chore(examples): simplify all examples

In <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1180> and
<https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1181>, we introduced some
simpler ways to create a backend and terminal, and to setup color_eyre
to handle errors. This PR updates the examples to use these new methods,
and removes a bunch of unnecessary boilerplate code.

.cargo-husky/hooks/pre-push

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-if !(command cargo-make >/dev/null 2>&1); then # Check if cargo-make is installed
-    echo Attempting to run cargo-make as part of the pre-push hook but it\'s not installed.
-    echo Please install it by running the following command:
-    echo
-    echo "    cargo install --force cargo-make"
-    echo
-    echo If you don\'t want to run cargo-make as part of the pre-push hook, you can run
-    echo the following command instead of git push:
-    echo
-    echo "    git push --no-verify"
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-cargo make ci

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -5,4 +5,7 @@
 # https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore#_pattern_format
 
 # Maintainers
-* @orhun @mindoodoo @sayanarijit @joshka @kdheepak @Valentin271 @EdJoPaTo
+* @orhun @joshka @kdheepak @Valentin271 @EdJoPaTo
+
+# Past maintainers
+# @mindoodoo @sayanarijit

BREAKING-CHANGES.md

@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@ GitHub with a [breaking change] label.
 
 This is a quick summary of the sections below:
 
+- [Unreleased](#unreleased)
+  - 'termion' updated to 4.0
+  - `Rect::inner` takes `Margin` directly instead of reference
+  - `Buffer::filled` takes `Cell` directly instead of reference
+  - `Stylize::bg()` now accepts `Into<Color>`
+  - Removed deprecated `List::start_corner`
 - [v0.26.0](#v0260)
   - `Flex::Start` is the new default flex mode for `Layout`
   - `patch_style` & `reset_style` now consume and return `Self`
@@ -47,6 +53,120 @@ This is a quick summary of the sections below:
   - MSRV is now 1.63.0
   - `List` no longer ignores empty strings
 
+## Unreleased
+
+### Prelude items added / removed ([#1149])
+
+The following items have been removed from the prelude:
+
+- `style::Styled` - this trait is useful for widgets that want to
+  support the Stylize trait, but it adds complexity as widgets have two
+  `style` methods and a `set_style` method.
+- `symbols::Marker` - this item is used by code that needs to draw to
+  the `Canvas` widget, but it's not a common item that would be used by
+  most users of the library.
+- `terminal::{CompletedFrame, TerminalOptions, Viewport}` - these items
+  are rarely used by code that needs to interact with the terminal, and
+  they're generally only ever used once in any app.
+
+The following items have been added to the prelude:
+
+- `layout::{Position, Size}` - these items are used by code that needs
+  to interact with the layout system. These are newer items that were
+  added in the last few releases, which should be used more liberally.
+  This may cause conflicts for types defined elsewhere with a similar
+  name.
+
+To update your app:
+
+```diff
+// if your app uses Styled::style() or Styled::set_style():
+-use ratatui::prelude::*;
++use ratatui::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
+
+// if your app uses symbols::Marker:
+-use ratatui::prelude::*;
++use ratatui::{prelude::*, symbols::Marker}
+
+// if your app uses terminal::{CompletedFrame, TerminalOptions, Viewport}
+-use ratatui::prelude::*;
++use ratatui::{prelude::*, terminal::{CompletedFrame, TerminalOptions, Viewport}};
+
+// to disambiguate existing types named Position or Size:
+- use some_crate::{Position, Size};
+- let size: Size = ...;
+- let position: Position = ...;
++ let size: some_crate::Size = ...;
++ let position: some_crate::Position = ...;
+```
+
+[#1149]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1149
+
+### Termion is updated to 4.0 [#1106]
+
+Changelog: <https://gitlab.redox-os.org/redox-os/termion/-/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md>
+
+A change is only necessary if you were matching on all variants of the `MouseEvent` enum without a
+wildcard. In this case, you need to either handle the two new variants, `MouseLeft` and
+`MouseRight`, or add a wildcard.
+
+[#1106]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1106
+
+### `Rect::inner` takes `Margin` directly instead of reference ([#1008])
+
+[#1008]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1008
+
+`Margin` needs to be passed without reference now.
+
+```diff
+-let area = area.inner(&Margin {
++let area = area.inner(Margin {
+     vertical: 0,
+     horizontal: 2,
+ });
+```
+
+### `Buffer::filled` takes `Cell` directly instead of reference ([#1148])
+
+[#1148]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1148
+
+`Buffer::filled` moves the `Cell` instead of taking a reference.
+
+```diff
+-Buffer::filled(area, &Cell::new("X"));
++Buffer::filled(area, Cell::new("X"));
+```
+
+### `Stylize::bg()` now accepts `Into<Color>` ([#1103])
+
+[#1103]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1103
+
+Previously, `Stylize::bg()` accepted `Color` but now accepts `Into<Color>`. This allows more
+flexible types from calling scopes, though it can break some type inference in the calling scope.
+
+### Remove deprecated `List::start_corner` and `layout::Corner` ([#759])
+
+[#759]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/759
+
+`List::start_corner` was deprecated in v0.25. Use `List::direction` and `ListDirection` instead.
+
+```diff
+- list.start_corner(Corner::TopLeft);
+- list.start_corner(Corner::TopRight);
+// This is not an error, BottomRight rendered top to bottom previously
+- list.start_corner(Corner::BottomRight);
+// all becomes
++ list.direction(ListDirection::TopToBottom);
+```
+
+```diff
+- list.start_corner(Corner::BottomLeft);
+// becomes
++ list.direction(ListDirection::BottomToTop);
+```
+
+`layout::Corner` was removed entirely.
+
 ## [v0.26.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.26.0)
 
 ### `Flex::Start` is the new default flex mode for `Layout` ([#881])
@@ -74,7 +194,7 @@ existing layouts with `Flex::Start`. However, to get old behavior, use `Flex::Le
 
 [#774]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/774
 
-Previously, `Table::new()` accepted `IntoIterator<Item=Row<'a>>`.  The argument change to
+Previously, `Table::new()` accepted `IntoIterator<Item=Row<'a>>`. The argument change to
 `IntoIterator<Item: Into<Row<'a>>>`, This allows more flexible types from calling scopes, though it
 can some break type inference in the calling scope for empty containers.
 
@@ -91,7 +211,7 @@ This can be resolved either by providing an explicit type (e.g. `Vec::<Row>::new
 
 [#776]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/776
 
-Previously, `Tabs::new()` accepted `Vec<T>` where `T: Into<Line<'a>>`.  This allows more flexible
+Previously, `Tabs::new()` accepted `Vec<T>` where `T: Into<Line<'a>>`. This allows more flexible
 types from calling scopes, though it can break some type inference in the calling scope.
 
 This typically occurs when collecting an iterator prior to calling `Tabs::new`, and can be resolved
@@ -132,8 +252,6 @@ The following example shows how to migrate for `Line`, but the same applies for
 
 ### Remove deprecated `Block::title_on_bottom` ([#757])
 
-[#757]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/757
-
 `Block::title_on_bottom` was deprecated in v0.22. Use `Block::title` and `Title::position` instead.
 
 ```diff
@@ -389,8 +507,8 @@ The MSRV of ratatui is now 1.67 due to an MSRV update in a dependency (`time`).
 
 [#205]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/205
 
-The `serde` representation of `bitflags` has changed. Any existing serialized types that have Borders or
-Modifiers will need to be re-serialized. This is documented in the [`bitflags`
+The `serde` representation of `bitflags` has changed. Any existing serialized types that have
+Borders or Modifiers will need to be re-serialized. This is documented in the [`bitflags`
 changelog](https://github.com/bitflags/bitflags/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md#200-rc2)..
 
 ## [v0.21.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.21.0)

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -56,11 +56,9 @@ documented.
 
 ### Run CI tests before pushing a PR
 
-We're using [cargo-husky](https://github.com/rhysd/cargo-husky) to automatically run git hooks,
-which will run `cargo make ci` before each push. To initialize the hook  run `cargo test`. If
-`cargo-make` is not installed, it will provide instructions to install it for you. This will ensure
-that your code is formatted, compiles and passes all tests before you push. If you need to skip this
-check, you can use `git push --no-verify`.
+Running `cargo make ci` before pushing will perform the same checks that we do in the CI process.
+It's not mandatory to do this before pushing, however it may save you time to do so instead of
+waiting for GitHub to run the checks.
 
 ### Sign your commits
 

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 [package]
 name = "ratatui"
-version = "0.26.2" # crate version
+version = "0.26.3" # crate version
 authors = ["Florian Dehau <work@fdehau.com>", "The Ratatui Developers"]
 description = "A library that's all about cooking up terminal user interfaces"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/"
+repository = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui"
+homepage = "https://ratatui.rs"
 keywords = ["tui", "terminal", "dashboard"]
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
-repository = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
 exclude = [
@@ -24,47 +25,49 @@ rust-version = "1.74.0"
 [badges]
 
 [dependencies]
-crossterm = { version = "0.27", optional = true }
-termion = { version = "3.0", optional = true }
-termwiz = { version = "0.22.0", optional = true }
-
-serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["derive"] }
 bitflags = "2.3"
 cassowary = "0.3"
-indoc = "2.0"
-itertools = "0.12"
+compact_str = "0.7.1"
+color-eyre = { version = "0.6.2", optional = true }
+crossterm = { version = "0.27", optional = true }
+document-features = { version = "0.2.7", optional = true }
+itertools = "0.13"
+lru = "0.12.0"
 paste = "1.0.2"
+palette = { version = "0.7.6", optional = true }
+serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["derive"] }
+stability = "0.2.0"
 strum = { version = "0.26", features = ["derive"] }
+strum_macros = { version = "0.26.3" }
+termion = { version = "4.0.0", optional = true }
+termwiz = { version = "0.22.0", optional = true }
 time = { version = "0.3.11", optional = true, features = ["local-offset"] }
 unicode-segmentation = "1.10"
-unicode-width = "0.1"
-document-features = { version = "0.2.7", optional = true }
-lru = "0.12.0"
-stability = "0.2.0"
-compact_str = "0.7.1"
+unicode-truncate = "1"
+unicode-width = "0.1.13"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 anyhow = "1.0.71"
 argh = "0.1.12"
 better-panic = "0.3.0"
-cargo-husky = { version = "1.5.0", default-features = false, features = [
-  "user-hooks",
-] }
 color-eyre = "0.6.2"
 criterion = { version = "0.5.1", features = ["html_reports"] }
 derive_builder = "0.20.0"
 fakeit = "1.1"
 font8x8 = "0.3.1"
+indoc = "2"
 palette = "0.7.3"
 pretty_assertions = "1.4.0"
 rand = "0.8.5"
 rand_chacha = "0.3.1"
-rstest = "0.19.0"
+rstest = "0.21.0"
 serde_json = "1.0.109"
 
 [lints.rust]
 unsafe_code = "forbid"
+
 [lints.clippy]
+cargo = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
 pedantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
 cast_possible_truncation = "allow"
 cast_possible_wrap = "allow"
@@ -74,7 +77,6 @@ missing_errors_doc = "allow"
 missing_panics_doc = "allow"
 module_name_repetitions = "allow"
 must_use_candidate = "allow"
-wildcard_imports = "allow"
 
 # nursery or restricted
 as_underscore = "warn"
@@ -88,11 +90,15 @@ map_err_ignore = "warn"
 missing_const_for_fn = "warn"
 mixed_read_write_in_expression = "warn"
 mod_module_files = "warn"
+needless_pass_by_ref_mut = "warn"
 needless_raw_strings = "warn"
+or_fun_call = "warn"
 redundant_type_annotations = "warn"
 rest_pat_in_fully_bound_structs = "warn"
 string_lit_chars_any = "warn"
+string_slice = "warn"
 string_to_string = "warn"
+unnecessary_self_imports = "warn"
 use_self = "warn"
 
 [features]
@@ -101,34 +107,45 @@ use_self = "warn"
 ## By default, we enable the crossterm backend as this is a reasonable choice for most applications
 ## as it is supported on Linux/Mac/Windows systems. We also enable the `underline-color` feature
 ## which allows you to set the underline color of text.
-default = ["crossterm", "underline-color"]
+default = ["crossterm", "underline-color", "color-eyre"]
 #! Generally an application will only use one backend, so you should only enable one of the following features:
-## enables the [`CrosstermBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Crossterm crate].
+## enables the [`CrosstermBackend`](backend::CrosstermBackend) backend and adds a dependency on [`crossterm`].
 crossterm = ["dep:crossterm"]
-## enables the [`TermionBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Termion crate].
+## enables the [`TermionBackend`](backend::TermionBackend) backend and adds a dependency on [`termion`].
 termion = ["dep:termion"]
-## enables the [`TermwizBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Termwiz crate].
+## enables the [`TermwizBackend`](backend::TermwizBackend) backend and adds a dependency on [`termwiz`].
 termwiz = ["dep:termwiz"]
 
 #! The following optional features are available for all backends:
-## enables serialization and deserialization of style and color types using the [Serde crate].
+
+## enables the [`color-eyre`](color_eyre) crate which provides a better error handling experience.
+## See [`CrosstermBackend::with_color_eyre_hooks`](crate::backend::CrosstermBackend::with_color_eyre_hooks)
+## for more details.
+color-eyre = ["dep:color-eyre"]
+
+## enables serialization and deserialization of style and color types using the [`serde`] crate.
 ## This is useful if you want to save themes to a file.
 serde = ["dep:serde", "bitflags/serde", "compact_str/serde"]
 
 ## enables the [`border!`] macro.
 macros = []
 
+## enables conversions from colors in the [`palette`] crate to [`Color`](crate::style::Color).
+palette = ["dep:palette"]
+
 ## enables all widgets.
 all-widgets = ["widget-calendar"]
 
 #! Widgets that add dependencies are gated behind feature flags to prevent unused transitive
 #! dependencies. The available features are:
-## enables the [`calendar`] widget module and adds a dependency on the [Time crate].
+## enables the [`calendar`](widgets::calendar) widget module and adds a dependency on [`time`].
 widget-calendar = ["dep:time"]
 
-#! Underline color is only supported by the [`CrosstermBackend`] backend, and is not supported
-#! on Windows 7.
+#! The following optional features are only available for some backends:
+
 ## enables the backend code that sets the underline color.
+## Underline color is only supported by the [`CrosstermBackend`](backend::CrosstermBackend) backend,
+## and is not supported on Windows 7.
 underline-color = ["dep:crossterm"]
 
 #! The following features are unstable and may change in the future:
@@ -136,13 +153,13 @@ underline-color = ["dep:crossterm"]
 ## Enable all unstable features.
 unstable = ["unstable-rendered-line-info", "unstable-widget-ref"]
 
-## Enables the [`Paragraph::line_count`](crate::widgets::Paragraph::line_count)
-## [`Paragraph::line_width`](crate::widgets::Paragraph::line_width) methods
+## Enables the [`Paragraph::line_count`](widgets::Paragraph::line_count)
+## [`Paragraph::line_width`](widgets::Paragraph::line_width) methods
 ## which are experimental and may change in the future.
 ## See [Issue 293](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/293) for more details.
 unstable-rendered-line-info = []
 
-## Enables the `WidgetRef` and `StatefulWidgetRef` traits which are experimental and may change in
+## Enables the [`WidgetRef`](widgets::WidgetRef) and [`StatefulWidgetRef`](widgets::StatefulWidgetRef) traits which are experimental and may change in
 ## the future.
 unstable-widget-ref = []
 
@@ -152,6 +169,11 @@ all-features = true
 cargo-args = ["-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples"]
 rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 
+# Improve benchmark consistency
+[profile.bench]
+codegen-units = 1
+lto = true
+
 [[bench]]
 name = "barchart"
 harness = false
@@ -160,6 +182,10 @@ harness = false
 name = "block"
 harness = false
 
+[[bench]]
+name = "line"
+harness = false
+
 [[bench]]
 name = "list"
 harness = false
@@ -187,13 +213,13 @@ required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "canvas"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
+name = "calendar"
+required-features = ["crossterm", "widget-calendar"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "calendar"
-required-features = ["crossterm", "widget-calendar"]
+name = "canvas"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
@@ -212,6 +238,16 @@ name = "colors_rgb"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
+[[example]]
+name = "constraint-explorer"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
+[[example]]
+name = "constraints"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = false
+
 [[example]]
 name = "custom_widget"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
@@ -232,6 +268,11 @@ name = "docsrs"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = false
 
+[[example]]
+name = "flex"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
 [[example]]
 name = "gauge"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
@@ -242,23 +283,18 @@ name = "hello_world"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
+[[example]]
+name = "inline"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
 [[example]]
 name = "layout"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "constraints"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = false
-
-[[example]]
-name = "flex"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "constraint-explorer"
+name = "line_gauge"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
@@ -267,6 +303,12 @@ name = "list"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
+[[example]]
+name = "minimal"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+# prefer to show the more featureful examples in the docs
+doc-scrape-examples = false
+
 [[example]]
 name = "modifiers"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
@@ -318,11 +360,6 @@ name = "user_input"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
-[[example]]
-name = "inline"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
 [[test]]
 name = "state_serde"
 required-features = ["serde"]

Makefile.toml

@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@ skip_core_tasks = true
 # all features except the backend ones
 ALL_FEATURES = "all-widgets,macros,serde"
 
+[env.ALL_FEATURES_FLAG]
 # Windows does not support building termion, so this avoids the build failure by providing two
 # sets of flags, one for Windows and one for other platforms.
-# Windows: --features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termwiz,underline-color
-# Other: --features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termion,termwiz,underline-color
-ALL_FEATURES_FLAG = { source = "${CARGO_MAKE_RUST_TARGET_OS}", default_value = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termion,termwiz,unstable", mapping = { "windows" = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termwiz,unstable" } }
+source = "${CARGO_MAKE_RUST_TARGET_OS}"
+default_value = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termion,termwiz,underline-color,unstable"
+mapping = { "windows" = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termwiz,underline-color,unstable" }
 
 [tasks.default]
 alias = "ci"

README.md

@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ Ratatui was forked from the [tui-rs] crate in 2023 in order to continue its deve
 
 ## Installation
 
-Add `ratatui` and `crossterm` as dependencies to your cargo.toml:
+Add `ratatui` as a dependency to your cargo.toml:
 
 ```shell
-cargo add ratatui crossterm
+cargo add ratatui
 ```
 
 Ratatui uses [Crossterm] by default as it works on most platforms. See the [Installation]
@@ -110,7 +110,8 @@ module] and the [Backends] section of the [Ratatui Website] for more info.
 
 The drawing logic is delegated to a closure that takes a [`Frame`] instance as argument. The
 [`Frame`] provides the size of the area to draw to and allows the app to render any [`Widget`]
-using the provided [`render_widget`] method. See the [Widgets] section of the [Ratatui Website]
+using the provided [`render_widget`] method. After this closure returns, a diff is performed and
+only the changes are drawn to the terminal. See the [Widgets] section of the [Ratatui Website]
 for more info.
 
 ### Handling events
@@ -125,12 +126,17 @@ Website] for more info. For example, if you are using [Crossterm], you can use t
 ```rust
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        terminal::{
+            disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        },
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::*,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 
 fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
     enable_raw_mode()?;
@@ -161,8 +167,7 @@ fn handle_events() -> io::Result<bool> {
 
