67.0
 - [v0.22.0](#v0220)
-  - serde representation of `Borders` and `Modifiers` has changed
+  - `serde` representation of `Borders` and `Modifiers` has changed
 - [v0.21.0](#v0210)
   - MSRV is now 1.65.0
   - `terminal::ViewPort` is now an enum
@@ -47,21 +65,231 @@ This is a quick summary of the sections below:
   - MSRV is now 1.63.0
   - `List` no longer ignores empty strings
 
+## v0.28.0
+
+### `Backend::size` returns `Size` instead of `Rect` ([#1254])
+
+[#1254]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1254
+
+The `Backend::size` method returns a `Size` instead of a `Rect`.
+There is no need for the position here as it was always 0,0.
+
+### `Backend` trait migrates to `get/set_cursor_position` ([#1284])
+
+[#1284]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1284
+
+If you just use the types implementing the `Backend` trait, you will see deprecation hints but
+nothing is a breaking change for you.
+
+If you implement the Backend trait yourself, you need to update the implementation and add the
+`get/set_cursor_position` method. You can remove the `get/set_cursor` methods as they are deprecated
+and a default implementation for them exists.
+
+### Ratatui now requires Crossterm 0.28.0 ([#1278])
+
+[#1278]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1278
+
+Crossterm is updated to version 0.28.0, which is a semver incompatible version with the previous
+version (0.27.0). Ratatui re-exports the version of crossterm that it is compatible with under
+`ratatui::crossterm`, which can be used to avoid incompatible versions in your dependency list.
+
+### `Axis::labels()` now accepts `IntoIterator<Into<Line>>` ([#1273] and [#1283])
+
+[#1273]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1173
+[#1283]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1283
+
+Previously Axis::labels accepted `Vec<Span>`. Any code that uses conversion methods that infer the
+type will need to be rewritten as the compiler cannot infer the correct type.
+
+```diff
+- Axis::default().labels(vec!["a".into(), "b".into()])
++ Axis::default().labels(["a", "b"])
+```
+
+### `Layout::init_cache` no longer returns bool and takes a `NonZeroUsize` instead of `usize` ([#1245])
+
+[#1245]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1245
+
+```diff
+- let is_initialized = Layout::init_cache(100);
++ Layout::init_cache(NonZeroUsize::new(100).unwrap());
+```
+
+### `ratatui::terminal` module is now private ([#1160])
+
+[#1160]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1160
+
+The `terminal` module is now private and can not be used directly. The types under this module are
+exported from the root of the crate. This reduces clashes with other modules in the backends that
+are also named terminal, and confusion about module exports for newer Rust users.
+
+```diff
+- use ratatui::terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, ViewPort};
++ use ratatui::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, ViewPort};
+```
+
+### `ToText` no longer has a lifetime ([#1234])
+
+[#1234]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1234
+
+This change simplifies the trait and makes it easier to implement.
+
+### `Frame::size` is deprecated and renamed to `Frame::area`
+
+[#1293]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1293
+
+`Frame::size` is renamed to `Frame::area` as its the more correct name.
+
+## [v0.27.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.27.0)
+
+### List no clamps the selected index to list ([#1159])
+
+[#1149]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1149
+
+The `List` widget now clamps the selected index to the bounds of the list when navigating with
+`first`, `last`, `previous`, and `next`, as well as when setting the index directly with `select`.
+
+Previously selecting an index past the end of the list would show treat the list as having a
+selection which was not visible. Now the last item in the list will be selected instead.
+
+### Prelude items added / removed ([#1149])
+
+The following items have been removed from the prelude:
+
+- `style::Styled` - this trait is useful for widgets that want to
+  support the Stylize trait, but it adds complexity as widgets have two
+  `style` methods and a `set_style` method.
+- `symbols::Marker` - this item is used by code that needs to draw to
+  the `Canvas` widget, but it's not a common item that would be used by
+  most users of the library.
+- `terminal::{CompletedFrame, TerminalOptions, Viewport}` - these items
+  are rarely used by code that needs to interact with the terminal, and
+  they're generally only ever used once in any app.
+
+The following items have been added to the prelude:
+
+- `layout::{Position, Size}` - these items are used by code that needs
+  to interact with the layout system. These are newer items that were
+  added in the last few releases, which should be used more liberally.
+  This may cause conflicts for types defined elsewhere with a similar
+  name.
+
+To update your app:
+
+```diff
+// if your app uses Styled::style() or Styled::set_style():
+-use ratatui::prelude::*;
++use ratatui::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
+
+// if your app uses symbols::Marker:
+-use ratatui::prelude::*;
++use ratatui::{prelude::*, symbols::Marker}
+
+// if your app uses terminal::{CompletedFrame, TerminalOptions, Viewport}
+-use ratatui::prelude::*;
++use ratatui::{prelude::*, terminal::{CompletedFrame, TerminalOptions, Viewport}};
+
+// to disambiguate existing types named Position or Size:
+- use some_crate::{Position, Size};
+- let size: Size = ...;
+- let position: Position = ...;
++ let size: some_crate::Size = ...;
++ let position: some_crate::Position = ...;
+```
+
+### Termion is updated to 4.0 [#1106]
+
+Changelog: <https://gitlab.redox-os.org/redox-os/termion/-/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md>
+
+A change is only necessary if you were matching on all variants of the `MouseEvent` enum without a
+wildcard. In this case, you need to either handle the two new variants, `MouseLeft` and
+`MouseRight`, or add a wildcard.
+
+[#1106]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1106
+
+### `Rect::inner` takes `Margin` directly instead of reference ([#1008])
+
+[#1008]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1008
+
+`Margin` needs to be passed without reference now.
+
+```diff
+-let area = area.inner(&Margin {
++let area = area.inner(Margin {
+     vertical: 0,
+     horizontal: 2,
+ });
+```
+
+### `Buffer::filled` takes `Cell` directly instead of reference ([#1148])
+
+[#1148]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1148
+
+`Buffer::filled` moves the `Cell` instead of taking a reference.
+
+```diff
+-Buffer::filled(area, &Cell::new("X"));
++Buffer::filled(area, Cell::new("X"));
+```
+
+### `Stylize::bg()` now accepts `Into<Color>` ([#1103])
+
+[#1103]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1103
+
+Previously, `Stylize::bg()` accepted `Color` but now accepts `Into<Color>`. This allows more
+flexible types from calling scopes, though it can break some type inference in the calling scope.
+
+### Remove deprecated `List::start_corner` and `layout::Corner` ([#759])
+
+[#759]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/759
+
+`List::start_corner` was deprecated in v0.25. Use `List::direction` and `ListDirection` instead.
+
+```diff
+- list.start_corner(Corner::TopLeft);
+- list.start_corner(Corner::TopRight);
+// This is not an error, BottomRight rendered top to bottom previously
+- list.start_corner(Corner::BottomRight);
+// all becomes
++ list.direction(ListDirection::TopToBottom);
+```
+
+```diff
+- list.start_corner(Corner::BottomLeft);
+// becomes
++ list.direction(ListDirection::BottomToTop);
+```
+
+`layout::Corner` was removed entirely.
+
+### `LineGauge::gauge_style` is deprecated ([#565])
+
+[#565]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1148
+
+`LineGauge::gauge_style` is deprecated and replaced with `LineGauge::filled_style` and `LineGauge::unfilled_style`:
+
+```diff
+let gauge = LineGauge::default()
+- .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red).bg(Color::Blue)
++ .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
++ .unfilled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::White));
+```
+
 ## [v0.26.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.26.0)
 
-### `Flex::Start` is the new default flex mode for `Layout`
+### `Flex::Start` is the new default flex mode for `Layout` ([#881])
 
 [#881]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/881
 
-Previously, constraints would stretch to fill all available space, violating constraints if 
+Previously, constraints would stretch to fill all available space, violating constraints if
 necessary.
 
-With v0.26.0, `Flex` modes are introduced and the default is `Flex::Start`, which will align 
-areas associated with constraints to be beginning of the area. With v0.26.0, additionally, 
-`Min` constraints grow to fill excess space. These changes will allow users to build layouts 
+With v0.26.0, `Flex` modes are introduced, and the default is `Flex::Start`, which will align
+areas associated with constraints to be beginning of the area. With v0.26.0, additionally,
+`Min` constraints grow to fill excess space. These changes will allow users to build layouts
 more easily.
 
-With v0.26.0, users will most likely not need to change what constraints they use to create 
+With v0.26.0, users will most likely not need to change what constraints they use to create
 existing layouts with `Flex::Start`. However, to get old behavior, use `Flex::Legacy`.
 
 ```diff
@@ -74,7 +302,7 @@ existing layouts with `Flex::Start`. However, to get old behavior, use `Flex::Le
 
 [#774]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/774
 
-Previously, `Table::new()` accepted `IntoIterator<Item=Row<'a>>`.  The argument change to
+Previously, `Table::new()` accepted `IntoIterator<Item=Row<'a>>`. The argument change to
 `IntoIterator<Item: Into<Row<'a>>>`, This allows more flexible types from calling scopes, though it
 can some break type inference in the calling scope for empty containers.
 
@@ -91,7 +319,7 @@ This can be resolved either by providing an explicit type (e.g. `Vec::<Row>::new
 
 [#776]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/776
 
-Previously, `Tabs::new()` accepted `Vec<T>` where `T: Into<Line<'a>>`.  This allows more flexible
+Previously, `Tabs::new()` accepted `Vec<T>` where `T: Into<Line<'a>>`. This allows more flexible
 types from calling scopes, though it can break some type inference in the calling scope.
 
 This typically occurs when collecting an iterator prior to calling `Tabs::new`, and can be resolved
@@ -108,7 +336,7 @@ by removing the call to `.collect()`.
 [#751]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/751
 
 The default() implementation of Table now sets the column_spacing field to 1 and the segment_size
-field to SegmentSize::None. This will affect the rendering of a small amount of apps.
+field to `SegmentSize::None`. This will affect the rendering of a small amount of apps.
 
 To use the previous default values, call `table.segment_size(Default::default())` and
 `table.column_spacing(0)`.
@@ -132,8 +360,6 @@ The following example shows how to migrate for `Line`, but the same applies for
 
 ### Remove deprecated `Block::title_on_bottom` ([#757])
 
-[#757]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/757
-
 `Block::title_on_bottom` was deprecated in v0.22. Use `Block::title` and `Title::position` instead.
 
 ```diff
@@ -222,8 +448,8 @@ widget in the default configuration would not show any indication of the selecte
 
 [#664]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/664
 
-Previously `Table`s could be constructed without widths. In almost all cases this is an error.
-A new widths parameter is now mandatory on `Table::new()`. Existing code of the form:
+Previously `Table`s could be constructed without `widths`. In almost all cases this is an error.
+A new `widths` parameter is now mandatory on `Table::new()`. Existing code of the form:
 
 ```diff
 - Table::new(rows).widths(widths)
@@ -281,7 +507,7 @@ let layout = layout::new(Direction::Vertical, [Constraint::Min(1), Constraint::M
 
 ## [v0.24.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.24.0)
 
-### ScrollbarState field type changed from `u16` to `usize` ([#456])
+### `ScrollbarState` field type changed from `u16` to `usize` ([#456])
 
 [#456]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/456
 
@@ -385,12 +611,12 @@ The MSRV of ratatui is now 1.67 due to an MSRV update in a dependency (`time`).
 
 ## [v0.22.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.22.0)
 
-### bitflags updated to 2.3 ([#205])
+### `bitflags` updated to 2.3 ([#205])
 
 [#205]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/205
 
-The serde representation of bitflags has changed. Any existing serialized types that have Borders or
-Modifiers will need to be re-serialized. This is documented in the [bitflags
+The `serde` representation of `bitflags` has changed. Any existing serialized types that have
+Borders or Modifiers will need to be re-serialized. This is documented in the [`bitflags`
 changelog](https://github.com/bitflags/bitflags/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md#200-rc2)..
 
 ## [v0.21.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.21.0)
@@ -422,9 +648,9 @@ let terminal = Terminal::with_options(backend, TerminalOptions {
 
 [#168]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/168
 
-A new type `Masked` was introduced that implements `From<Text<'a>>`. This causes any code that did
+A new type `Masked` was introduced that implements `From<Text<'a>>`. This causes any code that
 previously did not need to use type annotations to fail to compile. To fix this, annotate or call
-to_string() / to_owned() / as_str() on the value. E.g.:
+`to_string()` / `to_owned()` / `as_str()` on the value. E.g.:
 
 ```diff
 - let paragraph = Paragraph::new("".as_ref());

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
+
+## Our Pledge
+
+We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to make participation in our
+community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
+size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender
+identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status,
+nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity
+and orientation.
+
+We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming,
+diverse, inclusive, and healthy community.
+
+## Our Standards
+
+Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our
+community include:
+
+* Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people
+* Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences
+* Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback
+* Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes,
+  and learning from the experience
+* Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the
+  overall community
+
+Examples of unacceptable behavior include:
+
+* The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or
+  advances of any kind
+* Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
+* Public or private harassment
+* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or email
+  address, without their explicit permission
+* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
+  professional setting
+
+## Enforcement Responsibilities
+
+Community leaders are responsible for clarifying and enforcing our standards of
+acceptable behavior and will take appropriate and fair corrective action in
+response to any behavior that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive,
+or harmful.
+
+Community leaders have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject
+comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are
+not aligned to this Code of Conduct, and will communicate reasons for moderation
+decisions when appropriate.
+
+## Scope
+
+This Code of Conduct applies within all community spaces, and also applies when
+an individual is officially representing the community in public spaces.
+Examples of representing our community include using an official e-mail address,
+posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
+representative at an online or offline event.
+
+## Enforcement
+
+Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
+reported to the community leaders responsible for enforcement at
+https://forum.ratatui.rs/ or https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj.
+All complaints will be reviewed and investigated promptly and fairly.
+
+All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the
+reporter of any incident.
+
+## Enforcement Guidelines
+
+Community leaders will follow these Community Impact Guidelines in determining
+the consequences for any action they deem in violation of this Code of Conduct:
+
+### 1. Correction
+
+**Community Impact**: Use of inappropriate language or other behavior deemed
+unprofessional or unwelcome in the community.
+
+**Consequence**: A private, written warning from community leaders, providing
+clarity around the nature of the violation and an explanation of why the
+behavior was inappropriate. A public apology may be requested.
+
+### 2. Warning
+
+**Community Impact**: A violation through a single incident or series
+of actions.
+
+**Consequence**: A warning with consequences for continued behavior. No
+interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with
+those enforcing the Code of Conduct, for a specified period of time. This
+includes avoiding interactions in community spaces as well as external channels
+like social media. Violating these terms may lead to a temporary or
+permanent ban.
+
+### 3. Temporary Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: A serious violation of community standards, including
+sustained inappropriate behavior.
+
+**Consequence**: A temporary ban from any sort of interaction or public
+communication with the community for a specified period of time. No public or
+private interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction
+with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, is allowed during this period.
+Violating these terms may lead to a permanent ban.
+
+### 4. Permanent Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: Demonstrating a pattern of violation of community
+standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior,  harassment of an
+individual, or aggression toward or disparagement of classes of individuals.
+
+**Consequence**: A permanent ban from any sort of public interaction within
+the community.
+
+## Attribution
+
+This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage],
+version 2.0, available at
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/0/code_of_conduct.html.
+
+Community Impact Guidelines were inspired by [Mozilla's code of conduct
+enforcement ladder](https://github.com/mozilla/diversity).
+
+[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org
+
+For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see the FAQ at
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq. Translations are available at
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/translations.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ found.
 
 All contributions are obviously welcome. Please include as many details as possible in your PR
 description to help the reviewer (follow the provided template). Make sure to highlight changes
-which may need additional attention or you are uncertain about. Any idea with a large scale impact
+which may need additional attention, or you are uncertain about. Any idea with a large scale impact
 on the crate or its users should ideally be discussed in a "Feature Request" issue beforehand.
 
-### Keep PRs small, intentional and focused
+### Keep PRs small, intentional, and focused
 
 Try to do one pull request per change. The time taken to review a PR grows exponential with the size
 of the change. Small focused PRs will generally be much more faster to review. PRs that include both
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ guarantee that the behavior is unchanged.
 ### Code formatting
 
 Run `cargo make format` before committing to ensure that code is consistently formatted with
-rustfmt. Configuration is in [rustfmt.toml](./rustfmt.toml).
+rustfmt. Configuration is in [`rustfmt.toml`](./rustfmt.toml).
 
 ### Search `tui-rs` for similar work
 
@@ -56,11 +56,9 @@ documented.
 
 ### Run CI tests before pushing a PR
 
-We're using [cargo-husky](https://github.com/rhysd/cargo-husky) to automatically run git hooks,
-which will run `cargo make ci` before each push. To initialize the hook  run `cargo test`. If
-`cargo-make` is not installed, it will provide instructions to install it for you. This will ensure
-that your code is formatted, compiles and passes all tests before you push. If you need to skip this
-check, you can use `git push --no-verify`.
+Running `cargo make ci` before pushing will perform the same checks that we do in the CI process.
+It's not mandatory to do this before pushing, however it may save you time to do so instead of
+waiting for GitHub to run the checks.
 
 ### Sign your commits
 
@@ -112,7 +110,8 @@ exist to show coverage directly in your editor. E.g.:
 
 ### Documentation
 
-Here are some guidelines for writing documentation in Ratatui.  
+Here are some guidelines for writing documentation in Ratatui.
+
 Every public API **must** be documented.
 
 Keep in mind that Ratatui tends to attract beginner Rust users that may not be familiar with Rust
@@ -125,10 +124,9 @@ the concepts pointing to the various methods. Focus on interaction with various
 enough information that helps understand why you might want something.
 
 Examples should help users understand a particular usage, not test a feature. They should be as
-simple as possible.  
-Prefer hiding imports and using wildcards to keep things concise. Some imports may still be shown
-to demonstrate a particular non-obvious import (e.g. `Stylize` trait to use style methods).  
-Speaking of `Stylize`, you should use it over the more verbose style setters:
+simple as possible. Prefer hiding imports and using wildcards to keep things concise. Some imports
+may still be shown to demonstrate a particular non-obvious import (e.g. `Stylize` trait to use style
+methods). Speaking of `Stylize`, you should use it over the more verbose style setters:
 
 ```rust
 let style = Style::new().red().bold();
@@ -138,7 +136,7 @@ let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifiers::BOLD);
 
 #### Format
 
-- First line is summary, second is blank, third onward is more detail  
+- First line is summary, second is blank, third onward is more detail
 
 ```rust
 /// Summary
@@ -148,10 +146,10 @@ let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifiers::BOLD);
 fn foo() {}
 ```
 
-- Max line length is 100 characters  
-See [vscode rewrap extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=stkb.rewrap)
+- Max line length is 100 characters
+See [VS Code rewrap extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=stkb.rewrap)
 
-- Doc comments are above macros  
+- Doc comments are above macros
 i.e.
 
 ```rust
@@ -160,24 +158,24 @@ i.e.
 struct Foo {}
 ```
 
-- Code items should be between backticks  
+- Code items should be between backticks
 i.e. ``[`Block`]``, **NOT** ``[Block]``
 
 ### Deprecation notice
 
-We generally want to wait at least two versions before removing deprecated items so users have
+We generally want to wait at least two versions before removing deprecated items, so users have
 time to update. However, if a deprecation is blocking for us to implement a new feature we may
 *consider* removing it in a one version notice.
 
 ### Use of unsafe for optimization purposes
 
-We don't currently use any unsafe code in Ratatui, and would like to keep it that way. However there
+We don't currently use any unsafe code in Ratatui, and would like to keep it that way. However, there
 may be specific cases that this becomes necessary in order to avoid slowness. Please see [this
 discussion](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/discussions/66) for more about the decision.
 
 ## Continuous Integration
 
-We use Github Actions for the CI where we perform the following checks:
+We use GitHub Actions for the CI where we perform the following checks:
 
 - The code should compile on `stable` and the Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV).
 - The tests (docs, lib, tests and examples) should pass.
@@ -193,10 +191,10 @@ This project was forked from [`tui-rs`](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/) in Fe
 [blessing of the original author](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/654), Florian Dehau
 ([@fdehau](https://github.com/fdehau)).
 
-The original repository contains all the issues, PRs and discussion that were raised originally, and
+The original repository contains all the issues, PRs, and discussion that were raised originally, and
 it is useful to refer to when contributing code, documentation, or issues with Ratatui.
 
-We imported all the PRs from the original repository and implemented many of the smaller ones and
+We imported all the PRs from the original repository, implemented many of the smaller ones, and
 made notes on the leftovers. These are marked as draft PRs and labelled as [imported from
 tui](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22imported+from+tui%22).
 We have documented the current state of those PRs, and anyone is welcome to pick them up and

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 [package]
 name = "ratatui"
-version = "0.26.1" # crate version
+version = "0.28.0" # crate version
 authors = ["Florian Dehau <work@fdehau.com>", "The Ratatui Developers"]
 description = "A library that's all about cooking up terminal user interfaces"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/"
-keywords = ["tui", "terminal", "dashboard"]
 repository = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui"
+homepage = "https://ratatui.rs"
+keywords = ["tui", "terminal", "dashboard"]
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
 exclude = [
@@ -16,50 +18,99 @@ exclude = [
   "*.log",
   "tags",
 ]
-autoexamples = true
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.70.0"
+rust-version = "1.74.0"
 
 [badges]
 
 [dependencies]
-crossterm = { version = "0.27", optional = true }
-termion = { version = "3.0", optional = true }
-termwiz = { version = "0.22.0", optional = true }
-
-serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["derive"] }
 bitflags = "2.3"
 cassowary = "0.3"
-indoc = "2.0"
-itertools = "0.12"
+compact_str = "0.8.0"
+crossterm = { version = "0.28.1", optional = true }
+document-features = { version = "0.2.7", optional = true }
+instability = "0.3.1"
+itertools = "0.13"
+lru = "0.12.0"
 paste = "1.0.2"
+palette = { version = "0.7.6", optional = true }
+serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["derive"] }
 strum = { version = "0.26", features = ["derive"] }
+strum_macros = { version = "0.26.3" }
+termion = { version = "4.0.0", optional = true }
+termwiz = { version = "0.22.0", optional = true }
 time = { version = "0.3.11", optional = true, features = ["local-offset"] }
 unicode-segmentation = "1.10"
-unicode-width = "0.1"
-document-features = { version = "0.2.7", optional = true }
-lru = "0.12.0"
-stability = "0.1.1"
-compact_str = "0.7.1"
+unicode-truncate = "1"
+unicode-width = "0.1.13"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-anyhow = "1.0.71"
 argh = "0.1.12"
-better-panic = "0.3.0"
-cargo-husky = { version = "1.5.0", default-features = false, features = [
-  "user-hooks",
-] }
 color-eyre = "0.6.2"
 criterion = { version = "0.5.1", features = ["html_reports"] }
+crossterm = { version = "0.28.1", features = ["event-stream"] }
 derive_builder = "0.20.0"
 fakeit = "1.1"
 font8x8 = "0.3.1"
-palette = "0.7.3"
+futures = "0.3.30"
+indoc = "2"
+octocrab = "0.39.0"
 pretty_assertions = "1.4.0"
 rand = "0.8.5"
 rand_chacha = "0.3.1"
-rstest = "0.18.2"
+rstest = "0.22.0"
 serde_json = "1.0.109"
+tokio = { version = "1.39.2", features = [
+  "rt",
+  "macros",
+  "time",
+  "rt-multi-thread",
+] }
+tracing = "0.1.40"
+tracing-appender = "0.2.3"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.18", features = ["env-filter"] }
+
+[lints.rust]
+unsafe_code = "forbid"
+
+[lints.clippy]
+cargo = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+pedantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+cast_possible_truncation = "allow"
+cast_possible_wrap = "allow"
+cast_precision_loss = "allow"
+cast_sign_loss = "allow"
+missing_errors_doc = "allow"
+missing_panics_doc = "allow"
+module_name_repetitions = "allow"
+must_use_candidate = "allow"
+
+# we often split up a module into multiple files with the main type in a file named after the
+# module, so we want to allow this pattern
+module_inception = "allow"
+
+# nursery or restricted
+as_underscore = "warn"
+deref_by_slicing = "warn"
+else_if_without_else = "warn"
+empty_line_after_doc_comments = "warn"
+equatable_if_let = "warn"
+fn_to_numeric_cast_any = "warn"
+format_push_string = "warn"
+map_err_ignore = "warn"
+missing_const_for_fn = "warn"
+mixed_read_write_in_expression = "warn"
+mod_module_files = "warn"
+needless_pass_by_ref_mut = "warn"
+needless_raw_strings = "warn"
+or_fun_call = "warn"
+redundant_type_annotations = "warn"
+rest_pat_in_fully_bound_structs = "warn"
+string_lit_chars_any = "warn"
+string_slice = "warn"
+string_to_string = "warn"
+unnecessary_self_imports = "warn"
+use_self = "warn"
 
 [features]
 #! The crate provides a set of optional features that can be enabled in your `cargo.toml` file.
@@ -69,32 +120,37 @@ serde_json = "1.0.109"
 ## which allows you to set the underline color of text.
 default = ["crossterm", "underline-color"]
 #! Generally an application will only use one backend, so you should only enable one of the following features:
-## enables the [`CrosstermBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Crossterm crate].
+## enables the [`CrosstermBackend`](backend::CrosstermBackend) backend and adds a dependency on [`crossterm`].
 crossterm = ["dep:crossterm"]
-## enables the [`TermionBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Termion crate].
+## enables the [`TermionBackend`](backend::TermionBackend) backend and adds a dependency on [`termion`].
 termion = ["dep:termion"]
-## enables the [`TermwizBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Termwiz crate].
+## enables the [`TermwizBackend`](backend::TermwizBackend) backend and adds a dependency on [`termwiz`].
 termwiz = ["dep:termwiz"]
 
 #! The following optional features are available for all backends:
-## enables serialization and deserialization of style and color types using the [Serde crate].
+## enables serialization and deserialization of style and color types using the [`serde`] crate.
 ## This is useful if you want to save themes to a file.
 serde = ["dep:serde", "bitflags/serde", "compact_str/serde"]
 
 ## enables the [`border!`] macro.
 macros = []
 
+## enables conversions from colors in the [`palette`] crate to [`Color`](crate::style::Color).
+palette = ["dep:palette"]
+
 ## enables all widgets.
 all-widgets = ["widget-calendar"]
 
 #! Widgets that add dependencies are gated behind feature flags to prevent unused transitive
 #! dependencies. The available features are:
-## enables the [`calendar`] widget module and adds a dependency on the [Time crate].
+## enables the [`calendar`](widgets::calendar) widget module and adds a dependency on [`time`].
 widget-calendar = ["dep:time"]
 
-#! Underline color is only supported by the [`CrosstermBackend`] backend, and is not supported
-#! on Windows 7.
+#! The following optional features are only available for some backends:
+
 ## enables the backend code that sets the underline color.
+## Underline color is only supported by the [`CrosstermBackend`](backend::CrosstermBackend) backend,
+## and is not supported on Windows 7.
 underline-color = ["dep:crossterm"]
 
 #! The following features are unstable and may change in the future:
@@ -102,13 +158,13 @@ underline-color = ["dep:crossterm"]
 ## Enable all unstable features.
 unstable = ["unstable-rendered-line-info", "unstable-widget-ref"]
 
-## Enables the [`Paragraph::line_count`](crate::widgets::Paragraph::line_count)
-## [`Paragraph::line_width`](crate::widgets::Paragraph::line_width) methods
+## Enables the [`Paragraph::line_count`](widgets::Paragraph::line_count)
+## [`Paragraph::line_width`](widgets::Paragraph::line_width) methods
 ## which are experimental and may change in the future.
 ## See [Issue 293](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/293) for more details.
 unstable-rendered-line-info = []
 
-## Enables the `WidgetRef` and `StatefulWidgetRef` traits which are experimental and may change in
+## Enables the [`WidgetRef`](widgets::WidgetRef) and [`StatefulWidgetRef`](widgets::StatefulWidgetRef) traits which are experimental and may change in
 ## the future.
 unstable-widget-ref = []
 
@@ -118,29 +174,22 @@ all-features = true
 cargo-args = ["-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples"]
 rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 
-[[bench]]
-name = "barchart"
-harness = false
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "block"
-harness = false
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "list"
-harness = false
+# Improve benchmark consistency
+[profile.bench]
+codegen-units = 1
+lto = true
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [[bench]]
-name = "paragraph"
-harness = false
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "sparkline"
+name = "main"
 harness = false
 
+[[example]]
+name = "async"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
 name = "barchart"
@@ -148,12 +197,12 @@ required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "block"
+name = "barchart-grouped"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "canvas"
+name = "block"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
@@ -162,6 +211,11 @@ name = "calendar"
 required-features = ["crossterm", "widget-calendar"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
+[[example]]
+name = "canvas"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
 [[example]]
 name = "chart"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
@@ -175,9 +229,19 @@ doc-scrape-examples = false
 
 [[example]]
 name = "colors_rgb"
+required-features = ["crossterm", "palette"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
+[[example]]
+name = "constraint-explorer"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
+[[example]]
+name = "constraints"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = false
+
 [[example]]
 name = "custom_widget"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
@@ -190,7 +254,7 @@ doc-scrape-examples = false
 
 [[example]]
 name = "demo2"
-required-features = ["crossterm", "widget-calendar"]
+required-features = ["crossterm", "palette", "widget-calendar"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
@@ -198,6 +262,11 @@ name = "docsrs"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = false
 
+[[example]]
+name = "flex"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
 [[example]]
 name = "gauge"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
@@ -208,24 +277,24 @@ name = "hello_world"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
+[[example]]
+name = "inline"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
 [[example]]
 name = "layout"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "constraints"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = false
-
-[[example]]
-name = "flex"
+name = "line_gauge"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "constraint-explorer"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
+name = "hyperlink"
+required-features = ["crossterm", "unstable-widget-ref"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
@@ -233,6 +302,12 @@ name = "list"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
+[[example]]
+name = "minimal"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+# prefer to show the more featureful examples in the docs
+doc-scrape-examples = false
+
 [[example]]
 name = "modifiers"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
@@ -280,12 +355,12 @@ required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "user_input"
+name = "tracing"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "inline"
+name = "user_input"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 

FUNDING.json

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "drips": {
+    "ethereum": {
+      "ownedBy": "0x6053C8984f4F214Ad12c4653F28514E1E09213B5"
+    }
+  }
+}

MAINTAINERS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Maintainers
+
+This file documents current and past maintainers.
+
+- [orhun](https://github.com/orhun)
+- [joshka](https://github.com/joshka)
+- [kdheepak](https://github.com/kdheepak)
+- [Valentin271](https://github.com/Valentin271)
+- [EdJoPaTo](https://github.com/EdJoPaTo)
+
+## Past Maintainers
+
+- [fdehau](https://github.com/fdehau)
+- [mindoodoo](https://github.com/mindoodoo)
+- [sayanarijit](https://github.com/sayanarijit)

Makefile.toml

@@ -7,22 +7,23 @@ skip_core_tasks = true
 # all features except the backend ones
 ALL_FEATURES = "all-widgets,macros,serde"
 
+[env.ALL_FEATURES_FLAG]
 # Windows does not support building termion, so this avoids the build failure by providing two
 # sets of flags, one for Windows and one for other platforms.
-# Windows: --features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termwiz,underline-color
-# Other: --features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termion,termwiz,underline-color
-ALL_FEATURES_FLAG = { source = "${CARGO_MAKE_RUST_TARGET_OS}", default_value = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termion,termwiz,unstable", mapping = { "windows" = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termwiz,unstable" } }
+source = "${CARGO_MAKE_RUST_TARGET_OS}"
+default_value = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termion,termwiz,underline-color,unstable"
+mapping = { "windows" = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termwiz,underline-color,unstable" }
 
 [tasks.default]
 alias = "ci"
 
 [tasks.ci]
 description = "Run continuous integration tasks"
-dependencies = ["lint-style", "clippy", "check", "test"]
+dependencies = ["lint", "clippy", "check", "test"]
 
-[tasks.lint-style]
-description = "Lint code style (formatting, typos, docs)"
-dependencies = ["lint-format", "lint-typos", "lint-docs"]
+[tasks.lint]
+description = "Lint code style (formatting, typos, docs, markdown)"
+dependencies = ["lint-format", "lint-typos", "lint-docs", "lint-markdown"]
 
 [tasks.lint-format]
 description = "Lint code formatting"
@@ -55,6 +56,11 @@ args = [
   "-Dwarnings",
 ]
 
+[tasks.lint-markdown]
+description = "Check markdown files for errors and warnings"
+command = "markdownlint-cli2"
+args = ["**/*.md", "!target"]
+
 [tasks.check]
 description = "Check code for errors and warnings"
 command = "cargo"

README.md

@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@
 
 <!-- cargo-rdme start -->
 
-![Demo](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/1d39444e3dea6f309cf9035be2417ac711c1abc9/examples/demo2-destroy.gif?raw=true)
+![Demo](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/87ae72dbc756067c97f6400d3e2a58eeb383776e/examples/demo2-destroy.gif?raw=true)
 
 <div align="center">
 
-[![Crate Badge]][Crate] [![Docs Badge]][API Docs] [![CI Badge]][CI Workflow] [![License
-Badge]](./LICENSE) [![Sponsors Badge]][GitHub Sponsors]<br>
-[![Codecov Badge]][Codecov] [![Deps.rs Badge]][Deps.rs] [![Discord Badge]][Discord Server]
-[![Matrix Badge]][Matrix]<br>
+[![Crate Badge]][Crate] [![Docs Badge]][API Docs] [![CI Badge]][CI Workflow] [![Deps.rs
+Badge]][Deps.rs]<br> [![Codecov Badge]][Codecov] [![License Badge]](./LICENSE) [![Sponsors
+Badge]][GitHub Sponsors]<br> [![Discord Badge]][Discord Server] [![Matrix Badge]][Matrix]
+[![Forum Badge]][Forum]<br>
 
 [Ratatui Website] · [API Docs] · [Examples] · [Changelog] · [Breaking Changes]<br>
 [Contributing] · [Report a bug] · [Request a Feature] · [Create a Pull Request]
@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ Ratatui was forked from the [tui-rs] crate in 2023 in order to continue its deve
 
 ## Installation
 
-Add `ratatui` and `crossterm` as dependencies to your cargo.toml:
+Add `ratatui` as a dependency to your cargo.toml:
 