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
     frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!")
-            .block(Block::default().title("Greeting").borders(Borders::ALL)),
+        Paragraph::new("Hello World!").block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
         frame.size(),
     );
 }
@@ -206,14 +211,8 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
         [Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)],
     )
     .split(main_layout[1]);
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Left"),
-        inner_layout[0],
-    );
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Right"),
-        inner_layout[1],
-    );
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Left"), inner_layout[0]);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Right"), inner_layout[1]);
 }
 ```
 
@@ -327,24 +326,20 @@ Running this example produces the following output:
 [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
 [tui-rs]: https://crates.io/crates/tui
 [GitHub Sponsors]: https://github.com/sponsors/ratatui-org
-[Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square
-[License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square
-[CI Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
+[Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44&color=E05D44
+[License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square&color=1370D3
+[CI Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
 [CI Workflow]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions/workflows/ci.yml
-[Codecov Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST
+[Codecov Badge]: https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST&color=C43AC3&logoColor=C43AC3
 [Codecov]: https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui
 [Deps.rs Badge]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui/status.svg?style=flat-square
 [Deps.rs]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui
-[Discord Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square
+[Discord Badge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square&color=1370D3&logoColor=1370D3
 [Discord Server]: https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj
-[Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square
-[Matrix Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix
+[Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44
+[Matrix Badge]: https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix&color=C43AC3
 [Matrix]: https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org
-[Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square
+[Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square&color=1370D3
 
 <!-- cargo-rdme end -->
 

benches/block.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Bencher, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Bencher, Criterion};
 use ratatui::{
     buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::Rect,
-    prelude::Alignment,
+    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
     widgets::{
         block::{Position, Title},
-        Block, Borders, Padding, Widget,
+        Block, Padding, Widget,
     },
 };
 
@@ -13,32 +12,31 @@ use ratatui::{
 fn block(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("block");
 
-    for buffer_size in [
-        Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 50),  // vertically split screen
-        Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 50),  // 1080p fullscreen with medium font
-        Rect::new(0, 0, 256, 256), // Max sized area
+    for (width, height) in [
+        (100, 50),  // vertically split screen
+        (200, 50),  // 1080p fullscreen with medium font
+        (256, 256), // Max sized area
     ] {
-        let buffer_area = buffer_size.area();
+        let buffer_size = Rect::new(0, 0, width, height);
 
         // Render an empty block
         group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("render_empty", buffer_area),
+            format!("render_empty/{width}x{height}"),
             &Block::new(),
             |b, block| render(b, block, buffer_size),
         );
 
         // Render with all features
         group.bench_with_input(
-            BenchmarkId::new("render_all_feature", buffer_area),
-            &Block::new()
-                .borders(Borders::ALL)
+            format!("render_all_feature/{width}x{height}"),
+            &Block::bordered()
+                .padding(Padding::new(5, 5, 2, 2))
                 .title("test title")
                 .title(
                     Title::from("bottom left title")
                         .alignment(Alignment::Right)
                         .position(Position::Bottom),
-                )
-                .padding(Padding::new(5, 5, 2, 2)),
+                ),
             |b, block| render(b, block, buffer_size),
         );
     }

benches/line.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use std::hint::black_box;
+
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
+    style::Stylize,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
+
+fn line_render(criterion: &mut Criterion) {
+    for alignment in [Alignment::Left, Alignment::Center, Alignment::Right] {
+        let mut group = criterion.benchmark_group(format!("line_render/{alignment}"));
+        group.sample_size(1000);
+
+        let line = &Line::from(vec![
+            "This".red(),
+            " ".green(),
+            "is".italic(),
+            " ".blue(),
+            "SPARTA!!".bold(),
+        ])
+        .alignment(alignment);
+
+        for width in [0, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 42] {
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, width, 1);
+
+            group.bench_function(width.to_string(), |bencher| {
+                let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(area);
+                bencher.iter(|| black_box(line).render(area, &mut buffer));
+            });
+        }
+        group.finish();
+    }
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, line_render);
+criterion_main!(benches);

cliff.toml

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ body = """
 {% endif -%}
 
 {% macro commit(commit) -%}
-- [{{ commit.id | truncate(length=7, end="") }}]({{ "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/" ~ commit.id }})
+- [{{ commit.id | truncate(length=7, end="") }}]({{ "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/" ~ commit.id }}) \
   *({{commit.scope | default(value = "uncategorized") | lower }})* {{ commit.message | upper_first | trim }}\
   {% if commit.github.username %} by @{{ commit.github.username }}{%- endif -%}\
   {% if commit.github.pr_number %} in [#{{ commit.github.pr_number }}]({{ self::remote_url() }}/pull/{{ commit.github.pr_number }}){%- endif %}\

clippy.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+avoid-breaking-exported-api = false
+
+# https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#/multiple_crate_versions
+# ratatui -> bitflags v2.3
+# termwiz -> wezterm-blob-leases -> mac_address -> nix -> bitflags v1.3.2
+# crossterm -> all the windows- deps https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1064#issuecomment-2078848980
+allowed-duplicate-crates = [
+    "bitflags",
+    "windows-targets",
+    "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
+    "windows_aarch64_msvc",
+    "windows_i686_gnu",
+    "windows_i686_msvc",
+    "windows_x86_64_gnu",
+    "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
+    "windows_x86_64_msvc",
+]

examples/README.md

@@ -164,6 +164,18 @@ cargo run --example=gauge --features=crossterm
 
 ![Gauge][gauge.gif]
 
+## Line Gauge
+
+Demonstrates the [`Line
+Gauge`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.LineGauge.html) widget. Source:
+[line_gauge.rs](./line_gauge.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=line_gauge --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![LineGauge][line_gauge.gif]
+
 ## Inline
 
 Demonstrates how to use the
@@ -346,6 +358,7 @@ examples/vhs/generate.bash
 [inline.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/inline.gif?raw=true
 [layout.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/layout.gif?raw=true
 [list.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/list.gif?raw=true
+[line_gauge.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/line_gauge.gif?raw=true
 [modifiers.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/modifiers.gif?raw=true
 [panic.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/panic.gif?raw=true
 [paragraph.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/paragraph.gif?raw=true

examples/barchart.rs

@@ -13,20 +13,17 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block, Borders, Paragraph},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    terminal::Frame,
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block, Paragraph},
 };
 
 struct Company<'a> {
@@ -99,40 +96,13 @@ impl<'a> App<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?
+        .with_mouse_capture()?
+        .to_terminal()?;
 
-    // create app and run it
     let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
-    let app = App::new();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
-    mut app: App,
-    tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut app = App::new();
     let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
@@ -159,7 +129,7 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     let [left, right] = horizontal.areas(bottom);
 
     let barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Data1"))
         .data(&app.data)
         .bar_width(9)
         .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
@@ -217,7 +187,7 @@ fn draw_bar_with_group_labels(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
     let groups = create_groups(app, false);
 
     let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Data1"))
         .bar_width(7)
         .group_gap(3);
 
@@ -246,7 +216,7 @@ fn draw_horizontal_bars(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
     let groups = create_groups(app, true);
 
     let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Data1"))
         .bar_width(1)
         .group_gap(1)
         .bar_gap(0)
@@ -286,15 +256,13 @@ fn draw_legend(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
             "- Company B",
             Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
         )),
-        Line::from(vec![Span::styled(
+        Line::from(Span::styled(
             "- Company C",
             Style::default().fg(Color::White),
-        )]),
+        )),
     ];
 
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::White));
+    let block = Block::bordered().style(Style::default().fg(Color::White));
     let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text).block(block);
     f.render_widget(paragraph, area);
 }

examples/block.rs

@@ -13,76 +13,31 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io::{stdout, Stdout},
-    ops::ControlFlow,
-    time::Duration,
-};
-
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::Frame,
+    text::Line,
     widgets::{
         block::{Position, Title},
         Block, BorderType, Borders, Padding, Paragraph, Wrap,
     },
 };
 
-// These type aliases are used to make the code more readable by reducing repetition of the generic
-// types. They are not necessary for the functionality of the code.
-type Terminal = ratatui::Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>;
-type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
-
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = setup_terminal()?;
-    let result = run(&mut terminal);
-    restore_terminal(terminal)?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        eprintln!("{err:?}");
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal(mut terminal: Terminal) -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
     loop {
         terminal.draw(ui)?;
-        if handle_events()?.is_break() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn handle_events() -> Result<ControlFlow<()>> {
-    if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(100))? {
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                return Ok(ControlFlow::Break(()));
+        if let Event::Key(event) = event::read()? {
+            if event.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && event.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                return Ok(());
             }
         }
     }
-    Ok(ControlFlow::Continue(()))
 }
 
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
@@ -160,23 +115,20 @@ fn render_border_type(
     frame: &mut Frame,
     area: Rect,
 ) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .border_type(border_type)
         .title(format!("BorderType::{border_type:#?}"));
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 fn render_styled_borders(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .border_style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic())
         .title("Styled borders");
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
 fn render_styled_block(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic())
         .title("Styled block");
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
@@ -184,8 +136,7 @@ fn render_styled_block(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
 
 // Note: this currently renders incorrectly, see https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/349
 fn render_styled_title(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .title("Styled title")
         .title_style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic());
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
@@ -196,21 +147,19 @@ fn render_styled_title_content(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: R
         "Styled ".blue().on_white().bold().italic(),
         "title content".red().on_white().bold().italic(),
     ]);
-    let block = Block::new().borders(Borders::ALL).title(title);
+    let block = Block::bordered().title(title);
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
 fn render_multiple_titles(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .title("Multiple".blue().on_white().bold().italic())
         .title("Titles".red().on_white().bold().italic());
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
 fn render_multiple_title_positions(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .title(
             Title::from("top left")
                 .position(Position::Top)
@@ -245,16 +194,15 @@ fn render_multiple_title_positions(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, are
 }
 
 fn render_padding(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
-        .title("Padding")
-        .padding(Padding::new(5, 10, 1, 2));
+    let block = Block::bordered()
+        .padding(Padding::new(5, 10, 1, 2))
+        .title("Padding");
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
 }
 
 fn render_nested_blocks(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let outer_block = Block::new().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Outer block");
-    let inner_block = Block::new().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Inner block");
+    let outer_block = Block::bordered().title("Outer block");
+    let inner_block = Block::bordered().title("Inner block");
     let inner = outer_block.inner(area);
     frame.render_widget(outer_block, area);
     frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(inner_block), inner);

examples/calendar.rs

@@ -13,47 +13,32 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use crossterm::event::KeyEventKind;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    widgets::calendar::{CalendarEventStore, DateStyler, Monthly},
+    Frame,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::calendar::*};
 use time::{Date, Month, OffsetDateTime};
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
     loop {
-        let _ = terminal.draw(draw);
-
+        terminal.draw(ui)?;
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            #[allow(clippy::single_match)]
-            match key.code {
-                KeyCode::Char(_) => {
-                    break;
-                }
-                _ => {}
+            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                return Ok(());
             };
         }
     }
-
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-    Ok(())
 }
 
-fn draw(f: &mut Frame) {
-    let app_area = f.size();
+fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
+    let app_area = frame.size();
 
     let calarea = Rect {
         x: app_area.x + 1,
@@ -80,7 +65,7 @@ fn draw(f: &mut Frame) {
     });
     for col in cols {
         let cal = cals::get_cal(start.month(), start.year(), &list);
-        f.render_widget(cal, col);
+        frame.render_widget(cal, col);
         start = start.replace_month(start.month().next()).unwrap();
     }
 }
@@ -166,6 +151,7 @@ fn make_dates(current_year: i32) -> CalendarEventStore {
 }
 
 mod cals {
+    #[allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
     use super::*;
 
     pub fn get_cal<'a, DS: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: DS) -> Monthly<'a, DS> {

examples/canvas.rs

@@ -13,25 +13,26 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
-use std::{
-    io::{self, stdout, Stdout},
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Stylize},
+    symbols::Marker,
+    terminal::Frame,
+    widgets::{
+        canvas::{Canvas, Circle, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
+        Block, Widget,
+    },
+    Terminal,
 };
 
-fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
-    App::run()
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
+    App::new().run(terminal)
 }
 
 struct App {
@@ -64,33 +65,31 @@ impl App {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn run() -> io::Result<()> {
-        let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
-        let mut app = Self::new();
+    pub fn run(mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
         let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(16);
         loop {
-            let _ = terminal.draw(|frame| app.ui(frame));
+            let _ = terminal.draw(|frame| self.ui(frame));
             let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
             if event::poll(timeout)? {
                 if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
                     match key.code {
                         KeyCode::Char('q') => break,
-                        KeyCode::Down | KeyCode::Char('j') => app.y += 1.0,
-                        KeyCode::Up | KeyCode::Char('k') => app.y -= 1.0,
-                        KeyCode::Right | KeyCode::Char('l') => app.x += 1.0,
-                        KeyCode::Left | KeyCode::Char('h') => app.x -= 1.0,
+                        KeyCode::Down | KeyCode::Char('j') => self.y += 1.0,
+                        KeyCode::Up | KeyCode::Char('k') => self.y -= 1.0,
+                        KeyCode::Right | KeyCode::Char('l') => self.x += 1.0,
+                        KeyCode::Left | KeyCode::Char('h') => self.x -= 1.0,
                         _ => {}
                     }
                 }
             }
 
             if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
-                app.on_tick();
+                self.on_tick();
                 last_tick = Instant::now();
             }
         }
-        restore_terminal()
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn on_tick(&mut self) {
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ impl App {
 
     fn map_canvas(&self) -> impl Widget + '_ {
         Canvas::default()
-            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("World"))
+            .block(Block::bordered().title("World"))
             .marker(self.marker)
             .paint(|ctx| {
                 ctx.draw(&Map {
@@ -152,7 +151,7 @@ impl App {
 
     fn pong_canvas(&self) -> impl Widget + '_ {
         Canvas::default()
-            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Pong"))
+            .block(Block::bordered().title("Pong"))
             .marker(self.marker)
             .paint(|ctx| {
                 ctx.draw(&self.ball);
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ impl App {
         let bottom = 0.0;
         let top = f64::from(area.height).mul_add(2.0, -4.0);
         Canvas::default()
-            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Rects"))
+            .block(Block::bordered().title("Rects"))
             .marker(self.marker)
             .x_bounds([left, right])
             .y_bounds([bottom, top])
@@ -199,15 +198,3 @@ impl App {
             })
     }
 }
-
-fn init_terminal() -> io::Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> io::Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/chart.rs

@@ -13,20 +13,18 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{block::Title, Axis, Block, Borders, Chart, Dataset, GraphType, LegendPosition},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols::{self, Marker},
+    terminal::Frame,
+    text::Span,
+    widgets::{block::Title, Axis, Block, Chart, Dataset, GraphType, LegendPosition},
 };
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -92,40 +90,13 @@ impl App {
     }
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?
+        .with_mouse_capture()?
+        .to_terminal()?;
 
-    // create app and run it
     let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
-    let app = App::new();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
-    mut app: App,
-    tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut app = App::new();
     let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
@@ -184,11 +155,7 @@ fn render_chart1(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, app: &App) {
     ];
 
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
-        .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title("Chart 1".cyan().bold())
-                .borders(Borders::ALL),
-        )
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Chart 1".cyan().bold()))
         .x_axis(
             Axis::default()
                 .title("X Axis")
@@ -217,13 +184,11 @@ fn render_line_chart(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
 
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title(
-                    Title::default()
-                        .content("Line chart".cyan().bold())
-                        .alignment(Alignment::Center),
-                )
-                .borders(Borders::ALL),
+            Block::bordered().title(
+                Title::default()
+                    .content("Line chart".cyan().bold())
+                    .alignment(Alignment::Center),
+            ),
         )
         .x_axis(
             Axis::default()
@@ -269,7 +234,7 @@ fn render_scatter(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
 
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
         .block(
-            Block::new().borders(Borders::all()).title(
+            Block::bordered().title(
                 Title::default()
                     .content("Scatter chart".cyan().bold())
                     .alignment(Alignment::Center),

examples/colors.rs

@@ -16,45 +16,25 @@
 // This example shows all the colors supported by ratatui. It will render a grid of foreground
 // and background colors with their names and indexes.
 
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io::{self, Stdout},
-    result,
-    time::Duration,
-};
-
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::Frame,
+    text::Line,
     widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
 };
 
-type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
-
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = setup_terminal()?;
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal);
-    restore_terminal(terminal)?;
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        eprintln!("{err:?}");
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
     loop {
         terminal.draw(ui)?;
-
-        if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250))? {
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                return Ok(());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -230,12 +210,12 @@ fn render_indexed_colors(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
 }
 
 fn title_block(title: String) -> Block<'static> {
-    Block::default()
+    Block::new()
         .borders(Borders::TOP)
-        .border_style(Style::new().dark_gray())
-        .title(title)
         .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .border_style(Style::new().dark_gray())
         .title_style(Style::new().reset())
+        .title(title)
 }
 
 fn render_indexed_grayscale(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
@@ -267,20 +247,3 @@ fn render_indexed_grayscale(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
         frame.render_widget(paragraph, layout[i as usize - 232]);
     }
 }
-
-fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal(mut terminal: Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/colors_rgb.rs

@@ -26,20 +26,20 @@
 // is useful when the state is only used by the widget and doesn't need to be shared with
 // other widgets.
 
-use std::{
-    io::stdout,
-    panic,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, eyre, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use palette::{convert::FromColorUnclamped, Okhsv, Srgb};
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::Color,
+    text::Text,
+    widgets::Widget,
+    Terminal,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 struct App {
@@ -92,11 +92,8 @@ struct ColorsWidget {
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    install_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-    App::default().run(terminal)?;
-    restore_terminal()?;
-    Ok(())
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
+    App::default().run(terminal)
 }
 
 impl App {
@@ -120,9 +117,9 @@ impl App {
     /// Currently, this only handles the q key to quit the app.
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         // Ensure that the app only blocks for a period that allows the app to render at
-        // approximately 60 FPS (this doesn't account for the time to render the frame, and will
+        // approximately 50 FPS (this doesn't account for the time to render the frame, and will
         // also update the app immediately any time an event occurs)
-        let timeout = Duration::from_secs_f32(1.0 / 60.0);
+        let timeout = Duration::from_secs_f32(1.0 / 50.0); // 50 FPS is standard for GIFs
         if event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
                 if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
@@ -141,8 +138,7 @@ impl App {
 /// to update the colors to render.
 impl Widget for &mut App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        #[allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
-        use Constraint::*;
+        use Constraint::{Length, Min};
         let [top, colors] = Layout::vertical([Length(1), Min(0)]).areas(area);
         let [title, fps] = Layout::horizontal([Min(0), Length(8)]).areas(top);
         Text::from("colors_rgb example. Press q to quit")
@@ -256,36 +252,3 @@ impl ColorsWidget {
         }
     }
 }
-
-/// Install `color_eyre` panic and error hooks
-///
-/// The hooks restore the terminal to a usable state before printing the error message.
-fn install_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))?;
-    terminal.clear()?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/constraint-explorer.rs

@@ -13,23 +13,24 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
-use std::io::{self, stdout};
-
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    layout::{Constraint::*, Flex},
-    prelude::*,
-    style::palette::tailwind::*,
-    symbols::line,
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Wrap},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{
+        Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
+        Flex, Layout, Rect,
+    },
+    style::{
+        palette::tailwind::{BLUE, SKY, SLATE, STONE},
+        Color, Style, Stylize,
+    },
+    symbols::{self, line},
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::{Line, Span, Text},
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Widget, Wrap},
 };
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr};
 
@@ -84,16 +85,13 @@ struct ConstraintBlock {
 struct SpacerBlock;
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-    App::default().run(terminal)?;
-    restore_terminal()?;
-    Ok(())
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
+    App::default().run(terminal)
 }
 
 // App behaviour
 impl App {
-    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         self.insert_test_defaults();
 
         while self.is_running() {
@@ -117,30 +115,29 @@ impl App {
         self.mode == AppMode::Running
     }
 
-    fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.size()))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        use KeyCode::*;
         match event::read()? {
             Event::Key(key) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match key.code {
-                Char('q') | Esc => self.exit(),
-                Char('1') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Min),
-                Char('2') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Max),
-                Char('3') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Length),
-                Char('4') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Percentage),
-                Char('5') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Ratio),
-                Char('6') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Fill),
-                Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
-                Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
-                Char('x') => self.delete_block(),
-                Char('a') => self.insert_block(),
-                Char('k') | Up => self.increment_value(),
-                Char('j') | Down => self.decrement_value(),
-                Char('h') | Left => self.prev_block(),
-                Char('l') | Right => self.next_block(),
+                KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.exit(),
+                KeyCode::Char('1') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Min),
+                KeyCode::Char('2') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Max),
+                KeyCode::Char('3') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Length),
+                KeyCode::Char('4') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Percentage),
+                KeyCode::Char('5') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Ratio),
+                KeyCode::Char('6') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Fill),
+                KeyCode::Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
+                KeyCode::Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
+                KeyCode::Char('x') => self.delete_block(),
+                KeyCode::Char('a') => self.insert_block(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.increment_value(),
+                KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.decrement_value(),
+                KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.prev_block(),
+                KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next_block(),
                 _ => {}
             },
             _ => {}
@@ -436,7 +433,7 @@ impl ConstraintBlock {
         } else {
             main_color
         };
-        Block::default()
+        Block::new()
             .fg(Self::TEXT_COLOR)
             .bg(selected_color)
             .render(area, buf);
@@ -615,32 +612,3 @@ impl ConstraintName {
         }
     }
 }
-
-fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/constraints.rs

@@ -13,17 +13,24 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
-use std::io::{self, stdout};
-
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{
+        Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
+        Layout, Rect,
+    },
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols,
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{
+        Block, Padding, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState, StatefulWidget,
+        Tabs, Widget,
+    },
 };
-use ratatui::{layout::Constraint::*, prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
 const SPACER_HEIGHT: u16 = 0;
@@ -70,21 +77,14 @@ enum AppState {
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-
     // increase the cache size to avoid flickering for indeterminate layouts
     Layout::init_cache(100);
-
-    App::default().run(terminal)?;
-
-    restore_terminal()?;
-
-    Ok(())
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
+    App::default().run(terminal)
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         self.update_max_scroll_offset();
         while self.is_running() {
             self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
@@ -101,22 +101,24 @@ impl App {
         self.state == AppState::Running
     }
 
-    fn draw(self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn draw(self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.size()))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            use KeyCode::*;
+            if key.kind != KeyEventKind::Press {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
             match key.code {
-                Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
-                Char('l') | Right => self.next(),
-                Char('h') | Left => self.previous(),
-                Char('j') | Down => self.down(),
-                Char('k') | Up => self.up(),
-                Char('g') | Home => self.top(),
-                Char('G') | End => self.bottom(),
+                KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
+                KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next(),
+                KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.previous(),
+                KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.down(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.up(),
+                KeyCode::Char('g') | KeyCode::Home => self.top(),
+                KeyCode::Char('G') | KeyCode::End => self.bottom(),
                 _ => (),
             }
         }
@@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ impl App {
         );
         Paragraph::new(width_bar.dark_gray())
             .centered()
-            .block(Block::default().padding(Padding {
+            .block(Block::new().padding(Padding {
                 left: 0,
                 right: 0,
                 top: 1,
@@ -406,32 +408,3 @@ impl Example {
         Paragraph::new(text).centered().block(block)
     }
 }
-
-fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/custom_widget.rs

@@ -13,17 +13,19 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{error::Error, io, ops::ControlFlow, time::Duration};
+use std::{ops::ControlFlow, time::Duration};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{
-        self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, MouseButton, MouseEvent,
-        MouseEventKind,
-    },
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, MouseButton, MouseEvent, MouseEventKind},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Paragraph, Widget},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
 
 /// A custom widget that renders a button with a label, theme and state.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -135,34 +137,14 @@ impl Button<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?
+        .with_mouse_capture()?
+        .to_terminal()?;
+    run_app(terminal)
 }
 
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
+fn run_app(mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
     let mut selected_button: usize = 0;
     let mut button_states = [State::Selected, State::Normal, State::Normal];
     loop {
@@ -172,11 +154,10 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
         }
         match event::read()? {
             Event::Key(key) => {
-                if key.kind != event::KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if handle_key_event(key, &mut button_states, &mut selected_button).is_break() {
-                    break;
+                if key.kind == event::KeyEventKind::Press
+                    && handle_key_event(key, &mut button_states, &mut selected_button).is_break()
+                {
+                    return Ok(());
                 }
             }
             Event::Mouse(mouse) => {
@@ -185,7 +166,6 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
             _ => (),
         }
     }
-    Ok(())
 }
 
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, states: [State; 3]) {

examples/demo/app.rs

@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ pub struct TabsState<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> TabsState<'a> {
-    pub fn new(titles: Vec<&'a str>) -> TabsState {
-        TabsState { titles, index: 0 }
+    pub fn new(titles: Vec<&'a str>) -> Self {
+        Self { titles, index: 0 }
     }
     pub fn next(&mut self) {
         self.index = (self.index + 1) % self.titles.len();

examples/demo/crossterm.rs

@@ -1,53 +1,26 @@
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};
 
-pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<()> {
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?
+        .with_mouse_capture()?
+        .to_terminal()?;
 
-    // create app and run it
     let app = App::new("Crossterm Demo", enhanced_graphics);
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
+    run_app(app, terminal, tick_rate)
 }
 
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
-    mut app: App,
-    tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
+fn run_app(mut app: App, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>, tick_rate: Duration) -> Result<()> {
     let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
-    loop {
+    while !app.should_quit {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui::draw(f, &mut app))?;
 
         let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
@@ -69,8 +42,6 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
             app.on_tick();
             last_tick = Instant::now();
         }
-        if app.should_quit {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
     }
+    Ok(())
 }

examples/demo/main.rs

@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{error::Error, time::Duration};
+use std::time::Duration;
 
 use argh::FromArgs;
+use color_eyre::Result;
 
 mod app;
 #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ struct Cli {
     enhanced_graphics: bool,
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
     let cli: Cli = argh::from_env();
     let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(cli.tick_rate);
     #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]

examples/demo/termion.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
-use std::{error::Error, io, sync::mpsc, thread, time::Duration};
+use std::{io, sync::mpsc, thread, time::Duration};
 
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
-use termion::{
-    event::Key,
-    input::{MouseTerminal, TermRead},
-    raw::IntoRawMode,
-    screen::IntoAlternateScreen,
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, TermionBackend},
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    termion::{
+        event::Key,
+        input::{MouseTerminal, TermRead},
+        raw::IntoRawMode,
+        screen::IntoAlternateScreen,
+    },
 };
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};
 
-pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<()> {
     // setup terminal
     let stdout = io::stdout()
         .into_raw_mode()
@@ -19,22 +23,17 @@ pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn E
         .unwrap();
     let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
     let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
 
-    // create app and run it
     let app = App::new("Termion demo", enhanced_graphics);
-    run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate)?;
+    run_app(app, terminal, tick_rate)?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
-    mut app: App,
-    tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+fn run_app(mut app: App, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>, tick_rate: Duration) -> Result<()> {
     let events = events(tick_rate);
-    loop {
+    while !app.should_quit {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui::draw(f, &mut app))?;
 
         match events.recv()? {
@@ -48,10 +47,8 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
             },
             Event::Tick => app.on_tick(),
         }
-        if app.should_quit {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
     }
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 enum Event {

examples/demo/termwiz.rs

@@ -1,24 +1,25 @@
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
-use termwiz::{
-    input::{InputEvent, KeyCode},
-    terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal,
+use color_eyre::{eyre::eyre, Result};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::TermwizBackend,
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    termwiz::{
+        input::{InputEvent, KeyCode},
+        terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal,
+    },
 };
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};
 
-pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let backend = TermwizBackend::new()?;
+pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<()> {
+    let backend =
+        TermwizBackend::new().map_err(|error| eyre!("failed to init termwiz backend. {error}"))?;
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
     terminal.hide_cursor()?;
 
-    // create app and run it
     let app = App::new("Termwiz Demo", enhanced_graphics);
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
+    let res = run_app(app, &mut terminal, tick_rate);
 
     terminal.show_cursor()?;
     terminal.flush()?;
@@ -31,12 +32,12 @@ pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn E
 }
 
 fn run_app(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<TermwizBackend>,
     mut app: App,
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<TermwizBackend>,
     tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+) -> Result<()> {
     let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
-    loop {
+    while !app.should_quit {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui::draw(f, &mut app))?;
 
         let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
@@ -69,8 +70,6 @@ fn run_app(
             app.on_tick();
             last_tick = Instant::now();
         }
-        if app.should_quit {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
     }
+    Ok(())
 }

examples/demo/ui.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
-#[allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    symbols,
+    terminal::Frame,
+    text::{self, Span},
+    widgets::{
+        canvas::{self, Canvas, Circle, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
+        Axis, BarChart, Block, Cell, Chart, Dataset, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem, Paragraph,
+        Row, Sparkline, Table, Tabs, Wrap,
+    },
 };
 
 use crate::app::App;
@@ -14,7 +21,7 @@ pub fn draw(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         .iter()
         .map(|t| text::Line::from(Span::styled(*t, Style::default().fg(Color::Green))))
         .collect::<Tabs>()
-        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title(app.title))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title(app.title))
         .highlight_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
         .select(app.tabs.index);
     f.render_widget(tabs, chunks[0]);
@@ -46,12 +53,12 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     ])
     .margin(1)
     .split(area);
-    let block = Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Graphs");
+    let block = Block::bordered().title("Graphs");
     f.render_widget(block, area);
 
     let label = format!("{:.2}%", app.progress * 100.0);
     let gauge = Gauge::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge:"))
+        .block(Block::new().title("Gauge:"))
         .gauge_style(
             Style::default()
                 .fg(Color::Magenta)
@@ -64,7 +71,7 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[0]);
 
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("Sparkline:"))
+        .block(Block::new().title("Sparkline:"))
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
         .data(&app.sparkline.points)
         .bar_set(if app.enhanced_graphics {
@@ -75,8 +82,8 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[1]);
 
     let line_gauge = LineGauge::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("LineGauge:"))
-        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
+        .block(Block::new().title("LineGauge:"))
+        .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
         .line_set(if app.enhanced_graphics {
             symbols::line::THICK
         } else {
@@ -110,7 +117,7 @@ fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
                 .map(|i| ListItem::new(vec![text::Line::from(Span::raw(*i))]))
                 .collect();
             let tasks = List::new(tasks)
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"))
+                .block(Block::bordered().title("List"))
                 .highlight_style(Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
                 .highlight_symbol("> ");
             f.render_stateful_widget(tasks, chunks[0], &mut app.tasks.state);
@@ -138,12 +145,12 @@ fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
                     ListItem::new(content)
                 })
                 .collect();
-            let logs = List::new(logs).block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"));
+            let logs = List::new(logs).block(Block::bordered().title("List"));
             f.render_stateful_widget(logs, chunks[1], &mut app.logs.state);
         }
 
         let barchart = BarChart::default()
-            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Bar chart"))
+            .block(Block::bordered().title("Bar chart"))
             .data(&app.barchart)
             .bar_width(3)
             .bar_gap(2)
@@ -195,14 +202,12 @@ fn draw_charts(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
         ];
         let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
             .block(
-                Block::default()
-                    .title(Span::styled(
-                        "Chart",
-                        Style::default()
-                            .fg(Color::Cyan)
-                            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-                    ))
-                    .borders(Borders::ALL),
+                Block::bordered().title(Span::styled(
+                    "Chart",
+                    Style::default()
+                        .fg(Color::Cyan)
+                        .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+                )),
             )
             .x_axis(
                 Axis::default()
@@ -254,7 +259,7 @@ fn draw_text(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
             "One more thing is that it should display unicode characters: 10€"
         ),
     ];
-    let block = Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title(Span::styled(
+    let block = Block::bordered().title(Span::styled(
         "Footer",
         Style::default()
             .fg(Color::Magenta)
@@ -292,11 +297,11 @@ fn draw_second_tab(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
             .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
             .bottom_margin(1),
     )
-    .block(Block::default().title("Servers").borders(Borders::ALL));
+    .block(Block::bordered().title("Servers"));
     f.render_widget(table, chunks[0]);
 
     let map = Canvas::default()
-        .block(Block::default().title("World").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("World"))
         .paint(|ctx| {
             ctx.draw(&Map {
                 color: Color::White,
@@ -390,6 +395,6 @@ fn draw_third_tab(f: &mut Frame, _app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
             Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
         ],
     )
-    .block(Block::default().title("Colors").borders(Borders::ALL));
+    .block(Block::bordered().title("Colors"));
     f.render_widget(table, chunks[0]);
 }

examples/demo2/app.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,25 @@
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use color_eyre::{eyre::Context, Result};
-use crossterm::event::{Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind};
+use crossterm::event;
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::Backend,
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::Color,
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, Tabs, Widget},
+};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
-use crate::{destroy, tabs::*, term, THEME};
+use crate::{
+    destroy,
+    tabs::{AboutTab, EmailTab, RecipeTab, TracerouteTab, WeatherTab},
+    THEME,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct App {
@@ -37,15 +50,11 @@ enum Tab {
     Weather,
 }
 
-pub fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
-    App::default().run(terminal)
-}
-
 impl App {
     /// Run the app until the user quits.
-    pub fn run(&mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn run(mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         while self.is_running() {
-            self.draw(terminal)?;
+            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
             self.handle_events()?;
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -74,22 +83,29 @@ impl App {
     /// 1/50th of a second. This was chosen to try to match the default frame rate of a GIF in VHS.
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         let timeout = Duration::from_secs_f64(1.0 / 50.0);
-        match term::next_event(timeout)? {
+        match Self::next_event(timeout)? {
             Some(Event::Key(key)) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => self.handle_key_press(key),
             _ => {}
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    pub fn next_event(timeout: Duration) -> Result<Option<Event>> {
+        if !event::poll(timeout)? {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        let event = event::read()?;
+        Ok(Some(event))
+    }
+
     fn handle_key_press(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) {
-        use KeyCode::*;
         match key.code {
-            Char('q') | Esc => self.mode = Mode::Quit,
-            Char('h') | Left => self.prev_tab(),
-            Char('l') | Right => self.next_tab(),
-            Char('k') | Up => self.prev(),
-            Char('j') | Down => self.next(),
-            Char('d') | Delete => self.destroy(),
+            KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.mode = Mode::Quit,
+            KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.prev_tab(),
+            KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next_tab(),
+            KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.prev(),
+            KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.next(),
+            KeyCode::Char('d') | KeyCode::Delete => self.destroy(),
             _ => {}
         };
     }

examples/demo2/big_text.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,16 @@
 //!
 //! ```rust
 //! use anyhow::Result;
-//! use ratatui::prelude::*;
+//! use ratatui::{
+//!     backend::{self, Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+//!     buffer::{self, Buffer},
+//!     layout::{self, Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+//!     style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Styled, Stylize},
+//!     symbols::{self, Marker},
+//!     terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport},
+//!     text::{self, Line, Masked, Span, Text},
+//!     widgets::{block::BlockExt, StatefulWidget, Widget},
+//! };
 //! use tui_big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
 //!
 //! fn render(frame: &mut Frame) -> Result<()> {
@@ -50,7 +59,13 @@ use std::cmp::min;
 
 use derive_builder::Builder;
 use font8x8::UnicodeFonts;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, text::StyledGrapheme};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::Style,
+    text::{Line, StyledGrapheme},