 ```shell
-cargo add ratatui crossterm
+cargo add ratatui
 ```
 
 Ratatui uses [Crossterm] by default as it works on most platforms. See the [Installation]
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ terminal user interfaces and showcases the features of Ratatui, along with a hel
 ## Other documentation
 
 - [Ratatui Website] - explains the library's concepts and provides step-by-step tutorials
+- [Ratatui Forum][Forum] - a place to ask questions and discuss the library
 - [API Docs] - the full API documentation for the library on docs.rs.
 - [Examples] - a collection of examples that demonstrate how to use the library.
 - [Contributing] - Please read this if you are interested in contributing to the project.
@@ -110,7 +111,8 @@ module] and the [Backends] section of the [Ratatui Website] for more info.
 
 The drawing logic is delegated to a closure that takes a [`Frame`] instance as argument. The
 [`Frame`] provides the size of the area to draw to and allows the app to render any [`Widget`]
-using the provided [`render_widget`] method. See the [Widgets] section of the [Ratatui Website]
+using the provided [`render_widget`] method. After this closure returns, a diff is performed and
+only the changes are drawn to the terminal. See the [Widgets] section of the [Ratatui Website]
 for more info.
 
 ### Handling events
@@ -125,12 +127,18 @@ Website] for more info. For example, if you are using [Crossterm], you can use t
 ```rust
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        terminal::{
+            disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        },
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 
 fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
     enable_raw_mode()?;
@@ -161,8 +169,7 @@ fn handle_events() -> io::Result<bool> {
 
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
     frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!")
-            .block(Block::default().title("Greeting").borders(Borders::ALL)),
+        Paragraph::new("Hello World!").block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
         frame.size(),
     );
 }
@@ -180,40 +187,27 @@ area. This lets you describe a responsive terminal UI by nesting layouts. See th
 section of the [Ratatui Website] for more info.
 
 ```rust
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    widgets::Block,
+    Frame,
+};
 
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let main_layout = Layout::new(
-        Direction::Vertical,
-        [
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Min(0),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-        ],
-    )
-    .split(frame.size());
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::new().borders(Borders::TOP).title("Title Bar"),
-        main_layout[0],
-    );
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::new().borders(Borders::TOP).title("Status Bar"),
-        main_layout[2],
-    );
+    let [title_area, main_area, status_area] = Layout::vertical([
+        Constraint::Length(1),
+        Constraint::Min(0),
+        Constraint::Length(1),
+    ])
+    .areas(frame.size());
+    let [left_area, right_area] =
+        Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)])
+            .areas(main_area);
 
-    let inner_layout = Layout::new(
-        Direction::Horizontal,
-        [Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)],
-    )
-    .split(main_layout[1]);
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Left"),
-        inner_layout[0],
-    );
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Right"),
-        inner_layout[1],
-    );
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Title Bar"), title_area);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Status Bar"), status_area);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Left"), left_area);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Right"), right_area);
 }
 ```
 
@@ -234,48 +228,41 @@ short-hand syntax to apply a style to widgets and text. See the [Styling Text] s
 [Ratatui Website] for more info.
 
 ```rust
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+    Frame,
+};
 
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let areas = Layout::new(
-        Direction::Vertical,
-        [
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Min(0),
-        ],
-    )
-    .split(frame.size());
+    let areas = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1); 4]).split(frame.size());
 
-    let span1 = Span::raw("Hello ");
-    let span2 = Span::styled(
-        "World",
-        Style::new()
-            .fg(Color::Green)
-            .bg(Color::White)
-            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-    );
-    let span3 = "!".red().on_light_yellow().italic();
+    let line = Line::from(vec![
+        Span::raw("Hello "),
+        Span::styled(
+            "World",
+            Style::new()
+                .fg(Color::Green)
+                .bg(Color::White)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+        ),
+        "!".red().on_light_yellow().italic(),
+    ]);
+    frame.render_widget(line, areas[0]);
 
-    let line = Line::from(vec![span1, span2, span3]);
-    let text: Text = Text::from(vec![line]);
+    // using the short-hand syntax and implicit conversions
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new("Hello World!".red().on_white().bold());
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph, areas[1]);
 
-    frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new(text), areas[0]);
-    // or using the short-hand syntax and implicit conversions
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!".red().on_white().bold()),
-        areas[1],
-    );
+    // style the whole widget instead of just the text
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new("Hello World!").style(Style::new().red().on_white());
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph, areas[2]);
 
-    // to style the whole widget instead of just the text
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!").style(Style::new().red().on_white()),
-        areas[2],
-    );
-    // or using the short-hand syntax
-    frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("Hello World!").blue().on_yellow(), areas[3]);
+    // use the simpler short-hand syntax
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new("Hello World!").blue().on_yellow();
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph, areas[3]);
 }
 ```
 
@@ -327,24 +314,22 @@ Running this example produces the following output:
 [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
 [tui-rs]: https://crates.io/crates/tui
 [GitHub Sponsors]: https://github.com/sponsors/ratatui-org
-[Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square
-[License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square
-[CI Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
+[Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44&color=E05D44
+[License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square&color=1370D3
+[CI Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
 [CI Workflow]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions/workflows/ci.yml
-[Codecov Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST
+[Codecov Badge]: https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST&color=C43AC3&logoColor=C43AC3
 [Codecov]: https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui
 [Deps.rs Badge]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui/status.svg?style=flat-square
 [Deps.rs]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui
-[Discord Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square
+[Discord Badge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square&color=1370D3&logoColor=1370D3
 [Discord Server]: https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj
-[Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square
-[Matrix Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix
+[Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44
+[Matrix Badge]: https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix&color=C43AC3
 [Matrix]: https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org
-[Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square
+[Forum Badge]: https://img.shields.io/discourse/likes?server=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.ratatui.rs&style=flat-square&logo=discourse&label=forum&color=C43AC3
+[Forum]: https://forum.ratatui.rs
+[Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square&color=1370D3
 
 <!-- cargo-rdme end -->
 
@@ -359,17 +344,14 @@ In order to organize ourselves, we currently use a [Discord server](https://disc
 feel free to join and come chat! There is also a [Matrix](https://matrix.org/) bridge available at
 [#ratatui:matrix.org](https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org).
 
-While we do utilize Discord for coordinating, it's not essential for contributing.
-Our primary open-source workflow is centered around GitHub.
-For significant discussions, we rely on GitHub — please open an issue, a discussion or a PR.
+While we do utilize Discord for coordinating, it's not essential for contributing. We have recently
+launched the [Ratatui Forum][Forum], and our primary open-source workflow is centered around GitHub.
+For bugs and features, we rely on GitHub. Please [Report a bug], [Request a Feature] or [Create a
+Pull Request].
 
 Please make sure you read the updated [contributing](./CONTRIBUTING.md) guidelines, especially if
 you are interested in working on a PR or issue opened in the previous repository.
 
-## Rust version requirements
-
-Since version 0.23.0, The Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) of `ratatui` is 1.67.0.
-
 ## Widgets
 
 ### Built in

SECURITY.md

@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ We only support the latest version of this crate.
 
 ## Reporting a Vulnerability
 
-To report secuirity vulnerability, please use the form at https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/security/advisories/new
+To report secuirity vulnerability, please use the form at <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/security/advisories/new>

bacon.toml

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ on_success = "job:doc" # so that we don't open the browser at each change
 command = [
     "cargo", "llvm-cov",
     "--lcov", "--output-path", "target/lcov.info",
-    "--all-features", 
+    "--all-features",
     "--color", "always",
 ]
 

benches/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+pub mod main {
+    pub mod barchart;
+    pub mod block;
+    pub mod buffer;
+    pub mod line;
+    pub mod list;
+    pub mod paragraph;
+    pub mod rect;
+    pub mod sparkline;
+}
+pub use main::*;
+
+criterion::criterion_main!(
+    barchart::benches,
+    block::benches,
+    buffer::benches,
+    line::benches,
+    list::benches,
+    paragraph::benches,
+    rect::benches,
+    sparkline::benches
+);

benches/main/barchart.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use criterion::{criterion_group, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
 use rand::Rng;
 use ratatui::{
     buffer::Buffer,
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use ratatui::{
 };
 
 /// Benchmark for rendering a barchart.
-pub fn barchart(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn barchart(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("barchart");
     let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
 
@@ -66,8 +66,7 @@ fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, barchart: &BarChart) {
             bench_barchart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
         },
         criterion::BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    )
+    );
 }
 
 criterion_group!(benches, barchart);
-criterion_main!(benches);

benches/main/block.rs

@@ -1,44 +1,42 @@
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use criterion::{criterion_group, BatchSize, Bencher, Criterion};
 use ratatui::{
     buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::Rect,
-    prelude::Alignment,
+    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
     widgets::{
         block::{Position, Title},
-        Block, Borders, Padding, Widget,
+        Block, Padding, Widget,
     },
 };
 
 /// Benchmark for rendering a block.
-pub fn block(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn block(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("block");
 
-    for buffer_size in &[
-        Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 50),  // vertically split screen
-        Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 50),  // 1080p fullscreen with medium font
-        Rect::new(0, 0, 256, 256), // Max sized area
+    for (width, height) in [
+        (100, 50),  // vertically split screen
+        (200, 50),  // 1080p fullscreen with medium font
+        (256, 256), // Max sized area
     ] {
-        let buffer_area = buffer_size.area();
+        let buffer_size = Rect::new(0, 0, width, height);
 
         // Render an empty block
         group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("render_empty", buffer_area),
+            format!("render_empty/{width}x{height}"),
             &Block::new(),
             |b, block| render(b, block, buffer_size),
         );
 
         // Render with all features
         group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("render_all_feature", buffer_area),
-            &Block::new()
-                .borders(Borders::ALL)
+            format!("render_all_feature/{width}x{height}"),
+            &Block::bordered()
+                .padding(Padding::new(5, 5, 2, 2))
                 .title("test title")
                 .title(
                     Title::from("bottom left title")
                         .alignment(Alignment::Right)
                         .position(Position::Bottom),
-                )
-                .padding(Padding::new(5, 5, 2, 2)),
+                ),
             |b, block| render(b, block, buffer_size),
         );
     }
@@ -47,8 +45,8 @@ pub fn block(c: &mut Criterion) {
 }
 
 /// render the block into a buffer of the given `size`
-fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, block: &Block, size: &Rect) {
-    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(*size);
+fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, block: &Block, size: Rect) {
+    let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(size);
     // We use `iter_batched` to clone the value in the setup function.
     // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/377.
     bencher.iter_batched(
@@ -57,8 +55,7 @@ fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, block: &Block, size: &Rect) {
             bench_block.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
         },
         BatchSize::SmallInput,
-    )
+    );
 }
 
 criterion_group!(benches, block);
-criterion_main!(benches);

benches/main/buffer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+use criterion::{black_box, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::{Buffer, Cell},
+    layout::Rect,
+    text::Line,
+};
+
+criterion::criterion_group!(benches, empty, filled, with_lines);
+
+const fn rect(size: u16) -> Rect {
+    Rect {
+        x: 0,
+        y: 0,
+        width: size,
+        height: size,
+    }
+}
+
+fn empty(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("buffer/empty");
+    for size in [16, 64, 255] {
+        let area = rect(size);
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::from_parameter(size), &area, |b, &area| {
+            b.iter(|| {
+                let _buffer = Buffer::empty(black_box(area));
+            });
+        });
+    }
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+/// This likely should have the same performance as `empty`, but it's here for completeness
+/// and to catch any potential performance regressions.
+fn filled(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("buffer/filled");
+    for size in [16, 64, 255] {
+        let area = rect(size);
+        let cell = Cell::new("AAAA"); // simulate a multi-byte character
+        group.bench_with_input(
+            BenchmarkId::from_parameter(size),
+            &(area, cell),
+            |b, (area, cell)| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    let _buffer = Buffer::filled(black_box(*area), cell.clone());
+                });
+            },
+        );
+    }
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+fn with_lines(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("buffer/with_lines");
+    for size in [16, 64, 255] {
+        let word_count = 50;
+        let lines = fakeit::words::sentence(word_count);
+        let lines = lines.lines().map(Line::from);
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::from_parameter(size), &lines, |b, lines| {
+            b.iter(|| {
+                let _buffer = Buffer::with_lines(black_box(lines.clone()));
+            });
+        });
+    }
+    group.finish();
+}

benches/main/line.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+use std::hint::black_box;
+
+use criterion::{criterion_group, Criterion};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
+    style::Stylize,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
+
+fn line_render(criterion: &mut Criterion) {
+    for alignment in [Alignment::Left, Alignment::Center, Alignment::Right] {
+        let mut group = criterion.benchmark_group(format!("line_render/{alignment}"));
+        group.sample_size(1000);
+
+        let line = &Line::from(vec![
+            "This".red(),
+            " ".green(),
+            "is".italic(),
+            " ".blue(),
+            "SPARTA!!".bold(),
+        ])
+        .alignment(alignment);
+
+        for width in [0, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 42] {
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, width, 1);
+
+            group.bench_function(width.to_string(), |bencher| {
+                let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(area);
+                bencher.iter(|| black_box(line).render(area, &mut buffer));
+            });
+        }
+        group.finish();
+    }
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, line_render);

benches/main/list.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use criterion::{criterion_group, BatchSize, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
 use ratatui::{
     buffer::Buffer,
     layout::Rect,
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use ratatui::{
 
 /// Benchmark for rendering a list.
 /// It only benchmarks the render with a different amount of items.
-pub fn list(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn list(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("list");
 
     for line_count in [64, 2048, 16384] {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub fn list(c: &mut Criterion) {
                     ListState::default()
                         .with_offset(line_count / 2)
                         .with_selected(Some(line_count / 2)),
-                )
+                );
             },
         );
     }
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, list: &List) {
             Widget::render(bench_list, buffer.area, &mut buffer);
         },
         BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    )
+    );
 }
 
 /// render the list into a common size buffer with a state
@@ -66,8 +66,7 @@ fn render_stateful(bencher: &mut Bencher, list: &List, mut state: ListState) {
             StatefulWidget::render(bench_list, buffer.area, &mut buffer, &mut state);
         },
         BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    )
+    );
 }
 
 criterion_group!(benches, list);
-criterion_main!(benches);

benches/main/paragraph.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-use criterion::{
-    black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion,
-};
+use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, BatchSize, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
 use ratatui::{
     buffer::Buffer,
     layout::Rect,
@@ -17,15 +15,15 @@ const WRAP_WIDTH: u16 = 100;
 /// Benchmark for rendering a paragraph with a given number of lines. The design of this benchmark
 /// allows comparison of the performance of rendering a paragraph with different numbers of lines.
 /// as well as comparing with the various settings on the scroll and wrap features.
-pub fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("paragraph");
-    for &line_count in [64, 2048, MAX_SCROLL_OFFSET].iter() {
+    for line_count in [64, 2048, MAX_SCROLL_OFFSET] {
         let lines = random_lines(line_count);
         let lines = lines.as_str();
 
         // benchmark that measures the overhead of creating a paragraph separately from rendering
         group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new("new", line_count), lines, |b, lines| {
-            b.iter(|| Paragraph::new(black_box(lines)))
+            b.iter(|| Paragraph::new(black_box(lines)));
         });
 
         // render the paragraph with no scroll
@@ -38,14 +36,14 @@ pub fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
         // scroll the paragraph by half the number of lines and render
         group.bench_with_input(
             BenchmarkId::new("render_scroll_half", line_count),
-            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0u16, line_count / 2)),
+            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0, line_count / 2)),
             |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, NO_WRAP_WIDTH),
         );
 
         // scroll the paragraph by the full number of lines and render
         group.bench_with_input(
             BenchmarkId::new("render_scroll_full", line_count),
-            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0u16, line_count)),
+            &Paragraph::new(lines).scroll((0, line_count)),
             |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, NO_WRAP_WIDTH),
         );
 
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ pub fn paragraph(c: &mut Criterion) {
             BenchmarkId::new("render_wrap_scroll_full", line_count),
             &Paragraph::new(lines)
                 .wrap(Wrap { trim: false })
-                .scroll((0u16, line_count)),
+                .scroll((0, line_count)),
             |bencher, paragraph| render(bencher, paragraph, WRAP_WIDTH),
         );
     }
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, paragraph: &Paragraph, width: u16) {
             bench_paragraph.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
         },
         BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    )
+    );
 }
 
 /// Create a string with the given number of lines filled with nonsense words
@@ -87,11 +85,10 @@ fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, paragraph: &Paragraph, width: u16) {
 /// English language has about 5.1 average characters per word so including the space between words
 /// this should emit around 200 characters per paragraph on average.
 fn random_lines(count: u16) -> String {
-    let count = count as i64;
+    let count = i64::from(count);
     let sentence_count = 3;
     let word_count = 11;
     fakeit::words::paragraph(count, sentence_count, word_count, "\n".into())
 }
 
 criterion_group!(benches, paragraph);
-criterion_main!(benches);

benches/main/rect.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+
+fn rect_rows_benchmark(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let rect_sizes = vec![
+        Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 16),
+        Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1024),
+        Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 65535),
+    ];
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("rect_rows");
+    for rect in rect_sizes {
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new("rows", rect.height), &rect, |b, rect| {
+            b.iter(|| {
+                for row in rect.rows() {
+                    // Perform any necessary operations on each row
+                    black_box(row);
+                }
+            });
+        });
+    }
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, rect_rows_benchmark);

benches/main/sparkline.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use criterion::{criterion_group, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
 use rand::Rng;
 use ratatui::{
     buffer::Buffer,
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use ratatui::{
 };
 
 /// Benchmark for rendering a sparkline.
-pub fn sparkline(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn sparkline(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("sparkline");
     let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
 
@@ -38,8 +38,7 @@ fn render(bencher: &mut Bencher, sparkline: &Sparkline) {
             bench_sparkline.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
         },
         criterion::BatchSize::LargeInput,
-    )
+    );
 }
 
 criterion_group!(benches, sparkline);
-criterion_main!(benches);

cliff.toml

@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-# configuration for https://github.com/orhun/git-cliff
+# git-cliff ~ configuration file
+# https://git-cliff.org/docs/configuration
+
+[remote.github]
+owner = "ratatui-org"
+repo = "ratatui"
 
 [changelog]
 # changelog header
@@ -6,6 +11,8 @@ header = """
 # Changelog
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+<!-- ignore lint rules that are often triggered by content generated from commits / git-cliff -->
+<!-- markdownlint-disable line-length no-bare-urls ul-style emphasis-style -->
 """
 # template for the changelog body
 # https://keats.github.io/tera/docs/#introduction
@@ -21,19 +28,19 @@ body = """
 {% endif -%}
 
 {% macro commit(commit) -%}
-- [{{ commit.id | truncate(length=7, end="") }}]({{ "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/" ~ commit.id }})
-  *({{commit.scope | default(value = "uncategorized") | lower }})* {{ commit.message | upper_first }}
+- [{{ commit.id | truncate(length=7, end="") }}]({{ "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/" ~ commit.id }}) \
+  *({{commit.scope | default(value = "uncategorized") | lower }})* {{ commit.message | upper_first | trim }}\
+  {% if commit.github.username %} by @{{ commit.github.username }}{%- endif -%}\
+  {% if commit.github.pr_number %} in [#{{ commit.github.pr_number }}]({{ self::remote_url() }}/pull/{{ commit.github.pr_number }}){%- endif %}\
 {%- if commit.breaking %} [**breaking**]{% endif %}
-{%- if commit.body %}
-
-  ````text {#- 4 backticks escape any backticks in body #}
-  {{commit.body | indent(prefix="  ") }}
-  ````
+{%- if commit.body %}\n\n{{ commit.body | indent(prefix="  > ", first=true, blank=true) }}
 {%- endif %}
-{%- for footer in commit.footers %}
+{%- for footer in commit.footers %}\n
 {%- if footer.token != "Signed-off-by" and footer.token != "Co-authored-by" %}
-
-  {{ footer.token | indent(prefix="  ") }}{{ footer.separator }}{{ footer.value }}
+  >
+{{ footer.token | indent(prefix="  > ", first=true, blank=true) }}
+{{- footer.separator }}
+{{- footer.value| indent(prefix="  > ", first=false, blank=true)  }}
 {%- endif %}
 {%- endfor %}
 {% endmacro -%}
@@ -49,6 +56,28 @@ body = """
 {%- endif -%}
 {%- endfor -%}
 {%- endfor %}
+
+{% if github.contributors | filter(attribute="is_first_time", value=true) | length != 0 %}
+### New Contributors
+{%- endif %}\
+{% for contributor in github.contributors | filter(attribute="is_first_time", value=true) %}
+* @{{ contributor.username }} made their first contribution
+{%- if contributor.pr_number %} in \
+[#{{ contributor.pr_number }}]({{ self::remote_url() }}/pull/{{ contributor.pr_number }}) \
+{%- endif %}
+{%- endfor -%}
+
+{% if version %}
+{% if previous.version %}
+**Full Changelog**: {{ self::remote_url() }}/compare/{{ previous.version }}...{{ version }}
+{% endif %}
+{% else -%}
+  {% raw %}\n{% endraw %}
+{% endif %}
+
+{%- macro remote_url() -%}
+https://github.com/{{ remote.github.owner }}/{{ remote.github.repo }}\
+{% endmacro %}
 """
 
 
@@ -58,6 +87,11 @@ trim = false
 footer = """
 <!-- generated by git-cliff -->
 """
+postprocessors = [
+  { pattern = '<!-- Please read CONTRIBUTING.md before submitting any pull request. -->', replace = "" },
+  { pattern = '>---+\n', replace = '' },
+  { pattern = ' +\n', replace = "\n" },
+]
 
 [git]
 # parse the commits based on https://www.conventionalcommits.org
@@ -68,7 +102,7 @@ filter_unconventional = true
 split_commits = false
 # regex for preprocessing the commit messages
 commit_preprocessors = [
-  { pattern = '\((\w+\s)?#([0-9]+)\)', replace = "([#${2}](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/${2}))" },
+  { pattern = '\((\w+\s)?#([0-9]+)\)', replace = "" },
   { pattern = '(better safe shared layout cache)', replace = "perf(layout): ${1}" },
   { pattern = '(Clarify README.md)', replace = "docs(readme): ${1}" },
   { pattern = '(Update README.md)', replace = "docs(readme): ${1}" },
@@ -97,6 +131,7 @@ commit_parsers = [
   { message = "^(Buffer|buffer|Frame|frame|Gauge|gauge|Paragraph|paragraph):", group = "<!-- 07 -->Miscellaneous Tasks" },
   { message = "^\\[", group = "<!-- 07 -->Miscellaneous Tasks" },
 ]
+
 # protect breaking changes from being skipped due to matching a skipping commit_parser
 protect_breaking_commits = false
 # filter out the commits that are not matched by commit parsers

clippy.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+avoid-breaking-exported-api = false
+
+# https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#/multiple_crate_versions
+# ratatui -> bitflags v2.3
+# termwiz -> wezterm-blob-leases -> mac_address -> nix -> bitflags v1.3.2
+# crossterm -> all the windows- deps https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1064#issuecomment-2078848980
+allowed-duplicate-crates = [
+    "bitflags",
+    "windows-targets",
+    "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
+    "windows_aarch64_msvc",
+    "windows_i686_gnu",
+    "windows_i686_msvc",
+    "windows_x86_64_gnu",
+    "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
+    "windows_x86_64_msvc",
+]

deny.toml

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 # configuration for https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny
 
 [licenses]
-default = "deny"
-unlicensed = "deny"
-copyleft = "deny"
+version = 2
 confidence-threshold = 0.8
 allow = [
     "Apache-2.0",
@@ -16,8 +14,7 @@ allow = [
 ]
 
 [advisories]
-unmaintained = "deny"
-yanked = "deny"
+version = 2
 
 [bans]
 multiple-versions = "allow"

examples/README.md

@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 # Examples
 
-This folder contains unreleased code. View the [examples for the latest release
-(0.25.0)](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/v0.25.0/examples) instead.
+This folder might use unreleased code. View the examples for the latest release instead.
 
 > [!WARNING]
 >
-> There are backwards incompatible changes in these examples, as they are designed to compile
+> There may be backwards incompatible changes in these examples, as they are designed to compile
 > against the `main` branch.
 >
 > There are a few workaround for this problem:
 >
 > - View the examples as they were when the latest version was release by selecting the tag that
->   matches that version. E.g. <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/v0.25.0/examples>. There
->   is a combo box at the top of this page which allows you to select any previous tagged version.
-> - To view the code locally, checkout the tag using `git switch --detach v0.25.0`.
-> - Use the latest [alpha version of Ratatui]. These are released weekly on Saturdays.
+>   matches that version. E.g. <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/v0.26.1/examples>.
+> - If you're viewing this file on GitHub, there is a combo box at the top of this page  which
+>   allows you to select any previous tagged version.
+> - To view the code locally, checkout the tag. E.g. `git switch --detach v0.26.1`.
+> - Use the latest [alpha version of Ratatui] in your app. These are released weekly on Saturdays.
 > - Compile your code against the main branch either locally by adding e.g. `path = "../ratatui"` to
 >   the dependency, or remotely by adding `git = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui"`
 >
@@ -23,6 +23,26 @@ This folder contains unreleased code. View the [examples for the latest release
 > We don't keep the CHANGELOG updated with unreleased changes, check the git commit history or run
 > `git-cliff -u` against a cloned version of this repository.
 
+## Design choices
+
+The examples contain some opinionated choices in order to make it easier for newer rustaceans to
+easily be productive in creating applications:
+
+- Each example has an App struct, with methods that implement a main loop, handle events and drawing
+  the UI.
+- We use color_eyre for handling errors and panics. See [How to use color-eyre with Ratatui] on the
+  website for more information about this.
+- Common code is not extracted into a separate file. This makes each example self-contained and easy
+  to read as a whole.
+
+Not every example has been updated with all these points in mind yet, however over time they will
+be. None of the above choices are strictly necessary for Ratatui apps, but these choices make
+examples easier to run, maintain and explain. These choices are designed to help newer users fall
+into the pit of success when incorporating example code into their own apps. We may also eventually
+move some of these design choices into the core of Ratatui to simplify apps.
+
+[How to use color-eyre with Ratatui]: https://ratatui.rs/how-to/develop-apps/color_eyre/
+
 ## Demo2
 
 This is the demo example from the main README and crate page. Source: [demo2](./demo2/).
@@ -68,6 +88,17 @@ cargo run --example=barchart --features=crossterm
 
 ![Barchart][barchart.gif]
 
+## Barchart (Grouped)
+
+Demonstrates the [`BarChart`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.BarChart.html)
+widget with groups. Source: [barchart-grouped.rs](./barchart-grouped.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=barchart-grouped --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Barchart Grouped][barchart-grouped.gif]
+
 ## Block
 
 Demonstrates the [`Block`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/block/struct.Block.html)
@@ -141,6 +172,30 @@ of the VHS tape.
 
 <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/assets/381361/485e775a-e0b5-4133-899b-1e8aeb56e774>
 
+## Constraint Explorer
+
+Demonstrates the behaviour of each
+[`Constraint`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/layout/enum.Constraint.html) option with
+respect to each other across different `Flex` modes.
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=constraint-explorer --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Constraint Explorer][constraint-explorer.gif]
+
+## Constraints
+
+Demonstrates how to use
+[`Constraint`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/layout/enum.Constraint.html) options for
+defining layout element sizes.
+
+![Constraints][constraints.gif]
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=constraints --features=crossterm
+```
+
 ## Custom Widget
 
 Demonstrates how to implement the
@@ -164,6 +219,39 @@ cargo run --example=gauge --features=crossterm
 
 ![Gauge][gauge.gif]
 
+## Flex
+
+Demonstrates the different [`Flex`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/layout/enum.Flex.html)
+modes for controlling layout space distribution.
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=flex --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Flex][flex.gif]
+
+## Line Gauge
+
+Demonstrates the [`Line
+Gauge`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.LineGauge.html) widget. Source:
+[line_gauge.rs](./line_gauge.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=line_gauge --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![LineGauge][line_gauge.gif]
+
+## Hyperlink
+
+Demonstrates how to use OSC 8 to create hyperlinks in the terminal.
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=hyperlink --features="crossterm unstable-widget-ref"
+```
+
+![Hyperlink][hyperlink.gif]
+
 ## Inline
 
 Demonstrates how to use the
@@ -210,6 +298,16 @@ cargo run --example=modifiers --features=crossterm
 
 ![Modifiers][modifiers.gif]
 
+## Minimal
+
+Demonstrates how to create a minimal `Hello World!` program.
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=minimal --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Minimal][minimal.gif]
+
 ## Panic
 
 Demonstrates how to handle panics by ensuring that panic messages are written correctly to the
@@ -301,6 +399,17 @@ cargo run --example=tabs --features=crossterm
 
 ![Tabs][tabs.gif]
 
+## Tracing
+
+Demonstrates how to use the [tracing crate](https://crates.io/crates/tracing) for logging. Creates
+a file named `tracing.log` in the current directory.
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=tracing --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Tracing][tracing.gif]
+
 ## User Input
 
 Demonstrates one approach to accepting user input. Source [user_input.rs](./user_input.rs).
@@ -333,19 +442,26 @@ examples/vhs/generate.bash
 -->
 
 [barchart.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/barchart.gif?raw=true
+[barchart-grouped.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/barchart-grouped.gif?raw=true
 [block.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/block.gif?raw=true
 [calendar.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/calendar.gif?raw=true
 [canvas.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/canvas.gif?raw=true
 [chart.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/chart.gif?raw=true
 [colors.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/colors.gif?raw=true
+[constraint-explorer.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/constraint-explorer.gif?raw=true
+[constraints.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/constraints.gif?raw=true
 [custom_widget.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/custom_widget.gif?raw=true
 [demo.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo.gif?raw=true
 [demo2.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo2.gif?raw=true
+[flex.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/flex.gif?raw=true
 [gauge.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/gauge.gif?raw=true
 [hello_world.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/hello_world.gif?raw=true
+[hyperlink.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/hyperlink.gif?raw=true
 [inline.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/inline.gif?raw=true
 [layout.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/layout.gif?raw=true
 [list.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/list.gif?raw=true
+[line_gauge.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/line_gauge.gif?raw=true
+[minimal.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/minimal.gif?raw=true
 [modifiers.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/modifiers.gif?raw=true
 [panic.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/panic.gif?raw=true
 [paragraph.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/paragraph.gif?raw=true
@@ -355,6 +471,7 @@ examples/vhs/generate.bash
 [sparkline.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/sparkline.gif?raw=true
 [table.gif]:  https://vhs.charm.sh/vhs-6njXBytDf0rwPufUtmSSpI.gif
 [tabs.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/tabs.gif?raw=true
+[tracing.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/tracing.gif?raw=true
 [user_input.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/user_input.gif?raw=true
 