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
 
 #[allow(unused)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Default)]
@@ -79,7 +94,16 @@ pub enum PixelSize {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     backend::{self, Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+///     buffer::{self, Buffer},
+///     layout::{self, Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+///     style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Styled, Stylize},
+///     symbols::{self, Marker},
+///     terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport},
+///     text::{self, Line, Masked, Span, Text},
+///     widgets::{block::BlockExt, StatefulWidget, Widget},
+/// };
 /// use tui_big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
 ///
 /// BigText::builder()
@@ -276,7 +300,7 @@ fn render_glyph(glyph: [u8; 8], area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_size: PixelS
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use ratatui::assert_buffer_eq;
+    use ratatui::style::Stylize;
 
     use super::*;
 
@@ -308,7 +332,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 80, 8));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             " ████     ██                     ███            ████      ██                    ",
             "██  ██                            ██             ██                             ",
             "███      ███    █████    ███ ██   ██     ████    ██      ███    █████    ████   ",
@@ -318,7 +342,7 @@ mod tests {
             " ████    ████   ██  ██      ██   ████    ████   ███████  ████   ██  ██   ████   ",
             "                        █████                                                   ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -329,7 +353,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 70, 6));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "██████                                             █               ███",
             "█ ██ █                                            ██                ██",
             "  ██    ██ ███  ██  ██  █████    ████    ████    █████   ████       ██",
@@ -337,7 +361,7 @@ mod tests {
             "  ██     ██  ██ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██       █████    ██    ██████  ██  ██",
             "  ██     ██     ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██    ██ █  ██      ██  ██",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -348,7 +372,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 16));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "██   ██          ███       █      ██    ",
             "███ ███           ██      ██            ",
             "███████ ██  ██    ██     █████   ███    ",
@@ -366,7 +390,7 @@ mod tests {
             "███████  ████   ██  ██   ████   █████   ",
             "                                        ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -378,18 +402,17 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 8));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            " ████      █             ███               ███  ",
-            "██  ██    ██              ██                ██  ",
-            "███      █████  ██  ██    ██     ████       ██  ",
-            " ███      ██    ██  ██    ██    ██  ██   █████  ",
-            "   ███    ██    ██  ██    ██    ██████  ██  ██  ",
-            "██  ██    ██ █   █████    ██    ██      ██  ██  ",
-            " ████      ██       ██   ████    ████    ███ ██ ",
-            "                █████                           ",
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            " ████      █             ███               ███  ".bold(),
+            "██  ██    ██              ██                ██  ".bold(),
+            "███      █████  ██  ██    ██     ████       ██  ".bold(),
+            " ███      ██    ██  ██    ██    ██  ██   █████  ".bold(),
+            "   ███    ██    ██  ██    ██    ██████  ██  ██  ".bold(),
+            "██  ██    ██ █   █████    ██    ██      ██  ██  ".bold(),
+            " ████      ██       ██   ████    ████    ███ ██ ".bold(),
+            "                █████                           ".bold(),
         ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 8), Style::new().bold());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -404,7 +427,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 24));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "██████             ███                  ",
             " ██  ██             ██                  ",
             " ██  ██  ████       ██                  ",
@@ -433,7 +456,7 @@ mod tests {
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 8), Style::new().red());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 40, 8), Style::new().green());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 16, 32, 8), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -445,13 +468,13 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 80, 4));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "▄█▀▀█▄    ▀▀                     ▀██            ▀██▀      ▀▀                    ",
             "▀██▄     ▀██    ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀▄█▀   ██    ▄█▀▀█▄   ██      ▀██    ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄  ",
             "▄▄ ▀██    ██    ██  ██  ▀█▄▄██    ██    ██▀▀▀▀   ██  ▄█   ██    ██  ██  ██▀▀▀▀  ",
             " ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀  ▄▄▄▄█▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀  ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀   ▀▀▀▀   ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -463,12 +486,12 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 70, 3));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "█▀██▀█                                            ▄█               ▀██",
             "  ██    ▀█▄█▀█▄ ██  ██  ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄   ▀▀▀█▄   ▀██▀▀  ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██",
             "  ██     ██  ▀▀ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ▄▄  ▄█▀▀██    ██ ▄  ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -480,7 +503,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 8));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "██▄ ▄██          ▀██      ▄█      ▀▀    ",
             "███████ ██  ██    ██     ▀██▀▀   ▀██    ",
             "██ ▀ ██ ██  ██    ██      ██ ▄    ██    ",
@@ -490,7 +513,7 @@ mod tests {
             " ██  ▄█   ██    ██  ██  ██▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀█▄  ",
             "▀▀▀▀▀▀▀  ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀   ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀▀▀   ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -503,14 +526,13 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 4));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▄█▀▀█▄    ▄█             ▀██               ▀██  ",
-            "▀██▄     ▀██▀▀  ██  ██    ██    ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██  ",
-            "▄▄ ▀██    ██ ▄  ▀█▄▄██    ██    ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██  ",
-            " ▀▀▀▀      ▀▀   ▄▄▄▄█▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀ ▀▀ ",
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "▄█▀▀█▄    ▄█             ▀██               ▀██  ".bold(),
+            "▀██▄     ▀██▀▀  ██  ██    ██    ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██  ".bold(),
+            "▄▄ ▀██    ██ ▄  ▀█▄▄██    ██    ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██  ".bold(),
+            " ▀▀▀▀      ▀▀   ▄▄▄▄█▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀ ▀▀ ".bold(),
         ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 4), Style::new().bold());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -526,7 +548,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 12));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "▀██▀▀█▄            ▀██                  ",
             " ██▄▄█▀ ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██                  ",
             " ██ ▀█▄ ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██                  ",
@@ -543,7 +565,7 @@ mod tests {
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 4), Style::new().red());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 4, 40, 4), Style::new().green());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 32, 4), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -555,7 +577,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 8));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "▐█▌  █          ▐█      ██   █          ",
             "█ █              █      ▐▌              ",
             "█▌  ▐█  ██▌ ▐█▐▌ █  ▐█▌ ▐▌  ▐█  ██▌ ▐█▌ ",
@@ -565,7 +587,7 @@ mod tests {
             "▐█▌ ▐█▌ █ █   █ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ███▌▐█▌ █ █ ▐█▌ ",
             "            ██▌                         ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -577,7 +599,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 35, 6));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "███                      ▐       ▐█",
             "▌█▐                      █        █",
             " █  █▐█ █ █ ██▌ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ▐██ ▐█▌   █",
@@ -585,7 +607,7 @@ mod tests {
             " █  ▐▌▐▌█ █ █ █ █   ▐██  █  ███ █ █",
             " █  ▐▌  █ █ █ █ █ █ █ █  █▐ █   █ █",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -597,7 +619,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 16));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "█ ▐▌    ▐█   ▐   █  ",
             "█▌█▌     █   █      ",
             "███▌█ █  █  ▐██ ▐█  ",
@@ -615,7 +637,7 @@ mod tests {
             "███▌▐█▌ █ █ ▐█▌ ██▌ ",
             "                    ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -628,18 +650,17 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 8));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▐█▌  ▐      ▐█       ▐█ ",
-            "█ █  █       █        █ ",
-            "█▌  ▐██ █ █  █  ▐█▌   █ ",
-            "▐█   █  █ █  █  █ █ ▐██ ",
-            " ▐█  █  █ █  █  ███ █ █ ",
-            "█ █  █▐ ▐██  █  █   █ █ ",
-            "▐█▌  ▐▌   █ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ▐█▐▌",
-            "        ██▌             ",
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "▐█▌  ▐      ▐█       ▐█ ".bold(),
+            "█ █  █       █        █ ".bold(),
+            "█▌  ▐██ █ █  █  ▐█▌   █ ".bold(),
+            "▐█   █  █ █  █  █ █ ▐██ ".bold(),
+            " ▐█  █  █ █  █  ███ █ █ ".bold(),
+            "█ █  █▐ ▐██  █  █   █ █ ".bold(),
+            "▐█▌  ▐▌   █ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ▐█▐▌".bold(),
+            "        ██▌             ".bold(),
         ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 8), Style::new().bold());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -655,7 +676,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 24));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "███      ▐█         ",
             "▐▌▐▌      █         ",
             "▐▌▐▌▐█▌   █         ",
@@ -684,7 +705,7 @@ mod tests {
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 8), Style::new().red());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 20, 8), Style::new().green());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 16, 16, 8), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -717,13 +738,13 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 4));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "▟▀▙  ▀          ▝█      ▜▛   ▀          ",
             "▜▙  ▝█  █▀▙ ▟▀▟▘ █  ▟▀▙ ▐▌  ▝█  █▀▙ ▟▀▙ ",
             "▄▝█  █  █ █ ▜▄█  █  █▀▀ ▐▌▗▌ █  █ █ █▀▀ ",
             "▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▄▄▛ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▀▀▀▘▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▝▀▘ ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -735,12 +756,12 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 35, 3));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "▛█▜                      ▟       ▝█",
             " █  ▜▟▜▖█ █ █▀▙ ▟▀▙ ▝▀▙ ▝█▀ ▟▀▙ ▗▄█",
             " █  ▐▌▝▘█ █ █ █ █ ▄ ▟▀█  █▗ █▀▀ █ █",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -752,7 +773,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 8));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "█▖▟▌    ▝█   ▟   ▀  ",
             "███▌█ █  █  ▝█▀ ▝█  ",
             "█▝▐▌█ █  █   █▗  █  ",
@@ -762,7 +783,7 @@ mod tests {
             "▐▌▗▌ █  █ █ █▀▀ ▝▀▙ ",
             "▀▀▀▘▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▝▀▘ ▀▀▘ ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -775,14 +796,13 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 4));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "▟▀▙  ▟      ▝█       ▝█ ",
-            "▜▙  ▝█▀ █ █  █  ▟▀▙ ▗▄█ ",
-            "▄▝█  █▗ ▜▄█  █  █▀▀ █ █ ",
-            "▝▀▘  ▝▘ ▄▄▛ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▝▘",
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "▟▀▙  ▟      ▝█       ▝█ ".bold(),
+            "▜▙  ▝█▀ █ █  █  ▟▀▙ ▗▄█ ".bold(),
+            "▄▝█  █▗ ▜▄█  █  █▀▀ █ █ ".bold(),
+            "▝▀▘  ▝▘ ▄▄▛ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▝▘".bold(),
         ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 4), Style::new().bold());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -798,7 +818,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build()?;
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 12));
         big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "▜▛▜▖     ▝█         ",
             "▐▙▟▘▟▀▙ ▗▄█         ",
             "▐▌▜▖█▀▀ █ █         ",
@@ -815,7 +835,7 @@ mod tests {
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 4), Style::new().red());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 4, 20, 4), Style::new().green());
         expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 16, 4), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         Ok(())
     }
 }

examples/demo2/colors.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use palette::{IntoColor, Okhsv, Srgb};
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, style::Color, widgets::Widget};
 
 /// A widget that renders a color swatch of RGB colors.
 ///

examples/demo2/destroy.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 use rand::Rng;
 use rand_chacha::rand_core::SeedableRng;
-use ratatui::{buffer::Cell, layout::Flex, prelude::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Flex, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    terminal::Frame,
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 use crate::big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
@@ -59,7 +65,7 @@ fn drip(frame_count: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
             if rng.gen_ratio(1, 10) {
                 *dest = src;
             } else {
-                *dest = Cell::default();
+                dest.reset();
             }
         } else {
             // move the pixel down one row

examples/demo2/errors.rs

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-
-use crate::term;
-
-pub fn init_hooks() -> Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = term::restore();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = term::restore();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/demo2/main.rs

@@ -14,32 +14,37 @@
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
 #![allow(
-    clippy::enum_glob_use,
     clippy::missing_errors_doc,
     clippy::module_name_repetitions,
-    clippy::must_use_candidate,
-    clippy::wildcard_imports
+    clippy::must_use_candidate
 )]
 
 mod app;
 mod big_text;
 mod colors;
 mod destroy;
-mod errors;
 mod tabs;
-mod term;
 mod theme;
 
-pub use app::*;
+use app::App;
 use color_eyre::Result;
-pub use colors::*;
-pub use term::*;
-pub use theme::*;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::Rect,
+    TerminalOptions, Viewport,
+};
+
+pub use self::{
+    colors::{color_from_oklab, RgbSwatch},
+    theme::THEME,
+};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    errors::init_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = &mut term::init()?;
-    App::default().run(terminal)?;
-    term::restore()?;
-    Ok(())
+    // this size is to match the size of the terminal when running the demo
+    // using vhs in a 1280x640 sized window (github social preview size)
+    let options = TerminalOptions {
+        viewport: Viewport::Fixed(Rect::new(0, 0, 81, 18)),
+    };
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal_with_options(options)?;
+    App::default().run(terminal)
 }

examples/demo2/tabs/about.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Clear, Padding, Paragraph, Widget, Wrap},
+};
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
 
@@ -64,20 +68,16 @@ impl Widget for AboutTab {
 }
 
 fn render_crate_description(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let area = area.inner(
-        &(Margin {
-            vertical: 4,
-            horizontal: 2,
-        }),
-    );
+    let area = area.inner(Margin {
+        vertical: 4,
+        horizontal: 2,
+    });
     Clear.render(area, buf); // clear out the color swatches
     Block::new().style(THEME.content).render(area, buf);
-    let area = area.inner(
-        &(Margin {
-            vertical: 1,
-            horizontal: 2,
-        }),
-    );
+    let area = area.inner(Margin {
+        vertical: 1,
+        horizontal: 2,
+    });
     let text = "- cooking up terminal user interfaces -
 
     Ratatui is a Rust crate that provides widgets (e.g. Paragraph, Table) and draws them to the \
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ pub fn render_logo(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     } else {
         THEME.logo.rat_eye_alt
     };
-    let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+    let area = area.inner(Margin {
         vertical: 0,
         horizontal: 2,
     });

examples/demo2/tabs/email.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{Styled, Stylize},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{
+        Block, BorderType, Borders, Clear, List, ListItem, ListState, Padding, Paragraph,
+        Scrollbar, ScrollbarState, StatefulWidget, Tabs, Widget,
+    },
+};
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
@@ -59,7 +68,7 @@ impl EmailTab {
 impl Widget for EmailTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 2,
         });

examples/demo2/tabs/recipe.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{Style, Stylize},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{
+        Block, Clear, Padding, Paragraph, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
+        StatefulWidget, Table, TableState, Widget, Wrap,
+    },
+};
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
 
@@ -105,7 +114,7 @@ impl RecipeTab {
 impl Widget for RecipeTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 2,
         });
@@ -124,7 +133,7 @@ impl Widget for RecipeTab {
         };
         render_scrollbar(self.row_index, scrollbar_area, buf);
 
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             horizontal: 2,
             vertical: 1,
         });

examples/demo2/tabs/traceroute.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{Styled, Stylize},
+    symbols::Marker,
+    widgets::{
+        canvas::{self, Canvas, Map, MapResolution, Points},
+        Block, BorderType, Clear, Padding, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
+        Sparkline, StatefulWidget, Table, TableState, Widget,
+    },
 };
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
@@ -26,7 +33,7 @@ impl TracerouteTab {
 impl Widget for TracerouteTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 2,
         });
@@ -49,10 +56,10 @@ fn render_hops(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .iter()
         .map(|hop| Row::new(vec![hop.host, hop.address]))
         .collect_vec();
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .title("Traceroute bad.horse".bold().white())
+    let block = Block::new()
+        .padding(Padding::new(1, 1, 1, 1))
         .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-        .padding(Padding::new(1, 1, 1, 1));
+        .title("Traceroute bad.horse".bold().white());
     StatefulWidget::render(
         Table::new(rows, [Constraint::Max(100), Constraint::Length(15)])
             .header(Row::new(vec!["Host", "Address"]).set_style(THEME.traceroute.header))
@@ -104,7 +111,7 @@ fn render_map(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let theme = THEME.traceroute.map;
     let path: Option<(&Hop, &Hop)> = HOPS.iter().tuple_windows().nth(selected_row);
     let map = Map {
-        resolution: canvas::MapResolution::High,
+        resolution: MapResolution::High,
         color: theme.color,
     };
     Canvas::default()

examples/demo2/tabs/weather.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use palette::Okhsv;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{calendar::CalendarEventStore, *},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols,
+    widgets::{
+        calendar::{CalendarEventStore, Monthly},
+        Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block, Clear, LineGauge, Padding, Widget,
+    },
 };
 use time::OffsetDateTime;
 
@@ -28,14 +34,14 @@ impl WeatherTab {
 impl Widget for WeatherTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 2,
         });
         Clear.render(area, buf);
         Block::new().style(THEME.content).render(area, buf);
 
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             horizontal: 2,
             vertical: 1,
         });
@@ -59,7 +65,7 @@ impl Widget for WeatherTab {
 
 fn render_calendar(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let date = OffsetDateTime::now_utc().date();
-    calendar::Monthly::new(date, CalendarEventStore::today(Style::new().red().bold()))
+    Monthly::new(date, CalendarEventStore::today(Style::new().red().bold()))
         .block(Block::new().padding(Padding::new(0, 0, 2, 0)))
         .show_month_header(Style::new().bold())
         .show_weekdays_header(Style::new().italic())
@@ -140,8 +146,8 @@ fn render_line_gauge(percent: f64, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     // cycle color hue based on the percent for a neat effect yellow -> red
     let hue = 90.0 - (percent as f32 * 0.6);
     let value = Okhsv::max_value();
-    let fg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value);
-    let bg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value * 0.5);
+    let filled_color = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value);
+    let unfilled_color = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value * 0.5);
     let label = if percent < 100.0 {
         format!("Downloading: {percent}%")
     } else {
@@ -151,7 +157,8 @@ fn render_line_gauge(percent: f64, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .ratio(percent / 100.0)
         .label(label)
         .style(Style::new().light_blue())
-        .gauge_style(Style::new().fg(fg).bg(bg))
+        .filled_style(Style::new().fg(filled_color))
+        .unfilled_style(Style::new().fg(unfilled_color))
         .line_set(symbols::line::THICK)
         .render(area, buf);
 }

examples/demo2/term.rs

@@ -4,12 +4,16 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use color_eyre::{eyre::WrapErr, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::Rect,
+    terminal::{Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport},
 };
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
 
 pub fn init() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
     // this size is to match the size of the terminal when running the demo

examples/demo2/theme.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
 
 pub struct Theme {
     pub root: Style,

examples/docsrs.rs

@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::io::{self, stdout};
-
-use crossterm::{
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::Frame,
+    text::{Line, Span, Text},
     widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
 };
 
@@ -28,12 +28,9 @@ use ratatui::{
 ///
 /// When cargo-rdme supports doc comments that import from code, this will be imported
 /// rather than copied to the lib.rs file.
-fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
     let arg = std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap_or_default();
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))?;
-
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
     let mut should_quit = false;
     while !should_quit {
         terminal.draw(match arg.as_str() {
@@ -43,22 +40,17 @@ fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
         })?;
         should_quit = handle_events()?;
     }
-
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
 fn hello_world(frame: &mut Frame) {
     frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!")
-            .block(Block::default().title("Greeting").borders(Borders::ALL)),
+        Paragraph::new("Hello World!").block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
         frame.size(),
     );
 }
 
-use crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode};
-fn handle_events() -> io::Result<bool> {
+fn handle_events() -> Result<bool> {
     if event::poll(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50))? {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
             if key.kind == event::KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
@@ -87,8 +79,8 @@ fn layout(frame: &mut Frame) {
         Block::new().borders(Borders::TOP).title("Status Bar"),
         status_bar,
     );
-    frame.render_widget(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Left"), left);
-    frame.render_widget(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Right"), right);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Left"), left);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Right"), right);
 }
 
 fn styling(frame: &mut Frame) {

examples/flex.rs

@@ -13,22 +13,24 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
-use std::io::{self, stdout};
-
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use ratatui::{
-    layout::{Constraint::*, Flex},
-    prelude::*,
-    style::palette::tailwind,
-    symbols::line,
-    widgets::{block::Title, *},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{
+        Alignment,