 [alpha version of Ratatui]: https://crates.io/crates/ratatui/versions

examples/async.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+//! # [Ratatui] Async example
+//!
+//! This example demonstrates how to use Ratatui with widgets that fetch data asynchronously. It
+//! uses the `octocrab` crate to fetch a list of pull requests from the GitHub API. You will need an
+//! environment variable named `GITHUB_TOKEN` with a valid GitHub personal access token. The token
+//! does not need any special permissions.
+//!
+//! <https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/keeping-your-account-and-data-secure/managing-your-personal-access-tokens#creating-a-fine-grained-personal-access-token>
+//! <https://github.com/settings/tokens/new> to create a new token (select classic, and no scopes)
+//!
+//! This example does not cover message passing between threads, it only demonstrates how to manage
+//! shared state between the main thread and a background task, which acts mostly as a one-shot
+//! fetcher. For more complex scenarios, you may need to use channels or other synchronization
+//! primitives.
+//!
+//! A simple app might have multiple widgets that fetch data from different sources, and each widget
+//! would have its own background task to fetch the data. The main thread would then render the
+//! widgets with the latest data.
+//!
+//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
+//!
+//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
+//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
+//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
+//!
+//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
+//! library you are using.
+//!
+//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
+//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+use std::{
+    sync::{Arc, RwLock},
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+use color_eyre::{eyre::Context, Result, Section};
+use futures::StreamExt;
+use octocrab::{
+    params::{pulls::Sort, Direction},
+    OctocrabBuilder, Page,
+};
+use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::event::{Event, EventStream, KeyCode},
+    layout::Offset,
+    prelude::{Buffer, Constraint, Line, Modifier, Rect, Stylize},
+    widgets::{
+        Block, BorderType, HighlightSpacing, Row, StatefulWidget, Table, TableState, Widget,
+    },
+};
+
+use self::terminal::Terminal;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    init_octocrab()?;
+    let terminal = terminal::init()?;
+    let app_result = App::default().run(terminal).await;
+    terminal::restore();
+    app_result
+}
+
+fn init_octocrab() -> Result<()> {
+    let token = std::env::var("GITHUB_TOKEN")
+        .wrap_err("The GITHUB_TOKEN environment variable was not found")
+        .suggestion(
+            "Go to https://github.com/settings/tokens/new to create a token, and re-run:
+            GITHUB_TOKEN=ghp_... cargo run --example async --features crossterm",
+        )?;
+    let crab = OctocrabBuilder::new().personal_token(token).build()?;
+    octocrab::initialise(crab);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct App {
+    should_quit: bool,
+    pulls: PullRequestsWidget,
+}
+
+impl App {
+    const FRAMES_PER_SECOND: f32 = 60.0;
+
+    pub async fn run(mut self, mut terminal: Terminal) -> Result<()> {
+        self.pulls.run();
+
+        let mut interval =
+            tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs_f32(1.0 / Self::FRAMES_PER_SECOND));
+        let mut events = EventStream::new();
+
+        while !self.should_quit {
+            tokio::select! {
+                _ = interval.tick() => self.draw(&mut terminal)?,
+                Some(Ok(event)) = events.next() =>  self.handle_event(&event),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal) -> Result<()> {
+        terminal.draw(|frame| {
+            let area = frame.area();
+            frame.render_widget(
+                Line::from("ratatui async example").centered().cyan().bold(),
+                area,
+            );
+            let area = area.offset(Offset { x: 0, y: 1 }).intersection(area);
+            frame.render_widget(&self.pulls, area);
+        })?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn handle_event(&mut self, event: &Event) {
+        if let Event::Key(event) = event {
+            match event.code {
+                KeyCode::Char('q') => self.should_quit = true,
+                KeyCode::Char('j') => self.pulls.scroll_down(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') => self.pulls.scroll_up(),
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A widget that displays a list of pull requests.
+///
+/// This is an async widget that fetches the list of pull requests from the GitHub API. It contains
+/// an inner `Arc<RwLock<PullRequests>>` that holds the state of the widget. Cloning the widget
+/// will clone the Arc, so you can pass it around to other threads, and this is used to spawn a
+/// background task to fetch the pull requests.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+struct PullRequestsWidget {
+    inner: Arc<RwLock<PullRequests>>,
+    selected_index: usize, // no need to lock this since it's only accessed by the main thread
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct PullRequests {
+    pulls: Vec<PullRequest>,
+    loading_state: LoadingState,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct PullRequest {
+    id: String,
+    title: String,
+    url: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum LoadingState {
+    #[default]
+    Idle,
+    Loading,
+    Loaded,
+    Error(String),
+}
+
+impl PullRequestsWidget {
+    /// Start fetching the pull requests in the background.
+    ///
+    /// This method spawns a background task that fetches the pull requests from the GitHub API.
+    /// The result of the fetch is then passed to the `on_load` or `on_err` methods.
+    fn run(&self) {
+        let this = self.clone(); // clone the widget to pass to the background task
+        tokio::spawn(this.fetch_pulls());
+    }
+
+    async fn fetch_pulls(self) {
+        // this runs once, but you could also run this in a loop, using a channel that accepts
+        // messages to refresh on demand, or with an interval timer to refresh every N seconds
+        self.set_loading_state(LoadingState::Loading);
+        match octocrab::instance()
+            .pulls("ratatui-org", "ratatui")
+            .list()
+            .sort(Sort::Updated)
+            .direction(Direction::Descending)
+            .send()
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(page) => self.on_load(&page),
+            Err(err) => self.on_err(&err),
+        }
+    }
+    fn on_load(&self, page: &Page<OctoPullRequest>) {
+        let prs = page.items.iter().map(Into::into);
+        let mut inner = self.inner.write().unwrap();
+        inner.loading_state = LoadingState::Loaded;
+        inner.pulls.extend(prs);
+    }
+
+    fn on_err(&self, err: &octocrab::Error) {
+        self.set_loading_state(LoadingState::Error(err.to_string()));
+    }
+
+    fn set_loading_state(&self, state: LoadingState) {
+        self.inner.write().unwrap().loading_state = state;
+    }
+
+    fn scroll_down(&mut self) {
+        self.selected_index = self.selected_index.saturating_add(1);
+    }
+
+    fn scroll_up(&mut self) {
+        self.selected_index = self.selected_index.saturating_sub(1);
+    }
+}
+
+type OctoPullRequest = octocrab::models::pulls::PullRequest;
+
+impl From<&OctoPullRequest> for PullRequest {
+    fn from(pr: &OctoPullRequest) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: pr.number.to_string(),
+            title: pr.title.as_ref().unwrap().to_string(),
+            url: pr
+                .html_url
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(ToString::to_string)
+                .unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Widget for &PullRequestsWidget {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().unwrap();
+
+        // a block with a right aligned title with the loading state
+        let loading_state = Line::from(format!("{:?}", inner.loading_state)).right_aligned();
+        let block = Block::bordered()
+            .border_type(BorderType::Rounded)
+            .title("Pull Requests")
+            .title(loading_state);
+
+        // a table with the list of pull requests
+        let rows = inner.pulls.iter();
+        let widths = [
+            Constraint::Length(5),
+            Constraint::Fill(1),
+            Constraint::Max(49),
+        ];
+        let table = Table::new(rows, widths)
+            .block(block)
+            .highlight_spacing(HighlightSpacing::Always)
+            .highlight_symbol(">>")
+            .highlight_style(Modifier::REVERSED);
+        let mut table_state = TableState::new().with_selected(self.selected_index);
+
+        StatefulWidget::render(table, area, buf, &mut table_state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&PullRequest> for Row<'_> {
+    fn from(pr: &PullRequest) -> Self {
+        let pr = pr.clone();
+        Row::new(vec![pr.id, pr.title, pr.url])
+    }
+}
+
+mod terminal {
+    use std::io;
+
+    use crossterm::{
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    };
+    use ratatui::prelude::{CrosstermBackend, Terminal as RatatuiTerminal};
+
+    /// A type alias for the terminal type used in this example.
+    pub type Terminal = RatatuiTerminal<CrosstermBackend<io::Stdout>>;
+
+    pub fn init() -> io::Result<Terminal> {
+        set_panic_hook();
+        enable_raw_mode()?;
+        execute!(io::stdout(), EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+        let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(io::stdout());
+        Terminal::new(backend)
+    }
+
+    fn set_panic_hook() {
+        let hook = std::panic::take_hook();
+        std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
+            restore();
+            hook(info);
+        }));
+    }
+
+    /// Restores the terminal to its original state.
+    pub fn restore() {
+        if let Err(err) = disable_raw_mode() {
+            eprintln!("error disabling raw mode: {err}");
+        }
+        if let Err(err) = execute!(io::stdout(), LeaveAlternateScreen) {
+            eprintln!("error leaving alternate screen: {err}");
+        }
+    }
+}

examples/barchart-grouped.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+//! # [Ratatui] `BarChart` example
+//!
+//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
+//!
+//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
+//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
+//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
+//!
+//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
+//! library you are using.
+//!
+//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
+//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+
+use std::iter::zip;
+
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    prelude::{Color, Constraint, Direction, Frame, Layout, Line, Style},
+    style::Stylize,
+    widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block},
+};
+
+use self::terminal::Terminal;
+
+const COMPANY_COUNT: usize = 3;
+const PERIOD_COUNT: usize = 4;
+
+struct App {
+    should_exit: bool,
+    companies: [Company; COMPANY_COUNT],
+    revenues: [Revenues; PERIOD_COUNT],
+}
+
+struct Revenues {
+    period: &'static str,
+    revenues: [u32; COMPANY_COUNT],
+}
+
+struct Company {
+    short_name: &'static str,
+    name: &'static str,
+    color: Color,
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    let mut terminal = terminal::init()?;
+    let app = App::new();
+    app.run(&mut terminal)?;
+    terminal::restore()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl App {
+    const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            should_exit: false,
+            companies: fake_companies(),
+            revenues: fake_revenues(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal) -> Result<()> {
+        while !self.should_exit {
+            self.draw(terminal)?;
+            self.handle_events()?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal) -> Result<()> {
+        terminal.draw(|frame| self.render(frame))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                self.should_exit = true;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn render(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
+        use Constraint::{Fill, Length, Min};
+        let [title, top, bottom] = Layout::vertical([Length(1), Fill(1), Min(20)])
+            .spacing(1)
+            .areas(frame.area());
+
+        frame.render_widget("Grouped Barchart".bold().into_centered_line(), title);
+        frame.render_widget(self.vertical_revenue_barchart(), top);
+        frame.render_widget(self.horizontal_revenue_barchart(), bottom);
+    }
+
+    /// Create a vertical revenue bar chart with the data from the `revenues` field.
+    fn vertical_revenue_barchart(&self) -> BarChart<'_> {
+        let title = Line::from("Company revenues (Vertical)").centered();
+        let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
+            .block(Block::new().title(title))
+            .bar_gap(0)
+            .bar_width(6)
+            .group_gap(2);
+        for group in self
+            .revenues
+            .iter()
+            .map(|revenue| revenue.to_vertical_bar_group(&self.companies))
+        {
+            barchart = barchart.data(group);
+        }
+        barchart
+    }
+
+    /// Create a horizontal revenue bar chart with the data from the `revenues` field.
+    fn horizontal_revenue_barchart(&self) -> BarChart<'_> {
+        let title = Line::from("Company Revenues (Horizontal)").centered();
+        let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
+            .block(Block::new().title(title))
+            .bar_width(1)
+            .group_gap(2)
+            .bar_gap(0)
+            .direction(Direction::Horizontal);
+        for group in self
+            .revenues
+            .iter()
+            .map(|revenue| revenue.to_horizontal_bar_group(&self.companies))
+        {
+            barchart = barchart.data(group);
+        }
+        barchart
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generate fake company data
+const fn fake_companies() -> [Company; COMPANY_COUNT] {
+    [
+        Company::new("BAKE", "Bake my day", Color::LightRed),
+        Company::new("BITE", "Bits and Bites", Color::Blue),
+        Company::new("TART", "Tart of the Table", Color::White),
+    ]
+}
+
+/// Some fake revenue data
+const fn fake_revenues() -> [Revenues; PERIOD_COUNT] {
+    [
+        Revenues::new("Jan", [8500, 6500, 7000]),
+        Revenues::new("Feb", [9000, 7500, 8500]),
+        Revenues::new("Mar", [9500, 4500, 8200]),
+        Revenues::new("Apr", [6300, 4000, 5000]),
+    ]
+}
+
+impl Revenues {
+    /// Create a new instance of `Revenues`
+    const fn new(period: &'static str, revenues: [u32; COMPANY_COUNT]) -> Self {
+        Self { period, revenues }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a `BarGroup` with vertical bars for each company
+    fn to_vertical_bar_group<'a>(&self, companies: &'a [Company]) -> BarGroup<'a> {
+        let bars: Vec<Bar> = zip(companies, self.revenues)
+            .map(|(company, revenue)| company.vertical_revenue_bar(revenue))
+            .collect();
+        BarGroup::default()
+            .label(Line::from(self.period).centered())
+            .bars(&bars)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a `BarGroup` with horizontal bars for each company
+    fn to_horizontal_bar_group<'a>(&'a self, companies: &'a [Company]) -> BarGroup<'a> {
+        let bars: Vec<Bar> = zip(companies, self.revenues)
+            .map(|(company, revenue)| company.horizontal_revenue_bar(revenue))
+            .collect();
+        BarGroup::default()
+            .label(Line::from(self.period).centered())
+            .bars(&bars)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Company {
+    /// Create a new instance of `Company`
+    const fn new(short_name: &'static str, name: &'static str, color: Color) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            short_name,
+            name,
+            color,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a vertical revenue bar for the company
+    ///
+    /// The label is the short name of the company, and will be displayed under the bar
+    fn vertical_revenue_bar(&self, revenue: u32) -> Bar {
+        let text_value = format!("{:.1}M", f64::from(revenue) / 1000.);
+        Bar::default()
+            .label(self.short_name.into())
+            .value(u64::from(revenue))
+            .text_value(text_value)
+            .style(self.color)
+            .value_style(Style::new().fg(Color::Black).bg(self.color))
+    }
+
+    /// Create a horizontal revenue bar for the company
+    ///
+    /// The label is the long name of the company combined with the revenue and will be displayed
+    /// on the bar
+    fn horizontal_revenue_bar(&self, revenue: u32) -> Bar {
+        let text_value = format!("{} ({:.1} M)", self.name, f64::from(revenue) / 1000.);
+        Bar::default()
+            .value(u64::from(revenue))
+            .text_value(text_value)
+            .style(self.color)
+            .value_style(Style::new().fg(Color::Black).bg(self.color))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Contains functions common to all examples
+mod terminal {
+    use std::{
+        io::{self, stdout, Stdout},
+        panic,
+    };
+
+    use ratatui::{
+        backend::CrosstermBackend,
+        crossterm::{
+            execute,
+            terminal::{
+                disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, Clear, ClearType, EnterAlternateScreen,
+                LeaveAlternateScreen,
+            },
+        },
+    };
+
+    // A type alias to simplify the usage of the terminal and make it easier to change the backend
+    // or choice of writer.
+    pub type Terminal = ratatui::Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>;
+
+    /// Initialize the terminal by enabling raw mode and entering the alternate screen.
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called before the program starts to ensure that the terminal is in
+    /// the correct state for the application.
+    pub fn init() -> io::Result<Terminal> {
+        install_panic_hook();
+        enable_raw_mode()?;
+        execute!(stdout(), EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+        let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+        let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+        Ok(terminal)
+    }
+
+    /// Restore the terminal by leaving the alternate screen and disabling raw mode.
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called before the program exits to ensure that the terminal is
+    /// restored to its original state.
+    pub fn restore() -> io::Result<()> {
+        disable_raw_mode()?;
+        execute!(
+            stdout(),
+            LeaveAlternateScreen,
+            Clear(ClearType::FromCursorDown),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Install a panic hook that restores the terminal before printing the panic.
+    ///
+    /// This prevents error messages from being messed up by the terminal state.
+    fn install_panic_hook() {
+        let panic_hook = panic::take_hook();
+        panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |panic_info| {
+            let _ = restore();
+            panic_hook(panic_info);
+        }));
+    }
+}

examples/barchart.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] BarChart example
+//! # [Ratatui] `BarChart` example
 //!
 //! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
 //!
@@ -13,280 +13,187 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
+use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+    prelude::{Color, Line, Style, Stylize},
+    widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use self::terminal::Terminal;
 
-struct Company<'a> {
-    revenue: [u64; 4],
-    label: &'a str,
-    bar_style: Style,
+struct App {
+    should_exit: bool,
+    temperatures: Vec<u8>,
 }
 
-struct App<'a> {
-    data: Vec<(&'a str, u64)>,
-    months: [&'a str; 4],
-    companies: [Company<'a>; 3],
-}
-
-const TOTAL_REVENUE: &str = "Total Revenue";
-
-impl<'a> App<'a> {
-    fn new() -> App<'a> {
-        App {
-            data: vec![
-                ("B1", 9),
-                ("B2", 12),
-                ("B3", 5),
-                ("B4", 8),
-                ("B5", 2),
-                ("B6", 4),
-                ("B7", 5),
-                ("B8", 9),
-                ("B9", 14),
-                ("B10", 15),
-                ("B11", 1),
-                ("B12", 0),
-                ("B13", 4),
-                ("B14", 6),
-                ("B15", 4),
-                ("B16", 6),
-                ("B17", 4),
-                ("B18", 7),
-                ("B19", 13),
-                ("B20", 8),
-                ("B21", 11),
-                ("B22", 9),
-                ("B23", 3),
-                ("B24", 5),
-            ],
-            companies: [
-                Company {
-                    label: "Comp.A",
-                    revenue: [9500, 12500, 5300, 8500],
-                    bar_style: Style::default().fg(Color::Green),
-                },
-                Company {
-                    label: "Comp.B",
-                    revenue: [1500, 2500, 3000, 500],
-                    bar_style: Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
-                },
-                Company {
-                    label: "Comp.C",
-                    revenue: [10500, 10600, 9000, 4200],
-                    bar_style: Style::default().fg(Color::White),
-                },
-            ],
-            months: ["Mars", "Apr", "May", "Jun"],
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
-        let value = self.data.pop().unwrap();
-        self.data.insert(0, value);
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    let mut terminal = terminal::init()?;
     let app = App::new();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
+    app.run(&mut terminal)?;
+    terminal::restore()?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
-    mut app: App,
-    tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
-    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
+impl App {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        let mut rng = thread_rng();
+        let temperatures = (0..24).map(|_| rng.gen_range(50..90)).collect();
+        Self {
+            should_exit: false,
+            temperatures,
+        }
+    }
 
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
-        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal) -> Result<()> {
+        while !self.should_exit {
+            self.draw(terminal)?;
+            self.handle_events()?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal) -> Result<()> {
+        terminal.draw(|frame| self.render(frame))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                self.should_exit = true;
             }
         }
-        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
-            app.on_tick();
-            last_tick = Instant::now();
-        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn render(&self, frame: &mut ratatui::Frame) {
+        let [title, vertical, horizontal] = Layout::vertical([
+            Constraint::Length(1),
+            Constraint::Fill(1),
+            Constraint::Fill(1),
+        ])
+        .spacing(1)
+        .areas(frame.area());
+        frame.render_widget("Barchart".bold().into_centered_line(), title);
+        frame.render_widget(vertical_barchart(&self.temperatures), vertical);
+        frame.render_widget(horizontal_barchart(&self.temperatures), horizontal);
     }
 }
 
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Ratio(1, 3), Constraint::Ratio(2, 3)]);
-    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]);
-    let [top, bottom] = vertical.areas(frame.size());
-    let [left, right] = horizontal.areas(bottom);
-
-    let barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
-        .data(&app.data)
-        .bar_width(9)
-        .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-        .value_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Black).bg(Color::Yellow));
-
-    frame.render_widget(barchart, top);
-    draw_bar_with_group_labels(frame, app, left);
-    draw_horizontal_bars(frame, app, right);
-}
-
-fn create_groups<'a>(app: &'a App, combine_values_and_labels: bool) -> Vec<BarGroup<'a>> {
-    app.months
+/// Create a vertical bar chart from the temperatures data.
+fn vertical_barchart(temperatures: &[u8]) -> BarChart {
+    let bars: Vec<Bar> = temperatures
         .iter()
+        .map(|v| u64::from(*v))
         .enumerate()
-        .map(|(i, &month)| {
-            let bars: Vec<Bar> = app
-                .companies
-                .iter()
-                .map(|c| {
-                    let mut bar = Bar::default()
-                        .value(c.revenue[i])
-                        .style(c.bar_style)
-                        .value_style(
-                            Style::default()
-                                .bg(c.bar_style.fg.unwrap())
-                                .fg(Color::Black),
-                        );
-
-                    if combine_values_and_labels {
-                        bar = bar.text_value(format!(
-                            "{} ({:.1} M)",
-                            c.label,
-                            (c.revenue[i] as f64) / 1000.
-                        ));
-                    } else {
-                        bar = bar
-                            .text_value(format!("{:.1}", (c.revenue[i] as f64) / 1000.))
-                            .label(c.label.into());
-                    }
-                    bar
-                })
-                .collect();
-            BarGroup::default()
-                .label(Line::from(month).centered())
-                .bars(&bars)
+        .map(|(i, value)| {
+            Bar::default()
+                .value(value)
+                .label(Line::from(format!("{i:>02}:00")))
+                .text_value(format!("{value:>3}°"))
+                .style(temperature_style(value))
+                .value_style(temperature_style(value).reversed())
         })
-        .collect()
+        .collect();
+    let title = Line::from("Weather (Vertical)").centered();
+    BarChart::default()
+        .data(BarGroup::default().bars(&bars))
+        .block(Block::new().title(title))
+        .bar_width(5)
 }
 
-fn draw_bar_with_group_labels(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
-    let groups = create_groups(app, false);
-
-    let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
-        .bar_width(7)
-        .group_gap(3);
-
-    for group in groups {
-        barchart = barchart.data(group)
-    }
-
-    f.render_widget(barchart, area);
-
-    const LEGEND_HEIGHT: u16 = 6;
-    if area.height >= LEGEND_HEIGHT && area.width >= TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2 {
-        let legend_width = TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2;
-        let legend_area = Rect {
-            height: LEGEND_HEIGHT,
-            width: legend_width,
-            y: area.y,
-            x: area.right() - legend_width,
-        };
-        draw_legend(f, legend_area);
-    }
-}
-
-fn draw_horizontal_bars(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
-    let groups = create_groups(app, true);
-
-    let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
+/// Create a horizontal bar chart from the temperatures data.
+fn horizontal_barchart(temperatures: &[u8]) -> BarChart {
+    let bars: Vec<Bar> = temperatures
+        .iter()
+        .map(|v| u64::from(*v))
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, value)| {
+            let style = temperature_style(value);
+            Bar::default()
+                .value(value)
+                .label(Line::from(format!("{i:>02}:00")))
+                .text_value(format!("{value:>3}°"))
+                .style(style)
+                .value_style(style.reversed())
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let title = Line::from("Weather (Horizontal)").centered();
+    BarChart::default()
+        .block(Block::new().title(title))
+        .data(BarGroup::default().bars(&bars))
         .bar_width(1)
-        .group_gap(1)
         .bar_gap(0)
-        .direction(Direction::Horizontal);
-
-    for group in groups {
-        barchart = barchart.data(group)
-    }
-
-    f.render_widget(barchart, area);
-
-    const LEGEND_HEIGHT: u16 = 6;
-    if area.height >= LEGEND_HEIGHT && area.width >= TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2 {
-        let legend_width = TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2;
-        let legend_area = Rect {
-            height: LEGEND_HEIGHT,
-            width: legend_width,
-            y: area.y,
-            x: area.right() - legend_width,
-        };
-        draw_legend(f, legend_area);
-    }
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
 }
 
-fn draw_legend(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let text = vec![
-        Line::from(Span::styled(
-            TOTAL_REVENUE,
-            Style::default()
-                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
-                .fg(Color::White),
-        )),
-        Line::from(Span::styled(
-            "- Company A",
-            Style::default().fg(Color::Green),
-        )),
-        Line::from(Span::styled(
-            "- Company B",
-            Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
-        )),
-        Line::from(vec![Span::styled(
-            "- Company C",
-            Style::default().fg(Color::White),
-        )]),
-    ];
-
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::White));
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text).block(block);
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, area);
+/// create a yellow to red value based on the value (50-90)
+fn temperature_style(value: u64) -> Style {
+    let green = (255.0 * (1.0 - (value - 50) as f64 / 40.0)) as u8;
+    let color = Color::Rgb(255, green, 0);
+    Style::new().fg(color)
+}
+
+/// Contains functions common to all examples
+mod terminal {
+    use std::{
+        io::{self, stdout, Stdout},
+        panic,
+    };
+
+    use ratatui::{
+        backend::CrosstermBackend,
+        crossterm::{
+            execute,
+            terminal::{
+                disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, Clear, ClearType, EnterAlternateScreen,
+                LeaveAlternateScreen,
+            },
+        },
+    };
+
+    // A type alias to simplify the usage of the terminal and make it easier to change the backend
+    // or choice of writer.
+    pub type Terminal = ratatui::Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>;
+
+    /// Initialize the terminal by enabling raw mode and entering the alternate screen.
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called before the program starts to ensure that the terminal is in
+    /// the correct state for the application.
+    pub fn init() -> io::Result<Terminal> {
+        install_panic_hook();
+        enable_raw_mode()?;
+        execute!(stdout(), EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+        let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+        let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+        Ok(terminal)
+    }
+
+    /// Restore the terminal by leaving the alternate screen and disabling raw mode.
+    ///
+    /// This function should be called before the program exits to ensure that the terminal is
+    /// restored to its original state.
+    pub fn restore() -> io::Result<()> {
+        disable_raw_mode()?;
+        execute!(
+            stdout(),
+            LeaveAlternateScreen,
+            Clear(ClearType::FromCursorDown),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Install a panic hook that restores the terminal before printing the panic.
+    ///
+    /// This prevents error messages from being messed up by the terminal state.
+    fn install_panic_hook() {
+        let panic_hook = panic::take_hook();
+        panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |panic_info| {
+            let _ = restore();
+            panic_hook(panic_info);
+        }));
+    }
 }

examples/block.rs

@@ -20,18 +20,22 @@ use std::{
     time::Duration,
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Style, Stylize},
+    text::Line,
     widgets::{
         block::{Position, Title},
         Block, BorderType, Borders, Padding, Paragraph, Wrap,
     },
+    Frame,
 };
 
 // These type aliases are used to make the code more readable by reducing repetition of the generic
@@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal) -> Result<()> {
 fn handle_events() -> Result<ControlFlow<()>> {
     if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(100))? {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+            if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                 return Ok(ControlFlow::Break(()));
             }
         }
@@ -86,7 +90,7 @@ fn handle_events() -> Result<ControlFlow<()>> {
 }
 
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let (title_area, layout) = calculate_layout(frame.size());
+    let (title_area, layout) = calculate_layout(frame.area());
 
     render_title(frame, title_area);
 
@@ -150,7 +154,7 @@ fn placeholder_paragraph() -> Paragraph<'static> {
 fn render_borders(paragraph: &Paragraph, border: Borders, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
     let block = Block::new()
         .borders(border)
-        .title(format!("Borders::{border:#?}", border = border));
+        .title(format!("Borders::{border:#?}"));
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
@@ -160,23 +164,20 @@ fn render_border_type(
     frame: &mut Frame,
     area: Rect,
 ) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .border_type(border_type)
         .title(format!("BorderType::{border_type:#?}"));
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 fn render_styled_borders(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .border_style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic())
         .title("Styled borders");
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
 fn render_styled_block(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic())
         .title("Styled block");
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
@@ -184,8 +185,7 @@ fn render_styled_block(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
 
 // Note: this currently renders incorrectly, see https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/349
 fn render_styled_title(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .title("Styled title")
         .title_style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic());
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
@@ -196,21 +196,19 @@ fn render_styled_title_content(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: R
         "Styled ".blue().on_white().bold().italic(),
         "title content".red().on_white().bold().italic(),
     ]);
-    let block = Block::new().borders(Borders::ALL).title(title);
+    let block = Block::bordered().title(title);
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
 fn render_multiple_titles(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .title("Multiple".blue().on_white().bold().italic())
         .title("Titles".red().on_white().bold().italic());
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
 fn render_multiple_title_positions(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .title(
             Title::from("top left")
                 .position(Position::Top)
@@ -245,16 +243,15 @@ fn render_multiple_title_positions(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, are
 }
 
 fn render_padding(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
-        .title("Padding")
-        .padding(Padding::new(5, 10, 1, 2));
+    let block = Block::bordered()
+        .padding(Padding::new(5, 10, 1, 2))
+        .title("Padding");
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
 fn render_nested_blocks(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let outer_block = Block::new().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Outer block");
-    let inner_block = Block::new().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Inner block");
+    let outer_block = Block::bordered().title("Outer block");
+    let inner_block = Block::bordered().title("Inner block");
     let inner = outer_block.inner(area);
     frame.render_widget(outer_block, area);
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(inner_block), inner);

examples/calendar.rs

@@ -15,12 +15,18 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    widgets::calendar::{CalendarEventStore, DateStyler, Monthly},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::calendar::*};
 use time::{Date, Month, OffsetDateTime};
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
@@ -50,8 +56,8 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn draw(f: &mut Frame) {
-    let app_area = f.size();
+fn draw(frame: &mut Frame) {
+    let app_area = frame.area();
 
     let calarea = Rect {
         x: app_area.x + 1,
@@ -78,7 +84,7 @@ fn draw(f: &mut Frame) {
     });
     for col in cols {
         let cal = cals::get_cal(start.month(), start.year(), &list);
-        f.render_widget(cal, col);
+        frame.render_widget(cal, col);
         start = start.replace_month(start.month().next()).unwrap();
     }
 }
@@ -164,17 +170,16 @@ fn make_dates(current_year: i32) -> CalendarEventStore {
 }
 
 mod cals {
+    #[allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
     use super::*;
 
-    pub(super) fn get_cal<'a, DS: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: DS) -> Monthly<'a, DS> {
-        use Month::*;
+    pub fn get_cal<'a, DS: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: DS) -> Monthly<'a, DS> {
         match m {
-            May => example1(m, y, es),
-            June => example2(m, y, es),
-            July => example3(m, y, es),
-            December => example3(m, y, es),
-            February => example4(m, y, es),
-            November => example5(m, y, es),
+            Month::May => example1(m, y, es),
+            Month::June => example2(m, y, es),
+            Month::July | Month::December => example3(m, y, es),
+            Month::February => example4(m, y, es),
+            Month::November => example5(m, y, es),
             _ => default(m, y, es),
         }
     }

examples/canvas.rs

@@ -18,14 +18,21 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Stylize},
+    symbols::Marker,
+    widgets::{
+        canvas::{Canvas, Circle, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
+        Block, Widget,
+    },
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
@@ -44,8 +51,8 @@ struct App {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> App {
-        App {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
             x: 0.0,
             y: 0.0,
             ball: Circle {
@@ -64,7 +71,7 @@ impl App {
 
     pub fn run() -> io::Result<()> {
         let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
-        let mut app = App::new();
+        let mut app = Self::new();
         let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
         let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(16);
         loop {
@@ -106,13 +113,13 @@ impl App {
         // bounce the ball by flipping the velocity vector
         let ball = &self.ball;
         let playground = self.playground;
-        if ball.x - ball.radius < playground.left() as f64
-            || ball.x + ball.radius > playground.right() as f64
+        if ball.x - ball.radius < f64::from(playground.left())
+            || ball.x + ball.radius > f64::from(playground.right())
         {
             self.vx = -self.vx;
         }
-        if ball.y - ball.radius < playground.top() as f64
-            || ball.y + ball.radius > playground.bottom() as f64
+        if ball.y - ball.radius < f64::from(playground.top())
+            || ball.y + ball.radius > f64::from(playground.bottom())
         {
             self.vy = -self.vy;
         }
@@ -125,7 +132,7 @@ impl App {
         let horizontal =
             Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]);
         let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]);
-        let [map, right] = horizontal.areas(frame.size());
+        let [map, right] = horizontal.areas(frame.area());
         let [pong, boxes] = vertical.areas(right);
 
         frame.render_widget(self.map_canvas(), map);
@@ -135,7 +142,7 @@ impl App {
 
     fn map_canvas(&self) -> impl Widget + '_ {
         Canvas::default()
-            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("World"))
+            .block(Block::bordered().title("World"))
             .marker(self.marker)
             .paint(|ctx| {
                 ctx.draw(&Map {
@@ -150,7 +157,7 @@ impl App {
 
     fn pong_canvas(&self) -> impl Widget + '_ {
         Canvas::default()
-            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Pong"))
+            .block(Block::bordered().title("Pong"))
             .marker(self.marker)
             .paint(|ctx| {
                 ctx.draw(&self.ball);
@@ -160,36 +167,38 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn boxes_canvas(&self, area: Rect) -> impl Widget {
-        let (left, right, bottom, top) =
-            (0.0, area.width as f64, 0.0, area.height as f64 * 2.0 - 4.0);
+        let left = 0.0;
+        let right = f64::from(area.width);
+        let bottom = 0.0;
+        let top = f64::from(area.height).mul_add(2.0, -4.0);
         Canvas::default()
-            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Rects"))
+            .block(Block::bordered().title("Rects"))
             .marker(self.marker)
             .x_bounds([left, right])
             .y_bounds([bottom, top])
             .paint(|ctx| {
                 for i in 0..=11 {
                     ctx.draw(&Rectangle {
-                        x: (i * i + 3 * i) as f64 / 2.0 + 2.0,
+                        x: f64::from(i * i + 3 * i) / 2.0 + 2.0,
                         y: 2.0,
-                        width: i as f64,
-                        height: i as f64,
+                        width: f64::from(i),
+                        height: f64::from(i),
                         color: Color::Red,
                     });
                     ctx.draw(&Rectangle {
-                        x: (i * i + 3 * i) as f64 / 2.0 + 2.0,
+                        x: f64::from(i * i + 3 * i) / 2.0 + 2.0,
                         y: 21.0,
-                        width: i as f64,
-                        height: i as f64,
+                        width: f64::from(i),
+                        height: f64::from(i),
                         color: Color::Blue,
                     });
                 }
                 for i in 0..100 {
                     if i % 10 != 0 {
-                        ctx.print(i as f64 + 1.0, 0.0, format!("{i}", i = i % 10));
+                        ctx.print(f64::from(i) + 1.0, 0.0, format!("{i}", i = i % 10));
                     }
                     if i % 2 == 0 && i % 10 != 0 {
-                        ctx.print(0.0, i as f64, format!("{i}", i = i % 10));
+                        ctx.print(0.0, f64::from(i), format!("{i}", i = i % 10));
                     }
                 }
             })

examples/chart.rs

@@ -19,18 +19,23 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{block::Title, *},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols::{self, Marker},
+    text::Span,
+    widgets::{block::Title, Axis, Block, Chart, Dataset, GraphType, LegendPosition},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct SinSignal {
+struct SinSignal {
     x: f64,
     interval: f64,
     period: f64,
@@ -38,8 +43,8 @@ pub struct SinSignal {
 }
 
 impl SinSignal {
-    pub fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> SinSignal {
-        SinSignal {
+    const fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> Self {
+        Self {
             x: 0.0,
             interval,
             period,
@@ -66,12 +71,12 @@ struct App {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> App {
+    fn new() -> Self {
         let mut signal1 = SinSignal::new(0.2, 3.0, 18.0);
         let mut signal2 = SinSignal::new(0.1, 2.0, 10.0);
         let data1 = signal1.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<(f64, f64)>>();
         let data2 = signal2.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<(f64, f64)>>();
-        App {
+        Self {
             signal1,
             data1,
             signal2,
@@ -133,7 +138,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
         let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
         if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -146,19 +151,18 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
 }
 
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let area = frame.size();
+    let [top, bottom] = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Fill(1); 2]).areas(frame.area());
+    let [animated_chart, bar_chart] =
+        Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Fill(1), Constraint::Length(29)]).areas(top);
+    let [line_chart, scatter] = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Fill(1); 2]).areas(bottom);
 
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(40), Constraint::Percentage(60)]);
-    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)]);
-    let [chart1, bottom] = vertical.areas(area);
-    let [line_chart, scatter] = horizontal.areas(bottom);
-
-    render_chart1(frame, chart1, app);
+    render_animated_chart(frame, animated_chart, app);
+    render_barchart(frame, bar_chart);
     render_line_chart(frame, line_chart);
     render_scatter(frame, scatter);
 }
 
-fn render_chart1(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, app: &App) {
+fn render_animated_chart(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, app: &App) {
     let x_labels = vec![
         Span::styled(
             format!("{}", app.window[0]),
@@ -184,11 +188,7 @@ fn render_chart1(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, app: &App) {
     ];
 