+        Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
+        Flex, Layout, Rect,
+    },
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols::{self, line},
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::{Line, Text},
+    widgets::{
+        block::Title, Block, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
+        StatefulWidget, Tabs, Widget,
+    },
 };
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
@@ -149,16 +151,12 @@ enum SelectedTab {
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     // assuming the user changes spacing about a 100 times or so
     Layout::init_cache(EXAMPLE_DATA.len() * SelectedTab::iter().len() * 100);
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-    App::default().run(terminal)?;
-
-    restore_terminal()?;
-    Ok(())
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
+    App::default().run(terminal)
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
         while self.is_running() {
             self.handle_events()?;
@@ -171,24 +169,23 @@ impl App {
         self.state == AppState::Running
     }
 
-    fn draw(self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn draw(self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.size()))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        use KeyCode::*;
         match event::read()? {
             Event::Key(key) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match key.code {
-                Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
-                Char('l') | Right => self.next(),
-                Char('h') | Left => self.previous(),
-                Char('j') | Down => self.down(),
-                Char('k') | Up => self.up(),
-                Char('g') | Home => self.top(),
-                Char('G') | End => self.bottom(),
-                Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
-                Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
+                KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
+                KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next(),
+                KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.previous(),
+                KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.down(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.up(),
+                KeyCode::Char('g') | KeyCode::Home => self.top(),
+                KeyCode::Char('G') | KeyCode::End => self.bottom(),
+                KeyCode::Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
+                KeyCode::Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
                 _ => (),
             },
             _ => {}
@@ -364,7 +361,7 @@ impl SelectedTab {
 
     /// Convert a `SelectedTab` into a `Line` to display it by the `Tabs` widget.
     fn to_tab_title(value: Self) -> Line<'static> {
-        use tailwind::*;
+        use tailwind::{INDIGO, ORANGE, SKY};
         let text = value.to_string();
         let color = match value {
             Self::Legacy => ORANGE.c400,
@@ -509,7 +506,7 @@ impl Example {
 }
 
 const fn color_for_constraint(constraint: Constraint) -> Color {
-    use tailwind::*;
+    use tailwind::{BLUE, SLATE};
     match constraint {
         Constraint::Min(_) => BLUE.c900,
         Constraint::Max(_) => BLUE.c800,
@@ -520,35 +517,6 @@ const fn color_for_constraint(constraint: Constraint) -> Color {
     }
 }
 
-fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 fn get_description_height(s: &str) -> u16 {
     if s.is_empty() {

examples/gauge.rs

@@ -13,20 +13,18 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
+use std::time::Duration;
 
-use std::{io::stdout, time::Duration};
-
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    style::palette::tailwind,
-    widgets::{block::Title, Block, Borders, Gauge, Padding, Paragraph},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::Span,
+    widgets::{block::Title, Block, Borders, Gauge, Padding, Paragraph, Widget},
 };
 
 const GAUGE1_COLOR: Color = tailwind::RED.c800;
@@ -54,15 +52,12 @@ enum AppState {
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-    App::default().run(terminal)?;
-    restore_terminal()?;
-    Ok(())
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
+    App::default().run(terminal)
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         while self.state != AppState::Quitting {
             self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
             self.handle_events()?;
@@ -99,10 +94,9 @@ impl App {
         if event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
                 if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    use KeyCode::*;
                     match key.code {
-                        Char(' ') | Enter => self.start(),
-                        Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
+                        KeyCode::Char(' ') | KeyCode::Enter => self.start(),
+                        KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
                         _ => {}
                     }
                 }
@@ -123,7 +117,7 @@ impl App {
 impl Widget for &App {
     #[allow(clippy::similar_names)]
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        use Constraint::*;
+        use Constraint::{Length, Min, Ratio};
         let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(2), Min(0), Length(1)]);
         let [header_area, gauge_area, footer_area] = layout.areas(area);
 
@@ -206,38 +200,9 @@ impl App {
 
 fn title_block(title: &str) -> Block {
     let title = Title::from(title).alignment(Alignment::Center);
-    Block::default()
-        .title(title)
+    Block::new()
         .borders(Borders::NONE)
-        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
         .padding(Padding::vertical(1))
-}
-
-fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
+        .title(title)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
 }

examples/hello_world.rs

@@ -13,83 +13,48 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{
-    io::{self, Stdout},
-    time::Duration,
+use color_eyre::{eyre::WrapErr, Result};
+use crossterm::event::KeyEventKind;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    widgets::Paragraph,
 };
 
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
-
 /// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
 /// this is not meant to be prescriptive. It is only meant to demonstrate the basic setup and
 /// teardown of a terminal application.
 ///
-/// A more robust application would probably want to handle errors and ensure that the terminal is
-/// restored to a sane state before exiting. This example does not do that. It also does not handle
-/// events or update the application state. It just draws a greeting and exits when the user
-/// presses 'q'.
+/// A more robust application would probably want to handle errors more thouroughly. It also does
+/// not handle events or update any application state. It just draws a greeting and exits when the
+/// user presses 'q'.
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = setup_terminal().context("setup failed")?;
-    run(&mut terminal).context("app loop failed")?;
-    restore_terminal(&mut terminal).context("restore terminal failed")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?
+        .to_terminal()
+        .wrap_err("failed to start terminal")?;
 
-/// Setup the terminal. This is where you would enable raw mode, enter the alternate screen, and
-/// hide the cursor. This example does not handle errors. A more robust application would probably
-/// want to handle errors and ensure that the terminal is restored to a sane state before exiting.
-fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    enable_raw_mode().context("failed to enable raw mode")?;
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen).context("unable to enter alternate screen")?;
-    Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout)).context("creating terminal failed")
-}
-
-/// Restore the terminal. This is where you disable raw mode, leave the alternate screen, and show
-/// the cursor.
-fn restore_terminal(terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode().context("failed to disable raw mode")?;
-    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)
-        .context("unable to switch to main screen")?;
-    terminal.show_cursor().context("unable to show cursor")
-}
-
-/// Run the application loop. This is where you would handle events and update the application
-/// state. This example exits when the user presses 'q'. Other styles of application loops are
-/// possible, for example, you could have multiple application states and switch between them based
-/// on events, or you could have a single application state and update it based on events.
-fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
+    // Run the application loop. This is where you would handle events and update the application
+    // state. This example exits when the user presses 'q'. Other styles of application loops are
+    // possible, for example, you could have multiple application states and switch between them
+    // based on events, or you could have a single application state and update it based on events.
     loop {
-        terminal.draw(crate::render_app)?;
-        if should_quit()? {
-            break;
+        terminal
+            .draw(|frame| {
+                // Render the application. This is where you would draw the application UI. This
+                // example just draws a greeting.
+                let greeting = Paragraph::new("Hello World! (press 'q' to quit)");
+                frame.render_widget(greeting, frame.size());
+            })
+            .wrap_err("failed to draw")?;
+        // Check if the user has pressed 'q'. This is where you would handle events. This example
+        // just checks if the user has pressed 'q' and returns true if they have. It does not
+        // handle any other events. This is a very basic event loop. A more robust application
+        // would probably want to handle more events and consider not blocking the thread when
+        // there are no events (by using [`crossterm::event::poll`])
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read().wrap_err("failed to read events")? {
+            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
         }
     }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Render the application. This is where you would draw the application UI. This example just
-/// draws a greeting.
-fn render_app(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let greeting = Paragraph::new("Hello World! (press 'q' to quit)");
-    frame.render_widget(greeting, frame.size());
-}
-
-/// Check if the user has pressed 'q'. This is where you would handle events. This example just
-/// checks if the user has pressed 'q' and returns true if they have. It does not handle any other
-/// events. There is a 250ms timeout on the event poll so that the application can exit in a timely
-/// manner, and to ensure that the terminal is rendered at least once every 250ms.
-fn should_quit() -> Result<bool> {
-    if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250)).context("event poll failed")? {
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read().context("event read failed")? {
-            return Ok(KeyCode::Char('q') == key.code);
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(false)
 }

examples/inline.rs

@@ -13,19 +13,25 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
 use std::{
     collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque},
-    error::Error,
-    io,
     sync::mpsc,
     thread,
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use rand::distributions::{Distribution, Uniform};
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    symbols,
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal, Viewport},
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{block, Block, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem, Paragraph, Widget},
+    TerminalOptions,
+};
 
 const NUM_DOWNLOADS: usize = 10;
 
@@ -80,17 +86,11 @@ struct Worker {
     tx: mpsc::Sender<Download>,
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    crossterm::terminal::enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = io::stdout();
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::with_options(
-        backend,
-        TerminalOptions {
-            viewport: Viewport::Inline(8),
-        },
-    )?;
-
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let options = TerminalOptions {
+        viewport: Viewport::Inline(8),
+    };
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal_with_options(options)?;
     let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
     input_handling(tx.clone());
     let workers = workers(tx);
@@ -101,11 +101,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
         w.tx.send(d).unwrap();
     }
 
-    run_app(&mut terminal, workers, downloads, rx)?;
-
-    crossterm::terminal::disable_raw_mode()?;
-    terminal.clear()?;
-
+    run_app(terminal, workers, downloads, rx)?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -172,12 +168,12 @@ fn downloads() -> Downloads {
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+fn run_app(
+    mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>,
     workers: Vec<Worker>,
     mut downloads: Downloads,
     rx: mpsc::Receiver<Event>,
-) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+) -> Result<()> {
     let mut redraw = true;
     loop {
         if redraw {
@@ -236,7 +232,7 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
 fn ui(f: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
     let area = f.size();
 
-    let block = Block::default().title(block::Title::from("Progress").alignment(Alignment::Center));
+    let block = Block::new().title(block::Title::from("Progress").alignment(Alignment::Center));
     f.render_widget(block, area);
 
     let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(2), Constraint::Length(4)]).margin(1);
@@ -248,7 +244,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
     let done = NUM_DOWNLOADS - downloads.pending.len() - downloads.in_progress.len();
     #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
     let progress = LineGauge::default()
-        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
+        .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
         .label(format!("{done}/{NUM_DOWNLOADS}"))
         .ratio(done as f64 / NUM_DOWNLOADS as f64);
     f.render_widget(progress, progress_area);

examples/layout.rs

@@ -13,53 +13,28 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
-
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    layout::Constraint::*,
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{
+        Constraint,
+        Constraint::{Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
+        Layout, Rect,
+    },
+    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::Frame,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
 };
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?
+        .with_mouse_capture()?
+        .to_terminal()?;
     loop {
         terminal.draw(ui)?;
-
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
             if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
                 return Ok(());
@@ -190,10 +165,9 @@ fn render_example_combination(
     title: &str,
     constraints: Vec<(Constraint, Constraint)>,
 ) {
-    let block = Block::default()
+    let block = Block::bordered()
         .title(title.gray())
         .style(Style::reset())
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
         .border_style(Style::default().fg(Color::DarkGray));
     let inner = block.inner(area);
     frame.render_widget(block, area);

examples/line_gauge.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+//! # [Ratatui] Line Gauge example
+//!
+//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
+//!
+//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
+//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
+//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
+//!
+//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
+//! library you are using.
+//!
+//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
+//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    widgets::{block::Title, Block, Borders, LineGauge, Padding, Paragraph, Widget},
+};
+
+const CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c200;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
+struct App {
+    state: AppState,
+    progress_columns: u16,
+    progress: f64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum AppState {
+    #[default]
+    Running,
+    Started,
+    Quitting,
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
+    App::default().run(terminal)
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+        while self.state != AppState::Quitting {
+            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
+            self.handle_events()?;
+            self.update(terminal.size()?.width);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+        terminal.draw(|f| f.render_widget(self, f.size()))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn update(&mut self, terminal_width: u16) {
+        if self.state != AppState::Started {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.progress_columns = (self.progress_columns + 1).clamp(0, terminal_width);
+        self.progress = f64::from(self.progress_columns) / f64::from(terminal_width);
+    }
+
+    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let timeout = Duration::from_secs_f32(1.0 / 20.0);
+        if event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
+                    match key.code {
+                        KeyCode::Char(' ') | KeyCode::Enter => self.start(),
+                        KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn start(&mut self) {
+        self.state = AppState::Started;
+    }
+
+    fn quit(&mut self) {
+        self.state = AppState::Quitting;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Widget for &App {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        use Constraint::{Length, Min, Ratio};
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(2), Min(0), Length(1)]);
+        let [header_area, main_area, footer_area] = layout.areas(area);
+
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Ratio(1, 3); 3]);
+        let [gauge1_area, gauge2_area, gauge3_area] = layout.areas(main_area);
+
+        header().render(header_area, buf);
+        footer().render(footer_area, buf);
+
+        self.render_gauge1(gauge1_area, buf);
+        self.render_gauge2(gauge2_area, buf);
+        self.render_gauge3(gauge3_area, buf);
+    }
+}
+
+fn header() -> impl Widget {
+    Paragraph::new("Ratatui Line Gauge Example")
+        .bold()
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
+}
+
+fn footer() -> impl Widget {
+    Paragraph::new("Press ENTER / SPACE to start")
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
+        .bold()
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn render_gauge1(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let title = title_block("Blue / red only foreground");
+        LineGauge::default()
+            .block(title)
+            .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
+            .unfilled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red))
+            .label("Foreground:")
+            .ratio(self.progress)
+            .render(area, buf);
+    }
+
+    fn render_gauge2(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let title = title_block("Blue / red only background");
+        LineGauge::default()
+            .block(title)
+            .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue).bg(Color::Blue))
+            .unfilled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red).bg(Color::Red))
+            .label("Background:")
+            .ratio(self.progress)
+            .render(area, buf);
+    }
+
+    fn render_gauge3(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let title = title_block("Fully styled with background");
+        LineGauge::default()
+            .block(title)
+            .filled_style(
+                Style::default()
+                    .fg(tailwind::BLUE.c400)
+                    .bg(tailwind::BLUE.c600),
+            )
+            .unfilled_style(
+                Style::default()
+                    .fg(tailwind::RED.c400)
+                    .bg(tailwind::RED.c800),
+            )
+            .label("Both:")
+            .ratio(self.progress)
+            .render(area, buf);
+    }
+}
+
+fn title_block(title: &str) -> Block {
+    let title = Title::from(title).alignment(Alignment::Center);
+    Block::default()
+        .title(title)
+        .borders(Borders::NONE)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
+        .padding(Padding::vertical(1))
+}

examples/list.rs

@@ -13,17 +13,20 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
-use std::{error::Error, io, io::stdout};
-
-use color_eyre::config::HookBuilder;
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{
+        Block, Borders, HighlightSpacing, List, ListItem, ListState, Padding, Paragraph,
+        StatefulWidget, Widget, Wrap,
+    },
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
 
 const TODO_HEADER_BG: Color = tailwind::BLUE.c950;
 const NORMAL_ROW_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c950;
@@ -38,15 +41,25 @@ enum Status {
     Completed,
 }
 
-struct TodoItem<'a> {
-    todo: &'a str,
-    info: &'a str,
+struct TodoItem {
+    todo: String,
+    info: String,
     status: Status,
 }
 
-struct StatefulList<'a> {
+impl TodoItem {
+    fn new(todo: &str, info: &str, status: Status) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            todo: todo.to_string(),
+            info: info.to_string(),
+            status,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct TodoList {
     state: ListState,
-    items: Vec<TodoItem<'a>>,
+    items: Vec<TodoItem>,
     last_selected: Option<usize>,
 }
 
@@ -56,56 +69,19 @@ struct StatefulList<'a> {
 ///
 /// Check the event handling at the bottom to see how to change the state on incoming events.
 /// Check the drawing logic for items on how to specify the highlighting style for selected items.
-struct App<'a> {
-    items: StatefulList<'a>,
+struct App {
+    items: TodoList,
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    App::new().run(terminal)?;
-
-    restore_terminal()?;
-
-    Ok(())
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
+    App::new().run(terminal)
 }
 
-fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-impl<'a> App<'a> {
+impl App {
     fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
-            items: StatefulList::with_items([
+            items: TodoList::with_items(&[
                 ("Rewrite everything with Rust!", "I can't hold my inner voice. He tells me to rewrite the complete universe with Rust", Status::Todo),
                 ("Rewrite all of your tui apps with Ratatui", "Yes, you heard that right. Go and replace your tui with Ratatui.", Status::Completed),
                 ("Pet your cat", "Minnak loves to be pet by you! Don't forget to pet and give some treats!", Status::Todo),
@@ -135,22 +111,23 @@ impl<'a> App<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl App<'_> {
-    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
+impl App {
+    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         loop {
             self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
 
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
                 if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    use KeyCode::*;
                     match key.code {
-                        Char('q') | Esc => return Ok(()),
-                        Char('h') | Left => self.items.unselect(),
-                        Char('j') | Down => self.items.next(),
-                        Char('k') | Up => self.items.previous(),
-                        Char('l') | Right | Enter => self.change_status(),
-                        Char('g') => self.go_top(),
-                        Char('G') => self.go_bottom(),
+                        KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => return Ok(()),
+                        KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.items.unselect(),
+                        KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.items.next(),
+                        KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.items.previous(),
+                        KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right | KeyCode::Enter => {
+                            self.change_status();
+                        }
+                        KeyCode::Char('g') => self.go_top(),
+                        KeyCode::Char('G') => self.go_bottom(),
                         _ => {}
                     }
                 }
@@ -158,13 +135,13 @@ impl App<'_> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn draw(&mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn draw(&mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         terminal.draw(|f| f.render_widget(self, f.size()))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 }
 
-impl Widget for &mut App<'_> {
+impl Widget for &mut App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         // Create a space for header, todo list and the footer.
         let vertical = Layout::vertical([
@@ -186,16 +163,16 @@ impl Widget for &mut App<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl App<'_> {
+impl App {
     fn render_todo(&mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         // We create two blocks, one is for the header (outer) and the other is for list (inner).
-        let outer_block = Block::default()
+        let outer_block = Block::new()
             .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG)
+            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
             .title("TODO List")
-            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center);
-        let inner_block = Block::default()
+            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
+            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG);
+        let inner_block = Block::new()
             .borders(Borders::NONE)
             .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
             .bg(NORMAL_ROW_COLOR);
@@ -238,24 +215,24 @@ impl App<'_> {
         // We get the info depending on the item's state.
         let info = if let Some(i) = self.items.state.selected() {
             match self.items.items[i].status {
-                Status::Completed => "✓ DONE: ".to_string() + self.items.items[i].info,
-                Status::Todo => "TODO: ".to_string() + self.items.items[i].info,
+                Status::Completed => format!("✓ DONE: {}", self.items.items[i].info),
+                Status::Todo => format!("TODO: {}", self.items.items[i].info),
             }
         } else {
             "Nothing to see here...".to_string()
         };
 
         // We show the list item's info under the list in this paragraph
-        let outer_info_block = Block::default()
+        let outer_info_block = Block::new()
             .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG)
+            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
             .title("TODO Info")
-            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center);
-        let inner_info_block = Block::default()
+            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
+            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG);
+        let inner_info_block = Block::new()
             .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_COLOR)
-            .padding(Padding::horizontal(1));
+            .padding(Padding::horizontal(1))
+            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_COLOR);
 
         // This is a similar process to what we did for list. outer_info_area will be used for
         // header inner_info_area will be used for the list info.
@@ -288,11 +265,14 @@ fn render_footer(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .render(area, buf);
 }
 
-impl StatefulList<'_> {
-    fn with_items<'a>(items: [(&'a str, &'a str, Status); 6]) -> StatefulList<'a> {
-        StatefulList {
+impl TodoList {
+    fn with_items(items: &[(&str, &str, Status)]) -> Self {
+        Self {
             state: ListState::default(),
-            items: items.iter().map(TodoItem::from).collect(),
+            items: items
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(todo, info, status)| TodoItem::new(todo, info, *status))
+                .collect(),
             last_selected: None,
         }
     }
@@ -333,7 +313,7 @@ impl StatefulList<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl TodoItem<'_> {
+impl TodoItem {
     fn to_list_item(&self, index: usize) -> ListItem {
         let bg_color = match index % 2 {
             0 => NORMAL_ROW_COLOR,
@@ -350,13 +330,3 @@ impl TodoItem<'_> {
         ListItem::new(line).bg(bg_color)
     }
 }
-
-impl<'a> From<&(&'a str, &'a str, Status)> for TodoItem<'a> {
-    fn from((todo, info, status): &(&'a str, &'a str, Status)) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            todo,
-            info,
-            status: *status,
-        }
-    }
-}

examples/minimal.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//! # [Ratatui] Minimal example
+//!
+//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
+//!
+//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
+//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
+//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
+//!
+//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
+//! library you are using.
+//!
+//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
+//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    text::Text,
+};
+
+/// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
+/// this is not meant to be prescriptive. See the [examples] folder for more complete examples.
+/// In particular, the [hello-world] example is a good starting point.
+///
+/// [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+/// [hello-world]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/hello_world.rs
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
+    terminal.clear()?;
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(Text::raw("Hello World!"), frame.size()))?;
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

examples/modifiers.rs

@@ -17,35 +17,22 @@
 // It will render a grid of combinations of foreground and background colors with all
 // modifiers applied to them.
 
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io::{self, Stdout},
-    iter::once,
-    result,
-    time::Duration,
-};
+use std::{iter::once, time::Duration};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
-
-type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::Frame,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::Paragraph,
+};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = setup_terminal()?;
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal);
-    restore_terminal(terminal)?;
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        eprintln!("{err:?}");
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
     loop {
         terminal.draw(ui)?;
 
@@ -107,20 +94,3 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
         }
     }
 }
-
-fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal(mut terminal: Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/panic.rs

@@ -13,35 +13,50 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-//! How to use a panic hook to reset the terminal before printing the panic to
-//! the terminal.
+//! How to use a panic hook to reset the terminal before printing the panic to the terminal.
 //!
-//! When exiting normally or when handling `Result::Err`, we can reset the
-//! terminal manually at the end of `main` just before we print the error.
+//! When exiting normally or when handling `Result::Err`, we can reset the terminal manually at the
+//! end of `main` just before we print the error.
 //!
-//! Because a panic interrupts the normal control flow, manually resetting the
-//! terminal at the end of `main` won't do us any good. Instead, we need to
-//! make sure to set up a panic hook that first resets the terminal before
-//! handling the panic. This both reuses the standard panic hook to ensure a
-//! consistent panic handling UX and properly resets the terminal to not
-//! distort the output.
+//! Because a panic interrupts the normal control flow, manually resetting the terminal at the end
+//! of `main` won't do us any good. Instead, we need to make sure to set up a panic hook that first
+//! resets the terminal before handling the panic. This both reuses the standard panic hook to
+//! ensure a consistent panic handling UX and properly resets the terminal to not distort the
+//! output.
 //!
-//! That's why this example is set up to show both situations, with and without
-//! the chained panic hook, to see the difference.
+//! That's why this example is set up to show both situations, with and without the chained panic
+//! hook, to see the difference.
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
 };
 
 type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
 
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
+
+    let mut app = App::default();
+    let res = run_tui(&mut terminal, &mut app);
+
+    reset_terminal()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{err:?}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct App {
     hook_enabled: bool,
@@ -60,26 +75,12 @@ impl App {
     }
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
-
-    let mut app = App::default();
-    let res = run_tui(&mut terminal, &mut app);
-
-    reset_terminal()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 /// Initializes the terminal.
 fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<io::Stdout>>> {
     crossterm::execute!(io::stdout(), EnterAlternateScreen)?;
     enable_raw_mode()?;
 
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
     let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(io::stdout());
 
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ fn reset_terminal() -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 /// Runs the TUI loop.
-fn run_tui<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, app: &mut App) -> io::Result<()> {
+fn run_tui<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, app: &mut App) -> Result<()> {
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, app))?;
 
@@ -142,11 +143,9 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
         Line::from("try first without the panic handler to see the difference"),
     ];
 
-    let b = Block::default()
-        .title("Panic Handler Demo")
-        .borders(Borders::ALL);
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Panic Handler Demo"))
+        .centered();
 
-    let p = Paragraph::new(text).block(b).centered();
-
-    f.render_widget(p, f.size());
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, f.size());
 }

examples/paragraph.rs

@@ -13,152 +13,145 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use crossterm::event::KeyEventKind;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph, Wrap},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Stylize},
+    text::{Line, Masked, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Widget, Wrap},
+    Terminal,
 };
 
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?
+        .with_mouse_capture()?
+        .to_terminal()?;
+    App::new().run(terminal)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
 struct App {
+    should_exit: bool,
     scroll: u16,
+    last_tick: Instant,
 }
 
 impl App {
-    const fn new() -> Self {
-        Self { scroll: 0 }
+    /// The duration between each tick.
+    const TICK_RATE: Duration = Duration::from_millis(250);
+
+    /// Create a new instance of the app.
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            should_exit: false,
+            scroll: 0,
+            last_tick: Instant::now(),
+        }
     }
 
-    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll += 1;
-        self.scroll %= 10;
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
-    let app = App::new();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
+    /// Run the app until the user exits.
+    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+        while !self.should_exit {
+            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
+            self.handle_events()?;
+            if self.last_tick.elapsed() >= Self::TICK_RATE {
+                self.on_tick();
+                self.last_tick = Instant::now();
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    Ok(())
-}
+    /// Draw the app to the terminal.
+    fn draw(&mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.size()))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
 
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
-    mut app: App,
-    tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
-    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
-
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
-        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
+    /// Handle events from the terminal.
+    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let timeout = Self::TICK_RATE.saturating_sub(self.last_tick.elapsed());
+        while event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                    return Ok(());
+                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                    self.should_exit = true;
                 }
             }
         }
-        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
-            app.on_tick();
-            last_tick = Instant::now();
-        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Update the app state on each tick.
+    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
+        self.scroll = (self.scroll + 1) % 10;
     }
 }
 
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let size = f.size();
-
-    // Words made "loooong" to demonstrate line breaking.
-    let s = "Veeeeeeeeeeeeeeeery    loooooooooooooooooong   striiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiing.   ";
-    let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(size.width) / s.len() + 4);
-    long_line.push('\n');
-
-    let block = Block::default().black();
-    f.render_widget(block, size);
-
-    let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Ratio(1, 4); 4]).split(size);
-
-    let text = vec![
-        Line::from("This is a line "),
-        Line::from("This is a line   ".red()),
-        Line::from("This is a line".on_blue()),
-        Line::from("This is a longer line".crossed_out()),
-        Line::from(long_line.on_green()),
-        Line::from("This is a line".green().italic()),
-        Line::from(vec![
-            "Masked text: ".into(),
-            Span::styled(
-                Masked::new("password", '*'),
-                Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
-            ),
-        ]),
-    ];
-
-    let create_block = |title| {
-        Block::default()
-            .borders(Borders::ALL)
-            .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-            .title(Span::styled(
-                title,
-                Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-            ))
-    };
-
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-        .block(create_block("Default alignment (Left), no wrap"));
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[0]);
-
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-        .block(create_block("Default alignment (Left), with wrap"))
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[1]);
-
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-        .block(create_block("Right alignment, with wrap"))
-        .right_aligned()
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[2]);
-
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-        .block(create_block("Center alignment, with wrap, with scroll"))
-        .centered()
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
-        .scroll((app.scroll, 0));
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[3]);
+impl Widget for &mut App {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let areas = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Max(9); 4]).split(area);
+        Paragraph::new(create_lines(area))
+            .block(title_block("Default alignment (Left), no wrap"))
+            .gray()
+            .render(areas[0], buf);
+        Paragraph::new(create_lines(area))
+            .block(title_block("Default alignment (Left), with wrap"))
+            .gray()
+            .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
+            .render(areas[1], buf);
+        Paragraph::new(create_lines(area))
+            .block(title_block("Right alignment, with wrap"))
+            .gray()
+            .right_aligned()
+            .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
+            .render(areas[2], buf);
+        Paragraph::new(create_lines(area))
+            .block(title_block("Center alignment, with wrap, with scroll"))
+            .gray()
+            .centered()
+            .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
+            .scroll((self.scroll, 0))
+            .render(areas[3], buf);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a bordered block with a title.
+fn title_block(title: &str) -> Block {
+    Block::bordered()
+        .gray()
+        .title(title.bold().into_centered_line())
+}
+
+/// Create some lines to display in the paragraph.
+fn create_lines(area: Rect) -> Vec<Line<'static>> {
+    let short_line = "A long line to demonstrate line wrapping. ";
+    let long_line = short_line.repeat(usize::from(area.width) / short_line.len() + 4);
+    let mut styled_spans = vec![];
+    for span in [
+        "Styled".blue(),
+        "Spans".red().on_white(),
+        "Bold".bold(),
+        "Italic".italic(),
+        "Underlined".underlined(),
+        "Strikethrough".crossed_out(),
+    ] {
+        styled_spans.push(span);
+        styled_spans.push(" ".into());
+    }
+    vec![
+        Line::raw("Unstyled Line"),
+        Line::raw("Styled Line").black().on_red().bold().italic(),
+        Line::from(styled_spans),
+        Line::from(long_line.green().italic()),
+        Line::from_iter([
+            "Masked text: ".into(),
+            Span::styled(Masked::new("my secret password", '*'), Color::Red),
+        ]),
+    ]
 }

examples/popup.rs

@@ -16,16 +16,14 @@
 // See also https://github.com/joshka/tui-popup and
 // https://github.com/sephiroth74/tui-confirm-dialog
 
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Clear, Paragraph, Wrap},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::Stylize,
+    terminal::Frame,
+    widgets::{Block, Clear, Paragraph, Wrap},
 };
 
 struct App {
@@ -38,35 +36,12 @@ impl App {
     }
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?
+        .with_mouse_capture()?
+        .to_terminal()?;
 
-    // create app and run it
-    let app = App::new();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut app = App::new();
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
 
@@ -98,14 +73,11 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
         .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
     f.render_widget(paragraph, instructions);
 
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .title("Content")
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
-        .on_blue();
+    let block = Block::bordered().title("Content").on_blue();
     f.render_widget(block, content);
 
     if app.show_popup {
-        let block = Block::default().title("Popup").borders(Borders::ALL);
+        let block = Block::bordered().title("Popup");
         let area = centered_rect(60, 20, area);
         f.render_widget(Clear, area); //this clears out the background
         f.render_widget(block, area);

examples/ratatui-logo.rs

@@ -13,20 +13,39 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{
-    io::{self, stdout},
-    thread::sleep,
-    time::Duration,
-};
-
-use crossterm::terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode};
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind};
 use indoc::indoc;
 use itertools::izip;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    terminal::Viewport,
+    widgets::Paragraph,
+    TerminalOptions,
+};
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal =
+        CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal_with_options(TerminalOptions {
+            viewport: Viewport::Inline(3),
+        })?;
+    terminal.draw(|frame| {
+        frame.render_widget(logo(), frame.size());
+    })?;
+    loop {
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    println!(); // necessary to avoid the cursor being on the same line as the logo
+    Ok(())
+}
 
 /// A fun example of using half block characters to draw a logo
 #[allow(clippy::many_single_char_names)]
-fn logo() -> String {
+fn logo() -> Paragraph<'static> {
     let r = indoc! {"
             ▄▄▄
             █▄▄▀
@@ -52,32 +71,9 @@ fn logo() -> String {
             █
             █
         "};
-    izip!(r.lines(), a.lines(), t.lines(), u.lines(), i.lines())
+    let lines = izip!(r.lines(), a.lines(), t.lines(), u.lines(), i.lines())
         .map(|(r, a, t, u, i)| format!("{r:5}{a:5}{t:4}{a:5}{t:4}{u:5}{i:5}"))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-        .join("\n")
-}
-
-fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = init()?;
-    terminal.draw(|frame| {
-        frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new(logo()), frame.size());
-    })?;
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(5));
-    restore()?;
-    println!();
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init() -> io::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let options = TerminalOptions {
-        viewport: Viewport::Inline(3),
-    };
-    Terminal::with_options(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()), options)
-}
-
-fn restore() -> io::Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    Ok(())
+        .join("\n");
+    Paragraph::new(lines)
 }

examples/scrollbar.rs

@@ -14,20 +14,20 @@
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
 
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin},
+    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols::scrollbar,
+    terminal::Frame,
+    text::{Line, Masked, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, symbols::scrollbar, widgets::*};
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct App {
@@ -37,40 +37,13 @@ struct App {
     pub horizontal_scroll: usize,
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?
+        .with_mouse_capture()?
+        .to_terminal()?;
 
-    // create app and run it
     let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
-    let app = App::default();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
-    mut app: App,
-    tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut app = App::default();
     let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &mut app))?;
@@ -186,7 +159,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
             .begin_symbol(None)
             .track_symbol(None)
             .end_symbol(None),
-        chunks[2].inner(&Margin {
+        chunks[2].inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 0,
         }),
@@ -204,7 +177,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
             .thumb_symbol("🬋")
             .end_symbol(None),
-        chunks[3].inner(&Margin {
+        chunks[3].inner(Margin {
             vertical: 0,
             horizontal: 1,
         }),
@@ -222,7 +195,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
             .thumb_symbol("░")
             .track_symbol(Some("─")),
-        chunks[4].inner(&Margin {
+        chunks[4].inner(Margin {
             vertical: 0,
             horizontal: 1,
         }),

examples/sparkline.rs

@@ -13,23 +13,19 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use rand::{
     distributions::{Distribution, Uniform},
     rngs::ThreadRng,
 };
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    terminal::Frame,
     widgets::{Block, Borders, Sparkline},
 };
 
@@ -89,40 +85,13 @@ impl App {
     }
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?
+        .with_mouse_capture()?
+        .to_terminal()?;
 
-    // create app and run it
     let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
-    let app = App::new();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
-    mut app: App,
-    tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut app = App::new();
     let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
@@ -151,18 +120,18 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     .split(f.size());
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title("Data1")
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
+            Block::new()
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
+                .title("Data1"),
         )
         .data(&app.data1)
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow));
     f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[0]);
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title("Data2")
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
+            Block::new()
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
+                .title("Data2"),
         )
         .data(&app.data2)
         .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Green));
@@ -170,9 +139,9 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     // Multiline
     let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .title("Data3")
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
+            Block::new()
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
+                .title("Data3"),
         )
         .data(&app.data3)
         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red));

examples/table.rs

@@ -13,18 +13,20 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
-use style::palette::tailwind;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::Frame,
+    text::{Line, Text},
+    widgets::{
+        Block, BorderType, Cell, HighlightSpacing, Paragraph, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation,
+        ScrollbarState, Table, TableState,
+    },
+};
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 const PALETTES: [tailwind::Palette; 4] = [
@@ -38,31 +40,37 @@ const INFO_TEXT: &str =
 
 const ITEM_HEIGHT: usize = 4;
 
-struct TableColors {
-    buffer_bg: Color,
-    header_bg: Color,
-    header_fg: Color,
-    row_fg: Color,
-    selected_style_fg: Color,
-    normal_row_color: Color,
-    alt_row_color: Color,
-    footer_border_color: Color,
-}
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?
+        .with_mouse_capture()?
+        .to_terminal()?;
 
-impl TableColors {
-    const fn new(color: &tailwind::Palette) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            buffer_bg: tailwind::SLATE.c950,
-            header_bg: color.c900,
-            header_fg: tailwind::SLATE.c200,
-            row_fg: tailwind::SLATE.c200,
-            selected_style_fg: color.c400,
-            normal_row_color: tailwind::SLATE.c950,
-            alt_row_color: tailwind::SLATE.c900,
-            footer_border_color: color.c400,
+    let mut app = App::new();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &mut app))?;
+
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
+                match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => return Ok(()),
+                    KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => app.next(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => app.previous(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => app.next_color(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => app.previous_color(),
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 }
+struct App {
+    state: TableState,
+    items: Vec<Data>,
+    longest_item_lens: (u16, u16, u16), // order is (name, address, email)
+    scroll_state: ScrollbarState,
+    colors: TableColors,
+    color_index: usize,
+}
 
 struct Data {
     name: String,
@@ -88,13 +96,30 @@ impl Data {
     }
 }
 
-struct App {
-    state: TableState,
-    items: Vec<Data>,
-    longest_item_lens: (u16, u16, u16), // order is (name, address, email)
-    scroll_state: ScrollbarState,
-    colors: TableColors,
-    color_index: usize,
+struct TableColors {
+    buffer_bg: Color,