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
-        .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title("Chart 1".cyan().bold())
-                .borders(Borders::ALL),
-        )
+        .block(Block::bordered())
         .x_axis(
             Axis::default()
                 .title("X Axis")
@@ -200,13 +200,58 @@ fn render_chart1(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, app: &App) {
             Axis::default()
                 .title("Y Axis")
                 .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                .labels(vec!["-20".bold(), "0".into(), "20".bold()])
+                .labels(["-20".bold(), "0".into(), "20".bold()])
                 .bounds([-20.0, 20.0]),
         );
 
     f.render_widget(chart, area);
 }
 
+fn render_barchart(frame: &mut Frame, bar_chart: Rect) {
+    let dataset = Dataset::default()
+        .marker(symbols::Marker::HalfBlock)
+        .style(Style::new().fg(Color::Blue))
+        .graph_type(GraphType::Bar)
+        // a bell curve
+        .data(&[
+            (0., 0.4),
+            (10., 2.9),
+            (20., 13.5),
+            (30., 41.1),
+            (40., 80.1),
+            (50., 100.0),
+            (60., 80.1),
+            (70., 41.1),
+            (80., 13.5),
+            (90., 2.9),
+            (100., 0.4),
+        ]);
+
+    let chart = Chart::new(vec![dataset])
+        .block(
+            Block::bordered().title(
+                Title::default()
+                    .content("Bar chart".cyan().bold())
+                    .alignment(Alignment::Center),
+            ),
+        )
+        .x_axis(
+            Axis::default()
+                .style(Style::default().gray())
+                .bounds([0.0, 100.0])
+                .labels(["0".bold(), "50".into(), "100.0".bold()]),
+        )
+        .y_axis(
+            Axis::default()
+                .style(Style::default().gray())
+                .bounds([0.0, 100.0])
+                .labels(["0".bold(), "50".into(), "100.0".bold()]),
+        )
+        .hidden_legend_constraints((Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)));
+
+    frame.render_widget(chart, bar_chart);
+}
+
 fn render_line_chart(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
     let datasets = vec![Dataset::default()
         .name("Line from only 2 points".italic())
@@ -217,32 +262,30 @@ fn render_line_chart(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
 
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title(
-                    Title::default()
-                        .content("Line chart".cyan().bold())
-                        .alignment(Alignment::Center),
-                )
-                .borders(Borders::ALL),
+            Block::bordered().title(
+                Title::default()
+                    .content("Line chart".cyan().bold())
+                    .alignment(Alignment::Center),
+            ),
         )
         .x_axis(
             Axis::default()
                 .title("X Axis")
                 .style(Style::default().gray())
                 .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
-                .labels(vec!["0".bold(), "2.5".into(), "5.0".bold()]),
+                .labels(["0".bold(), "2.5".into(), "5.0".bold()]),
         )
         .y_axis(
             Axis::default()
                 .title("Y Axis")
                 .style(Style::default().gray())
                 .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
-                .labels(vec!["0".bold(), "2.5".into(), "5.0".bold()]),
+                .labels(["0".bold(), "2.5".into(), "5.0".bold()]),
         )
         .legend_position(Some(LegendPosition::TopLeft))
         .hidden_legend_constraints((Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)));
 
-    f.render_widget(chart, area)
+    f.render_widget(chart, area);
 }
 
 fn render_scatter(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
@@ -269,7 +312,7 @@ fn render_scatter(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
 
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
         .block(
-            Block::new().borders(Borders::all()).title(
+            Block::bordered().title(
                 Title::default()
                     .content("Scatter chart".cyan().bold())
                     .alignment(Alignment::Center),
@@ -280,14 +323,14 @@ fn render_scatter(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
                 .title("Year")
                 .bounds([1960., 2020.])
                 .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                .labels(vec!["1960".into(), "1990".into(), "2020".into()]),
+                .labels(["1960", "1990", "2020"]),
         )
         .y_axis(
             Axis::default()
                 .title("Cost")
                 .bounds([0., 75000.])
                 .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                .labels(vec!["0".into(), "37 500".into(), "75 000".into()]),
+                .labels(["0", "37 500", "75 000"]),
         )
         .hidden_legend_constraints((Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)));
 
@@ -310,7 +353,7 @@ const HEAVY_PAYLOAD_DATA: [(f64, f64); 9] = [
 const MEDIUM_PAYLOAD_DATA: [(f64, f64); 29] = [
     (1963., 29500.),
     (1964., 30600.),
-    (1965., 177900.),
+    (1965., 177_900.),
     (1965., 21000.),
     (1966., 17900.),
     (1966., 8400.),
@@ -340,7 +383,7 @@ const MEDIUM_PAYLOAD_DATA: [(f64, f64); 29] = [
 ];
 
 const SMALL_PAYLOAD_DATA: [(f64, f64); 23] = [
-    (1961., 118500.),
+    (1961., 118_500.),
     (1962., 14900.),
     (1975., 21400.),
     (1980., 32800.),

examples/colors.rs

@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-/// This example shows all the colors supported by ratatui. It will render a grid of foreground
-/// and background colors with their names and indexes.
+// This example shows all the colors supported by ratatui. It will render a grid of foreground
+// and background colors with their names and indexes.
+
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     io::{self, Stdout},
@@ -22,13 +23,20 @@ use std::{
     time::Duration,
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
+    Frame, Terminal,
+};
 
 type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
 
@@ -48,7 +56,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
 
         if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250))? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -62,7 +70,7 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
         Constraint::Length(17),
         Constraint::Length(2),
     ])
-    .split(frame.size());
+    .split(frame.area());
 
     render_named_colors(frame, layout[0]);
     render_indexed_colors(frame, layout[1]);
@@ -226,12 +234,12 @@ fn render_indexed_colors(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
 }
 
 fn title_block(title: String) -> Block<'static> {
-    Block::default()
+    Block::new()
         .borders(Borders::TOP)
-        .border_style(Style::new().dark_gray())
-        .title(title)
         .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .border_style(Style::new().dark_gray())
         .title_style(Style::new().reset())
+        .title(title)
 }
 
 fn render_indexed_grayscale(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {

examples/colors_rgb.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Colors_RGB example
+//! # [Ratatui] `Colors_RGB` example
 //!
 //! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
 //!
@@ -13,18 +13,19 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-/// This example shows the full range of RGB colors that can be displayed in the terminal.
-///
-/// Requires a terminal that supports 24-bit color (true color) and unicode.
-///
-/// This example also demonstrates how implementing the Widget trait on a mutable reference
-/// allows the widget to update its state while it is being rendered. This allows the fps
-/// widget to update the fps calculation and the colors widget to update a cached version of
-/// the colors to render instead of recalculating them every frame.
-///
-/// This is an alternative to using the StatefulWidget trait and a separate state struct. It is
-/// useful when the state is only used by the widget and doesn't need to be shared with other
-/// widgets.
+// This example shows the full range of RGB colors that can be displayed in the terminal.
+//
+// Requires a terminal that supports 24-bit color (true color) and unicode.
+//
+// This example also demonstrates how implementing the Widget trait on a mutable reference
+// allows the widget to update its state while it is being rendered. This allows the fps
+// widget to update the fps calculation and the colors widget to update a cached version of
+// the colors to render instead of recalculating them every frame.
+//
+// This is an alternative to using the `StatefulWidget` trait and a separate state struct. It
+// is useful when the state is only used by the widget and doesn't need to be shared with
+// other widgets.
+
 use std::{
     io::stdout,
     panic,
@@ -32,13 +33,21 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, eyre, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use palette::{convert::FromColorUnclamped, Okhsv, Srgb};
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Position, Rect},
+    style::Color,
+    text::Text,
+    widgets::Widget,
+    Terminal,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 struct App {
@@ -104,13 +113,13 @@ impl App {
     /// This is the main event loop for the app.
     pub fn run(mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         while self.is_running() {
-            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(&mut self, frame.size()))?;
+            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(&mut self, frame.area()))?;
             self.handle_events()?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
+    const fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self.state, AppState::Running)
     }
 
@@ -140,7 +149,7 @@ impl App {
 /// to update the colors to render.
 impl Widget for &mut App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        use Constraint::*;
+        use Constraint::{Length, Min};
         let [top, colors] = Layout::vertical([Length(1), Min(0)]).areas(area);
         let [title, fps] = Layout::horizontal([Min(0), Length(8)]).areas(top);
         Text::from("colors_rgb example. Press q to quit")
@@ -151,9 +160,9 @@ impl Widget for &mut App {
     }
 }
 
-/// Default impl for FpsWidget
+/// Default impl for `FpsWidget`
 ///
-/// Manual impl is required because we need to initialize the last_instant field to the current
+/// Manual impl is required because we need to initialize the `last_instant` field to the current
 /// instant.
 impl Default for FpsWidget {
     fn default() -> Self {
@@ -165,7 +174,7 @@ impl Default for FpsWidget {
     }
 }
 
-/// Widget impl for FpsWidget
+/// Widget impl for `FpsWidget`
 ///
 /// This is implemented on a mutable reference so that we can update the frame count and fps
 /// calculation while rendering.
@@ -173,7 +182,7 @@ impl Widget for &mut FpsWidget {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         self.calculate_fps();
         if let Some(fps) = self.fps {
-            let text = format!("{:.1} fps", fps);
+            let text = format!("{fps:.1} fps");
             Text::from(text).render(area, buf);
         }
     }
@@ -185,6 +194,7 @@ impl FpsWidget {
     /// This updates the fps once a second, but only if the widget has rendered at least 2 frames
     /// since the last calculation. This avoids noise in the fps calculation when rendering on slow
     /// machines that can't render at least 2 frames per second.
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
     fn calculate_fps(&mut self) {
         self.frame_count += 1;
         let elapsed = self.last_instant.elapsed();
@@ -196,7 +206,7 @@ impl FpsWidget {
     }
 }
 
-/// Widget impl for ColorsWidget
+/// Widget impl for `ColorsWidget`
 ///
 /// This is implemented on a mutable reference so that we can update the frame count and store a
 /// cached version of the colors to render instead of recalculating them every frame.
@@ -214,7 +224,7 @@ impl Widget for &mut ColorsWidget {
                 // pixel below it
                 let fg = colors[yi * 2][xi];
                 let bg = colors[yi * 2 + 1][xi];
-                buf.get_mut(x, y).set_char('▀').set_fg(fg).set_bg(bg);
+                buf[Position::new(x, y)].set_char('▀').set_fg(fg).set_bg(bg);
             }
         }
         self.frame_count += 1;
@@ -226,6 +236,7 @@ impl ColorsWidget {
     ///
     /// This is called once per frame to setup the colors to render. It caches the colors so that
     /// they don't need to be recalculated every frame.
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
     fn setup_colors(&mut self, size: Rect) {
         let Rect { width, height, .. } = size;
         // double the height because each screen row has two rows of half block pixels
@@ -253,7 +264,7 @@ impl ColorsWidget {
     }
 }
 
-/// Install color_eyre panic and error hooks
+/// Install `color_eyre` panic and error hooks
 ///
 /// The hooks restore the terminal to a usable state before printing the error message.
 fn install_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
@@ -266,7 +277,7 @@ fn install_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
     }))?;
     panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }

examples/constraint-explorer.rs

@@ -16,18 +16,27 @@
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    layout::{Constraint::*, Flex},
-    prelude::*,
-    style::palette::tailwind::*,
-    symbols::line,
-    widgets::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{
+        Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
+        Flex, Layout, Rect,
+    },
+    style::{
+        palette::tailwind::{BLUE, SKY, SLATE, STONE},
+        Color, Style, Stylize,
+    },
+    symbols::{self, line},
+    text::{Line, Span, Text},
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Widget, Wrap},
+    Terminal,
 };
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr};
 
@@ -67,9 +76,9 @@ enum ConstraintName {
 /// └──────────────┘
 /// ```
 struct ConstraintBlock {
-    selected: bool,
-    legend: bool,
     constraint: Constraint,
+    legend: bool,
+    selected: bool,
 }
 
 /// A widget that renders a spacer with a label indicating the width of the spacer. E.g.:
@@ -116,29 +125,28 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.size()))?;
+        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.area()))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        use KeyCode::*;
         match event::read()? {
             Event::Key(key) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match key.code {
-                Char('q') | Esc => self.exit(),
-                Char('1') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Min),
-                Char('2') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Max),
-                Char('3') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Length),
-                Char('4') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Percentage),
-                Char('5') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Ratio),
-                Char('6') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Fill),
-                Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
-                Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
-                Char('x') => self.delete_block(),
-                Char('a') => self.insert_block(),
-                Char('k') | Up => self.increment_value(),
-                Char('j') | Down => self.decrement_value(),
-                Char('h') | Left => self.prev_block(),
-                Char('l') | Right => self.next_block(),
+                KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.exit(),
+                KeyCode::Char('1') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Min),
+                KeyCode::Char('2') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Max),
+                KeyCode::Char('3') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Length),
+                KeyCode::Char('4') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Percentage),
+                KeyCode::Char('5') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Ratio),
+                KeyCode::Char('6') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Fill),
+                KeyCode::Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
+                KeyCode::Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
+                KeyCode::Char('x') => self.delete_block(),
+                KeyCode::Char('a') => self.insert_block(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.increment_value(),
+                KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.decrement_value(),
+                KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.prev_block(),
+                KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next_block(),
                 _ => {}
             },
             _ => {}
@@ -146,32 +154,31 @@ impl App {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// select the next block with wrap around
     fn increment_value(&mut self) {
-        if self.constraints.is_empty() {
+        let Some(constraint) = self.constraints.get_mut(self.selected_index) else {
             return;
-        }
-        self.constraints[self.selected_index] = match self.constraints[self.selected_index] {
-            Constraint::Length(v) => Constraint::Length(v.saturating_add(1)),
-            Constraint::Min(v) => Constraint::Min(v.saturating_add(1)),
-            Constraint::Max(v) => Constraint::Max(v.saturating_add(1)),
-            Constraint::Fill(v) => Constraint::Fill(v.saturating_add(1)),
-            Constraint::Percentage(v) => Constraint::Percentage(v.saturating_add(1)),
-            Constraint::Ratio(n, d) => Constraint::Ratio(n, d.saturating_add(1)),
+        };
+        match constraint {
+            Constraint::Length(v)
+            | Constraint::Min(v)
+            | Constraint::Max(v)
+            | Constraint::Fill(v)
+            | Constraint::Percentage(v) => *v = v.saturating_add(1),
+            Constraint::Ratio(_n, d) => *d = d.saturating_add(1),
         };
     }
 
     fn decrement_value(&mut self) {
-        if self.constraints.is_empty() {
+        let Some(constraint) = self.constraints.get_mut(self.selected_index) else {
             return;
-        }
-        self.constraints[self.selected_index] = match self.constraints[self.selected_index] {
-            Constraint::Length(v) => Constraint::Length(v.saturating_sub(1)),
-            Constraint::Min(v) => Constraint::Min(v.saturating_sub(1)),
-            Constraint::Max(v) => Constraint::Max(v.saturating_sub(1)),
-            Constraint::Fill(v) => Constraint::Fill(v.saturating_sub(1)),
-            Constraint::Percentage(v) => Constraint::Percentage(v.saturating_sub(1)),
-            Constraint::Ratio(n, d) => Constraint::Ratio(n, d.saturating_sub(1)),
+        };
+        match constraint {
+            Constraint::Length(v)
+            | Constraint::Min(v)
+            | Constraint::Max(v)
+            | Constraint::Fill(v)
+            | Constraint::Percentage(v) => *v = v.saturating_sub(1),
+            Constraint::Ratio(_n, d) => *d = d.saturating_sub(1),
         };
     }
 
@@ -222,7 +229,7 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn exit(&mut self) {
-        self.mode = AppMode::Quit
+        self.mode = AppMode::Quit;
     }
 
     fn swap_constraint(&mut self, name: ConstraintName) {
@@ -235,7 +242,7 @@ impl App {
             ConstraintName::Min => Min(self.value),
             ConstraintName::Max => Max(self.value),
             ConstraintName::Fill => Fill(self.value),
-            ConstraintName::Ratio => Ratio(1, self.value as u32 / 4), // for balance
+            ConstraintName::Ratio => Ratio(1, u32::from(self.value) / 4), // for balance
         };
         self.constraints[self.selected_index] = constraint;
     }
@@ -243,14 +250,13 @@ impl App {
 
 impl From<Constraint> for ConstraintName {
     fn from(constraint: Constraint) -> Self {
-        use Constraint::*;
         match constraint {
-            Length(_) => ConstraintName::Length,
-            Percentage(_) => ConstraintName::Percentage,
-            Ratio(_, _) => ConstraintName::Ratio,
-            Min(_) => ConstraintName::Min,
-            Max(_) => ConstraintName::Max,
-            Fill(_) => ConstraintName::Fill,
+            Length(_) => Self::Length,
+            Percentage(_) => Self::Percentage,
+            Ratio(_, _) => Self::Ratio,
+            Min(_) => Self::Min,
+            Max(_) => Self::Max,
+            Fill(_) => Self::Fill,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -267,9 +273,9 @@ impl Widget for &App {
             ])
             .areas(area);
 
-        self.header().render(header_area, buf);
-        self.instructions().render(instructions_area, buf);
-        self.swap_legend().render(swap_legend_area, buf);
+        App::header().render(header_area, buf);
+        App::instructions().render(instructions_area, buf);
+        App::swap_legend().render(swap_legend_area, buf);
         self.render_layout_blocks(blocks_area, buf);
     }
 }
@@ -280,12 +286,12 @@ impl App {
     const TEXT_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c400;
     const AXIS_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c500;
 
-    fn header(&self) -> impl Widget {
+    fn header() -> impl Widget {
         let text = "Constraint Explorer";
-        text.bold().fg(Self::HEADER_COLOR).to_centered_line()
+        text.bold().fg(Self::HEADER_COLOR).into_centered_line()
     }
 
-    fn instructions(&self) -> impl Widget {
+    fn instructions() -> impl Widget {
         let text = "◄ ►: select, ▲ ▼: edit, 1-6: swap, a: add, x: delete, q: quit, + -: spacing";
         Paragraph::new(text)
             .fg(Self::TEXT_COLOR)
@@ -293,7 +299,7 @@ impl App {
             .wrap(Wrap { trim: false })
     }
 
-    fn swap_legend(&self) -> impl Widget {
+    fn swap_legend() -> impl Widget {
         #[allow(unstable_name_collisions)]
         Paragraph::new(
             Line::from(
@@ -327,7 +333,7 @@ impl App {
         let label = if self.spacing != 0 {
             format!("{} px (gap: {} px)", width, self.spacing)
         } else {
-            format!("{} px", width)
+            format!("{width} px")
         };
         let bar_width = width.saturating_sub(2) as usize; // we want to `<` and `>` at the ends
         let width_bar = format!("<{label:-^bar_width$}>");
@@ -348,7 +354,7 @@ impl App {
         self.render_layout_block(Flex::Center, center, buf);
         self.render_layout_block(Flex::End, end, buf);
         self.render_layout_block(Flex::SpaceAround, space_around, buf);
-        self.render_layout_block(Flex::SpaceBetween, space_between, buf)
+        self.render_layout_block(Flex::SpaceBetween, space_between, buf);
     }
 
     fn render_user_constraints_legend(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
@@ -371,7 +377,7 @@ impl App {
             Layout::vertical([Length(1), Max(1), Length(4)]).areas(area);
 
         if label_area.height > 0 {
-            format!("Flex::{:?}", flex).bold().render(label_area, buf);
+            format!("Flex::{flex:?}").bold().render(label_area, buf);
         }
 
         self.axis(area.width).render(axis_area, buf);
@@ -405,17 +411,17 @@ impl Widget for ConstraintBlock {
 impl ConstraintBlock {
     const TEXT_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c200;
 
-    fn new(constraint: Constraint, selected: bool, legend: bool) -> Self {
+    const fn new(constraint: Constraint, selected: bool, legend: bool) -> Self {
         Self {
             constraint,
-            selected,
             legend,
+            selected,
         }
     }
 
     fn label(&self, width: u16) -> String {
-        let long_width = format!("{} px", width);
-        let short_width = format!("{}", width);
+        let long_width = format!("{width} px");
+        let short_width = format!("{width}");
         // border takes up 2 columns
         let available_space = width.saturating_sub(2) as usize;
         let width_label = if long_width.len() < available_space {
@@ -423,7 +429,7 @@ impl ConstraintBlock {
         } else if short_width.len() < available_space {
             short_width
         } else {
-            "".to_string()
+            String::new()
         };
         format!("{}\n{}", self.constraint, width_label)
     }
@@ -436,7 +442,7 @@ impl ConstraintBlock {
         } else {
             main_color
         };
-        Block::default()
+        Block::new()
             .fg(Self::TEXT_COLOR)
             .bg(selected_color)
             .render(area, buf);
@@ -499,9 +505,9 @@ impl Widget for SpacerBlock {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         match area.height {
             1 => (),
-            2 => self.render_2px(area, buf),
-            3 => self.render_3px(area, buf),
-            _ => self.render_4px(area, buf),
+            2 => Self::render_2px(area, buf),
+            3 => Self::render_3px(area, buf),
+            _ => Self::render_4px(area, buf),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -541,7 +547,7 @@ impl SpacerBlock {
     /// A label that says "Spacer" if there is enough space
     fn spacer_label(width: u16) -> impl Widget {
         let label = if width >= 6 { "Spacer" } else { "" };
-        label.fg(SpacerBlock::TEXT_COLOR).to_centered_line()
+        label.fg(Self::TEXT_COLOR).into_centered_line()
     }
 
     /// A label that says "8 px" if there is enough space
@@ -553,12 +559,12 @@ impl SpacerBlock {
         } else if short_label.len() < width as usize {
             short_label
         } else {
-            "".to_string()
+            String::new()
         };
         Line::styled(label, Self::TEXT_COLOR).centered()
     }
 
-    fn render_2px(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_2px(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         if area.width > 1 {
             Self::block().render(area, buf);
         } else {
@@ -566,7 +572,7 @@ impl SpacerBlock {
         }
     }
 
-    fn render_3px(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_3px(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         if area.width > 1 {
             Self::block().render(area, buf);
         } else {
@@ -577,7 +583,7 @@ impl SpacerBlock {
         Self::spacer_label(area.width).render(row, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_4px(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_4px(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         if area.width > 1 {
             Self::block().render(area, buf);
         } else {
@@ -593,7 +599,7 @@ impl SpacerBlock {
 }
 
 impl ConstraintName {
-    fn color(&self) -> Color {
+    const fn color(self) -> Color {
         match self {
             Self::Length => SLATE.c700,
             Self::Percentage => SLATE.c800,
@@ -604,7 +610,7 @@ impl ConstraintName {
         }
     }
 
-    fn lighter_color(&self) -> Color {
+    const fn lighter_color(self) -> Color {
         match self {
             Self::Length => STONE.c500,
             Self::Percentage => STONE.c600,
@@ -626,7 +632,7 @@ fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
     }))?;
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }

examples/constraints.rs

@@ -16,12 +16,27 @@
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{
+        Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
+        Layout, Rect,
+    },
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{
+        Block, Padding, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState, StatefulWidget,
+        Tabs, Widget,
+    },
+    Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{layout::Constraint::*, prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
 const SPACER_HEIGHT: u16 = 0;
@@ -71,9 +86,6 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     init_error_hooks()?;
     let terminal = init_terminal()?;
 
-    // increase the cache size to avoid flickering for indeterminate layouts
-    Layout::init_cache(100);
-
     App::default().run(terminal)?;
 
     restore_terminal()?;
@@ -95,26 +107,28 @@ impl App {
         self.max_scroll_offset = (self.selected_tab.get_example_count() - 1) * EXAMPLE_HEIGHT;
     }
 
-    fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
+    fn is_running(self) -> bool {
         self.state == AppState::Running
     }
 
     fn draw(self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.size()))?;
+        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.area()))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            use KeyCode::*;
+            if key.kind != KeyEventKind::Press {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
             match key.code {
-                Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
-                Char('l') | Right => self.next(),
-                Char('h') | Left => self.previous(),
-                Char('j') | Down => self.down(),
-                Char('k') | Up => self.up(),
-                Char('g') | Home => self.top(),
-                Char('G') | End => self.bottom(),
+                KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
+                KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next(),
+                KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.previous(),
+                KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.down(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.up(),
+                KeyCode::Char('g') | KeyCode::Home => self.top(),
+                KeyCode::Char('G') | KeyCode::End => self.bottom(),
                 _ => (),
             }
         }
@@ -138,14 +152,14 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn up(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll_offset = self.scroll_offset.saturating_sub(1)
+        self.scroll_offset = self.scroll_offset.saturating_sub(1);
     }
 
     fn down(&mut self) {
         self.scroll_offset = self
             .scroll_offset
             .saturating_add(1)
-            .min(self.max_scroll_offset)
+            .min(self.max_scroll_offset);
     }
 
     fn top(&mut self) {
@@ -159,17 +173,16 @@ impl App {
 
 impl Widget for App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [tabs, axis, demo] =
-            Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Length(3), Fill(0)]).areas(area);
+        let [tabs, axis, demo] = Layout::vertical([Length(3), Length(3), Fill(0)]).areas(area);
 
         self.render_tabs(tabs, buf);
-        self.render_axis(axis, buf);
+        Self::render_axis(axis, buf);
         self.render_demo(demo, buf);
     }
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn render_tabs(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_tabs(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let titles = SelectedTab::iter().map(SelectedTab::to_tab_title);
         let block = Block::new()
             .title("Constraints ".bold())
@@ -183,17 +196,17 @@ impl App {
             .render(area, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_axis(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_axis(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let width = area.width as usize;
         // a bar like `<----- 80 px ----->`
-        let width_label = format!("{} px", width);
+        let width_label = format!("{width} px");
         let width_bar = format!(
             "<{width_label:-^width$}>",
             width = width - width_label.len() / 2
         );
         Paragraph::new(width_bar.dark_gray())
             .centered()
-            .block(Block::default().padding(Padding {
+            .block(Block::new().padding(Padding {
                 left: 0,
                 right: 0,
                 top: 1,
@@ -206,7 +219,8 @@ impl App {
     ///
     /// This function renders the demo content into a separate buffer and then splices the buffer
     /// into the main buffer. This is done to make it possible to handle scrolling easily.
-    fn render_demo(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+    fn render_demo(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         // render demo content into a separate buffer so all examples fit we add an extra
         // area.height to make sure the last example is fully visible even when the scroll offset is
         // at the max
@@ -233,7 +247,7 @@ impl App {
         for (i, cell) in visible_content.enumerate() {
             let x = i as u16 % area.width;
             let y = i as u16 / area.width;
-            *buf.get_mut(area.x + x, area.y + y) = cell;
+            buf[(area.x + x, area.y + y)] = cell;
         }
 
         if scrollbar_needed {
@@ -246,41 +260,40 @@ impl App {
 
 impl SelectedTab {
     /// Get the previous tab, if there is no previous tab return the current tab.
-    fn previous(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index: usize = *self as usize;
+    fn previous(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index: usize = self as usize;
         let previous_index = current_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
     /// Get the next tab, if there is no next tab return the current tab.
-    fn next(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = *self as usize;
+    fn next(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index = self as usize;
         let next_index = current_index.saturating_add(1);
-        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
-    fn get_example_count(&self) -> u16 {
-        use SelectedTab::*;
+    const fn get_example_count(self) -> u16 {
+        #[allow(clippy::match_same_arms)]
         match self {
-            Length => 4,
-            Percentage => 5,
-            Ratio => 4,
-            Fill => 2,
-            Min => 5,
-            Max => 5,
+            Self::Length => 4,
+            Self::Percentage => 5,
+            Self::Ratio => 4,
+            Self::Fill => 2,
+            Self::Min => 5,
+            Self::Max => 5,
         }
     }
 
-    fn to_tab_title(value: SelectedTab) -> Line<'static> {
-        use SelectedTab::*;
+    fn to_tab_title(value: Self) -> Line<'static> {
         let text = format!("  {value}  ");
         let color = match value {
-            Length => LENGTH_COLOR,
-            Percentage => PERCENTAGE_COLOR,
-            Ratio => RATIO_COLOR,
-            Fill => FILL_COLOR,
-            Min => MIN_COLOR,
-            Max => MAX_COLOR,
+            Self::Length => LENGTH_COLOR,
+            Self::Percentage => PERCENTAGE_COLOR,
+            Self::Ratio => RATIO_COLOR,
+            Self::Fill => FILL_COLOR,
+            Self::Min => MIN_COLOR,
+            Self::Max => MAX_COLOR,
         };
         text.fg(tailwind::SLATE.c200).bg(color).into()
     }
@@ -289,18 +302,18 @@ impl SelectedTab {
 impl Widget for SelectedTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         match self {
-            SelectedTab::Length => self.render_length_example(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Percentage => self.render_percentage_example(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Ratio => self.render_ratio_example(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Fill => self.render_fill_example(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Min => self.render_min_example(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Max => self.render_max_example(area, buf),
+            Self::Length => Self::render_length_example(area, buf),
+            Self::Percentage => Self::render_percentage_example(area, buf),
+            Self::Ratio => Self::render_ratio_example(area, buf),
+            Self::Fill => Self::render_fill_example(area, buf),
+            Self::Min => Self::render_min_example(area, buf),
+            Self::Max => Self::render_max_example(area, buf),
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl SelectedTab {
-    fn render_length_example(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_length_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let [example1, example2, example3, _] =
             Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 4]).areas(area);
 
@@ -309,7 +322,7 @@ impl SelectedTab {
         Example::new(&[Length(20), Max(20)]).render(example3, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_percentage_example(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_percentage_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] =
             Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]).areas(area);
 
@@ -320,7 +333,7 @@ impl SelectedTab {
         Example::new(&[Percentage(0), Fill(0)]).render(example5, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_ratio_example(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_ratio_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let [example1, example2, example3, example4, _] =
             Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 5]).areas(area);
 
@@ -330,14 +343,14 @@ impl SelectedTab {
         Example::new(&[Ratio(1, 2), Percentage(25), Length(10)]).render(example4, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_fill_example(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_fill_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let [example1, example2, _] = Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 3]).areas(area);
 
         Example::new(&[Fill(1), Fill(2), Fill(3)]).render(example1, buf);
         Example::new(&[Fill(1), Percentage(50), Fill(1)]).render(example2, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_min_example(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_min_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] =
             Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]).areas(area);
 
@@ -348,7 +361,7 @@ impl SelectedTab {
         Example::new(&[Percentage(100), Min(80)]).render(example5, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_max_example(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_max_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] =
             Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]).areas(area);
 
@@ -379,14 +392,13 @@ impl Widget for Example {
         let blocks = Layout::horizontal(&self.constraints).split(area);
 
         for (block, constraint) in blocks.iter().zip(&self.constraints) {
-            self.illustration(*constraint, block.width)
-                .render(*block, buf);
+            Self::illustration(*constraint, block.width).render(*block, buf);
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl Example {
-    fn illustration(&self, constraint: Constraint, width: u16) -> Paragraph {
+    fn illustration(constraint: Constraint, width: u16) -> impl Widget {
         let color = match constraint {
             Constraint::Length(_) => LENGTH_COLOR,
             Constraint::Percentage(_) => PERCENTAGE_COLOR,
@@ -417,7 +429,7 @@ fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
     }))?;
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }

examples/custom_widget.rs

@@ -15,15 +15,23 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io, ops::ControlFlow, time::Duration};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{
-        self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, MouseButton, MouseEvent,
-        MouseEventKind,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{
+            self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, MouseButton, MouseEvent,
+            MouseEventKind,
+        },
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
     },
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Paragraph, Widget},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 
 /// A custom widget that renders a button with a label, theme and state.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -71,7 +79,7 @@ const GREEN: Theme = Theme {
 
 /// A button with a label that can be themed.
 impl<'a> Button<'a> {
-    pub fn new<T: Into<Line<'a>>>(label: T) -> Button<'a> {
+    pub fn new<T: Into<Line<'a>>>(label: T) -> Self {
         Button {
             label: label.into(),
             theme: BLUE,
@@ -79,18 +87,19 @@ impl<'a> Button<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn theme(mut self, theme: Theme) -> Button<'a> {
+    pub const fn theme(mut self, theme: Theme) -> Self {
         self.theme = theme;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn state(mut self, state: State) -> Button<'a> {
+    pub const fn state(mut self, state: State) -> Self {
         self.state = state;
         self
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> Widget for Button<'a> {
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let (background, text, shadow, highlight) = self.colors();
         buf.set_style(area, Style::new().bg(background).fg(text));
@@ -124,7 +133,7 @@ impl<'a> Widget for Button<'a> {
 }
 
 impl Button<'_> {
-    fn colors(&self) -> (Color, Color, Color, Color) {
+    const fn colors(&self) -> (Color, Color, Color, Color) {
         let theme = self.theme;
         match self.state {
             State::Normal => (theme.background, theme.text, theme.shadow, theme.highlight),
@@ -163,7 +172,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
 
 fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
     let mut selected_button: usize = 0;
-    let button_states = &mut [State::Selected, State::Normal, State::Normal];
+    let mut button_states = [State::Selected, State::Normal, State::Normal];
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|frame| ui(frame, button_states))?;
         if !event::poll(Duration::from_millis(100))? {
@@ -174,25 +183,27 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
                 if key.kind != event::KeyEventKind::Press {
                     continue;
                 }
-                if handle_key_event(key, button_states, &mut selected_button).is_break() {
+                if handle_key_event(key, &mut button_states, &mut selected_button).is_break() {
                     break;
                 }
             }
-            Event::Mouse(mouse) => handle_mouse_event(mouse, button_states, &mut selected_button),
+            Event::Mouse(mouse) => {
+                handle_mouse_event(mouse, &mut button_states, &mut selected_button);
+            }
             _ => (),
         }
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, states: &[State; 3]) {
+fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, states: [State; 3]) {
     let vertical = Layout::vertical([
         Constraint::Length(1),
         Constraint::Max(3),
         Constraint::Length(1),
         Constraint::Min(0), // ignore remaining space
     ]);
-    let [title, buttons, help, _] = vertical.areas(frame.size());
+    let [title, buttons, help, _] = vertical.areas(frame.area());
 
     frame.render_widget(
         Paragraph::new("Custom Widget Example (mouse enabled)"),
@@ -202,7 +213,7 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, states: &[State; 3]) {
     frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("←/→: select, Space: toggle, q: quit"), help);
 }
 