+    header_bg: Color,
+    header_fg: Color,
+    row_fg: Color,
+    selected_style_fg: Color,
+    normal_row_color: Color,
+    alt_row_color: Color,
+    footer_border_color: Color,
+}
+
+impl TableColors {
+    const fn new(color: &tailwind::Palette) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            buffer_bg: tailwind::SLATE.c950,
+            header_bg: color.c900,
+            header_fg: tailwind::SLATE.c200,
+            row_fg: tailwind::SLATE.c200,
+            selected_style_fg: color.c400,
+            normal_row_color: tailwind::SLATE.c950,
+            alt_row_color: tailwind::SLATE.c900,
+            footer_border_color: color.c400,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl App {
@@ -178,54 +203,6 @@ fn generate_fake_names() -> Vec<Data> {
         .collect_vec()
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    let app = App::new();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<()> {
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &mut app))?;
-
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                use KeyCode::*;
-                match key.code {
-                    Char('q') | Esc => return Ok(()),
-                    Char('j') | Down => app.next(),
-                    Char('k') | Up => app.previous(),
-                    Char('l') | Right => app.next_color(),
-                    Char('h') | Left => app.previous_color(),
-                    _ => {}
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
     let rects = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Min(5), Constraint::Length(3)]).split(f.size());
 
@@ -318,7 +295,7 @@ fn render_scrollbar(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
             .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalRight)
             .begin_symbol(None)
             .end_symbol(None),
-        area.inner(&Margin {
+        area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 1,
         }),
@@ -331,10 +308,9 @@ fn render_footer(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
         .style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.row_fg).bg(app.colors.buffer_bg))
         .centered()
         .block(
-            Block::default()
-                .borders(Borders::ALL)
-                .border_style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.footer_border_color))
-                .border_type(BorderType::Double),
+            Block::bordered()
+                .border_type(BorderType::Double)
+                .border_style(Style::new().fg(app.colors.footer_border_color)),
         );
     f.render_widget(info_footer, area);
 }

examples/tabs.rs

@@ -13,18 +13,25 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports, clippy::enum_glob_use)]
+use std::fmt;
 
-use std::io::stdout;
-
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Stylize},
+    symbols,
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Block, Padding, Paragraph, Tabs, Widget},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
-use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
+    App::default().run(terminal)
+}
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct App {
@@ -39,31 +46,30 @@ enum AppState {
     Quitting,
 }
 
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Copy, Display, FromRepr, EnumIter)]
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Copy)]
 enum SelectedTab {
     #[default]
-    #[strum(to_string = "Tab 1")]
     Tab1,
-    #[strum(to_string = "Tab 2")]
     Tab2,
-    #[strum(to_string = "Tab 3")]
     Tab3,
-    #[strum(to_string = "Tab 4")]
     Tab4,
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
-    App::default().run(&mut terminal)?;
-    restore_terminal()?;
-    Ok(())
+impl fmt::Display for SelectedTab {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tab1 => write!(f, "Tab 1"),
+            Self::Tab2 => write!(f, "Tab 2"),
+            Self::Tab3 => write!(f, "Tab 3"),
+            Self::Tab4 => write!(f, "Tab 4"),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn run(&mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
         while self.state == AppState::Running {
-            self.draw(terminal)?;
+            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
             self.handle_events()?;
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -77,11 +83,10 @@ impl App {
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
             if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                use KeyCode::*;
                 match key.code {
-                    Char('l') | Right => self.next_tab(),
-                    Char('h') | Left => self.previous_tab(),
-                    Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next_tab(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.previous_tab(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
                     _ => {}
                 }
             }
@@ -102,25 +107,9 @@ impl App {
     }
 }
 
-impl SelectedTab {
-    /// Get the previous tab, if there is no previous tab return the current tab.
-    fn previous(self) -> Self {
-        let current_index: usize = self as usize;
-        let previous_index = current_index.saturating_sub(1);
-        Self::from_repr(previous_index).unwrap_or(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the next tab, if there is no next tab return the current tab.
-    fn next(self) -> Self {
-        let current_index = self as usize;
-        let next_index = current_index.saturating_add(1);
-        Self::from_repr(next_index).unwrap_or(self)
-    }
-}
-
 impl Widget for &App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        use Constraint::*;
+        use Constraint::{Length, Min};
         let vertical = Layout::vertical([Length(1), Min(0), Length(1)]);
         let [header_area, inner_area, footer_area] = vertical.areas(area);
 
@@ -136,7 +125,7 @@ impl Widget for &App {
 
 impl App {
     fn render_tabs(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let titles = SelectedTab::iter().map(SelectedTab::title);
+        let titles = SelectedTab::titles();
         let highlight_style = (Color::default(), self.selected_tab.palette().c700);
         let selected_tab_index = self.selected_tab as usize;
         Tabs::new(titles)
@@ -171,6 +160,35 @@ impl Widget for SelectedTab {
 }
 
 impl SelectedTab {
+    fn titles() -> [Line<'static>; 4] {
+        [
+            Self::Tab1.title(),
+            Self::Tab2.title(),
+            Self::Tab3.title(),
+            Self::Tab4.title(),
+        ]
+    }
+
+    /// Get the previous tab, if there is no previous tab return the current tab.
+    const fn previous(self) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tab1 => Self::Tab4,
+            Self::Tab2 => Self::Tab1,
+            Self::Tab3 => Self::Tab2,
+            Self::Tab4 => Self::Tab3,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the next tab, if there is no next tab return the current tab.
+    const fn next(self) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tab1 => Self::Tab2,
+            Self::Tab2 => Self::Tab3,
+            Self::Tab3 => Self::Tab4,
+            Self::Tab4 => Self::Tab1,
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Return tab's name as a styled `Line`
     fn title(self) -> Line<'static> {
         format!("  {self}  ")
@@ -205,8 +223,7 @@ impl SelectedTab {
 
     /// A block surrounding the tab's content
     fn block(self) -> Block<'static> {
-        Block::default()
-            .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        Block::bordered()
             .border_set(symbols::border::PROPORTIONAL_TALL)
             .padding(Padding::horizontal(1))
             .border_style(self.palette().c700)
@@ -221,32 +238,3 @@ impl SelectedTab {
         }
     }
 }
-
-fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/user_input.rs

@@ -27,16 +27,15 @@
 //
 // See also https://github.com/rhysd/tui-textarea and https://github.com/sayanarijit/tui-input/
 
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, List, ListItem, Paragraph},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::Frame,
+    text::{Line, Span, Text},
+    widgets::{Block, List, ListItem, Paragraph},
 };
 
 enum InputMode {
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ struct App {
     /// Current value of the input box
     input: String,
     /// Position of cursor in the editor area.
-    cursor_position: usize,
+    character_index: usize,
     /// Current input mode
     input_mode: InputMode,
     /// History of recorded messages
@@ -62,34 +61,46 @@ impl App {
             input: String::new(),
             input_mode: InputMode::Normal,
             messages: Vec::new(),
-            cursor_position: 0,
+            character_index: 0,
         }
     }
 
     fn move_cursor_left(&mut self) {
-        let cursor_moved_left = self.cursor_position.saturating_sub(1);
-        self.cursor_position = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_left);
+        let cursor_moved_left = self.character_index.saturating_sub(1);
+        self.character_index = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_left);
     }
 
     fn move_cursor_right(&mut self) {
-        let cursor_moved_right = self.cursor_position.saturating_add(1);
-        self.cursor_position = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_right);
+        let cursor_moved_right = self.character_index.saturating_add(1);
+        self.character_index = self.clamp_cursor(cursor_moved_right);
     }
 
     fn enter_char(&mut self, new_char: char) {
-        self.input.insert(self.cursor_position, new_char);
-
+        let index = self.byte_index();
+        self.input.insert(index, new_char);
         self.move_cursor_right();
     }
 
+    /// Returns the byte index based on the character position.
+    ///
+    /// Since each character in a string can be contain multiple bytes, it's necessary to calculate
+    /// the byte index based on the index of the character.
+    fn byte_index(&self) -> usize {
+        self.input
+            .char_indices()
+            .map(|(i, _)| i)
+            .nth(self.character_index)
+            .unwrap_or(self.input.len())
+    }
+
     fn delete_char(&mut self) {
-        let is_not_cursor_leftmost = self.cursor_position != 0;
+        let is_not_cursor_leftmost = self.character_index != 0;
         if is_not_cursor_leftmost {
             // Method "remove" is not used on the saved text for deleting the selected char.
             // Reason: Using remove on String works on bytes instead of the chars.
             // Using remove would require special care because of char boundaries.
 
-            let current_index = self.cursor_position;
+            let current_index = self.character_index;
             let from_left_to_current_index = current_index - 1;
 
             // Getting all characters before the selected character.
@@ -105,11 +116,11 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn clamp_cursor(&self, new_cursor_pos: usize) -> usize {
-        new_cursor_pos.clamp(0, self.input.len())
+        new_cursor_pos.clamp(0, self.input.chars().count())
     }
 
     fn reset_cursor(&mut self) {
-        self.cursor_position = 0;
+        self.character_index = 0;
     }
 
     fn submit_message(&mut self) {
@@ -119,35 +130,12 @@ impl App {
     }
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?
+        .with_mouse_capture()?
+        .to_terminal()?;
 
-    // create app and run it
-    let app = App::new();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut app = App::new();
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
 
@@ -226,7 +214,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
             InputMode::Normal => Style::default(),
             InputMode::Editing => Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
         })
-        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Input"));
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Input"));
     f.render_widget(input, input_area);
     match app.input_mode {
         InputMode::Normal =>
@@ -240,7 +228,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
             f.set_cursor(
                 // Draw the cursor at the current position in the input field.
                 // This position is can be controlled via the left and right arrow key
-                input_area.x + app.cursor_position as u16 + 1,
+                input_area.x + app.character_index as u16 + 1,
                 // Move one line down, from the border to the input line
                 input_area.y + 1,
             );
@@ -256,7 +244,6 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
             ListItem::new(content)
         })
         .collect();
-    let messages =
-        List::new(messages).block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Messages"));
+    let messages = List::new(messages).block(Block::bordered().title("Messages"));
     f.render_widget(messages, messages_area);
 }

examples/vhs/constraint-explorer.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/constraints.tape`
+Output "target/constraint-explorer.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set FontSize 18
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 950
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=constraint-explorer --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Show
+Set TypingSpeed 2s
+Type "1"
+Type "2"
+Right
+Type "4"
+Type "5"
+Up
+Up
+Down
+Down
+Right
+Set TypingSpeed 0.5s
+Type "++++++++"
+Type "--------"
+Type "aaa"
+Sleep 2s
+Type "xxx"
+Hide

examples/vhs/line_gauge.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/line_gauge.tape`
+Output "target/line_gauge.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 850
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=line_gauge --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Show
+Sleep 2s
+Enter 1
+Sleep 15s

examples/vhs/minimal.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/hello_world.tape`
+Output "target/minimal.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 200
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=minimal --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 5s

examples/vhs/ratatui-logo.tape

@@ -10,3 +10,5 @@ Enter
 Sleep 2s
 Show
 Sleep 2s
+Hide
+Type "q"

rustfmt.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 # configuration for https://rust-lang.github.io/rustfmt/
-group_imports = "StdExternalCrate"
-imports_granularity = "Crate"
-wrap_comments = true
 comment_width = 100
 format_code_in_doc_comments = true
+format_macro_matchers=true
+group_imports = "StdExternalCrate"
+imports_granularity = "Crate"
+normalize_doc_attributes=true
+use_field_init_shorthand=true
+wrap_comments = true

src/backend.rs

@@ -104,7 +104,11 @@ use std::io;
 
 use strum::{Display, EnumString};
 
-use crate::{buffer::Cell, layout::Size, prelude::Rect};
+use crate::{
+    buffer::Cell,
+    layout::{Rect, Size},
+    Terminal, TerminalOptions,
+};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "termion")]
 mod termion;
@@ -298,6 +302,45 @@ pub trait Backend {
 
     /// Flush any buffered content to the terminal screen.
     fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()>;
+
+    /// Converts the `Backend` into a [`Terminal`] instance.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend};
+    /// let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout().to_terminal()?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    fn to_terminal(self) -> io::Result<Terminal<Self>>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        Terminal::new(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Converts the `Backend` into a [`Terminal`] instance with options.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// use ratatui::{
+    ///     backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    ///     TerminalOptions, Viewport,
+    /// };
+    ///
+    /// let options = TerminalOptions {
+    ///     viewport: Viewport::Inline(10),
+    /// };
+    /// let terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout().to_terminal_with_options(options)?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    fn to_terminal_with_options(self, options: TerminalOptions) -> io::Result<Terminal<Self>>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        Terminal::with_options(self, options)
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]

src/backend/crossterm.rs

@@ -2,76 +2,83 @@
 //! the [Crossterm] crate to interact with the terminal.
 //!
 //! [Crossterm]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
-use std::io::{self, Write};
+use std::io;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
-use crossterm::style::SetUnderlineColor;
-use crossterm::{
-    cursor::{Hide, MoveTo, Show},
-    execute, queue,
-    style::{
-        Attribute as CAttribute, Attributes as CAttributes, Color as CColor, ContentStyle, Print,
-        SetAttribute, SetBackgroundColor, SetForegroundColor,
-    },
-    terminal::{self, Clear},
-};
-
+use crate::crossterm::style::SetUnderlineColor;
 use crate::{
     backend::{Backend, ClearType, WindowSize},
     buffer::Cell,
-    layout::Size,
-    prelude::Rect,
+    crossterm::{
+        cursor::{Hide, MoveTo, Show},
+        event::{
+            DisableBracketedPaste, DisableFocusChange, DisableMouseCapture, EnableBracketedPaste,
+            EnableFocusChange, EnableMouseCapture, KeyboardEnhancementFlags,
+            PopKeyboardEnhancementFlags, PushKeyboardEnhancementFlags,
+        },
+        execute, queue,
+        style::{
+            Attribute as CAttribute, Attributes as CAttributes, Color as CColor, Colors,
+            ContentStyle, Print, SetAttribute, SetBackgroundColor, SetColors, SetForegroundColor,
+        },
+        terminal::{
+            disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, Clear, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        },
+    },
+    layout::{Rect, Size},
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
 };
 
 /// A [`Backend`] implementation that uses [Crossterm] to render to the terminal.
 ///
-/// The `CrosstermBackend` struct is a wrapper around a writer implementing [`Write`], which is
-/// used to send commands to the terminal. It provides methods for drawing content, manipulating
-/// the cursor, and clearing the terminal screen.
+/// The `CrosstermBackend` struct is a wrapper around a writer implementing [`Write`], which is used
+/// to send commands to the terminal. It provides methods for drawing content, manipulating the
+/// cursor, and clearing the terminal screen.
 ///
-/// Most applications should not call the methods on `CrosstermBackend` directly, but will instead
-/// use the [`Terminal`] struct, which provides a more ergonomic interface.
+/// Convenience methods ([`CrosstermBackend::stdout`] and [`CrosstermBackend::stderr`] are provided
+/// to create a `CrosstermBackend` with [`std::io::stdout`] or [`std::io::stderr`] as the writer.
+/// Additionally, these can be created with default settings to enable raw mode and switch to the
+/// alternate screen using [`CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults`] or
+/// [`CrosstermBackend::stderr_with_defaults`].
 ///
-/// Usually applications will enable raw mode and switch to alternate screen mode after creating
-/// a `CrosstermBackend`. This is done by calling [`crossterm::terminal::enable_raw_mode`] and
-/// [`crossterm::terminal::EnterAlternateScreen`] (and the corresponding disable/leave functions
-/// when the application exits). This is not done automatically by the backend because it is
-/// possible that the application may want to use the terminal for other purposes (like showing
-/// help text) before entering alternate screen mode.
+/// If the default settings are not desired, the `CrosstermBackend` can be configured using the
+/// `with_*` methods. These methods return an [`io::Result`] containing self so that they can be
+/// chained with other methods. The settings are restored when the `CrosstermBackend` is dropped.
+/// - [`CrosstermBackend::with_raw_mode`] enables raw mode for the terminal.
+/// - [`CrosstermBackend::with_alternate_screen`] switches to the alternate screen.
+/// - [`CrosstermBackend::with_mouse_capture`] enables mouse capture.
+/// - [`CrosstermBackend::with_bracketed_paste`] enables bracketed paste.
+/// - [`CrosstermBackend::with_focus_change`] enables focus change.
+/// - [`CrosstermBackend::with_keyboard_enhancement_flags`] enables keyboard enhancement flags.
+///
+/// If a backend is configured using the `with_*` methods, the settings are restored when the
+/// `CrosstermBackend` is dropped.
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```rust,no_run
-/// use std::io::{stderr, stdout};
-///
-/// use crossterm::{
-///     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-///     ExecutableCommand,
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+///     crossterm::event::KeyboardEnhancementFlags,
 /// };
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
 ///
-/// let mut backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+/// let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
 /// // or
-/// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stderr());
-/// let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-///
-/// enable_raw_mode()?;
-/// stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-///
-/// terminal.clear()?;
-/// terminal.draw(|frame| {
-///     // -- snip --
-/// })?;
-///
-/// stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-/// disable_raw_mode()?;
-///
+/// let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stderr_with_defaults()?.to_terminal()?;
+/// // or with custom settings
+/// let mut terminal = CrosstermBackend::stdout()
+///     .with_raw_mode()?
+///     .with_alternate_screen()?
+///     .with_mouse_capture()?
+///     .with_bracketed_paste()?
+///     .with_focus_change()?
+///     .with_keyboard_enhancement_flags(KeyboardEnhancementFlags::DISAMBIGUATE_ESCAPE_CODES)?
+///     .to_terminal()?;
 /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
 /// ```
 ///
-/// See the the [Examples] directory for more examples. See the [`backend`] module documentation
-/// for more details on raw mode and alternate screen.
+/// See the the [Examples] directory for more examples. See the [`backend`] module documentation for
+/// more details on raw mode and alternate screen.
 ///
 /// [`Write`]: std::io::Write
 /// [`Terminal`]: crate::terminal::Terminal
@@ -79,33 +86,394 @@ use crate::{
 /// [Crossterm]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
 /// [Examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/main/examples/README.md
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub struct CrosstermBackend<W: Write> {
+#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
+pub struct CrosstermBackend<W: io::Write> {
     /// The writer used to send commands to the terminal.
     writer: W,
+    restore_raw_mode_on_drop: bool,
+    restore_alternate_screen_on_drop: bool,
+    restore_mouse_capture_on_drop: bool,
+    restore_bracketed_paste_on_drop: bool,
+    restore_focus_change_on_drop: bool,
+    restore_keyboard_enhancement_flags_on_drop: bool,
 }
 
-impl<W> CrosstermBackend<W>
-where
-    W: Write,
-{
+impl<W: io::Write> CrosstermBackend<W> {
     /// Creates a new `CrosstermBackend` with the given writer.
     ///
+    /// Applications will typically use [`CrosstermBackend::stdout`] or [`CrosstermBackend::stderr`]
+    /// to create a `CrosstermBackend` with [`std::io::stdout`] or [`std::io::stderr`] as the
+    /// writer.
+    ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// # use std::io::stdout;
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
-    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(std::io::stdout());
     /// ```
     pub const fn new(writer: W) -> Self {
-        Self { writer }
+        Self {
+            writer,
+            restore_raw_mode_on_drop: false,
+            restore_alternate_screen_on_drop: false,
+            restore_mouse_capture_on_drop: false,
+            restore_bracketed_paste_on_drop: false,
+            restore_focus_change_on_drop: false,
+            restore_keyboard_enhancement_flags_on_drop: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the writer.
+    #[stability::unstable(
+        feature = "backend-writer",
+        issue = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/991"
+    )]
+    pub const fn writer(&self) -> &W {
+        &self.writer
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the writer as a mutable reference.
+    ///
+    /// Note: writing to the writer may cause incorrect output after the write. This is due to the
+    /// way that the Terminal implements diffing Buffers.
+    #[stability::unstable(
+        feature = "backend-writer",
+        issue = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/991"
+    )]
+    pub fn writer_mut(&mut self) -> &mut W {
+        &mut self.writer
     }
 }
 
-impl<W> Write for CrosstermBackend<W>
-where
-    W: Write,
-{
+impl CrosstermBackend<io::Stdout> {
+    /// Creates a new `CrosstermBackend` with `std::io::stdout`.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::stdout();
+    /// ```
+    pub fn stdout() -> Self {
+        Self::new(io::stdout())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new `CrosstermBackend` with `std::io::stdout` and default settings.
+    ///
+    /// This enables raw mode and switches to the alternate screen. Mouse support is not enabled.
+    ///
+    /// Raw mode and alternate screen are restored when the `CrosstermBackend` is dropped.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::stdout_with_defaults()?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn stdout_with_defaults() -> io::Result<Self> {
+        Self::stdout().with_defaults()
+    }
+}
+
+impl CrosstermBackend<io::Stderr> {
+    /// Creates a new `CrosstermBackend` with `std::io::stderr`.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::stderr();
+    /// ```
+    pub fn stderr() -> Self {
+        Self::new(io::stderr())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new `CrosstermBackend` with `std::io::stderr` and default settings.
+    ///
+    /// This enables raw mode and switches to the alternate screen. Mouse support is not enabled.
+    ///
+    /// Raw mode and alternate screen are restored when the `CrosstermBackend` is dropped.
+    ///
+    /// If the `color-eyre` feature is enabled, the color-eyre panic and error report hooks are