-fn render_buttons(frame: &mut Frame<'_>, area: Rect, states: &[State; 3]) {
+fn render_buttons(frame: &mut Frame<'_>, area: Rect, states: [State; 3]) {
     let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([
         Constraint::Length(15),
         Constraint::Length(15),

examples/demo/app.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use rand::{
     distributions::{Distribution, Uniform},
     rngs::ThreadRng,
 };
-use ratatui::widgets::*;
+use ratatui::widgets::ListState;
 
 const TASKS: [&str; 24] = [
     "Item1", "Item2", "Item3", "Item4", "Item5", "Item6", "Item7", "Item8", "Item9", "Item10",
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ pub struct RandomSignal {
 }
 
 impl RandomSignal {
-    pub fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> RandomSignal {
-        RandomSignal {
+    pub fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> Self {
+        Self {
             distribution: Uniform::new(lower, upper),
             rng: rand::thread_rng(),
         }
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ pub struct SinSignal {
 }
 
 impl SinSignal {
-    pub fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> SinSignal {
-        SinSignal {
+    pub const fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> Self {
+        Self {
             x: 0.0,
             interval,
             period,
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ pub struct TabsState<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> TabsState<'a> {
-    pub fn new(titles: Vec<&'a str>) -> TabsState {
-        TabsState { titles, index: 0 }
+    pub fn new(titles: Vec<&'a str>) -> Self {
+        Self { titles, index: 0 }
     }
     pub fn next(&mut self) {
         self.index = (self.index + 1) % self.titles.len();
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ pub struct StatefulList<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T> StatefulList<T> {
-    pub fn with_items(items: Vec<T>) -> StatefulList<T> {
-        StatefulList {
+    pub fn with_items(items: Vec<T>) -> Self {
+        Self {
             state: ListState::default(),
             items,
         }
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ pub struct App<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> App<'a> {
-    pub fn new(title: &'a str, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> App<'a> {
+    pub fn new(title: &'a str, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Self {
         let mut rand_signal = RandomSignal::new(0, 100);
         let sparkline_points = rand_signal.by_ref().take(300).collect();
         let mut sin_signal = SinSignal::new(0.2, 3.0, 18.0);

examples/demo/crossterm.rs

@@ -4,12 +4,15 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};
 

examples/demo/termion.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 use std::{error::Error, io, sync::mpsc, thread, time::Duration};
 
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
-use termion::{
-    event::Key,
-    input::{MouseTerminal, TermRead},
-    raw::IntoRawMode,
-    screen::IntoAlternateScreen,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, TermionBackend},
+    termion::{
+        event::Key,
+        input::{MouseTerminal, TermRead},
+        raw::IntoRawMode,
+        screen::IntoAlternateScreen,
+    },
+    Terminal,
 };
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};

examples/demo/termwiz.rs

@@ -3,8 +3,14 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
-use termwiz::{input::*, terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::TermwizBackend,
+    termwiz::{
+        input::{InputEvent, KeyCode},
+        terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal,
+    },
+    Terminal,
+};
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};
 

examples/demo/ui.rs

@@ -1,19 +1,27 @@
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    symbols,
+    text::{self, Span},
+    widgets::{
+        canvas::{self, Canvas, Circle, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
+        Axis, BarChart, Block, Cell, Chart, Dataset, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem, Paragraph,
+        Row, Sparkline, Table, Tabs, Wrap,
+    },
+    Frame,
 };
 
 use crate::app::App;
 
 pub fn draw(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
-    let chunks = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)]).split(f.size());
+    let chunks = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)]).split(f.area());
     let tabs = app
         .tabs
         .titles
         .iter()
         .map(|t| text::Line::from(Span::styled(*t, Style::default().fg(Color::Green))))
         .collect::<Tabs>()
-        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title(app.title))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title(app.title))
         .highlight_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
         .select(app.tabs.index);
     f.render_widget(tabs, chunks[0]);
@@ -41,16 +49,16 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     let chunks = Layout::vertical([
         Constraint::Length(2),
         Constraint::Length(3),
-        Constraint::Length(1),
+        Constraint::Length(2),
     ])
     .margin(1)
     .split(area);
-    let block = Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Graphs");
+    let block = Block::bordered().title("Graphs");
     f.render_widget(block, area);
 
     let label = format!("{:.2}%", app.progress * 100.0);
     let gauge = Gauge::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge:"))
+        .block(Block::new().title("Gauge:"))
         .gauge_style(
             Style::default()
                 .fg(Color::Magenta)
@@ -63,7 +71,7 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[0]);
 
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Sparkline:"))
+        .block(Block::new().title("Sparkline:"))
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
         .data(&app.sparkline.points)
         .bar_set(if app.enhanced_graphics {
@@ -74,8 +82,8 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[1]);
 
     let line_gauge = LineGauge::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("LineGauge:"))
-        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
+        .block(Block::new().title("LineGauge:"))
+        .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
         .line_set(if app.enhanced_graphics {
             symbols::line::THICK
         } else {
@@ -85,6 +93,7 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     f.render_widget(line_gauge, chunks[2]);
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
 fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     let constraints = if app.show_chart {
         vec![Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]
@@ -108,7 +117,7 @@ fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
                 .map(|i| ListItem::new(vec![text::Line::from(Span::raw(*i))]))
                 .collect();
             let tasks = List::new(tasks)
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"))
+                .block(Block::bordered().title("List"))
                 .highlight_style(Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
                 .highlight_symbol("> ");
             f.render_stateful_widget(tasks, chunks[0], &mut app.tasks.state);
@@ -136,12 +145,12 @@ fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
                     ListItem::new(content)
                 })
                 .collect();
-            let logs = List::new(logs).block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"));
+            let logs = List::new(logs).block(Block::bordered().title("List"));
             f.render_stateful_widget(logs, chunks[1], &mut app.logs.state);
         }
 
         let barchart = BarChart::default()
-            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Bar chart"))
+            .block(Block::bordered().title("Bar chart"))
             .data(&app.barchart)
             .bar_width(3)
             .bar_gap(2)
@@ -193,14 +202,12 @@ fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
         ];
         let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
             .block(
-                Block::default()
-                    .title(Span::styled(
-                        "Chart",
-                        Style::default()
-                            .fg(Color::Cyan)
-                            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-                    ))
-                    .borders(Borders::ALL),
+                Block::bordered().title(Span::styled(
+                    "Chart",
+                    Style::default()
+                        .fg(Color::Cyan)
+                        .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+                )),
             )
             .x_axis(
                 Axis::default()
@@ -214,7 +221,7 @@ fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
                     .title("Y Axis")
                     .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
                     .bounds([-20.0, 20.0])
-                    .labels(vec![
+                    .labels([
                         Span::styled("-20", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
                         Span::raw("0"),
                         Span::styled("20", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
@@ -252,7 +259,7 @@ fn draw_text(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
             "One more thing is that it should display unicode characters: 10€"
         ),
     ];
-    let block = Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title(Span::styled(
+    let block = Block::bordered().title(Span::styled(
         "Footer",
         Style::default()
             .fg(Color::Magenta)
@@ -290,11 +297,11 @@ fn draw_second_tab(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
             .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
             .bottom_margin(1),
     )
-    .block(Block::default().title("Servers").borders(Borders::ALL));
+    .block(Block::bordered().title("Servers"));
     f.render_widget(table, chunks[0]);
 
     let map = Canvas::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("World").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("World"))
         .paint(|ctx| {
             ctx.draw(&Map {
                 color: Color::White,
@@ -388,6 +395,6 @@ fn draw_third_tab(f: &mut Frame, _app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
             Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
         ],
     )
-    .block(Block::default().title("Colors").borders(Borders::ALL));
+    .block(Block::bordered().title("Colors"));
     f.render_widget(table, chunks[0]);
 }

examples/demo2/app.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,24 @@
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use color_eyre::{eyre::Context, Result};
-use crossterm::event::{Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::Backend,
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::Color,
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, Tabs, Widget},
+    Terminal,
+};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
-use crate::{destroy, tabs::*, term, THEME};
+use crate::{
+    destroy,
+    tabs::{AboutTab, EmailTab, RecipeTab, TracerouteTab, WeatherTab},
+    term, THEME,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct App {
@@ -38,14 +50,10 @@ enum Tab {
 }
 
 pub fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-    App::new().run(terminal)
+    App::default().run(terminal)
 }
 
 impl App {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self::default()
-    }
-
     /// Run the app until the user quits.
     pub fn run(&mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         while self.is_running() {
@@ -63,7 +71,7 @@ impl App {
     fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         terminal
             .draw(|frame| {
-                frame.render_widget(self, frame.size());
+                frame.render_widget(self, frame.area());
                 if self.mode == Mode::Destroy {
                     destroy::destroy(frame);
                 }
@@ -80,23 +88,21 @@ impl App {
         let timeout = Duration::from_secs_f64(1.0 / 50.0);
         match term::next_event(timeout)? {
             Some(Event::Key(key)) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => self.handle_key_press(key),
-            _ => Ok(()),
+            _ => {}
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn handle_key_press(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) -> Result<()> {
-        use KeyCode::*;
+    fn handle_key_press(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) {
         match key.code {
-            Char('q') | Esc => self.mode = Mode::Quit,
-            Char('h') | Left => self.prev_tab(),
-            Char('l') | Right => self.next_tab(),
-            Char('k') | Up => self.prev(),
-            Char('j') | Down => self.next(),
-            Char('d') | Delete => self.destroy(),
-
+            KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.mode = Mode::Quit,
+            KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.prev_tab(),
+            KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next_tab(),
+            KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.prev(),
+            KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.next(),
+            KeyCode::Char('d') | KeyCode::Delete => self.destroy(),
             _ => {}
         };
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn prev(&mut self) {
@@ -124,11 +130,11 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn next_tab(&mut self) {
-        self.tab = self.tab.next()
+        self.tab = self.tab.next();
     }
 
     fn destroy(&mut self) {
-        self.mode = Mode::Destroy
+        self.mode = Mode::Destroy;
     }
 }
 
@@ -147,7 +153,7 @@ impl Widget for &App {
         Block::new().style(THEME.root).render(area, buf);
         self.render_title_bar(title_bar, buf);
         self.render_selected_tab(tab, buf);
-        self.render_bottom_bar(bottom_bar, buf);
+        App::render_bottom_bar(bottom_bar, buf);
     }
 }
 
@@ -157,7 +163,7 @@ impl App {
         let [title, tabs] = layout.areas(area);
 
         Span::styled("Ratatui", THEME.app_title).render(title, buf);
-        let titles = Tab::iter().map(|tab| tab.title());
+        let titles = Tab::iter().map(Tab::title);
         Tabs::new(titles)
             .style(THEME.tabs)
             .highlight_style(THEME.tabs_selected)
@@ -177,7 +183,7 @@ impl App {
         };
     }
 
-    fn render_bottom_bar(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_bottom_bar(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let keys = [
             ("H/←", "Left"),
             ("L/→", "Right"),
@@ -189,8 +195,8 @@ impl App {
         let spans = keys
             .iter()
             .flat_map(|(key, desc)| {
-                let key = Span::styled(format!(" {} ", key), THEME.key_binding.key);
-                let desc = Span::styled(format!(" {} ", desc), THEME.key_binding.description);
+                let key = Span::styled(format!(" {key} "), THEME.key_binding.key);
+                let desc = Span::styled(format!(" {desc} "), THEME.key_binding.description);
                 [key, desc]
             })
             .collect_vec();
@@ -202,22 +208,22 @@ impl App {
 }
 
 impl Tab {
-    fn next(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = *self as usize;
+    fn next(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index = self as usize;
         let next_index = current_index.saturating_add(1);
-        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
-    fn prev(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = *self as usize;
+    fn prev(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index = self as usize;
         let prev_index = current_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        Self::from_repr(prev_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(prev_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
-    fn title(&self) -> String {
+    fn title(self) -> String {
         match self {
-            Tab::About => "".to_string(),
-            tab => format!(" {} ", tab),
+            Self::About => String::new(),
+            tab => format!(" {tab} "),
         }
     }
 }

examples/demo2/big_text.rs

@@ -1,815 +0,0 @@
-//! [tui-big-text] is a rust crate that renders large pixel text as a [Ratatui] widget using the
-//! glyphs from the [font8x8] crate.
-//!
-//! ![Hello World example](https://vhs.charm.sh/vhs-2UxNc2SJgiNqHoowbsXAMW.gif)
-//!
-//! # Installation
-//!
-//! ```shell
-//! cargo add ratatui tui-big-text
-//! ```
-//!
-//! # Usage
-//!
-//! Create a [`BigText`] widget using `BigTextBuilder` and pass it to [`Frame::render_widget`] to
-//! render be rendered. The builder allows you to customize the [`Style`] of the widget and the
-//! [`PixelSize`] of the glyphs. The [`PixelSize`] can be used to control how many character cells
-//! are used to represent a single pixel of the 8x8 font.
-//!
-//! # Example
-//!
-//! ```rust
-//! use anyhow::Result;
-//! use ratatui::prelude::*;
-//! use tui_big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
-//!
-//! fn render(frame: &mut Frame) -> Result<()> {
-//!     let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-//!         .pixel_size(PixelSize::Full)
-//!         .style(Style::new().blue())
-//!         .lines(vec![
-//!             "Hello".red().into(),
-//!             "World".white().into(),
-//!             "~~~~~".into(),
-//!         ])
-//!         .build()?;
-//!     frame.render_widget(big_text, frame.size());
-//!     Ok(())
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! [tui-big-text]: https://crates.io/crates/tui-big-text
-//! [Ratatui]: https://crates.io/crates/ratatui
-//! [font8x8]: https://crates.io/crates/font8x8
-//! [`BigText`]: crate::BigText
-//! [`PixelSize`]: crate::PixelSize
-//! [`Frame::render_widget`]: ratatui::Frame::render_widget
-//! [`Style`]: ratatui::style::Style
-
-use std::cmp::min;
-
-use derive_builder::Builder;
-use font8x8::UnicodeFonts;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, text::StyledGrapheme, widgets::Widget};
-
-#[allow(unused)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Default)]
-pub enum PixelSize {
-    #[default]
-    /// A pixel from the 8x8 font is represented by a full character cell in the terminal.
-    Full,
-    /// A pixel from the 8x8 font is represented by a half (upper/lower) character cell in the
-    /// terminal.
-    HalfHeight,
-    /// A pixel from the 8x8 font is represented by a half (left/right) character cell in the
-    /// terminal.
-    HalfWidth,
-    /// A pixel from the 8x8 font is represented by a quadrant of a character cell in the terminal.
-    Quadrant,
-}
-
-/// Displays one or more lines of text using 8x8 pixel characters.
-///
-/// The text is rendered using the [font8x8](https://crates.io/crates/font8x8) crate.
-///
-/// Using the `pixel_size` method, you can also chose, how 'big' a pixel should be.
-/// Currently a pixel of the 8x8 font can be represented by one full or half
-/// (horizontal/vertical/both) character cell of the terminal.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```rust
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
-/// use tui_big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
-///
-/// BigText::builder()
-///     .pixel_size(PixelSize::Full)
-///     .style(Style::new().white())
-///     .lines(vec![
-///         "Hello".red().into(),
-///         "World".blue().into(),
-///         "=====".into(),
-///     ])
-///     .build();
-/// ```
-///
-/// Renders:
-///
-/// ```plain
-/// ██  ██           ███     ███
-/// ██  ██            ██      ██
-/// ██  ██   ████     ██      ██     ████
-/// ██████  ██  ██    ██      ██    ██  ██
-/// ██  ██  ██████    ██      ██    ██  ██
-/// ██  ██  ██        ██      ██    ██  ██
-/// ██  ██   ████    ████    ████    ████
-///
-/// ██   ██                  ███       ███
-/// ██   ██                   ██        ██
-/// ██   ██  ████   ██ ███    ██        ██
-/// ██ █ ██ ██  ██   ███ ██   ██     █████
-/// ███████ ██  ██   ██  ██   ██    ██  ██
-/// ███ ███ ██  ██   ██       ██    ██  ██
-/// ██   ██  ████   ████     ████    ███ ██
-///
-///  ███ ██  ███ ██  ███ ██  ███ ██  ███ ██
-/// ██ ███  ██ ███  ██ ███  ██ ███  ██ ███
-/// ```
-#[derive(Debug, Builder, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct BigText<'a> {
-    /// The text to display
-    #[builder(setter(into))]
-    lines: Vec<Line<'a>>,
-
-    /// The style of the widget
-    ///
-    /// Defaults to `Style::default()`
-    #[builder(default)]
-    style: Style,
-
-    /// The size of single glyphs
-    ///
-    /// Defaults to `BigTextSize::default()` (=> BigTextSize::Full)
-    #[builder(default)]
-    pixel_size: PixelSize,
-}
-
-impl Widget for BigText<'_> {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let layout = layout(area, &self.pixel_size);
-        for (line, line_layout) in self.lines.iter().zip(layout) {
-            for (g, cell) in line.styled_graphemes(self.style).zip(line_layout) {
-                render_symbol(g, cell, buf, &self.pixel_size);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Returns how many cells are needed to display a full 8x8 glyphe using the given font size
-fn cells_per_glyph(size: &PixelSize) -> (u16, u16) {
-    match size {
-        PixelSize::Full => (8, 8),
-        PixelSize::HalfHeight => (8, 4),
-        PixelSize::HalfWidth => (4, 8),
-        PixelSize::Quadrant => (4, 4),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Chunk the area into as many x*y cells as possible returned as a 2D iterator of `Rect`s
-/// representing the rows of cells.
-/// The size of each cell depends on given font size
-fn layout(
-    area: Rect,
-    pixel_size: &PixelSize,
-) -> impl IntoIterator<Item = impl IntoIterator<Item = Rect>> {
-    let (width, height) = cells_per_glyph(pixel_size);
-    (area.top()..area.bottom())
-        .step_by(height as usize)
-        .map(move |y| {
-            (area.left()..area.right())
-                .step_by(width as usize)
-                .map(move |x| {
-                    let width = min(area.right() - x, width);
-                    let height = min(area.bottom() - y, height);
-                    Rect::new(x, y, width, height)
-                })
-        })
-}
-
-/// Render a single grapheme into a cell by looking up the corresponding 8x8 bitmap in the
-/// `BITMAPS` array and setting the corresponding cells in the buffer.
-fn render_symbol(grapheme: StyledGrapheme, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_size: &PixelSize) {
-    buf.set_style(area, grapheme.style);
-    let c = grapheme.symbol.chars().next().unwrap(); // TODO: handle multi-char graphemes
-    if let Some(glyph) = font8x8::BASIC_FONTS.get(c) {
-        render_glyph(glyph, area, buf, pixel_size);
-    }
-}
-
-/// Get the correct unicode symbol for two vertical "pixels"
-fn get_symbol_half_height(top: u8, bottom: u8) -> char {
-    match top {
-        0 => match bottom {
-            0 => ' ',
-            _ => '▄',
-        },
-        _ => match bottom {
-            0 => '▀',
-            _ => '█',
-        },
-    }
-}
-
-/// Get the correct unicode symbol for two horizontal "pixels"
-fn get_symbol_half_width(left: u8, right: u8) -> char {
-    match left {
-        0 => match right {
-            0 => ' ',
-            _ => '▐',
-        },
-        _ => match right {
-            0 => '▌',
-            _ => '█',
-        },
-    }
-}
-
-/// Get the correct unicode symbol for 2x2 "pixels"
-fn get_symbol_half_size(top_left: u8, top_right: u8, bottom_left: u8, bottom_right: u8) -> char {
-    let top_left = if top_left > 0 { 1 } else { 0 };
-    let top_right = if top_right > 0 { 1 } else { 0 };
-    let bottom_left = if bottom_left > 0 { 1 } else { 0 };
-    let bottom_right = if bottom_right > 0 { 1 } else { 0 };
-
-    const QUADRANT_SYMBOLS: [char; 16] = [
-        ' ', '▘', '▝', '▀', '▖', '▌', '▞', '▛', '▗', '▚', '▐', '▜', '▄', '▙', '▟', '█',
-    ];
-    QUADRANT_SYMBOLS[top_left + (top_right << 1) + (bottom_left << 2) + (bottom_right << 3)]
-}
-
-/// Render a single 8x8 glyph into a cell by setting the corresponding cells in the buffer.
-fn render_glyph(glyph: [u8; 8], area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_size: &PixelSize) {
-    let (width, height) = cells_per_glyph(pixel_size);
-
-    let glyph_vertical_index = (0..glyph.len()).step_by(8 / height as usize);
-    let glyph_horizontal_bit_selector = (0..8).step_by(8 / width as usize);
-
-    for (row, y) in glyph_vertical_index.zip(area.top()..area.bottom()) {
-        for (col, x) in glyph_horizontal_bit_selector
-            .clone()
-            .zip(area.left()..area.right())
-        {
-            let cell = buf.get_mut(x, y);
-            let symbol_character = match pixel_size {
-                PixelSize::Full => match glyph[row] & (1 << col) {
-                    0 => ' ',
-                    _ => '█',
-                },
-                PixelSize::HalfHeight => {
-                    let top = glyph[row] & (1 << col);
-                    let bottom = glyph[row + 1] & (1 << col);
-                    get_symbol_half_height(top, bottom)
-                }
-                PixelSize::HalfWidth => {
-                    let left = glyph[row] & (1 << col);
-                    let right = glyph[row] & (1 << (col + 1));
-                    get_symbol_half_width(left, right)
-                }
-                PixelSize::Quadrant => {
-                    let top_left = glyph[row] & (1 << col);
-                    let top_right = glyph[row] & (1 << (col + 1));
-                    let bottom_left = glyph[row + 1] & (1 << col);
-                    let bottom_right = glyph[row + 1] & (1 << (col + 1));
-                    get_symbol_half_size(top_left, top_right, bottom_left, bottom_right)
-                }
-            };
-            cell.set_char(symbol_character);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use ratatui::assert_buffer_eq;
-
-    use super::*;
-
-    type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn build() -> Result<()> {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["Hello".red(), "World".blue()])];
-        let style = Style::new().green();
-        let pixel_size = PixelSize::default();
-        assert_eq!(
-            BigTextBuilder::default()
-                .lines(lines.clone())
-                .style(style)
-                .build()?,
-            BigText {
-                lines,
-                style,
-                pixel_size
-            }
-        );
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_single_line() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("SingleLine")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 80, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            " ████     ██                     ███            ████      ██                    ",
-            "██  ██                            ██             ██                             ",
-            "███      ███    █████    ███ ██   ██     ████    ██      ███    █████    ████   ",
-            " ███      ██    ██  ██  ██  ██    ██    ██  ██   ██       ██    ██  ██  ██  ██  ",
-            "   ███    ██    ██  ██  ██  ██    ██    ██████   ██   █   ██    ██  ██  ██████  ",
-            "██  ██    ██    ██  ██   █████    ██    ██       ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██      ",
-            " ████    ████   ██  ██      ██   ████    ████   ███████  ████   ██  ██   ████   ",
-            "                        █████                                                   ",
-        ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_truncated() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Truncated")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 70, 6));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "██████                                             █               ███",
-            "█ ██ █                                            ██                ██",
-            "  ██    ██ ███  ██  ██  █████    ████    ████    █████   ████       ██",
-            "  ██     ███ ██ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██      ██    ██    ██  ██   █████",
-            "  ██     ██  ██ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██       █████    ██    ██████  ██  ██",
-            "  ██     ██     ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██    ██ █  ██      ██  ██",
-        ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_multiple_lines() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Multi"), Line::from("Lines")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 16));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "██   ██          ███       █      ██    ",
-            "███ ███           ██      ██            ",
-            "███████ ██  ██    ██     █████   ███    ",
-            "███████ ██  ██    ██      ██      ██    ",
-            "██ █ ██ ██  ██    ██      ██      ██    ",
-            "██   ██ ██  ██    ██      ██ █    ██    ",
-            "██   ██  ███ ██  ████      ██    ████   ",
-            "                                        ",
-            "████      ██                            ",
-            " ██                                     ",
-            " ██      ███    █████    ████    █████  ",
-            " ██       ██    ██  ██  ██  ██  ██      ",
-            " ██   █   ██    ██  ██  ██████   ████   ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██          ██  ",
-            "███████  ████   ██  ██   ████   █████   ",
-            "                                        ",
-        ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_widget_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Styled")])
-            .style(Style::new().bold())
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            " ████      █             ███               ███  ",
-            "██  ██    ██              ██                ██  ",
-            "███      █████  ██  ██    ██     ████       ██  ",
-            " ███      ██    ██  ██    ██    ██  ██   █████  ",
-            "   ███    ██    ██  ██    ██    ██████  ██  ██  ",
-            "██  ██    ██ █   █████    ██    ██      ██  ██  ",
-            " ████      ██       ██   ████    ████    ███ ██ ",
-            "                █████                           ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 8), Style::new().bold());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_line_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![
-                Line::from("Red".red()),
-                Line::from("Green".green()),
-                Line::from("Blue".blue()),
-            ])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 24));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "██████             ███                  ",
-            " ██  ██             ██                  ",
-            " ██  ██  ████       ██                  ",
-            " █████  ██  ██   █████                  ",
-            " ██ ██  ██████  ██  ██                  ",
-            " ██  ██ ██      ██  ██                  ",
-            "███  ██  ████    ███ ██                 ",
-            "                                        ",
-            "  ████                                  ",
-            " ██  ██                                 ",
-            "██      ██ ███   ████    ████   █████   ",
-            "██       ███ ██ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ",
-            "██  ███  ██  ██ ██████  ██████  ██  ██  ",
-            " ██  ██  ██     ██      ██      ██  ██  ",
-            "  █████ ████     ████    ████   ██  ██  ",
-            "                                        ",
-            "██████   ███                            ",
-            " ██  ██   ██                            ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██   ████           ",
-            " █████    ██    ██  ██  ██  ██          ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██████          ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██              ",
-            "██████   ████    ███ ██  ████           ",
-            "                                        ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 8), Style::new().red());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 40, 8), Style::new().green());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 16, 32, 8), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_single_line() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("SingleLine")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 80, 4));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▄█▀▀█▄    ▀▀                     ▀██            ▀██▀      ▀▀                    ",
-            "▀██▄     ▀██    ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀▄█▀   ██    ▄█▀▀█▄   ██      ▀██    ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄  ",
-            "▄▄ ▀██    ██    ██  ██  ▀█▄▄██    ██    ██▀▀▀▀   ██  ▄█   ██    ██  ██  ██▀▀▀▀  ",
-            " ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀  ▄▄▄▄█▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀  ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀   ▀▀▀▀   ",
-        ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_truncated() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Truncated")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 70, 3));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "█▀██▀█                                            ▄█               ▀██",
-            "  ██    ▀█▄█▀█▄ ██  ██  ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄   ▀▀▀█▄   ▀██▀▀  ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██",
-            "  ██     ██  ▀▀ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ▄▄  ▄█▀▀██    ██ ▄  ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██",
-        ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_multiple_lines() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Multi"), Line::from("Lines")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "██▄ ▄██          ▀██      ▄█      ▀▀    ",
-            "███████ ██  ██    ██     ▀██▀▀   ▀██    ",
-            "██ ▀ ██ ██  ██    ██      ██ ▄    ██    ",
-            "▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀▀ ▀▀  ▀▀▀▀      ▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ",
-            "▀██▀      ▀▀                            ",
-            " ██      ▀██    ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀▀▀  ",
-            " ██  ▄█   ██    ██  ██  ██▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀█▄  ",
-            "▀▀▀▀▀▀▀  ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀   ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀▀▀   ",
-        ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_widget_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Styled")])
-            .style(Style::new().bold())
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 4));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▄█▀▀█▄    ▄█             ▀██               ▀██  ",
-            "▀██▄     ▀██▀▀  ██  ██    ██    ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██  ",
-            "▄▄ ▀██    ██ ▄  ▀█▄▄██    ██    ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██  ",
-            " ▀▀▀▀      ▀▀   ▄▄▄▄█▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀ ▀▀ ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 4), Style::new().bold());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_line_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![
-                Line::from("Red".red()),
-                Line::from("Green".green()),
-                Line::from("Blue".blue()),
-            ])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 12));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▀██▀▀█▄            ▀██                  ",
-            " ██▄▄█▀ ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██                  ",
-            " ██ ▀█▄ ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██                  ",
-            "▀▀▀  ▀▀  ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀ ▀▀                 ",
-            " ▄█▀▀█▄                                 ",
-            "██      ▀█▄█▀█▄ ▄█▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄  ██▀▀█▄  ",
-            "▀█▄ ▀██  ██  ▀▀ ██▀▀▀▀  ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██  ",
-            "  ▀▀▀▀▀ ▀▀▀▀     ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀  ",
-            "▀██▀▀█▄  ▀██                            ",
-            " ██▄▄█▀   ██    ██  ██  ▄█▀▀█▄          ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██▀▀▀▀          ",
-            "▀▀▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀ ▀▀  ▀▀▀▀           ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 4), Style::new().red());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 4, 40, 4), Style::new().green());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 32, 4), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_single_line() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("SingleLine")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▐█▌  █          ▐█      ██   █          ",
-            "█ █              █      ▐▌              ",
-            "█▌  ▐█  ██▌ ▐█▐▌ █  ▐█▌ ▐▌  ▐█  ██▌ ▐█▌ ",
-            "▐█   █  █ █ █ █  █  █ █ ▐▌   █  █ █ █ █ ",
-            " ▐█  █  █ █ █ █  █  ███ ▐▌ ▌ █  █ █ ███ ",
-            "█ █  █  █ █ ▐██  █  █   ▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ █   ",
-            "▐█▌ ▐█▌ █ █   █ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ███▌▐█▌ █ █ ▐█▌ ",
-            "            ██▌                         ",
-        ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_truncated() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Truncated")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 35, 6));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "███                      ▐       ▐█",
-            "▌█▐                      █        █",
-            " █  █▐█ █ █ ██▌ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ▐██ ▐█▌   █",
-            " █  ▐█▐▌█ █ █ █ █ █   █  █  █ █ ▐██",
-            " █  ▐▌▐▌█ █ █ █ █   ▐██  █  ███ █ █",
-            " █  ▐▌  █ █ █ █ █ █ █ █  █▐ █   █ █",
-        ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_multiple_lines() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Multi"), Line::from("Lines")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 16));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "█ ▐▌    ▐█   ▐   █  ",
-            "█▌█▌     █   █      ",
-            "███▌█ █  █  ▐██ ▐█  ",
-            "███▌█ █  █   █   █  ",
-            "█▐▐▌█ █  █   █   █  ",
-            "█ ▐▌█ █  █   █▐  █  ",
-            "█ ▐▌▐█▐▌▐█▌  ▐▌ ▐█▌ ",
-            "                    ",
-            "██   █              ",
-            "▐▌                  ",
-            "▐▌  ▐█  ██▌ ▐█▌ ▐██ ",
-            "▐▌   █  █ █ █ █ █   ",
-            "▐▌ ▌ █  █ █ ███ ▐█▌ ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ █     █ ",
-            "███▌▐█▌ █ █ ▐█▌ ██▌ ",
-            "                    ",
-        ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_widget_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Styled")])
-            .style(Style::new().bold())
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▐█▌  ▐      ▐█       ▐█ ",
-            "█ █  █       █        █ ",
-            "█▌  ▐██ █ █  █  ▐█▌   █ ",
-            "▐█   █  █ █  █  █ █ ▐██ ",
-            " ▐█  █  █ █  █  ███ █ █ ",
-            "█ █  █▐ ▐██  █  █   █ █ ",
-            "▐█▌  ▐▌   █ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ▐█▐▌",
-            "        ██▌             ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 8), Style::new().bold());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_line_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![
-                Line::from("Red".red()),
-                Line::from("Green".green()),
-                Line::from("Blue".blue()),
-            ])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 24));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "███      ▐█         ",
-            "▐▌▐▌      █         ",
-            "▐▌▐▌▐█▌   █         ",
-            "▐██ █ █ ▐██         ",
-            "▐▌█ ███ █ █         ",
-            "▐▌▐▌█   █ █         ",
-            "█▌▐▌▐█▌ ▐█▐▌        ",
-            "                    ",
-            " ██                 ",
-            "▐▌▐▌                ",
-            "█   █▐█ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ██▌ ",
-            "█   ▐█▐▌█ █ █ █ █ █ ",
-            "█ █▌▐▌▐▌███ ███ █ █ ",
-            "▐▌▐▌▐▌  █   █   █ █ ",
-            " ██▌██  ▐█▌ ▐█▌ █ █ ",
-            "                    ",
-            "███ ▐█              ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █              ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ ▐█▌     ",
-            "▐██  █  █ █ █ █     ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ ███     ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ █       ",
-            "███ ▐█▌ ▐█▐▌▐█▌     ",
-            "                    ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 8), Style::new().red());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 20, 8), Style::new().green());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 16, 16, 8), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn check_half_size_symbols() -> Result<()> {
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 0, 0, 0), ' ');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 0, 0, 0), '▘');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 1, 0, 0), '▝');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 1, 0, 0), '▀');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 0, 1, 0), '▖');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 0, 1, 0), '▌');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 1, 1, 0), '▞');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 1, 1, 0), '▛');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 0, 0, 1), '▗');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 0, 0, 1), '▚');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 1, 0, 1), '▐');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 1, 0, 1), '▜');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 0, 1, 1), '▄');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 0, 1, 1), '▙');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 1, 1, 1), '▟');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 1, 1, 1), '█');
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_single_line() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("SingleLine")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 4));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▟▀▙  ▀          ▝█      ▜▛   ▀          ",
-            "▜▙  ▝█  █▀▙ ▟▀▟▘ █  ▟▀▙ ▐▌  ▝█  █▀▙ ▟▀▙ ",
-            "▄▝█  █  █ █ ▜▄█  █  █▀▀ ▐▌▗▌ █  █ █ █▀▀ ",
-            "▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▄▄▛ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▀▀▀▘▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▝▀▘ ",
-        ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_truncated() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Truncated")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 35, 3));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▛█▜                      ▟       ▝█",
-            " █  ▜▟▜▖█ █ █▀▙ ▟▀▙ ▝▀▙ ▝█▀ ▟▀▙ ▗▄█",
-            " █  ▐▌▝▘█ █ █ █ █ ▄ ▟▀█  █▗ █▀▀ █ █",
-        ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_multiple_lines() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Multi"), Line::from("Lines")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "█▖▟▌    ▝█   ▟   ▀  ",
-            "███▌█ █  █  ▝█▀ ▝█  ",
-            "█▝▐▌█ █  █   █▗  █  ",
-            "▀ ▝▘▝▀▝▘▝▀▘  ▝▘ ▝▀▘ ",
-            "▜▛   ▀              ",
-            "▐▌  ▝█  █▀▙ ▟▀▙ ▟▀▀ ",
-            "▐▌▗▌ █  █ █ █▀▀ ▝▀▙ ",
-            "▀▀▀▘▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▝▀▘ ▀▀▘ ",
-        ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_widget_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Styled")])
-            .style(Style::new().bold())
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 4));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▟▀▙  ▟      ▝█       ▝█ ",
-            "▜▙  ▝█▀ █ █  █  ▟▀▙ ▗▄█ ",
-            "▄▝█  █▗ ▜▄█  █  █▀▀ █ █ ",
-            "▝▀▘  ▝▘ ▄▄▛ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▝▘",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 4), Style::new().bold());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_line_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![
-                Line::from("Red".red()),
-                Line::from("Green".green()),
-                Line::from("Blue".blue()),
-            ])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 12));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▜▛▜▖     ▝█         ",
-            "▐▙▟▘▟▀▙ ▗▄█         ",
-            "▐▌▜▖█▀▀ █ █         ",
-            "▀▘▝▘▝▀▘ ▝▀▝▘        ",
-            "▗▛▜▖                ",
-            "█   ▜▟▜▖▟▀▙ ▟▀▙ █▀▙ ",
-            "▜▖▜▌▐▌▝▘█▀▀ █▀▀ █ █ ",
-            " ▀▀▘▀▀  ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ",
-            "▜▛▜▖▝█              ",
-            "▐▙▟▘ █  █ █ ▟▀▙     ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ █▀▀     ",
-            "▀▀▀ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▝▘▝▀▘     ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 4), Style::new().red());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 4, 20, 4), Style::new().green());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 16, 4), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}

examples/demo2/colors.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use palette::{IntoColor, Okhsv, Srgb};
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, style::Color, widgets::Widget};
 
 /// A widget that renders a color swatch of RGB colors.
 ///
@@ -9,22 +9,23 @@ use ratatui::prelude::*;
 pub struct RgbSwatch;
 
 impl Widget for RgbSwatch {
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss, clippy::similar_names)]
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         for (yi, y) in (area.top()..area.bottom()).enumerate() {
-            let value = area.height as f32 - yi as f32;
-            let value_fg = value / (area.height as f32);
-            let value_bg = (value - 0.5) / (area.height as f32);
+            let value = f32::from(area.height) - yi as f32;
+            let value_fg = value / f32::from(area.height);
+            let value_bg = (value - 0.5) / f32::from(area.height);
             for (xi, x) in (area.left()..area.right()).enumerate() {
-                let hue = xi as f32 * 360.0 / area.width as f32;
+                let hue = xi as f32 * 360.0 / f32::from(area.width);
                 let fg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value_fg);
                 let bg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value_bg);
-                buf.get_mut(x, y).set_char('▀').set_fg(fg).set_bg(bg);
+                buf[(x, y)].set_char('▀').set_fg(fg).set_bg(bg);
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-/// Convert a hue and value into an RGB color via the OkLab color space.
+/// Convert a hue and value into an RGB color via the Oklab color space.
 ///
 /// See <https://bottosson.github.io/posts/oklab/> for more details.
 pub fn color_from_oklab(hue: f32, saturation: f32, value: f32) -> Color {

examples/demo2/destroy.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 use rand::Rng;
 use rand_chacha::rand_core::SeedableRng;
-use ratatui::{buffer::Cell, layout::Flex, prelude::*};
-use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
-
-use crate::big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Flex, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    text::Text,
+    widgets::Widget,
+    Frame,
+};
 
 /// delay the start of the animation so it doesn't start immediately
-const DELAY: usize = 240;
+const DELAY: usize = 120;
 /// higher means more pixels per frame are modified in the animation
-const DRIP_SPEED: usize = 50;
+const DRIP_SPEED: usize = 500;
 /// delay the start of the text animation so it doesn't start immediately after the initial delay
-const TEXT_DELAY: usize = 240;
+const TEXT_DELAY: usize = 180;
 
 /// Destroy mode activated by pressing `d`
 pub fn destroy(frame: &mut Frame<'_>) {
@@ -19,7 +23,7 @@ pub fn destroy(frame: &mut Frame<'_>) {
         return;
     }
 
-    let area = frame.size();
+    let area = frame.area();
     let buf = frame.buffer_mut();
 
     drip(frame_count, area, buf);
@@ -30,17 +34,22 @@ pub fn destroy(frame: &mut Frame<'_>) {
 ///
 /// Each pick some random pixels and move them each down one row. This is a very inefficient way to
 /// do this, but it works well enough for this demo.
+#[allow(
+    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+    clippy::cast_precision_loss,
+    clippy::cast_sign_loss
+)]
 fn drip(frame_count: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     // a seeded rng as we have to move the same random pixels each frame
     let mut rng = rand_chacha::ChaCha8Rng::seed_from_u64(10);
     let ramp_frames = 450;
-    let fractional_speed = frame_count as f64 / ramp_frames as f64;
+    let fractional_speed = frame_count as f64 / f64::from(ramp_frames);
     let variable_speed = DRIP_SPEED as f64 * fractional_speed * fractional_speed * fractional_speed;
     let pixel_count = (frame_count as f64 * variable_speed).floor() as usize;
     for _ in 0..pixel_count {
         let src_x = rng.gen_range(0..area.width);
         let src_y = rng.gen_range(1..area.height - 2);
-        let src = buf.get_mut(src_x, src_y).clone();
+        let src = buf[(src_x, src_y)].clone();
         // 1% of the time, move a blank or pixel (10:1) to the top line of the screen
         if rng.gen_ratio(1, 100) {
             let dest_x = rng
@@ -48,52 +57,51 @@ fn drip(frame_count: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
                 .clamp(area.left(), area.right() - 1);
             let dest_y = area.top() + 1;
 
-            let dest = buf.get_mut(dest_x, dest_y);
+            let dest = &mut buf[(dest_x, dest_y)];
             // copy the cell to the new location about 1/10 of the time blank out the cell the rest
             // of the time. This has the effect of gradually removing the pixels from the screen.
             if rng.gen_ratio(1, 10) {
                 *dest = src;
             } else {
-                *dest = Cell::default();
+                dest.reset();
             }
         } else {
             // move the pixel down one row
             let dest_x = src_x;
             let dest_y = src_y.saturating_add(1).min(area.bottom() - 2);
             // copy the cell to the new location
-            let dest = buf.get_mut(dest_x, dest_y);
-            *dest = src;
+            buf[(dest_x, dest_y)] = src;
         }
     }
 }
 
 /// draw some text fading in and out from black to red and back
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation, clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
 fn text(frame_count: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let sub_frame = frame_count.saturating_sub(TEXT_DELAY);
     if sub_frame == 0 {
         return;
     }
 
-    let line = "RATATUI";
-    let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-        .lines([line.into()])
-        .pixel_size(PixelSize::Full)
-        .style(Style::new().fg(Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0)))
-        .build()
-        .unwrap();
-
-    // the font size is 8x8 for each character and we have 1 line
-    let area = centered_rect(area, line.width() as u16 * 8, 8);
+    let logo = indoc::indoc! {"
+        ██████      ████    ██████    ████    ██████  ██    ██  ██
+        ██    ██  ██    ██    ██    ██    ██    ██    ██    ██  ██
+        ██████    ████████    ██    ████████    ██    ██    ██  ██
+        ██  ██    ██    ██    ██    ██    ██    ██    ██    ██  ██
+        ██    ██  ██    ██    ██    ██    ██    ██      ████    ██
+    "};
+    let logo_text = Text::styled(logo, Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255));
+    let area = centered_rect(area, logo_text.width() as u16, logo_text.height() as u16);
 
     let mask_buf = &mut Buffer::empty(area);
-    big_text.render(area, mask_buf);
+    logo_text.render(area, mask_buf);
 
     let percentage = (sub_frame as f64 / 480.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
 
     for row in area.rows() {
         for col in row.columns() {
-            let cell = buf.get_mut(col.x, col.y);
-            let mask_cell = mask_buf.get(col.x, col.y);
+            let cell = &mut buf[(col.x, col.y)];
+            let mask_cell = &mut mask_buf[(col.x, col.y)];
             cell.set_symbol(mask_cell.symbol());
 
             // blend the mask cell color with the cell color
@@ -114,10 +122,13 @@ fn blend(mask_color: Color, cell_color: Color, percentage: f64) -> Color {
         return mask_color;
     };
 
-    let red = mask_red as f64 * percentage + cell_red as f64 * (1.0 - percentage);
-    let green = mask_green as f64 * percentage + cell_green as f64 * (1.0 - percentage);
-    let blue = mask_blue as f64 * percentage + cell_blue as f64 * (1.0 - percentage);
+    let remain = 1.0 - percentage;
 
+    let red = f64::from(mask_red).mul_add(percentage, f64::from(cell_red) * remain);
+    let green = f64::from(mask_green).mul_add(percentage, f64::from(cell_green) * remain);
+    let blue = f64::from(mask_blue).mul_add(percentage, f64::from(cell_blue) * remain);
+
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation, clippy::cast_sign_loss)]
     Color::Rgb(red as u8, green as u8, blue as u8)
 }
 

examples/demo2/errors.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub fn init_hooks() -> Result<()> {
     }))?;
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = term::restore();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }

examples/demo2/main.rs

@@ -13,8 +13,13 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![allow(
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
+    clippy::must_use_candidate
+)]
+
 mod app;
-mod big_text;
 mod colors;
 mod destroy;
 mod errors;
@@ -22,16 +27,17 @@ mod tabs;
 mod term;
 mod theme;
 
-pub use app::*;
 use color_eyre::Result;
-pub use colors::*;
-pub use term::*;
-pub use theme::*;
+
+pub use self::{
+    colors::{color_from_oklab, RgbSwatch},
+    theme::THEME,
+};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     errors::init_hooks()?;
     let terminal = &mut term::init()?;
-    App::new().run(terminal)?;
+    app::run(terminal)?;
     term::restore()?;
     Ok(())
 }

examples/demo2/tabs/about.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Clear, Padding, Paragraph, Widget, Wrap},
+};
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
 
@@ -64,20 +68,16 @@ impl Widget for AboutTab {
 }
 
 fn render_crate_description(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let area = area.inner(
-        &(Margin {
-            vertical: 4,
-            horizontal: 2,
-        }),
-    );
+    let area = area.inner(Margin {
+        vertical: 4,
+        horizontal: 2,
+    });
     Clear.render(area, buf); // clear out the color swatches
     Block::new().style(THEME.content).render(area, buf);
-    let area = area.inner(
-        &(Margin {
-            vertical: 1,
-            horizontal: 2,
-        }),
-    );
+    let area = area.inner(Margin {
+        vertical: 1,
+        horizontal: 2,
+    });
     let text = "- cooking up terminal user interfaces -
 
     Ratatui is a Rust crate that provides widgets (e.g. Paragraph, Table) and draws them to the \
@@ -97,17 +97,18 @@ fn render_crate_description(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .render(area, buf);
 }
 
-/// Use half block characters to render a logo based on the RATATUI_LOGO const.
+/// Use half block characters to render a logo based on the `RATATUI_LOGO` const.
 ///
 /// The logo is rendered in three colors, one for the rat, one for the terminal, and one for the
 /// rat's eye. The eye color alternates between two colors based on the selected row.
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 pub fn render_logo(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let eye_color = if selected_row % 2 == 0 {
         THEME.logo.rat_eye
     } else {
         THEME.logo.rat_eye_alt
     };
-    let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+    let area = area.inner(Margin {
         vertical: 0,
         horizontal: 2,
     });
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ pub fn render_logo(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         for (x, (ch1, ch2)) in line1.chars().zip(line2.chars()).enumerate() {
             let x = area.left() + x as u16;
             let y = area.top() + y as u16;
-            let cell = buf.get_mut(x, y);
+            let cell = &mut buf[(x, y)];
             let rat_color = THEME.logo.rat;
             let term_color = THEME.logo.term;
             match (ch1, ch2) {

examples/demo2/tabs/email.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{Styled, Stylize},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{
+        Block, BorderType, Borders, Clear, List, ListItem, ListState, Padding, Paragraph,
+        Scrollbar, ScrollbarState, StatefulWidget, Tabs, Widget,
+    },
+};
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
@@ -59,7 +68,7 @@ impl EmailTab {
 impl Widget for EmailTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 2,
         });

examples/demo2/tabs/recipe.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{Style, Stylize},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{
+        Block, Clear, Padding, Paragraph, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
+        StatefulWidget, Table, TableState, Widget, Wrap,
+    },
+};
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
 
@@ -10,6 +19,7 @@ struct Ingredient {
 }
 
 impl Ingredient {
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     fn height(&self) -> u16 {
         self.name.lines().count() as u16
     }
@@ -104,7 +114,7 @@ impl RecipeTab {
 impl Widget for RecipeTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 2,
         });
@@ -123,7 +133,7 @@ impl Widget for RecipeTab {
         };
         render_scrollbar(self.row_index, scrollbar_area, buf);
 
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             horizontal: 2,
             vertical: 1,
         });
@@ -148,7 +158,7 @@ fn render_recipe(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
 
 fn render_ingredients(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let mut state = TableState::default().with_selected(Some(selected_row));
-    let rows = INGREDIENTS.iter().cloned();
+    let rows = INGREDIENTS.iter().copied();
     let theme = THEME.recipe;
     StatefulWidget::render(
         Table::new(rows, [Constraint::Length(7), Constraint::Length(30)])
@@ -171,5 +181,5 @@ fn render_scrollbar(position: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .end_symbol(None)
         .track_symbol(None)
         .thumb_symbol("▐")
-        .render(area, buf, &mut state)
+        .render(area, buf, &mut state);
 }

examples/demo2/tabs/traceroute.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{Styled, Stylize},
+    symbols::Marker,
+    widgets::{
+        canvas::{self, Canvas, Map, MapResolution, Points},
+        Block, BorderType, Clear, Padding, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
+        Sparkline, StatefulWidget, Table, TableState, Widget,
+    },
 };
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
@@ -26,7 +33,7 @@ impl TracerouteTab {
 impl Widget for TracerouteTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 2,
         });
@@ -49,10 +56,10 @@ fn render_hops(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .iter()
         .map(|hop| Row::new(vec![hop.host, hop.address]))
         .collect_vec();
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .title("Traceroute bad.horse".bold().white())
+    let block = Block::new()
+        .padding(Padding::new(1, 1, 1, 1))
         .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-        .padding(Padding::new(1, 1, 1, 1));
+        .title("Traceroute bad.horse".bold().white());
     StatefulWidget::render(
         Table::new(rows, [Constraint::Max(100), Constraint::Length(15)])
             .header(Row::new(vec!["Host", "Address"]).set_style(THEME.traceroute.header))
@@ -104,7 +111,7 @@ fn render_map(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let theme = THEME.traceroute.map;
     let path: Option<(&Hop, &Hop)> = HOPS.iter().tuple_windows().nth(selected_row);
     let map = Map {
-        resolution: canvas::MapResolution::High,
+        resolution: MapResolution::High,
         color: theme.color,
     };
     Canvas::default()

examples/demo2/tabs/weather.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use palette::Okhsv;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{calendar::CalendarEventStore, *},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols,
+    widgets::{
+        calendar::{CalendarEventStore, Monthly},
+        Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block, Clear, LineGauge, Padding, Widget,
+    },
 };
 use time::OffsetDateTime;
 
@@ -28,14 +34,14 @@ impl WeatherTab {
 impl Widget for WeatherTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 2,
         });
         Clear.render(area, buf);
         Block::new().style(THEME.content).render(area, buf);
 
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             horizontal: 2,
             vertical: 1,
         });
@@ -59,7 +65,7 @@ impl Widget for WeatherTab {
 
 fn render_calendar(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let date = OffsetDateTime::now_utc().date();
-    calendar::Monthly::new(date, CalendarEventStore::today(Style::new().red().bold()))
+    Monthly::new(date, CalendarEventStore::today(Style::new().red().bold()))
         .block(Block::new().padding(Padding::new(0, 0, 2, 0)))
         .show_month_header(Style::new().bold())
         .show_weekdays_header(Style::new().italic())
@@ -84,7 +90,7 @@ fn render_simple_barchart(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
                 // This doesn't actually render correctly as the text is too wide for the bar
                 // See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/513 for more info
                 // (the demo GIFs hack around this by hacking the calculation in bars.rs)
-                .text_value(format!("{}°", value))
+                .text_value(format!("{value}°"))
                 .style(if value > 70 {
                     Style::new().fg(Color::Red)
                 } else {
@@ -128,20 +134,22 @@ fn render_horizontal_barchart(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .render(area, buf);
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
 pub fn render_gauge(progress: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let percent = (progress * 3).min(100) as f64;
 
     render_line_gauge(percent, area, buf);
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 fn render_line_gauge(percent: f64, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     // cycle color hue based on the percent for a neat effect yellow -> red
     let hue = 90.0 - (percent as f32 * 0.6);
     let value = Okhsv::max_value();
-    let fg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value);
-    let bg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value * 0.5);
+    let filled_color = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value);
+    let unfilled_color = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value * 0.5);
     let label = if percent < 100.0 {
-        format!("Downloading: {}%", percent)
+        format!("Downloading: {percent}%")
     } else {
         "Download Complete!".into()
     };
@@ -149,7 +157,8 @@ fn render_line_gauge(percent: f64, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .ratio(percent / 100.0)
         .label(label)
         .style(Style::new().light_blue())
-        .gauge_style(Style::new().fg(fg).bg(bg))
+        .filled_style(Style::new().fg(filled_color))
+        .unfilled_style(Style::new().fg(unfilled_color))
         .line_set(symbols::line::THICK)
         .render(area, buf);
 }

examples/demo2/term.rs

@@ -4,12 +4,16 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use color_eyre::{eyre::WrapErr, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::Rect,
+    Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport,
 };
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
 
 pub fn init() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
     // this size is to match the size of the terminal when running the demo

examples/demo2/theme.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
 
 pub struct Theme {
     pub root: Style,

examples/docsrs.rs

@@ -15,11 +15,19 @@
 
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    text::{Line, Span, Text},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 
 /// Example code for lib.rs
 ///
@@ -34,7 +42,6 @@ fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
     let mut should_quit = false;
     while !should_quit {
         terminal.draw(match arg.as_str() {
-            "hello_world" => hello_world,
             "layout" => layout,
             "styling" => styling,
             _ => hello_world,
@@ -49,13 +56,11 @@ fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
 
 fn hello_world(frame: &mut Frame) {
     frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!")
-            .block(Block::default().title("Greeting").borders(Borders::ALL)),
-        frame.size(),
+        Paragraph::new("Hello World!").block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
+        frame.area(),
     );
 }
 
-use crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode};
 fn handle_events() -> io::Result<bool> {
     if event::poll(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50))? {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
@@ -74,7 +79,7 @@ fn layout(frame: &mut Frame) {
         Constraint::Length(1),
     ]);
     let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 2); 2]);
-    let [title_bar, main_area, status_bar] = vertical.areas(frame.size());
+    let [title_bar, main_area, status_bar] = vertical.areas(frame.area());
     let [left, right] = horizontal.areas(main_area);
 
     frame.render_widget(
@@ -85,8 +90,8 @@ fn layout(frame: &mut Frame) {
         Block::new().borders(Borders::TOP).title("Status Bar"),
         status_bar,
     );
-    frame.render_widget(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Left"), left);
-    frame.render_widget(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Right"), right);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Left"), left);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Right"), right);
 }
 
 fn styling(frame: &mut Frame) {
@@ -97,7 +102,7 @@ fn styling(frame: &mut Frame) {
         Constraint::Length(1),
         Constraint::Min(0),
     ])
-    .split(frame.size());
+    .split(frame.area());
 
     let span1 = Span::raw("Hello ");
     let span2 = Span::styled(

examples/flex.rs

@@ -13,20 +13,33 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::io::{self, stdout};
+use std::{
+    io::{self, stdout},
+    num::NonZeroUsize,
+};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    layout::{Constraint::*, Flex},
-    prelude::*,
-    style::palette::tailwind,
-    symbols::line,
-    widgets::{block::Title, *},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{
+        Alignment,
+        Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
+        Flex, Layout, Rect,
+    },
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols::{self, line},
+    text::{Line, Text},
+    widgets::{
+        block::Title, Block, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
+        StatefulWidget, Tabs, Widget,
+    },
+    Terminal,
 };
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
@@ -146,7 +159,9 @@ enum SelectedTab {
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     // assuming the user changes spacing about a 100 times or so
-    Layout::init_cache(EXAMPLE_DATA.len() * SelectedTab::iter().len() * 100);
+    Layout::init_cache(
+        NonZeroUsize::new(EXAMPLE_DATA.len() * SelectedTab::iter().len() * 100).unwrap(),
+    );
     init_error_hooks()?;
     let terminal = init_terminal()?;
     App::default().run(terminal)?;
@@ -165,28 +180,27 @@ impl App {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
+    fn is_running(self) -> bool {
         self.state == AppState::Running
     }
 
     fn draw(self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.size()))?;
+        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.area()))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        use KeyCode::*;
         match event::read()? {
             Event::Key(key) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match key.code {
-                Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
-                Char('l') | Right => self.next(),
-                Char('h') | Left => self.previous(),
-                Char('j') | Down => self.down(),
-                Char('k') | Up => self.up(),
-                Char('g') | Home => self.top(),
-                Char('G') | End => self.bottom(),
-                Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
-                Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
+                KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
+                KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next(),
+                KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.previous(),
+                KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.down(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.up(),
+                KeyCode::Char('g') | KeyCode::Home => self.top(),
+                KeyCode::Char('G') | KeyCode::End => self.bottom(),
+                KeyCode::Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
+                KeyCode::Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
                 _ => (),
             },
             _ => {}
@@ -203,14 +217,14 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn up(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll_offset = self.scroll_offset.saturating_sub(1)
+        self.scroll_offset = self.scroll_offset.saturating_sub(1);
     }
 
     fn down(&mut self) {
         self.scroll_offset = self
             .scroll_offset
             .saturating_add(1)
-            .min(max_scroll_offset())
+            .min(max_scroll_offset());
     }
 
     fn top(&mut self) {
@@ -239,8 +253,7 @@ fn max_scroll_offset() -> u16 {
     example_height()
         - EXAMPLE_DATA
             .last()
-            .map(|(desc, _)| get_description_height(desc) + 4)
-            .unwrap_or(0)
+            .map_or(0, |(desc, _)| get_description_height(desc) + 4)
 }
 
 /// The height of all examples combined
@@ -264,12 +277,12 @@ impl Widget for App {
         } else {
             axis.width
         };
-        self.axis(axis_width, self.spacing).render(axis, buf);
+        Self::axis(axis_width, self.spacing).render(axis, buf);
     }
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn tabs(&self) -> impl Widget {
+    fn tabs(self) -> impl Widget {
         let tab_titles = SelectedTab::iter().map(SelectedTab::to_tab_title);
         let block = Block::new()
             .title(Title::from("Flex Layouts ".bold()))
@@ -283,13 +296,13 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     /// a bar like `<----- 80 px (gap: 2 px)? ----->`
-    fn axis(&self, width: u16, spacing: u16) -> impl Widget {
+    fn axis(width: u16, spacing: u16) -> impl Widget {
         let width = width as usize;
         // only show gap when spacing is not zero
         let label = if spacing != 0 {
-            format!("{} px (gap: {} px)", width, spacing)
+            format!("{width} px (gap: {spacing} px)")
         } else {
-            format!("{} px", width)
+            format!("{width} px")
         };
         let bar_width = width.saturating_sub(2); // we want to `<` and `>` at the ends
         let width_bar = format!("<{label:-^bar_width$}>");
@@ -302,6 +315,7 @@ impl App {
     /// into the main buffer. This is done to make it possible to handle scrolling easily.
     ///
     /// Returns bool indicating whether scroll was needed
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     fn render_demo(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) -> bool {
         // render demo content into a separate buffer so all examples fit we add an extra
         // area.height to make sure the last example is fully visible even when the scroll offset is
@@ -332,7 +346,7 @@ impl App {
         for (i, cell) in visible_content.enumerate() {
             let x = i as u16 % area.width;
             let y = i as u16 / area.width;
-            *buf.get_mut(area.x + x, area.y + y) = cell;
+            buf[(area.x + x, area.y + y)] = cell;
         }
 
         if scrollbar_needed {
@@ -347,31 +361,30 @@ impl App {
 
 impl SelectedTab {
     /// Get the previous tab, if there is no previous tab return the current tab.
-    fn previous(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index: usize = *self as usize;
+    fn previous(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index: usize = self as usize;
         let previous_index = current_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
     /// Get the next tab, if there is no next tab return the current tab.
-    fn next(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = *self as usize;
+    fn next(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index = self as usize;
         let next_index = current_index.saturating_add(1);
-        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
     /// Convert a `SelectedTab` into a `Line` to display it by the `Tabs` widget.
-    fn to_tab_title(value: SelectedTab) -> Line<'static> {
-        use tailwind::*;
-        use SelectedTab::*;
+    fn to_tab_title(value: Self) -> Line<'static> {
+        use tailwind::{INDIGO, ORANGE, SKY};
         let text = value.to_string();
         let color = match value {
-            Legacy => ORANGE.c400,
-            Start => SKY.c400,
-            Center => SKY.c300,
-            End => SKY.c200,
-            SpaceAround => INDIGO.c400,
-            SpaceBetween => INDIGO.c300,
+            Self::Legacy => ORANGE.c400,
+            Self::Start => SKY.c400,
+            Self::Center => SKY.c300,
+            Self::End => SKY.c200,
+            Self::SpaceAround => INDIGO.c400,
+            Self::SpaceBetween => INDIGO.c300,
         };
         format!(" {text} ").fg(color).bg(Color::Black).into()
     }
@@ -382,20 +395,18 @@ impl StatefulWidget for SelectedTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, spacing: &mut Self::State) {
         let spacing = *spacing;
         match self {
-            SelectedTab::Legacy => self.render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Legacy, spacing),
-            SelectedTab::Start => self.render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Start, spacing),
-            SelectedTab::Center => self.render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Center, spacing),
-            SelectedTab::End => self.render_examples(area, buf, Flex::End, spacing),
-            SelectedTab::SpaceAround => self.render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceAround, spacing),
-            SelectedTab::SpaceBetween => {
-                self.render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceBetween, spacing)
-            }
+            Self::Legacy => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Legacy, spacing),
+            Self::Start => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Start, spacing),
+            Self::Center => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Center, spacing),
+            Self::End => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::End, spacing),
+            Self::SpaceAround => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceAround, spacing),
+            Self::SpaceBetween => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceBetween, spacing),
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl SelectedTab {
-    fn render_examples(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, flex: Flex, spacing: u16) {
+    fn render_examples(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, flex: Flex, spacing: u16) {
         let heights = EXAMPLE_DATA
             .iter()
             .map(|(desc, _)| get_description_height(desc) + 4);
@@ -432,7 +443,7 @@ impl Widget for Example {
             Paragraph::new(
                 self.description
                     .split('\n')
-                    .map(|s| format!("// {}", s).italic().fg(tailwind::SLATE.c400))
+                    .map(|s| format!("// {s}").italic().fg(tailwind::SLATE.c400))
                     .map(Line::from)
                     .collect::<Vec<Line>>(),
             )
@@ -440,18 +451,17 @@ impl Widget for Example {
         }
 
         for (block, constraint) in blocks.iter().zip(&self.constraints) {
-            self.illustration(*constraint, block.width)
-                .render(*block, buf);
+            Self::illustration(*constraint, block.width).render(*block, buf);
         }
 
         for spacer in spacers.iter() {
-            self.render_spacer(*spacer, buf);
+            Self::render_spacer(*spacer, buf);
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl Example {
-    fn render_spacer(&self, spacer: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_spacer(spacer: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         if spacer.width > 1 {
             let corners_only = symbols::border::Set {
                 top_left: line::NORMAL.top_left,
@@ -483,7 +493,7 @@ impl Example {
         } else if width > 2 {
             format!("{width}")
         } else {
-            "".to_string()
+            String::new()
         };
         let text = Text::from(vec![
             Line::raw(""),
@@ -496,7 +506,7 @@ impl Example {
             .render(spacer, buf);
     }
 
-    fn illustration(&self, constraint: Constraint, width: u16) -> Paragraph {
+    fn illustration(constraint: Constraint, width: u16) -> impl Widget {
         let main_color = color_for_constraint(constraint);
         let fg_color = Color::White;
         let title = format!("{constraint}");
@@ -510,8 +520,8 @@ impl Example {
     }
 }
 
-fn color_for_constraint(constraint: Constraint) -> Color {
-    use tailwind::*;
+const fn color_for_constraint(constraint: Constraint) -> Color {
+    use tailwind::{BLUE, SLATE};
     match constraint {
         Constraint::Min(_) => BLUE.c900,
         Constraint::Max(_) => BLUE.c800,
@@ -532,7 +542,7 @@ fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
     }))?;
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -551,6 +561,7 @@ fn restore_terminal() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 fn get_description_height(s: &str) -> u16 {
     if s.is_empty() {
         0

examples/gauge.rs

@@ -16,15 +16,19 @@
 use std::{io::stdout, time::Duration};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    style::palette::tailwind,
-    widgets::{block::Title, *},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Style, Stylize},
+    text::Span,
+    widgets::{block::Title, Block, Borders, Gauge, Padding, Paragraph, Widget},
+    Terminal,
 };
 
 const GAUGE1_COLOR: Color = tailwind::RED.c800;
@@ -70,7 +74,7 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-        terminal.draw(|f| f.render_widget(self, f.size()))?;
+        terminal.draw(|f| f.render_widget(self, f.area()))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -84,7 +88,7 @@ impl App {
         // difference between how a continuous gauge acts for floor and rounded values.
         self.progress_columns = (self.progress_columns + 1).clamp(0, terminal_width);
         self.progress1 = self.progress_columns * 100 / terminal_width;
-        self.progress2 = self.progress_columns as f64 * 100.0 / terminal_width as f64;
+        self.progress2 = f64::from(self.progress_columns) * 100.0 / f64::from(terminal_width);
 
         // progress3 and progress4 similarly show the difference between unicode and non-unicode
         // gauges measuring the same thing.
@@ -97,10 +101,9 @@ impl App {
         if event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
                 if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    use KeyCode::*;
                     match key.code {
-                        Char(' ') | Enter => self.start(),
-                        Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
+                        KeyCode::Char(' ') | KeyCode::Enter => self.start(),
+                        KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
                         _ => {}
                     }
                 }
@@ -119,16 +122,17 @@ impl App {
 }
 
 impl Widget for &App {
+    #[allow(clippy::similar_names)]
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        use Constraint::*;
+        use Constraint::{Length, Min, Ratio};
         let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(2), Min(0), Length(1)]);
         let [header_area, gauge_area, footer_area] = layout.areas(area);
 
         let layout = Layout::vertical([Ratio(1, 4); 4]);
         let [gauge1_area, gauge2_area, gauge3_area, gauge4_area] = layout.areas(gauge_area);
 
-        self.render_header(header_area, buf);
-        self.render_footer(footer_area, buf);
+        render_header(header_area, buf);
+        render_footer(footer_area, buf);
 
         self.render_gauge1(gauge1_area, buf);
         self.render_gauge2(gauge2_area, buf);
@@ -137,23 +141,23 @@ impl Widget for &App {
     }
 }
 
+fn render_header(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    Paragraph::new("Ratatui Gauge Example")
+        .bold()
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
+        .render(area, buf);
+}
+
+fn render_footer(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    Paragraph::new("Press ENTER to start")
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
+        .bold()
+        .render(area, buf);
+}
+
 impl App {
-    fn render_header(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        Paragraph::new("Ratatui Gauge Example")
-            .bold()
-            .alignment(Alignment::Center)
-            .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_footer(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        Paragraph::new("Press ENTER to start")
-            .alignment(Alignment::Center)
-            .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
-            .bold()
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
-
     fn render_gauge1(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let title = title_block("Gauge with percentage");
         Gauge::default()
@@ -203,11 +207,11 @@ impl App {
 
 fn title_block(title: &str) -> Block {
     let title = Title::from(title).alignment(Alignment::Center);
-    Block::default()
-        .title(title)
+    Block::new()
         .borders(Borders::NONE)
-        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
         .padding(Padding::vertical(1))
+        .title(title)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
 }
 
 fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
@@ -220,7 +224,7 @@ fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
     }))?;
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }

examples/hello_world.rs

@@ -18,33 +18,36 @@ use std::{
     time::Duration,
 };
 
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use color_eyre::{eyre::Context, Result};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    widgets::Paragraph,
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 
 /// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
 /// this is not meant to be prescriptive. It is only meant to demonstrate the basic setup and
 /// teardown of a terminal application.
 ///
-/// A more robust application would probably want to handle errors and ensure that the terminal is
-/// restored to a sane state before exiting. This example does not do that. It also does not handle
-/// events or update the application state. It just draws a greeting and exits when the user
-/// presses 'q'.
+/// This example does not handle events or update the application state. It just draws a greeting
+/// and exits when the user presses 'q'.
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = setup_terminal().context("setup failed")?;
-    run(&mut terminal).context("app loop failed")?;
-    restore_terminal(&mut terminal).context("restore terminal failed")?;
-    Ok(())
+    color_eyre::install()?; // augment errors / panics with easy to read messages
+    let mut terminal = init_terminal().context("setup failed")?;
+    let result = run(&mut terminal).context("app loop failed");
+    restore_terminal();
+    result
 }
 
 /// Setup the terminal. This is where you would enable raw mode, enter the alternate screen, and
-/// hide the cursor. This example does not handle errors. A more robust application would probably
-/// want to handle errors and ensure that the terminal is restored to a sane state before exiting.
-fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
+/// hide the cursor. This example does not handle errors.
+fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
+    set_panic_hook();
     let mut stdout = io::stdout();
     enable_raw_mode().context("failed to enable raw mode")?;
     execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen).context("unable to enter alternate screen")?;
@@ -53,11 +56,23 @@ fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
 
 /// Restore the terminal. This is where you disable raw mode, leave the alternate screen, and show
 /// the cursor.
-fn restore_terminal(terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode().context("failed to disable raw mode")?;
-    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)
-        .context("unable to switch to main screen")?;
-    terminal.show_cursor().context("unable to show cursor")
+fn restore_terminal() {
+    // There's not a lot we can do if these fail, so we just print an error message.
+    if let Err(err) = disable_raw_mode() {
+        eprintln!("Error disabling raw mode: {err}");
+    }
+    if let Err(err) = execute!(io::stdout(), LeaveAlternateScreen) {
+        eprintln!("Error leaving alternate screen: {err}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Replace the default panic hook with one that restores the terminal before panicking.
+fn set_panic_hook() {
+    let hook = std::panic::take_hook();
+    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |panic_info| {
+        restore_terminal();
+        hook(panic_info);
+    }));
 }
 
 /// Run the application loop. This is where you would handle events and update the application
@@ -66,7 +81,7 @@ fn restore_terminal(terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result
 /// on events, or you could have a single application state and update it based on events.
 fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
     loop {
-        terminal.draw(crate::render_app)?;
+        terminal.draw(render_app)?;
         if should_quit()? {
             break;
         }
@@ -78,13 +93,15 @@ fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
 /// draws a greeting.
 fn render_app(frame: &mut Frame) {
     let greeting = Paragraph::new("Hello World! (press 'q' to quit)");
-    frame.render_widget(greeting, frame.size());
+    frame.render_widget(greeting, frame.area());
 }
 
 /// Check if the user has pressed 'q'. This is where you would handle events. This example just
 /// checks if the user has pressed 'q' and returns true if they have. It does not handle any other
 /// events. There is a 250ms timeout on the event poll so that the application can exit in a timely
-/// manner, and to ensure that the terminal is rendered at least once every 250ms.
+/// manner, and to ensure that the terminal is rendered at least once every 250ms. This allows you
+/// to do other work in the application loop, such as updating the application state, without
+/// blocking the event loop for too long.
 fn should_quit() -> Result<bool> {
     if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250)).context("event poll failed")? {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read().context("event read failed")? {

examples/hyperlink.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+//! # [Ratatui] Hyperlink examplew
+//!
+//! Shows how to use [OSC 8] to create hyperlinks in the terminal.
+//!
+//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
+//!
+//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
+//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
+//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
+//!
+//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
+//! library you are using.
+//!
+//! [OSC 8]: https://gist.github.com/egmontkob/eb114294efbcd5adb1944c9f3cb5feda
+//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
+//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+
+use std::{
+    io::{self, stdout, Stdout},
+    panic,
+};
+
+use color_eyre::{
+    config::{EyreHook, HookBuilder, PanicHook},
+    eyre, Result,
+};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    ExecutableCommand,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::WidgetRef};
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    init_error_handling()?;
+    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
+    let app = App::new();
+    app.run(&mut terminal)?;
+    restore_terminal()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+struct App {
+    hyperlink: Hyperlink<'static>,
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        let text = Line::from(vec!["Example ".into(), "hyperlink".blue()]);
+        let hyperlink = Hyperlink::new(text, "https://example.com");
+        Self { hyperlink }
+    }
+
+    fn run(self, terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> io::Result<()> {
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(&self.hyperlink, frame.area()))?;
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if matches!(key.code, KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A hyperlink widget that renders a hyperlink in the terminal using [OSC 8].
+///
+/// [OSC 8]: https://gist.github.com/egmontkob/eb114294efbcd5adb1944c9f3cb5feda
+struct Hyperlink<'content> {
+    text: Text<'content>,
+    url: String,
+}
+
+impl<'content> Hyperlink<'content> {
+    fn new(text: impl Into<Text<'content>>, url: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            text: text.into(),
+            url: url.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl WidgetRef for Hyperlink<'_> {
+    fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buffer: &mut Buffer) {
+        self.text.render_ref(area, buffer);
+
+        // this is a hacky workaround for https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/902, a bug
+        // in the terminal code that incorrectly calculates the width of ANSI escape sequences. It
+        // works by rendering the hyperlink as a series of 2-character chunks, which is the
+        // calculated width of the hyperlink text.
+        for (i, two_chars) in self
+            .text
+            .to_string()
+            .chars()
+            .chunks(2)
+            .into_iter()
+            .enumerate()
+        {
+            let text = two_chars.collect::<String>();
+            let hyperlink = format!("\x1B]8;;{}\x07{}\x1B]8;;\x07", self.url, text);
+            buffer[(area.x + i as u16 * 2, area.y)].set_symbol(hyperlink.as_str());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Initialize the terminal with raw mode and alternate screen.
+fn init_terminal() -> io::Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))
+}
+
+/// Restore the terminal to its original state.
+fn restore_terminal() -> io::Result<()> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(stdout(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Initialize error handling with color-eyre.
+pub fn init_error_handling() -> Result<()> {
+    let (panic_hook, eyre_hook) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
+    set_panic_hook(panic_hook);
+    set_error_hook(eyre_hook)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Install a panic hook that restores the terminal before printing the panic.
+fn set_panic_hook(panic_hook: PanicHook) {
+    let panic_hook = panic_hook.into_panic_hook();
+    panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |panic_info| {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+        panic_hook(panic_info);
+    }));
+}
+
+/// Install an error hook that restores the terminal before printing the error.
+fn set_error_hook(eyre_hook: EyreHook) -> Result<()> {
+    let eyre_hook = eyre_hook.into_eyre_hook();
+    eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |error| {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+        eyre_hook(error)
+    }))?;
+    Ok(())
+}

examples/inline.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,15 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use rand::distributions::{Distribution, Uniform};
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    symbols,
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{block, Block, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem, Paragraph, Widget},
+    Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport,
+};
 
 const NUM_DOWNLOADS: usize = 10;
 
@@ -129,6 +137,7 @@ fn input_handling(tx: mpsc::Sender<Event>) {
     });
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
 fn workers(tx: mpsc::Sender<Event>) -> Vec<Worker> {
     (0..4)
         .map(|id| {
@@ -168,6 +177,7 @@ fn downloads() -> Downloads {
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
 fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
     workers: Vec<Worker>,
@@ -194,7 +204,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
             Event::DownloadUpdate(worker_id, _download_id, progress) => {
                 let download = downloads.in_progress.get_mut(&worker_id).unwrap();
                 download.progress = progress;
-                redraw = false
+                redraw = false;
             }
             Event::DownloadDone(worker_id, download_id) => {
                 let download = downloads.in_progress.remove(&worker_id).unwrap();
@@ -230,9 +240,9 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
 }
 
 fn ui(f: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
-    let area = f.size();
+    let area = f.area();
 
-    let block = Block::default().title(block::Title::from("Progress").alignment(Alignment::Center));
+    let block = Block::new().title(block::Title::from("Progress").alignment(Alignment::Center));
     f.render_widget(block, area);
 
     let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(2), Constraint::Length(4)]).margin(1);
@@ -242,8 +252,9 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
 
     // total progress
     let done = NUM_DOWNLOADS - downloads.pending.len() - downloads.in_progress.len();
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
     let progress = LineGauge::default()
-        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
+        .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
         .label(format!("{done}/{NUM_DOWNLOADS}"))
         .ratio(done as f64 / NUM_DOWNLOADS as f64);
     f.render_widget(progress, progress_area);
@@ -271,6 +282,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
     let list = List::new(items);
     f.render_widget(list, list_area);
 
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     for (i, (_, download)) in downloads.in_progress.iter().enumerate() {
         let gauge = Gauge::default()
             .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))

examples/layout.rs

@@ -15,13 +15,24 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{layout::Constraint::*, prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{
+        Constraint,
+        Constraint::{Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
+        Layout, Rect,
+    },
+    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+    Frame, Terminal,
+};
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     // setup terminal
@@ -55,20 +66,21 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
         terminal.draw(ui)?;
 
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+            if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                 return Ok(());
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
     let vertical = Layout::vertical([
         Length(4),  // text
         Length(50), // examples
         Min(0),     // fills remaining space
     ]);
-    let [text_area, examples_area, _] = vertical.areas(frame.size());
+    let [text_area, examples_area, _] = vertical.areas(frame.area());
 
     // title
     frame.render_widget(
@@ -94,12 +106,12 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
         .iter()
         .flat_map(|area| {
             Layout::horizontal([
-                Constraint::Length(14),
-                Constraint::Length(14),
-                Constraint::Length(14),
-                Constraint::Length(14),
-                Constraint::Length(14),
-                Constraint::Min(0), // fills remaining space
+                Length(14),
+                Length(14),
+                Length(14),
+                Length(14),
+                Length(14),
+                Min(0), // fills remaining space
             ])
             .split(*area)
             .iter()
@@ -183,16 +195,15 @@ fn render_example_combination(
     title: &str,
     constraints: Vec<(Constraint, Constraint)>,
 ) {
-    let block = Block::default()
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .title(title.gray())
         .style(Style::reset())
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
         .border_style(Style::default().fg(Color::DarkGray));
     let inner = block.inner(area);
     frame.render_widget(block, area);
     let layout = Layout::vertical(vec![Length(1); constraints.len() + 1]).split(inner);
-    for (i, (a, b)) in constraints.iter().enumerate() {
-        render_single_example(frame, layout[i], vec![*a, *b, Min(0)]);
+    for (i, (a, b)) in constraints.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        render_single_example(frame, layout[i], vec![a, b, Min(0)]);
     }
     // This is to make it easy to visually see the alignment of the examples
     // with the constraints.
@@ -213,11 +224,11 @@ fn render_single_example(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect, constraints: Vec<Constra
 
 fn constraint_label(constraint: Constraint) -> String {
     match constraint {
-        Length(n) => format!("{n}"),
-        Min(n) => format!("{n}"),
-        Max(n) => format!("{n}"),
-        Percentage(n) => format!("{n}"),
-        Fill(n) => format!("{n}"),
-        Ratio(a, b) => format!("{a}:{b}"),
+        Constraint::Ratio(a, b) => format!("{a}:{b}"),
+        Constraint::Length(n)
+        | Constraint::Min(n)
+        | Constraint::Max(n)
+        | Constraint::Percentage(n)
+        | Constraint::Fill(n) => format!("{n}"),
     }
 }

examples/line_gauge.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+//! # [Ratatui] Line Gauge example
+//!
+//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
+//!
+//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
+//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
+//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
+//!
+//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
+//! library you are using.
+//!
+//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
+//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+
+use std::{io::stdout, time::Duration};
+
+use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Style, Stylize},
+    widgets::{block::Title, Block, Borders, LineGauge, Padding, Paragraph, Widget},
+    Terminal,
+};
+
+const CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c200;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
+struct App {
+    state: AppState,
+    progress_columns: u16,
+    progress: f64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum AppState {
+    #[default]
+    Running,
+    Started,
+    Quitting,
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    init_error_hooks()?;
+    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
+    App::default().run(terminal)?;
+    restore_terminal()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+        while self.state != AppState::Quitting {
+            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
+            self.handle_events()?;
+            self.update(terminal.size()?.width);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+        terminal.draw(|f| f.render_widget(self, f.area()))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn update(&mut self, terminal_width: u16) {
+        if self.state != AppState::Started {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.progress_columns = (self.progress_columns + 1).clamp(0, terminal_width);
+        self.progress = f64::from(self.progress_columns) / f64::from(terminal_width);
+    }
+
+    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let timeout = Duration::from_secs_f32(1.0 / 20.0);
+        if event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
+                    match key.code {
+                        KeyCode::Char(' ') | KeyCode::Enter => self.start(),
+                        KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn start(&mut self) {
+        self.state = AppState::Started;
+    }
+
+    fn quit(&mut self) {
+        self.state = AppState::Quitting;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Widget for &App {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        use Constraint::{Length, Min, Ratio};
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(2), Min(0), Length(1)]);
+        let [header_area, main_area, footer_area] = layout.areas(area);
+
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Ratio(1, 3); 3]);
+        let [gauge1_area, gauge2_area, gauge3_area] = layout.areas(main_area);
+
+        header().render(header_area, buf);
+        footer().render(footer_area, buf);
+
+        self.render_gauge1(gauge1_area, buf);
+        self.render_gauge2(gauge2_area, buf);
+        self.render_gauge3(gauge3_area, buf);
+    }
+}
+
+fn header() -> impl Widget {
+    Paragraph::new("Ratatui Line Gauge Example")
+        .bold()
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
+}
+
+fn footer() -> impl Widget {
+    Paragraph::new("Press ENTER / SPACE to start")
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
+        .bold()
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn render_gauge1(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let title = title_block("Blue / red only foreground");
+        LineGauge::default()
+            .block(title)
+            .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
+            .unfilled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red))
+            .label("Foreground:")
+            .ratio(self.progress)
+            .render(area, buf);
+    }
+
+    fn render_gauge2(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let title = title_block("Blue / red only background");
+        LineGauge::default()
+            .block(title)
+            .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue).bg(Color::Blue))
+            .unfilled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red).bg(Color::Red))
+            .label("Background:")
+            .ratio(self.progress)
+            .render(area, buf);
+    }
+
+    fn render_gauge3(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let title = title_block("Fully styled with background");
+        LineGauge::default()
+            .block(title)
+            .filled_style(
+                Style::default()
+                    .fg(tailwind::BLUE.c400)
+                    .bg(tailwind::BLUE.c600),
+            )
+            .unfilled_style(
+                Style::default()
+                    .fg(tailwind::RED.c400)
+                    .bg(tailwind::RED.c800),
+            )
+            .label("Both:")
+            .ratio(self.progress)
+            .render(area, buf);
+    }
+}
+
+fn title_block(title: &str) -> Block {
+    let title = Title::from(title).alignment(Alignment::Center);
+    Block::default()
+        .title(title)
+        .borders(Borders::NONE)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
+        .padding(Padding::vertical(1))
+}
+
+fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
+    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
+    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
+    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+        error(e)
+    }))?;
+    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+        panic(info);
+    }));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn init_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    Ok(terminal)
+}
+
+fn restore_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    Ok(())
+}

examples/list.rs

@@ -13,350 +13,323 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{error::Error, io, io::stdout};
+use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use color_eyre::config::HookBuilder;
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use crossterm::event::KeyEvent;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::Backend,
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{
+        palette::tailwind::{BLUE, GREEN, SLATE},
+        Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize,
+    },
+    symbols,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{
+        Block, Borders, HighlightSpacing, List, ListItem, ListState, Padding, Paragraph,
+        StatefulWidget, Widget, Wrap,
+    },
+    Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
 
-const TODO_HEADER_BG: Color = tailwind::BLUE.c950;
-const NORMAL_ROW_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c950;
-const ALT_ROW_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c900;
-const SELECTED_STYLE_FG: Color = tailwind::BLUE.c300;
-const TEXT_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c200;
-const COMPLETED_TEXT_COLOR: Color = tailwind::GREEN.c500;
+const TODO_HEADER_STYLE: Style = Style::new().fg(SLATE.c100).bg(BLUE.c800);
+const NORMAL_ROW_BG: Color = SLATE.c950;
+const ALT_ROW_BG_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c900;
+const SELECTED_STYLE: Style = Style::new().bg(SLATE.c800).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD);
+const TEXT_FG_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c200;
+const COMPLETED_TEXT_FG_COLOR: Color = GREEN.c500;
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    tui::init_error_hooks()?;
+    let terminal = tui::init_terminal()?;
+
+    let mut app = App::default();
+    app.run(terminal)?;
+
+    tui::restore_terminal()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// This struct holds the current state of the app. In particular, it has the `todo_list` field
+/// which is a wrapper around `ListState`. Keeping track of the state lets us render the
+/// associated widget with its state and have access to features such as natural scrolling.
+///
+/// Check the event handling at the bottom to see how to change the state on incoming events. Check
+/// the drawing logic for items on how to specify the highlighting style for selected items.
+struct App {
+    should_exit: bool,
+    todo_list: TodoList,
+}
+
+struct TodoList {
+    items: Vec<TodoItem>,
+    state: ListState,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct TodoItem {
+    todo: String,
+    info: String,
+    status: Status,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 enum Status {
     Todo,
     Completed,
 }
 
-struct TodoItem<'a> {
-    todo: &'a str,
-    info: &'a str,
-    status: Status,
-}
-
-struct StatefulList<'a> {
-    state: ListState,
-    items: Vec<TodoItem<'a>>,
-    last_selected: Option<usize>,
-}
-
-/// This struct holds the current state of the app. In particular, it has the `items` field which is
-/// a wrapper around `ListState`. Keeping track of the items state let us render the associated
-/// widget with its state and have access to features such as natural scrolling.
-///
-/// Check the event handling at the bottom to see how to change the state on incoming events.
-/// Check the drawing logic for items on how to specify the highlighting style for selected items.
-struct App<'a> {
-    items: StatefulList<'a>,
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    App::new().run(terminal)?;
-
-    restore_terminal()?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-impl App<'_> {
-    fn new<'a>() -> App<'a> {
-        App {
-            items: StatefulList::with_items([
-                ("Rewrite everything with Rust!", "I can't hold my inner voice. He tells me to rewrite the complete universe with Rust", Status::Todo),
-                ("Rewrite all of your tui apps with Ratatui", "Yes, you heard that right. Go and replace your tui with Ratatui.", Status::Completed),
-                ("Pet your cat", "Minnak loves to be pet by you! Don't forget to pet and give some treats!", Status::Todo),
-                ("Walk with your dog", "Max is bored, go walk with him!", Status::Todo),
-                ("Pay the bills", "Pay the train subscription!!!", Status::Completed),
-                ("Refactor list example", "If you see this info that means I completed this task!", Status::Completed),
+impl Default for App {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            should_exit: false,
+            todo_list: TodoList::from_iter([
+                (Status::Todo, "Rewrite everything with Rust!", "I can't hold my inner voice. He tells me to rewrite the complete universe with Rust"),
+                (Status::Completed, "Rewrite all of your tui apps with Ratatui", "Yes, you heard that right. Go and replace your tui with Ratatui."),
+                (Status::Todo, "Pet your cat", "Minnak loves to be pet by you! Don't forget to pet and give some treats!"),
+                (Status::Todo, "Walk with your dog", "Max is bored, go walk with him!"),
+                (Status::Completed, "Pay the bills", "Pay the train subscription!!!"),
+                (Status::Completed, "Refactor list example", "If you see this info that means I completed this task!"),
             ]),
         }
     }
+}
+
+impl FromIterator<(Status, &'static str, &'static str)> for TodoList {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = (Status, &'static str, &'static str)>>(iter: I) -> Self {
+        let items = iter
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(status, todo, info)| TodoItem::new(status, todo, info))
+            .collect();
+        let state = ListState::default();
+        Self { items, state }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TodoItem {
+    fn new(status: Status, todo: &str, info: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            status,
+            todo: todo.to_string(),
+            info: info.to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
+        while !self.should_exit {
+            terminal.draw(|f| f.render_widget(&mut *self, f.area()))?;
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                self.handle_key(key);
+            };
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn handle_key(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) {
+        if key.kind != KeyEventKind::Press {
+            return;
+        }
+        match key.code {
+            KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.should_exit = true,
+            KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.select_none(),
+            KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.select_next(),
+            KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.select_previous(),
+            KeyCode::Char('g') | KeyCode::Home => self.select_first(),
+            KeyCode::Char('G') | KeyCode::End => self.select_last(),
+            KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right | KeyCode::Enter => {
+                self.toggle_status();
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn select_none(&mut self) {
+        self.todo_list.state.select(None);
+    }
+
+    fn select_next(&mut self) {
+        self.todo_list.state.select_next();
+    }
+    fn select_previous(&mut self) {
+        self.todo_list.state.select_previous();
+    }
+
+    fn select_first(&mut self) {
+        self.todo_list.state.select_first();
+    }
+
+    fn select_last(&mut self) {
+        self.todo_list.state.select_last();
+    }
 
     /// Changes the status of the selected list item
-    fn change_status(&mut self) {
-        if let Some(i) = self.items.state.selected() {
-            self.items.items[i].status = match self.items.items[i].status {
+    fn toggle_status(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(i) = self.todo_list.state.selected() {
+            self.todo_list.items[i].status = match self.todo_list.items[i].status {
                 Status::Completed => Status::Todo,
                 Status::Todo => Status::Completed,
             }
         }
     }
-
-    fn go_top(&mut self) {
-        self.items.state.select(Some(0))
-    }
-
-    fn go_bottom(&mut self) {
-        self.items.state.select(Some(self.items.items.len() - 1))
-    }
 }
 
-impl App<'_> {
-    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        loop {
-            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
-
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    use KeyCode::*;
-                    match key.code {
-                        Char('q') | Esc => return Ok(()),
-                        Char('h') | Left => self.items.unselect(),
-                        Char('j') | Down => self.items.next(),
-                        Char('k') | Up => self.items.previous(),
-                        Char('l') | Right | Enter => self.change_status(),
-                        Char('g') => self.go_top(),
-                        Char('G') => self.go_bottom(),
-                        _ => {}
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn draw(&mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        terminal.draw(|f| f.render_widget(self, f.size()))?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for &mut App<'_> {
+impl Widget for &mut App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        // Create a space for header, todo list and the footer.
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([
+        let [header_area, main_area, footer_area] = Layout::vertical([
             Constraint::Length(2),
-            Constraint::Min(0),
-            Constraint::Length(2),
-        ]);
-        let [header_area, rest_area, footer_area] = vertical.areas(area);
+            Constraint::Fill(1),
+            Constraint::Length(1),
+        ])
+        .areas(area);
 
-        // Create two chunks with equal vertical screen space. One for the list and the other for
-        // the info block.
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]);
-        let [upper_item_list_area, lower_item_list_area] = vertical.areas(rest_area);
+        let [list_area, item_area] =
+            Layout::vertical([Constraint::Fill(1), Constraint::Fill(1)]).areas(main_area);
 
-        self.render_title(header_area, buf);
-        self.render_todo(upper_item_list_area, buf);
-        self.render_info(lower_item_list_area, buf);
-        self.render_footer(footer_area, buf);
+        App::render_header(header_area, buf);
+        App::render_footer(footer_area, buf);
+        self.render_list(list_area, buf);
+        self.render_selected_item(item_area, buf);
     }
 }
 
-impl App<'_> {
-    fn render_title(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+/// Rendering logic for the app
+impl App {
+    fn render_header(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         Paragraph::new("Ratatui List Example")
             .bold()
             .centered()
             .render(area, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_todo(&mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        // We create two blocks, one is for the header (outer) and the other is for list (inner).
-        let outer_block = Block::default()
-            .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG)
-            .title("TODO List")
-            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center);
-        let inner_block = Block::default()
-            .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_COLOR);
+    fn render_footer(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        Paragraph::new("Use ↓↑ to move, ← to unselect, → to change status, g/G to go top/bottom.")
+            .centered()
+            .render(area, buf);
+    }
 
-        // We get the inner area from outer_block. We'll use this area later to render the table.
-        let outer_area = area;
-        let inner_area = outer_block.inner(outer_area);
-
-        // We can render the header in outer_area.
-        outer_block.render(outer_area, buf);
+    fn render_list(&mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let block = Block::new()
+            .title(Line::raw("TODO List").centered())
+            .borders(Borders::TOP)
+            .border_set(symbols::border::EMPTY)
+            .border_style(TODO_HEADER_STYLE)
+            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_BG);
 
         // Iterate through all elements in the `items` and stylize them.
         let items: Vec<ListItem> = self
-            .items
+            .todo_list
             .items
             .iter()
             .enumerate()
-            .map(|(i, todo_item)| todo_item.to_list_item(i))
+            .map(|(i, todo_item)| {
+                let color = alternate_colors(i);
+                ListItem::from(todo_item).bg(color)
+            })
             .collect();
 
         // Create a List from all list items and highlight the currently selected one
-        let items = List::new(items)
-            .block(inner_block)
-            .highlight_style(
-                Style::default()
-                    .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
-                    .add_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED)
-                    .fg(SELECTED_STYLE_FG),
-            )
+        let list = List::new(items)
+            .block(block)
+            .highlight_style(SELECTED_STYLE)
             .highlight_symbol(">")
             .highlight_spacing(HighlightSpacing::Always);
 
-        // We can now render the item list
-        // (look careful we are using StatefulWidget's render.)
-        // ratatui::widgets::StatefulWidget::render as stateful_render
-        StatefulWidget::render(items, inner_area, buf, &mut self.items.state);
+        // We need to disambiguate this trait method as both `Widget` and `StatefulWidget` share the
+        // same method name `render`.
+        StatefulWidget::render(list, area, buf, &mut self.todo_list.state);
     }
 
-    fn render_info(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_selected_item(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         // We get the info depending on the item's state.
-        let info = if let Some(i) = self.items.state.selected() {
-            match self.items.items[i].status {
-                Status::Completed => "✓ DONE: ".to_string() + self.items.items[i].info,
-                Status::Todo => "TODO: ".to_string() + self.items.items[i].info,
+        let info = if let Some(i) = self.todo_list.state.selected() {
+            match self.todo_list.items[i].status {
+                Status::Completed => format!("✓ DONE: {}", self.todo_list.items[i].info),
+                Status::Todo => format!("☐ TODO: {}", self.todo_list.items[i].info),
             }
         } else {
-            "Nothing to see here...".to_string()
+            "Nothing selected...".to_string()
         };
 
         // We show the list item's info under the list in this paragraph
-        let outer_info_block = Block::default()
-            .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG)
-            .title("TODO Info")
-            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center);
-        let inner_info_block = Block::default()
-            .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_COLOR)
+        let block = Block::new()
+            .title(Line::raw("TODO Info").centered())
+            .borders(Borders::TOP)
+            .border_set(symbols::border::EMPTY)
+            .border_style(TODO_HEADER_STYLE)
+            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_BG)
             .padding(Padding::horizontal(1));
 
-        // This is a similar process to what we did for list. outer_info_area will be used for
-        // header inner_info_area will be used for the list info.
-        let outer_info_area = area;
-        let inner_info_area = outer_info_block.inner(outer_info_area);
-
-        // We can render the header. Inner info will be rendered later
-        outer_info_block.render(outer_info_area, buf);
-
-        let info_paragraph = Paragraph::new(info)
-            .block(inner_info_block)
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .wrap(Wrap { trim: false });
-
         // We can now render the item info
-        info_paragraph.render(inner_info_area, buf);
-    }
-
-    fn render_footer(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        Paragraph::new(
-            "\nUse ↓↑ to move, ← to unselect, → to change status, g/G to go top/bottom.",
-        )
-        .centered()
-        .render(area, buf);
+        Paragraph::new(info)
+            .block(block)
+            .fg(TEXT_FG_COLOR)
+            .wrap(Wrap { trim: false })
+            .render(area, buf);
     }
 }
 
-impl StatefulList<'_> {
-    fn with_items<'a>(items: [(&'a str, &'a str, Status); 6]) -> StatefulList<'a> {
-        StatefulList {
-            state: ListState::default(),
-            items: items.iter().map(TodoItem::from).collect(),
-            last_selected: None,
-        }
+const fn alternate_colors(i: usize) -> Color {
+    if i % 2 == 0 {
+        NORMAL_ROW_BG
+    } else {
+        ALT_ROW_BG_COLOR
     }
+}
 
-    fn next(&mut self) {
-        let i = match self.state.selected() {
-            Some(i) => {
-                if i >= self.items.len() - 1 {
-                    0
-                } else {
-                    i + 1
-                }
+impl From<&TodoItem> for ListItem<'_> {
+    fn from(value: &TodoItem) -> Self {
+        let line = match value.status {
+            Status::Todo => Line::styled(format!(" ☐ {}", value.todo), TEXT_FG_COLOR),
+            Status::Completed => {
+                Line::styled(format!(" ✓ {}", value.todo), COMPLETED_TEXT_FG_COLOR)
             }
-            None => self.last_selected.unwrap_or(0),
         };
-        self.state.select(Some(i));
-    }
-
-    fn previous(&mut self) {
-        let i = match self.state.selected() {
-            Some(i) => {
-                if i == 0 {
-                    self.items.len() - 1
-                } else {
-                    i - 1
-                }
-            }
-            None => self.last_selected.unwrap_or(0),
-        };
-        self.state.select(Some(i));
-    }
-
-    fn unselect(&mut self) {
-        let offset = self.state.offset();
-        self.last_selected = self.state.selected();
-        self.state.select(None);
-        *self.state.offset_mut() = offset;
+        ListItem::new(line)
     }
 }
 
-impl TodoItem<'_> {
-    fn to_list_item(&self, index: usize) -> ListItem {
-        let bg_color = match index % 2 {
-            0 => NORMAL_ROW_COLOR,
-            _ => ALT_ROW_COLOR,
-        };
-        let line = match self.status {
-            Status::Todo => Line::styled(format!(" ☐ {}", self.todo), TEXT_COLOR),
-            Status::Completed => Line::styled(
-                format!(" ✓ {}", self.todo),
-                (COMPLETED_TEXT_COLOR, bg_color),
-            ),
-        };
+mod tui {
+    use std::{io, io::stdout};
 
-        ListItem::new(line).bg(bg_color)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> From<&(&'a str, &'a str, Status)> for TodoItem<'a> {
-    fn from((todo, info, status): &(&'a str, &'a str, Status)) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            todo,
-            info,
-            status: *status,
-        }
+    use color_eyre::config::HookBuilder;
+    use ratatui::{
+        backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+        crossterm::{
+            terminal::{
+                disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+            },
+            ExecutableCommand,
+        },
+        Terminal,
+    };
+
+    pub fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+        let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
+        let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
+        let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
+        color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
+            let _ = restore_terminal();
+            error(e)
+        }))?;
+        std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
+            let _ = restore_terminal();
+            panic(info);
+        }));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn init_terminal() -> io::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
+        stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+        enable_raw_mode()?;
+        Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn restore_terminal() -> io::Result<()> {
+        stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+        disable_raw_mode()
     }
 }

examples/minimal.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//! # [Ratatui] Minimal example
+//!
+//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
+//!
+//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
+//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
+//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
+//!
+//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
+//! library you are using.
+//!
+//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
+//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    text::Text,
+    Terminal,
+};
+
+/// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
+/// this is not meant to be prescriptive. See the [examples] folder for more complete examples.
+/// In particular, the [hello-world] example is a good starting point.
+///
+/// [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+/// [hello-world]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/hello_world.rs
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(std::io::stdout()))?;
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(Text::raw("Hello World!"), frame.area()))?;
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    Ok(())
+}

examples/modifiers.rs

@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-/// This example is useful for testing how your terminal emulator handles different modifiers.
-/// It will render a grid of combinations of foreground and background colors with all
-/// modifiers applied to them.
+// This example is useful for testing how your terminal emulator handles different modifiers.
+// It will render a grid of combinations of foreground and background colors with all
+// modifiers applied to them.
+
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     io::{self, Stdout},
@@ -24,13 +25,20 @@ use std::{
     time::Duration,
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::Paragraph,
+    Frame, Terminal,
+};
 
 type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
 
@@ -50,7 +58,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
 
         if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250))? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -60,7 +68,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
 
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
     let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Min(0)]);
-    let [text_area, main_area] = vertical.areas(frame.size());
+    let [text_area, main_area] = vertical.areas(frame.area());
     frame.render_widget(
         Paragraph::new("Note: not all terminals support all modifiers")
             .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
@@ -87,8 +95,8 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
         .chain(Modifier::all().iter())
         .collect_vec();
     let mut index = 0;
-    for bg in colors.iter() {
-        for fg in colors.iter() {
+    for bg in &colors {
+        for fg in &colors {
             for modifier in &all_modifiers {
                 let modifier_name = format!("{modifier:11?}");
                 let padding = (" ").repeat(12 - modifier_name.len());

examples/panic.rs

@@ -31,11 +31,16 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 
 type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
 
@@ -139,11 +144,9 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
         Line::from("try first without the panic handler to see the difference"),
     ];
 
-    let b = Block::default()
-        .title("Panic Handler Demo")
-        .borders(Borders::ALL);
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Panic Handler Demo"))
+        .centered();
 
-    let p = Paragraph::new(text).block(b).centered();
-
-    f.render_widget(p, f.size());
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, f.area());
 }

examples/paragraph.rs

@@ -14,148 +14,218 @@
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
 use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
+    io::{self},
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use crossterm::event::KeyEventKind;
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Stylize},
+    text::{Line, Masked, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Widget, Wrap},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 
-struct App {
-    scroll: u16,
-}
-
-impl App {
-    fn new() -> App {
-        App { scroll: 0 }
-    }
-
-    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll += 1;
-        self.scroll %= 10;
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
-    let app = App::new();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
+use self::common::{init_terminal, install_hooks, restore_terminal, Tui};
 
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    install_hooks()?;
+    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
+    let mut app = App::new();
+    app.run(&mut terminal)?;
+    restore_terminal()?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
-    mut app: App,
-    tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
-    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct App {
+    should_exit: bool,
+    scroll: u16,
+    last_tick: Instant,
+}
 
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
-        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
+impl App {
+    /// The duration between each tick.
+    const TICK_RATE: Duration = Duration::from_millis(250);
+
+    /// Create a new instance of the app.
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            should_exit: false,
+            scroll: 0,
+            last_tick: Instant::now(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Run the app until the user exits.
+    fn run(&mut self, terminal: &mut Tui) -> io::Result<()> {
+        while !self.should_exit {
+            self.draw(terminal)?;
+            self.handle_events()?;
+            if self.last_tick.elapsed() >= Self::TICK_RATE {
+                self.on_tick();
+                self.last_tick = Instant::now();
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Draw the app to the terminal.
+    fn draw(&mut self, terminal: &mut Tui) -> io::Result<()> {
+        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.area()))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Handle events from the terminal.
+    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let timeout = Self::TICK_RATE.saturating_sub(self.last_tick.elapsed());
+        while event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
-                    return Ok(());
+                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                    self.should_exit = true;
                 }
             }
         }
-        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
-            app.on_tick();
-            last_tick = Instant::now();
-        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Update the app state on each tick.
+    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
+        self.scroll = (self.scroll + 1) % 10;
     }
 }
 
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let size = f.size();
+impl Widget for &mut App {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let areas = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Max(9); 4]).split(area);
+        Paragraph::new(create_lines(area))
+            .block(title_block("Default alignment (Left), no wrap"))
+            .gray()
+            .render(areas[0], buf);
+        Paragraph::new(create_lines(area))
+            .block(title_block("Default alignment (Left), with wrap"))
+            .gray()
+            .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
+            .render(areas[1], buf);
+        Paragraph::new(create_lines(area))
+            .block(title_block("Right alignment, with wrap"))
+            .gray()
+            .right_aligned()
+            .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
+            .render(areas[2], buf);
+        Paragraph::new(create_lines(area))
+            .block(title_block("Center alignment, with wrap, with scroll"))
+            .gray()
+            .centered()
+            .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
+            .scroll((self.scroll, 0))
+            .render(areas[3], buf);
+    }
+}
 
-    // Words made "loooong" to demonstrate line breaking.
-    let s = "Veeeeeeeeeeeeeeeery    loooooooooooooooooong   striiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiing.   ";
-    let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(size.width) / s.len() + 4);
-    long_line.push('\n');
+/// Create a bordered block with a title.
+fn title_block(title: &str) -> Block {
+    Block::bordered()
+        .gray()
+        .title(title.bold().into_centered_line())
+}
 
-    let block = Block::default().black();
-    f.render_widget(block, size);
-
-    let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Ratio(1, 4); 4]).split(size);
-
-    let text = vec![
-        Line::from("This is a line "),
-        Line::from("This is a line   ".red()),
-        Line::from("This is a line".on_blue()),
-        Line::from("This is a longer line".crossed_out()),
-        Line::from(long_line.on_green()),
-        Line::from("This is a line".green().italic()),
-        Line::from(vec![
+/// Create some lines to display in the paragraph.
+fn create_lines(area: Rect) -> Vec<Line<'static>> {
+    let short_line = "A long line to demonstrate line wrapping. ";
+    let long_line = short_line.repeat(usize::from(area.width) / short_line.len() + 4);
+    let mut styled_spans = vec![];
+    for span in [
+        "Styled".blue(),
+        "Spans".red().on_white(),
+        "Bold".bold(),
+        "Italic".italic(),
+        "Underlined".underlined(),
+        "Strikethrough".crossed_out(),
+    ] {
+        styled_spans.push(span);
+        styled_spans.push(" ".into());
+    }
+    vec![
+        Line::raw("Unstyled Line"),
+        Line::raw("Styled Line").black().on_red().bold().italic(),
+        Line::from(styled_spans),
+        Line::from(long_line.green().italic()),
+        Line::from_iter([
             "Masked text: ".into(),
-            Span::styled(
-                Masked::new("password", '*'),
-                Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
-            ),
+            Span::styled(Masked::new("my secret password", '*'), Color::Red),
         ]),
-    ];
+    ]
+}
 
-    let create_block = |title| {
-        Block::default()
-            .borders(Borders::ALL)
-            .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-            .title(Span::styled(
-                title,
-                Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-            ))
+/// A module for common functionality used in the examples.
+mod common {
+    use std::{
+        io::{self, stdout, Stdout},
+        panic,
     };
 
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-        .block(create_block("Default alignment (Left), no wrap"));
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[0]);
+    use color_eyre::{
+        config::{EyreHook, HookBuilder, PanicHook},
+        eyre,
+    };
+    use crossterm::ExecutableCommand;
+    use ratatui::{
+        backend::CrosstermBackend,
+        crossterm::terminal::{
+            disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        },
+        Terminal,
+    };
 
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-        .block(create_block("Default alignment (Left), with wrap"))
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[1]);
+    // A simple alias for the terminal type used in this example.
+    pub type Tui = Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>;
 
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-        .block(create_block("Right alignment, with wrap"))
-        .right_aligned()
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[2]);
+    /// Initialize the terminal and enter alternate screen mode.
+    pub fn init_terminal() -> io::Result<Tui> {
+        enable_raw_mode()?;
+        stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+        let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+        Terminal::new(backend)
+    }
 
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-        .block(create_block("Center alignment, with wrap, with scroll"))
-        .centered()
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
-        .scroll((app.scroll, 0));
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[3]);
+    /// Restore the terminal to its original state.
+    pub fn restore_terminal() -> io::Result<()> {
+        disable_raw_mode()?;
+        stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Installs hooks for panic and error handling.
+    ///
+    /// Makes the app resilient to panics and errors by restoring the terminal before printing the
+    /// panic or error message. This prevents error messages from being messed up by the terminal
+    /// state.
+    pub fn install_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+        let (panic_hook, eyre_hook) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
+        install_panic_hook(panic_hook);
+        install_error_hook(eyre_hook)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Install a panic hook that restores the terminal before printing the panic.
+    fn install_panic_hook(panic_hook: PanicHook) {
+        let panic_hook = panic_hook.into_panic_hook();
+        panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |panic_info| {
+            let _ = restore_terminal();
+            panic_hook(panic_info);
+        }));
+    }
+
+    /// Install an error hook that restores the terminal before printing the error.
+    fn install_error_hook(eyre_hook: EyreHook) -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+        let eyre_hook = eyre_hook.into_eyre_hook();
+        eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |error| {
+            let _ = restore_terminal();
+            eyre_hook(error)
+        }))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }

examples/popup.rs

@@ -13,24 +13,31 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-/// See also https://github.com/joshka/tui-popup and
-/// https://github.com/sephiroth74/tui-confirm-dialog
+// See also https://github.com/joshka/tui-popup and
+// https://github.com/sephiroth74/tui-confirm-dialog
+
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::Stylize,
+    widgets::{Block, Clear, Paragraph, Wrap},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 
 struct App {
     show_popup: bool,
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> App {
-        App { show_popup: false }
+    const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { show_popup: false }
     }
 }
 
@@ -79,7 +86,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
 }
 
 fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let area = f.size();
+    let area = f.area();
 
     let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(20), Constraint::Percentage(80)]);
     let [instructions, content] = vertical.areas(area);
@@ -94,14 +101,11 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
         .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
     f.render_widget(paragraph, instructions);
 
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .title("Content")
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
-        .on_blue();
+    let block = Block::bordered().title("Content").on_blue();
     f.render_widget(block, content);
 
     if app.show_popup {
-        let block = Block::default().title("Popup").borders(Borders::ALL);
+        let block = Block::bordered().title("Popup");
         let area = centered_rect(60, 20, area);
         f.render_widget(Clear, area); //this clears out the background
         f.render_widget(block, area);

examples/ratatui-logo.rs

@@ -19,60 +19,59 @@ use std::{
     time::Duration,
 };
 
-use crossterm::terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode};
 use indoc::indoc;
 use itertools::izip;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode},
+    widgets::Paragraph,
+    Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport,
+};
 
 /// A fun example of using half block characters to draw a logo
-fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
+#[allow(clippy::many_single_char_names)]
+fn logo() -> String {
     let r = indoc! {"
             ▄▄▄
             █▄▄▀
             █  █
-        "}
-    .lines();
+        "};
     let a = indoc! {"
              ▄▄
             █▄▄█
             █  █
-        "}
-    .lines();
+        "};
     let t = indoc! {"
             ▄▄▄
              █
              █
-        "}
-    .lines();
+        "};
     let u = indoc! {"
             ▄  ▄
             █  █
             ▀▄▄▀
-        "}
-    .lines();
+        "};
     let i = indoc! {"
             ▄
             █
             █
-        "}
-    .lines();
+        "};
+    izip!(r.lines(), a.lines(), t.lines(), u.lines(), i.lines())
+        .map(|(r, a, t, u, i)| format!("{r:5}{a:5}{t:4}{a:5}{t:4}{u:5}{i:5}"))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("\n")
+}
+
+fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
     let mut terminal = init()?;
-    terminal.draw(|frame| {
-        let logo = izip!(r, a.clone(), t.clone(), a, t, u, i)
-            .map(|(r, a, t, a2, t2, u, i)| {
-                format!("{:5}{:5}{:4}{:5}{:4}{:5}{:5}", r, a, t, a2, t2, u, i)
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new(logo), frame.size());
-    })?;
+    terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new(logo()), frame.area()))?;
     sleep(Duration::from_secs(5));
     restore()?;
     println!();
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn init() -> io::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
+fn init() -> io::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
     enable_raw_mode()?;
     let options = TerminalOptions {
         viewport: Viewport::Inline(3),
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ pub fn init() -> io::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
     Terminal::with_options(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()), options)
 }
 
-pub fn restore() -> io::Result<()> {
+fn restore() -> io::Result<()> {
     disable_raw_mode()?;
     Ok(())
 }

examples/scrollbar.rs

@@ -13,18 +13,28 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
+
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     io,
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin},
+    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols::scrollbar,
+    text::{Line, Masked, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, symbols::scrollbar, widgets::*};
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct App {
@@ -107,12 +117,13 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines, clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
-    let size = f.size();
+    let area = f.area();
 
     // Words made "loooong" to demonstrate line breaking.
     let s = "Veeeeeeeeeeeeeeeery    loooooooooooooooooong   striiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiing.   ";
-    let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(size.width) / s.len() + 4);
+    let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(area.width) / s.len() + 4);
     long_line.push('\n');
 
     let chunks = Layout::vertical([
@@ -122,7 +133,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         Constraint::Percentage(25),
         Constraint::Percentage(25),
     ])
-    .split(size);
+    .split(area);
 
     let text = vec![
         Line::from("This is a line "),
@@ -182,7 +193,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
             .begin_symbol(None)
             .track_symbol(None)
             .end_symbol(None),
-        chunks[2].inner(&Margin {
+        chunks[2].inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 0,
         }),
@@ -200,7 +211,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
             .thumb_symbol("🬋")
             .end_symbol(None),
-        chunks[3].inner(&Margin {
+        chunks[3].inner(Margin {
             vertical: 0,
             horizontal: 1,
         }),
@@ -218,7 +229,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
             .thumb_symbol("░")
             .track_symbol(Some("─")),
-        chunks[4].inner(&Margin {
+        chunks[4].inner(Margin {
             vertical: 0,
             horizontal: 1,
         }),

examples/sparkline.rs

@@ -19,26 +19,32 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use rand::{
     distributions::{Distribution, Uniform},
     rngs::ThreadRng,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Sparkline},
+    Frame, Terminal,
+};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct RandomSignal {
+struct RandomSignal {
     distribution: Uniform<u64>,
     rng: ThreadRng,
 }
 
 impl RandomSignal {
-    pub fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> RandomSignal {
-        RandomSignal {
+    fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> Self {
+        Self {
             distribution: Uniform::new(lower, upper),
             rng: rand::thread_rng(),
         }
@@ -60,12 +66,12 @@ struct App {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> App {
+    fn new() -> Self {
         let mut signal = RandomSignal::new(0, 100);
         let data1 = signal.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
         let data2 = signal.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
         let data3 = signal.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
-        App {
+        Self {
             signal,
             data1,
             data2,
@@ -127,7 +133,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
         let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
         if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
@@ -145,21 +151,21 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
         Constraint::Length(3),
         Constraint::Min(0),
     ])
-    .split(f.size());
+    .split(f.area());
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title("Data1")
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
+            Block::new()
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
+                .title("Data1"),
         )
         .data(&app.data1)
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow));
     f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[0]);
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title("Data2")
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
+            Block::new()
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
+                .title("Data2"),
         )
         .data(&app.data2)
         .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Green));
@@ -167,9 +173,9 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     // Multiline
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title("Data3")
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
+            Block::new()
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
+                .title("Data3"),
         )
         .data(&app.data3)
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red));

examples/table.rs

@@ -15,13 +15,23 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    text::{Line, Text},
+    widgets::{
+        Block, BorderType, Cell, HighlightSpacing, Paragraph, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation,
+        ScrollbarState, Table, TableState,
+    },
+    Frame, Terminal,
+};
 use style::palette::tailwind;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
@@ -48,7 +58,7 @@ struct TableColors {
 }
 
 impl TableColors {
-    fn new(color: &tailwind::Palette) -> Self {
+    const fn new(color: &tailwind::Palette) -> Self {
         Self {
             buffer_bg: tailwind::SLATE.c950,
             header_bg: color.c900,
@@ -69,7 +79,7 @@ struct Data {
 }
 
 impl Data {
-    fn ref_array(&self) -> [&String; 3] {
+    const fn ref_array(&self) -> [&String; 3] {
         [&self.name, &self.address, &self.email]
     }
 
@@ -96,9 +106,9 @@ struct App {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn new() -> App {
+    fn new() -> Self {
         let data_vec = generate_fake_names();
-        App {
+        Self {
             state: TableState::default().with_selected(0),
             longest_item_lens: constraint_len_calculator(&data_vec),
             scroll_state: ScrollbarState::new((data_vec.len() - 1) * ITEM_HEIGHT),
@@ -147,7 +157,7 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     pub fn set_colors(&mut self) {
-        self.colors = TableColors::new(&PALETTES[self.color_index])
+        self.colors = TableColors::new(&PALETTES[self.color_index]);
     }
 }
 
@@ -210,13 +220,12 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
 
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
             if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                use KeyCode::*;
                 match key.code {
-                    Char('q') | Esc => return Ok(()),
-                    Char('j') | Down => app.next(),
-                    Char('k') | Up => app.previous(),
-                    Char('l') | Right => app.next_color(),
-                    Char('h') | Left => app.previous_color(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => return Ok(()),
+                    KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => app.next(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => app.previous(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => app.next_color(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => app.previous_color(),
                     _ => {}
                 }
             }
@@ -225,7 +234,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
 }
 
 fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
-    let rects = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Min(5), Constraint::Length(3)]).split(f.size());
+    let rects = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Min(5), Constraint::Length(3)]).split(f.area());
 
     app.set_colors();
 
@@ -245,8 +254,7 @@ fn render_table(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
         .fg(app.colors.selected_style_fg);
 
     let header = ["Name", "Address", "Email"]
-        .iter()
-        .cloned()
+        .into_iter()
         .map(Cell::from)
         .collect::<Row>()
         .style(header_style)
@@ -257,9 +265,8 @@ fn render_table(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
             _ => app.colors.alt_row_color,
         };
         let item = data.ref_array();
-        item.iter()
-            .cloned()
-            .map(|content| Cell::from(Text::from(format!("\n{}\n", content))))
+        item.into_iter()
+            .map(|content| Cell::from(Text::from(format!("\n{content}\n"))))
             .collect::<Row>()
             .style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.row_fg).bg(color))
             .height(4)
@@ -308,6 +315,7 @@ fn constraint_len_calculator(items: &[Data]) -> (u16, u16, u16) {
         .max()
         .unwrap_or(0);
 
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     (name_len as u16, address_len as u16, email_len as u16)
 }
 
@@ -317,7 +325,7 @@ fn render_scrollbar(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
             .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalRight)
             .begin_symbol(None)
             .end_symbol(None),
-        area.inner(&Margin {
+        area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 1,
         }),
@@ -325,15 +333,14 @@ fn render_scrollbar(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     );
 }
 
-fn render_footer(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
+fn render_footer(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
     let info_footer = Paragraph::new(Line::from(INFO_TEXT))
         .style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.row_fg).bg(app.colors.buffer_bg))
         .centered()
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .borders(Borders::ALL)
-                .border_style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.footer_border_color))
-                .border_type(BorderType::Double),
+            Block::bordered()
+                .border_type(BorderType::Double)
+                .border_style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.footer_border_color)),
         );
     f.render_widget(info_footer, area);
 }

examples/tabs.rs

@@ -13,15 +13,24 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{io, io::stdout};
+use std::io::stdout;
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Stylize},
+    symbols,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Block, Padding, Paragraph, Tabs, Widget},
+    Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -68,18 +77,17 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.size()))?;
+        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.area()))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
             if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                use KeyCode::*;
                 match key.code {
-                    Char('l') | Right => self.next_tab(),
-                    Char('h') | Left => self.previous_tab(),
-                    Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next_tab(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.previous_tab(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
                     _ => {}
                 }
             }
@@ -102,43 +110,39 @@ impl App {
 
 impl SelectedTab {
     /// Get the previous tab, if there is no previous tab return the current tab.
-    fn previous(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index: usize = *self as usize;
+    fn previous(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index: usize = self as usize;
         let previous_index = current_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 
     /// Get the next tab, if there is no next tab return the current tab.
-    fn next(&self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = *self as usize;
+    fn next(self) -> Self {
+        let current_index = self as usize;
         let next_index = current_index.saturating_add(1);
-        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(*self)
+        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(self)
     }
 }
 
 impl Widget for &App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        use Constraint::*;
+        use Constraint::{Length, Min};
         let vertical = Layout::vertical([Length(1), Min(0), Length(1)]);
         let [header_area, inner_area, footer_area] = vertical.areas(area);
 
         let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Min(0), Length(20)]);
         let [tabs_area, title_area] = horizontal.areas(header_area);
 
-        self.render_title(title_area, buf);
+        render_title(title_area, buf);
         self.render_tabs(tabs_area, buf);
         self.selected_tab.render(inner_area, buf);
-        self.render_footer(footer_area, buf);
+        render_footer(footer_area, buf);
     }
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn render_title(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        "Ratatui Tabs Example".bold().render(area, buf);
-    }
-
     fn render_tabs(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let titles = SelectedTab::iter().map(|tab| tab.title());
+        let titles = SelectedTab::iter().map(SelectedTab::title);
         let highlight_style = (Color::default(), self.selected_tab.palette().c700);
         let selected_tab_index = self.selected_tab as usize;
         Tabs::new(titles)
@@ -148,74 +152,77 @@ impl App {
             .divider(" ")
             .render(area, buf);
     }
+}
 
-    fn render_footer(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        Line::raw("◄ ► to change tab | Press q to quit")
-            .centered()
-            .render(area, buf);
-    }
+fn render_title(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    "Ratatui Tabs Example".bold().render(area, buf);
+}
+
+fn render_footer(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    Line::raw("◄ ► to change tab | Press q to quit")
+        .centered()
+        .render(area, buf);
 }
 
 impl Widget for SelectedTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         // in a real app these might be separate widgets
         match self {
-            SelectedTab::Tab1 => self.render_tab0(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Tab2 => self.render_tab1(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Tab3 => self.render_tab2(area, buf),
-            SelectedTab::Tab4 => self.render_tab3(area, buf),
+            Self::Tab1 => self.render_tab0(area, buf),
+            Self::Tab2 => self.render_tab1(area, buf),
+            Self::Tab3 => self.render_tab2(area, buf),
+            Self::Tab4 => self.render_tab3(area, buf),
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl SelectedTab {
     /// Return tab's name as a styled `Line`
-    fn title(&self) -> Line<'static> {
+    fn title(self) -> Line<'static> {
         format!("  {self}  ")
             .fg(tailwind::SLATE.c200)
             .bg(self.palette().c900)
             .into()
     }
 
-    fn render_tab0(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_tab0(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         Paragraph::new("Hello, World!")
             .block(self.block())
-            .render(area, buf)
+            .render(area, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_tab1(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_tab1(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         Paragraph::new("Welcome to the Ratatui tabs example!")
             .block(self.block())
-            .render(area, buf)
+            .render(area, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_tab2(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_tab2(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         Paragraph::new("Look! I'm different than others!")
             .block(self.block())
-            .render(area, buf)
+            .render(area, buf);
     }
 
-    fn render_tab3(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_tab3(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         Paragraph::new("I know, these are some basic changes. But I think you got the main idea.")
             .block(self.block())
-            .render(area, buf)
+            .render(area, buf);
     }
 
     /// A block surrounding the tab's content
-    fn block(&self) -> Block<'static> {
-        Block::default()
-            .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    fn block(self) -> Block<'static> {
+        Block::bordered()
             .border_set(symbols::border::PROPORTIONAL_TALL)
             .padding(Padding::horizontal(1))
             .border_style(self.palette().c700)
     }
 
-    fn palette(&self) -> tailwind::Palette {
+    const fn palette(self) -> tailwind::Palette {
         match self {
-            SelectedTab::Tab1 => tailwind::BLUE,
-            SelectedTab::Tab2 => tailwind::EMERALD,
-            SelectedTab::Tab3 => tailwind::INDIGO,
-            SelectedTab::Tab4 => tailwind::RED,
+            Self::Tab1 => tailwind::BLUE,
+            Self::Tab2 => tailwind::EMERALD,
+            Self::Tab3 => tailwind::INDIGO,
+            Self::Tab4 => tailwind::RED,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -230,7 +237,7 @@ fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
     }))?;
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
         let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info)
+        panic(info);
     }));
     Ok(())
 }

examples/tracing.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+//! # [Ratatui] Tracing example
+//!
+//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
+//!
+//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
+//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
+//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
+//!
+//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
+//! library you are using.
+//!
+//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
+//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+
+// A simple example demonstrating how to use the [tracing] with Ratatui to log to a file.
+//
+// This example demonstrates how to use the [tracing] crate with Ratatui to log to a file. The
+// example sets up a simple logger that logs to a file named `tracing.log` in the current directory.
+//
+// Run the example with `cargo run --example tracing` and then view the `tracing.log` file to see
+// the logs. To see more logs, you can run the example with `RUST_LOG=tracing=debug cargo run
+// --example`
+//
+// For a helpful widget that handles logging, see the [tui-logger] crate.
+//
+// [tracing]: https://crates.io/crates/tracing
+// [tui-logger]: https://crates.io/crates/tui-logger
+
+use std::{fs::File, io::stdout, panic, time::Duration};
+
+use color_eyre::{
+    config::HookBuilder,
+    eyre::{self, Context},
+    Result,
+};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    ExecutableCommand,
+};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+    Terminal,
+};
+use tracing::{debug, info, instrument, trace, Level};
+use tracing_appender::{non_blocking, non_blocking::WorkerGuard};
+use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    init_error_hooks()?;
+    let _guard = init_tracing()?;
+    info!("Starting tracing example");
+
+    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
+    let mut events = vec![]; // a buffer to store the recent events to display in the UI
+    while !should_exit(&events) {
+        handle_events(&mut events)?;
+        terminal.draw(|frame| ui(frame, &events))?;
+    }
+    restore_terminal()?;
+    info!("Exiting tracing example");
+    println!("See the tracing.log file for the logs");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn should_exit(events: &[Event]) -> bool {
+    events
+        .iter()
+        .any(|event| matches!(event, Event::Key(key) if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q')))
+}
+
+/// Handle events and insert them into the events vector keeping only the last 10 events
+#[instrument(skip(events))]
+fn handle_events(events: &mut Vec<Event>) -> Result<()> {
+    // Render the UI at least once every 100ms
+    if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(100))? {
+        let event = event::read()?;
+        debug!(?event);
+        events.insert(0, event);
+    }
+    events.truncate(10);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[instrument(skip_all)]
+fn ui(frame: &mut ratatui::Frame, events: &[Event]) {
+    // To view this event, run the example with `RUST_LOG=tracing=debug cargo run --example tracing`
+    trace!(frame_count = frame.count(), event_count = events.len());
+    let events = events.iter().map(|e| format!("{e:?}")).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(events.join("\n"))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Tracing example. Press 'q' to quit."));
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph, frame.area());
+}
+
+/// Initialize the tracing subscriber to log to a file
+///
+/// This function initializes the tracing subscriber to log to a file named `tracing.log` in the
+/// current directory. The function returns a [`WorkerGuard`] that must be kept alive for the
+/// duration of the program to ensure that logs are flushed to the file on shutdown. The logs are
+/// written in a non-blocking fashion to ensure that the logs do not block the main thread.
+fn init_tracing() -> Result<WorkerGuard> {
+    let file = File::create("tracing.log").wrap_err("failed to create tracing.log")?;
+    let (non_blocking, guard) = non_blocking(file);
+
+    // By default, the subscriber is configured to log all events with a level of `DEBUG` or higher,
+    // but this can be changed by setting the `RUST_LOG` environment variable.
+    let env_filter = EnvFilter::builder()
+        .with_default_directive(Level::DEBUG.into())
+        .from_env_lossy();
+
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+        .with_writer(non_blocking)
+        .with_env_filter(env_filter)
+        .init();
+    Ok(guard)
+}
+
+/// Initialize the error hooks to ensure that the terminal is restored to a sane state before
+/// exiting
+fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
+    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
+    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
+    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
+    eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+        error(e)
+    }))?;
+    panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+        panic(info);
+    }));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[instrument]
+fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    debug!("terminal initialized");
+    Ok(terminal)
+}
+
+#[instrument]
+fn restore_terminal() -> Result<()> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    debug!("terminal restored");
+    Ok(())
+}

examples/user_input.rs

@@ -13,28 +13,35 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
+// A simple example demonstrating how to handle user input. This is a bit out of the scope of
+// the library as it does not provide any input handling out of the box. However, it may helps
+// some to get started.
+//
+// This is a very simple example:
+//   * An input box always focused. Every character you type is registered here.
+//   * An entered character is inserted at the cursor position.
+//   * Pressing Backspace erases the left character before the cursor position
+//   * Pressing Enter pushes the current input in the history of previous messages. **Note: ** as
+//   this is a relatively simple example unicode characters are unsupported and their use will
+// result in undefined behaviour.
+//
+// See also https://github.com/rhysd/tui-textarea and https://github.com/sayanarijit/tui-input/
+
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-/// A simple example demonstrating how to handle user input. This is a bit out of the scope of
-/// the library as it does not provide any input handling out of the box. However, it may helps
-/// some to get started.
-///
-/// This is a very simple example:
-///   * An input box always focused. Every character you type is registered here.
-///   * An entered character is inserted at the cursor position.
-///   * Pressing Backspace erases the left character before the cursor position
-///   * Pressing Enter pushes the current input in the history of previous messages. **Note: **
-///     as
-///   this is a relatively simple example unicode characters are unsupported and their use will
-/// result in undefined behaviour.
-///
-/// See also https://github.com/rhysd/tui-textarea and https://github.com/sayanarijit/tui-input/
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Position},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    text::{Line, Span, Text},
+    widgets::{Block, List, ListItem, Paragraph},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 
 enum InputMode {
     Normal,
@@ -46,49 +53,59 @@ struct App {
     /// Current value of the input box
     input: String,
     /// Position of cursor in the editor area.
-    cursor_position: usize,
+    character_index: usize,
     /// Current input mode
     input_mode: InputMode,
     /// History of recorded messages
     messages: Vec<String>,
 }
 
-impl Default for App {
-    fn default() -> App {
-        App {
+impl App {
+    const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
             input: String::new(),
             input_mode: InputMode::Normal,
             messages: Vec::new(),
-            cursor_position: 0,
+            character_index: 0,
         }
     }
-}
 
-impl App {
     fn move_cursor_left(&mut self) {
-        let cursor_moved_left = self.cursor_position.saturating_sub(1);
-        self.cursor_position = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_left);
+        let cursor_moved_left = self.character_index.saturating_sub(1);
+        self.character_index = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_left);
     }
 
     fn move_cursor_right(&mut self) {
-        let cursor_moved_right = self.cursor_position.saturating_add(1);
-        self.cursor_position = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_right);
+        let cursor_moved_right = self.character_index.saturating_add(1);
+        self.character_index = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_right);
     }
 
     fn enter_char(&mut self, new_char: char) {
-        self.input.insert(self.cursor_position, new_char);
-
+        let index = self.byte_index();
+        self.input.insert(index, new_char);
         self.move_cursor_right();
     }
 
+    /// Returns the byte index based on the character position.
+    ///
+    /// Since each character in a string can be contain multiple bytes, it's necessary to calculate
+    /// the byte index based on the index of the character.
+    fn byte_index(&self) -> usize {
+        self.input
+            .char_indices()
+            .map(|(i, _)| i)
+            .nth(self.character_index)
+            .unwrap_or(self.input.len())
+    }
+
     fn delete_char(&mut self) {
-        let is_not_cursor_leftmost = self.cursor_position != 0;
+        let is_not_cursor_leftmost = self.character_index != 0;
         if is_not_cursor_leftmost {
             // Method "remove" is not used on the saved text for deleting the selected char.
             // Reason: Using remove on String works on bytes instead of the chars.
             // Using remove would require special care because of char boundaries.
 
-            let current_index = self.cursor_position;
+            let current_index = self.character_index;
             let from_left_to_current_index = current_index - 1;
 
             // Getting all characters before the selected character.
@@ -104,11 +121,11 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn clamp_cursor(&self, new_cursor_pos: usize) -> usize {
-        new_cursor_pos.clamp(0, self.input.len())
+        new_cursor_pos.clamp(0, self.input.chars().count())
     }
 
     fn reset_cursor(&mut self) {
-        self.cursor_position = 0;
+        self.character_index = 0;
     }
 
     fn submit_message(&mut self) {
@@ -127,7 +144,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
 
     // create app and run it
-    let app = App::default();
+    let app = App::new();
     let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app);
 
     // restore terminal
@@ -180,7 +197,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
                     }
                     _ => {}
                 },
-                _ => {}
+                InputMode::Editing => {}
             }
         }
     }
@@ -192,7 +209,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
         Constraint::Length(3),
         Constraint::Min(1),
     ]);
-    let [help_area, input_area, messages_area] = vertical.areas(f.size());
+    let [help_area, input_area, messages_area] = vertical.areas(f.area());
 
     let (msg, style) = match app.input_mode {
         InputMode::Normal => (
@@ -225,24 +242,22 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
             InputMode::Normal => Style::default(),
             InputMode::Editing => Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
         })
-        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Input"));
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Input"));
     f.render_widget(input, input_area);
     match app.input_mode {
-        InputMode::Normal =>
-            // Hide the cursor. `Frame` does this by default, so we don't need to do anything here
-            {}
+        // Hide the cursor. `Frame` does this by default, so we don't need to do anything here
+        InputMode::Normal => {}
 
-        InputMode::Editing => {
-            // Make the cursor visible and ask ratatui to put it at the specified coordinates after
-            // rendering
-            f.set_cursor(
-                // Draw the cursor at the current position in the input field.
-                // This position is can be controlled via the left and right arrow key
-                input_area.x + app.cursor_position as u16 + 1,
-                // Move one line down, from the border to the input line
-                input_area.y + 1,
-            )
-        }
+        // Make the cursor visible and ask ratatui to put it at the specified coordinates after
+        // rendering
+        #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+        InputMode::Editing => f.set_cursor_position(Position::new(
+            // Draw the cursor at the current position in the input field.
+            // This position is can be controlled via the left and right arrow key
+            input_area.x + app.character_index as u16 + 1,
+            // Move one line down, from the border to the input line
+            input_area.y + 1,
+        )),
     }
 
     let messages: Vec<ListItem> = app
@@ -254,7 +269,6 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
             ListItem::new(content)
         })
         .collect();
-    let messages =
-        List::new(messages).block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Messages"));
+    let messages = List::new(messages).block(Block::bordered().title("Messages"));
     f.render_widget(messages, messages_area);
 }

examples/vhs/barchart-grouped.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/barchart.tape`
+Output "target/barchart-grouped.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 1000
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=barchart-grouped"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 1s

examples/vhs/barchart.tape

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 Output "target/barchart.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
 Set Width 1200
-Set Height 800
+Set Height 600
 Hide
 Type "cargo run --example=barchart"
 Enter
 Sleep 1s
 Show
-Sleep 5s
+Sleep 1s

examples/vhs/constraint-explorer.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/constraint-explorer.tape`
+Output "target/constraint-explorer.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set FontSize 18
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 950
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=constraint-explorer --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Show
+Set TypingSpeed 2s
+Type "1"
+Type "2"
+Right
+Type "4"
+Type "5"
+Up
+Up
+Down
+Down
+Right
+Set TypingSpeed 0.5s
+Type "++++++++"
+Type "--------"
+Type "aaa"
+Sleep 2s
+Type "xxx"
+Hide

examples/vhs/custom_widget.tape

@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ Space
 Left
 Space
 Left
-Space
+Space

examples/vhs/demo2-destroy.tape

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo2-destroy.tape`
 # NOTE: Requires VHS 0.6.1 or later for Screenshot support
 Output "target/demo2-destroy.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ Set Width 1120
 Set Height 480
 Set Padding 0
 Hide
-Type "cargo run --example demo2 --features crossterm,widget-calendar"
+Type "cargo run --example demo2 --features crossterm,palette,widget-calendar"
 Enter
 Sleep 2s
 Show
 Type "d"
-Sleep 30s
+Sleep 20s

examples/vhs/demo2-social.tape

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo2-social.tape`
 
 Output "target/demo2-social.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ Tab
 # Weather
 Set TypingSpeed 100ms
 Down 40
-Sleep 2s
+Sleep 2s

examples/vhs/demo2.tape

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo2.tape`
 # NOTE: Requires VHS 0.6.1 or later for Screenshot support
 Output "target/demo2.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ Tab
 Screenshot "target/demo2-weather.png"
 Set TypingSpeed 100ms
 Down 40
-Sleep 2s
+Sleep 2s

examples/vhs/docsrs.tape

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/docsrs.tape`
 # NOTE: Requires VHS 0.6.1 or later for Screenshot support
 Output "target/docsrs.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"

examples/vhs/flex.tape

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/layout.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/flex.tape`
 Output "target/flex.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
 Set Width 1200

examples/vhs/hyperlink.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/hyperlink.tape`
+Output "target/hyperlink.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 200
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=hyperlink --features=crossterm,unstable-widget-ref"
+Enter
+Sleep 3s
+Show
+Sleep 1s
+Hide
+Type "q"
+

examples/vhs/line_gauge.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/line_gauge.tape`
+Output "target/line_gauge.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 850
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=line_gauge --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Show
+Sleep 2s
+Enter 1
+Sleep 15s

examples/vhs/minimal.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/minimal.tape`
+Output "target/minimal.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 200
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=minimal --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 5s

examples/vhs/ratatui-logo.tape

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/popup.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/ratatui-logo.tape`
 Output "target/ratatui-logo.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
 Set Width 550