+    /// installed.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::stderr_with_defaults()?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn stderr_with_defaults() -> io::Result<Self> {
+        Self::stderr().with_defaults()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W: io::Write> CrosstermBackend<W> {
+    /// Enables default settings for the terminal backend.
+    ///
+    /// This enables raw mode and switches to the alternate screen. Mouse support is not enabled.
+    ///
+    /// If the `color-eyre` feature is enabled, the color-eyre panic and error report hooks are
+    /// installed. Otherwise, a panic hook is installed that resets the terminal to its default
+    /// state before panicking.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an [`io::Result`] containing self so that it can be chained with other methods.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    ///
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::stdout().with_defaults()?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn with_defaults(self) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let backend = self.with_raw_mode()?.with_alternate_screen()?;
+        #[cfg(feature = "color-eyre")]
+        let backend = backend.with_color_eyre_hooks()?;
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "color-eyre"))]
+        let backend = backend.with_panic_hook();
+        Ok(backend)
+    }
+
+    /// Enables raw mode for the terminal.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an [`io::Result`] containing self so that it can be chained with other methods.
+    ///
+    /// Raw mode is restored when the `CrosstermBackend` is dropped.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::stdout().with_raw_mode()?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn with_raw_mode(mut self) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        enable_raw_mode()?;
+        self.restore_raw_mode_on_drop = true;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Enables raw mode for the terminal and switches to the alternate screen.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an [`io::Result`] containing self so that it can be chained with other methods.
+    ///
+    /// Alternate screen is restored when the `CrosstermBackend` is dropped.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::stdout().with_alternate_screen()?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn with_alternate_screen(mut self) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        execute!(self.writer, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+        self.restore_alternate_screen_on_drop = true;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Enables mouse capture for the terminal.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an [`io::Result`] containing self so that it can be chained with other methods.
+    ///
+    /// Mouse capture is disabled when the `CrosstermBackend` is dropped.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::stdout().with_mouse_capture()?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn with_mouse_capture(mut self) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        execute!(self.writer, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+        self.restore_mouse_capture_on_drop = true;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Enables bracketed paste for the terminal.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an [`io::Result`] containing self so that it can be chained with other methods.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::stdout().with_bracketed_paste()?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn with_bracketed_paste(mut self) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        execute!(self.writer, EnableBracketedPaste)?;
+        self.restore_bracketed_paste_on_drop = true;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Enables focus change for the terminal.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an [`io::Result`] containing self so that it can be chained with other methods.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::stdout().with_focus_change()?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    pub fn with_focus_change(mut self) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        execute!(self.writer, EnableFocusChange)?;
+        self.restore_focus_change_on_drop = true;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Enables keyboard enhancement flags for the terminal.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an [`io::Result`] containing self so that it can be chained with other methods.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// use ratatui::{backend::CrosstermBackend, crossterm::event::KeyboardEnhancementFlags};
+    ///
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::stdout()
+    ///     .with_keyboard_enhancement_flags(KeyboardEnhancementFlags::DISAMBIGUATE_ESCAPE_CODES)?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn with_keyboard_enhancement_flags(
+        mut self,
+        flags: KeyboardEnhancementFlags,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        execute!(self.writer, PushKeyboardEnhancementFlags(flags))?;
+        self.restore_keyboard_enhancement_flags_on_drop = true;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Installs a panic hook that resets the terminal to its default state before panicking.
+    ///
+    /// This is a convenience method that sets up the panic hook for the terminal backend.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    ///
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::stdout().with_panic_hook()?;
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "color-eyre"))]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn with_panic_hook(self) -> Self {
+        use std::panic;
+
+        let hook = panic::take_hook();
+        panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
+            let _ = CrosstermBackend::reset(io::stderr());
+            hook(info);
+        }));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Installs the color-eyre panic and error report hooks.
+    ///
+    /// This is a convenience method that sets up the color-eyre hooks for the terminal backend.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    ///
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::stdout().with_color_eyre_hooks()?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "color-eyre")]
+    pub fn with_color_eyre_hooks(self) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        use std::{io::stderr, panic};
+
+        use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, eyre};
+
+        let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
+        let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
+        let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
+        eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
+            // ignore errors here because we are already in an error state
+            let _ = CrosstermBackend::reset(stderr());
+            error(e)
+        }))
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+        panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
+            // ignore errors here because we are already in an error state
+            let _ = CrosstermBackend::reset(stderr());
+            panic(info);
+        }));
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Resets the terminal to its default state.
+    ///
+    /// - Disables raw mode
+    /// - Disables mouse capture
+    /// - Leaves the alternate screen
+    /// - Disables bracketed paste
+    /// - Disables focus change
+    /// - Pops keyboard enhancement flags
+    ///
+    /// This method is an associated method rather than an instance method to make it possible to
+    /// call without having a `CrosstermBackend` instance. This is often useful in the context of
+    /// error / panic handling.
+    ///
+    /// If you have created a `CrosstermBackend` using the `with_*` methods, the settings are
+    /// restored when the `CrosstermBackend` is dropped, so you do not need to call this method
+    /// manually.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    /// CrosstermBackend::reset(std::io::stderr())?;
+    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn reset(mut writer: W) -> io::Result<()> {
+        disable_raw_mode()?;
+        execute!(
+            writer,
+            LeaveAlternateScreen,
+            DisableMouseCapture,
+            DisableBracketedPaste,
+            DisableFocusChange,
+            PopKeyboardEnhancementFlags
+        )?;
+        writer.flush()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W: io::Write> Drop for CrosstermBackend<W> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // note that these are not checked for errors because there is nothing that can be done if
+        // they fail. The terminal is likely in a bad state, and the application is exiting anyway.
+        if self.restore_raw_mode_on_drop {
+            let _ = disable_raw_mode();
+        }
+        if self.restore_mouse_capture_on_drop {
+            let _ = execute!(self.writer, DisableMouseCapture);
+        }
+        if self.restore_alternate_screen_on_drop {
+            let _ = execute!(self.writer, LeaveAlternateScreen);
+        }
+        if self.restore_bracketed_paste_on_drop {
+            let _ = execute!(self.writer, DisableBracketedPaste);
+        }
+        if self.restore_focus_change_on_drop {
+            let _ = execute!(self.writer, DisableFocusChange);
+        }
+        if self.restore_keyboard_enhancement_flags_on_drop {
+            let _ = execute!(self.writer, PopKeyboardEnhancementFlags);
+        }
+        let _ = self.writer.flush();
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W: io::Write> io::Write for CrosstermBackend<W> {
     /// Writes a buffer of bytes to the underlying buffer.
     fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
         self.writer.write(buf)
@@ -117,10 +485,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<W> Backend for CrosstermBackend<W>
-where
-    W: Write,
-{
+impl<W: io::Write> Backend for CrosstermBackend<W> {
     fn draw<'a, I>(&mut self, content: I) -> io::Result<()>
     where
         I: Iterator<Item = (u16, u16, &'a Cell)>,
@@ -145,14 +510,12 @@ where
                 diff.queue(&mut self.writer)?;
                 modifier = cell.modifier;
             }
-            if cell.fg != fg {
-                let color = CColor::from(cell.fg);
-                queue!(self.writer, SetForegroundColor(color))?;
+            if cell.fg != fg || cell.bg != bg {
+                queue!(
+                    self.writer,
+                    SetColors(Colors::new(cell.fg.into(), cell.bg.into()))
+                )?;
                 fg = cell.fg;
-            }
-            if cell.bg != bg {
-                let color = CColor::from(cell.bg);
-                queue!(self.writer, SetBackgroundColor(color))?;
                 bg = cell.bg;
             }
             #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
@@ -224,7 +587,7 @@ where
     }
 
     fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Rect> {
-        let (width, height) = terminal::size()?;
+        let (width, height) = crossterm::terminal::size()?;
         Ok(Rect::new(0, 0, width, height))
     }
 
@@ -234,7 +597,7 @@ where
             rows,
             width,
             height,
-        } = terminal::window_size()?;
+        } = crossterm::terminal::window_size()?;
         Ok(WindowSize {
             columns_rows: Size {
                 width: columns,
@@ -310,11 +673,7 @@ struct ModifierDiff {
 }
 
 impl ModifierDiff {
-    fn queue<W>(self, mut w: W) -> io::Result<()>
-    where
-        W: io::Write,
-    {
-        //use crossterm::Attribute;
+    fn queue<W: io::Write>(self, mut w: W) -> io::Result<()> {
         let removed = self.from - self.to;
         if removed.contains(Modifier::REVERSED) {
             queue!(w, SetAttribute(CAttribute::NoReverse))?;

src/backend/termion.rs

@@ -9,13 +9,12 @@ use std::{
     io::{self, Write},
 };
 
-use termion::{color as tcolor, style as tstyle};
-
 use crate::{
     backend::{Backend, ClearType, WindowSize},
     buffer::Cell,
     prelude::Rect,
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    termion::{self, color as tcolor, color::Color as _, style as tstyle},
 };
 
 /// A [`Backend`] implementation that uses [Termion] to render to the terminal.
@@ -40,8 +39,10 @@ use crate::{
 /// ```rust,no_run
 /// use std::io::{stderr, stdout};
 ///
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
-/// use termion::{raw::IntoRawMode, screen::IntoAlternateScreen};
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     prelude::*,
+///     termion::{raw::IntoRawMode, screen::IntoAlternateScreen},
+/// };
 ///
 /// let writer = stdout().into_raw_mode()?.into_alternate_screen()?;
 /// let mut backend = TermionBackend::new(writer);
@@ -85,6 +86,26 @@ where
     pub const fn new(writer: W) -> Self {
         Self { writer }
     }
+
+    /// Gets the writer.
+    #[stability::unstable(
+        feature = "backend-writer",
+        issue = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/991"
+    )]
+    pub const fn writer(&self) -> &W {
+        &self.writer
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the writer as a mutable reference.
+    /// Note: writing to the writer may cause incorrect output after the write. This is due to the
+    /// way that the Terminal implements diffing Buffers.
+    #[stability::unstable(
+        feature = "backend-writer",
+        issue = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/991"
+    )]
+    pub fn writer_mut(&mut self) -> &mut W {
+        &mut self.writer
+    }
 }
 
 impl<W> Write for TermionBackend<W>
@@ -223,7 +244,6 @@ struct ModifierDiff {
 
 impl fmt::Display for Fg {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        use termion::color::Color as TermionColor;
         match self.0 {
             Color::Reset => termion::color::Reset.write_fg(f),
             Color::Black => termion::color::Black.write_fg(f),
@@ -249,7 +269,6 @@ impl fmt::Display for Fg {
 }
 impl fmt::Display for Bg {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        use termion::color::Color as TermionColor;
         match self.0 {
             Color::Reset => termion::color::Reset.write_bg(f),
             Color::Black => termion::color::Black.write_bg(f),
@@ -275,7 +294,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Bg {
 }
 
 macro_rules! from_termion_for_color {
-    ($termion_color:ident, $color: ident) => {
+    ($termion_color:ident, $color:ident) => {
         impl From<tcolor::$termion_color> for Color {
             fn from(_: tcolor::$termion_color) -> Self {
                 Color::$color
@@ -416,7 +435,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ModifierDiff {
 }
 
 macro_rules! from_termion_for_modifier {
-    ($termion_modifier:ident, $modifier: ident) => {
+    ($termion_modifier:ident, $modifier:ident) => {
         impl From<tstyle::$termion_modifier> for Modifier {
             fn from(_: tstyle::$termion_modifier) -> Self {
                 Modifier::$modifier

src/backend/termwiz.rs

@@ -7,20 +7,19 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use termwiz::{
-    caps::Capabilities,
-    cell::{AttributeChange, Blink, CellAttributes, Intensity, Underline},
-    color::{AnsiColor, ColorAttribute, ColorSpec, LinearRgba, RgbColor, SrgbaTuple},
-    surface::{Change, CursorVisibility, Position},
-    terminal::{buffered::BufferedTerminal, ScreenSize, SystemTerminal, Terminal},
-};
-
 use crate::{
     backend::{Backend, WindowSize},
     buffer::Cell,
     layout::Size,
     prelude::Rect,
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    termwiz::{
+        caps::Capabilities,
+        cell::{AttributeChange, Blink, CellAttributes, Intensity, Underline},
+        color::{AnsiColor, ColorAttribute, ColorSpec, LinearRgba, RgbColor, SrgbaTuple},
+        surface::{Change, CursorVisibility, Position},
+        terminal::{buffered::BufferedTerminal, ScreenSize, SystemTerminal, Terminal},
+    },
 };
 
 /// A [`Backend`] implementation that uses [Termwiz] to render to the terminal.
@@ -271,7 +270,7 @@ impl From<CellAttributes> for Style {
 
         style.fg = Some(value.foreground().into());
         style.bg = Some(value.background().into());
-        #[cfg(feature = "underline_color")]
+        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
         {
             style.underline_color = Some(value.underline_color().into());
         }
@@ -407,7 +406,6 @@ fn u16_max(i: usize) -> u16 {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::style::Stylize;
 
     mod into_color {
         use Color as C;
@@ -576,11 +574,19 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn from_cell_attribute_for_style() {
+        use crate::style::Stylize;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+        const STYLE: Style = Style::new()
+            .underline_color(Color::Reset)
+            .fg(Color::Reset)
+            .bg(Color::Reset);
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "underline-color"))]
+        const STYLE: Style = Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset);
+
         // default
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::from(CellAttributes::default()),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset)
-        );
+        assert_eq!(Style::from(CellAttributes::default()), STYLE);
+
         // foreground color
         assert_eq!(
             Style::from(
@@ -588,7 +594,7 @@ mod tests {
                     .set_foreground(ColorAttribute::PaletteIndex(31))
                     .to_owned()
             ),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Indexed(31)).bg(Color::Reset)
+            STYLE.fg(Color::Indexed(31))
         );
         // background color
         assert_eq!(
@@ -597,21 +603,7 @@ mod tests {
                     .set_background(ColorAttribute::PaletteIndex(31))
                     .to_owned()
             ),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Indexed(31))
-        );
-        // underline color
-        #[cfg(feature = "underline_color")]
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::from(
-                CellAttributes::default()
-                    .set_underline_color(AnsiColor::Red)
-                    .set
-                    .to_owned()
-            ),
-            Style::new()
-                .fg(Color::Reset)
-                .bg(Color::Reset)
-                .underline_color(Color::Red)
+            STYLE.bg(Color::Indexed(31))
         );
         // underlined
         assert_eq!(
@@ -620,12 +612,12 @@ mod tests {
                     .set_underline(Underline::Single)
                     .to_owned()
             ),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).underlined()
+            STYLE.underlined()
         );
         // blink
         assert_eq!(
             Style::from(CellAttributes::default().set_blink(Blink::Slow).to_owned()),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).slow_blink()
+            STYLE.slow_blink()
         );
         // intensity
         assert_eq!(
@@ -634,27 +626,38 @@ mod tests {
                     .set_intensity(Intensity::Bold)
                     .to_owned()
             ),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).bold()
+            STYLE.bold()
         );
         // italic
         assert_eq!(
             Style::from(CellAttributes::default().set_italic(true).to_owned()),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).italic()
+            STYLE.italic()
         );
         // reversed
         assert_eq!(
             Style::from(CellAttributes::default().set_reverse(true).to_owned()),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).reversed()
+            STYLE.reversed()
         );
         // strikethrough
         assert_eq!(
             Style::from(CellAttributes::default().set_strikethrough(true).to_owned()),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).crossed_out()
+            STYLE.crossed_out()
         );
         // hidden
         assert_eq!(
             Style::from(CellAttributes::default().set_invisible(true).to_owned()),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset).hidden()
+            STYLE.hidden()
+        );
+
+        // underline color
+        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from(
+                CellAttributes::default()
+                    .set_underline_color(AnsiColor::Red)
+                    .to_owned()
+            ),
+            STYLE.underline_color(Color::Indexed(9))
         );
     }
 }

src/backend/test.rs

@@ -2,21 +2,19 @@
 //! It is used in the integration tests to verify the correctness of the library.
 
 use std::{
-    fmt::{Display, Write},
+    fmt::{self, Write},
     io,
 };
 
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 use crate::{
-    assert_buffer_eq,
     backend::{Backend, ClearType, WindowSize},
     buffer::{Buffer, Cell},
     layout::{Rect, Size},
 };
 
-/// A [`Backend`] implementation used for integration testing that that renders to an in memory
-/// buffer.
+/// A [`Backend`] implementation used for integration testing that renders to an memory buffer.
 ///
 /// Note: that although many of the integration and unit tests in ratatui are written using this
 /// backend, it is preferable to write unit tests for widgets directly against the buffer rather
@@ -30,7 +28,7 @@ use crate::{
 ///
 /// let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
 /// backend.clear()?;
-/// backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 2]));
+/// backend.assert_buffer_lines(["          "; 2]);
 /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
 /// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
@@ -97,18 +95,40 @@ impl TestBackend {
     }
 
     /// Asserts that the `TestBackend`'s buffer is equal to the expected buffer.
-    /// If the buffers are not equal, a panic occurs with a detailed error message
-    /// showing the differences between the expected and actual buffers.
+    ///
+    /// This is a shortcut for `assert_eq!(self.buffer(), &expected)`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// When they are not equal, a panic occurs with a detailed error message showing the
+    /// differences between the expected and actual buffers.
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn assert_buffer(&self, expected: &Buffer) {
-        assert_buffer_eq!(&self.buffer, expected);
+        // TODO: use assert_eq!()
+        crate::assert_buffer_eq!(&self.buffer, expected);
+    }
+
+    /// Asserts that the `TestBackend`'s buffer is equal to the expected lines.
+    ///
+    /// This is a shortcut for `assert_eq!(self.buffer(), &Buffer::with_lines(expected))`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// When they are not equal, a panic occurs with a detailed error message showing the
+    /// differences between the expected and actual buffers.
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn assert_buffer_lines<'line, Lines>(&self, expected: Lines)
+    where
+        Lines: IntoIterator,
+        Lines::Item: Into<crate::text::Line<'line>>,
+    {
+        self.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(expected));
     }
 }
 
-impl Display for TestBackend {
+impl fmt::Display for TestBackend {
     /// Formats the `TestBackend` for display by calling the `buffer_view` function
     /// on its internal buffer.
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", buffer_view(&self.buffer))
     }
 }
@@ -150,26 +170,29 @@ impl Backend for TestBackend {
     }
 
     fn clear_region(&mut self, clear_type: super::ClearType) -> io::Result<()> {
-        match clear_type {
-            ClearType::All => self.clear()?,
+        let region = match clear_type {
+            ClearType::All => return self.clear(),
             ClearType::AfterCursor => {
                 let index = self.buffer.index_of(self.pos.0, self.pos.1) + 1;
-                self.buffer.content[index..].fill(Cell::default());
+                &mut self.buffer.content[index..]
             }
             ClearType::BeforeCursor => {
                 let index = self.buffer.index_of(self.pos.0, self.pos.1);
-                self.buffer.content[..index].fill(Cell::default());
+                &mut self.buffer.content[..index]
             }
             ClearType::CurrentLine => {
                 let line_start_index = self.buffer.index_of(0, self.pos.1);
                 let line_end_index = self.buffer.index_of(self.width - 1, self.pos.1);
-                self.buffer.content[line_start_index..=line_end_index].fill(Cell::default());
+                &mut self.buffer.content[line_start_index..=line_end_index]
             }
             ClearType::UntilNewLine => {
                 let index = self.buffer.index_of(self.pos.0, self.pos.1);
                 let line_end_index = self.buffer.index_of(self.width - 1, self.pos.1);
-                self.buffer.content[index..=line_end_index].fill(Cell::default());
+                &mut self.buffer.content[index..=line_end_index]
             }
+        };
+        for cell in region {
+            cell.reset();
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -246,7 +269,7 @@ mod tests {
             TestBackend {
                 width: 10,
                 height: 2,
-                buffer: Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 2]),
+                buffer: Buffer::with_lines(["          "; 2]),
                 cursor: false,
                 pos: (0, 0),
             }
@@ -254,14 +277,14 @@ mod tests {
     }
     #[test]
     fn test_buffer_view() {
-        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaa"; 2]);
+        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(["aaaa"; 2]);
         assert_eq!(buffer_view(&buffer), "\"aaaa\"\n\"aaaa\"\n");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn buffer_view_with_overwrites() {
         let multi_byte_char = "👨‍👩‍👧‍👦"; // renders 8 wide
-        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![multi_byte_char]);
+        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines([multi_byte_char]);
         assert_eq!(
             buffer_view(&buffer),
             format!(
@@ -274,29 +297,27 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn buffer() {
         let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
-        assert_eq!(backend.buffer(), &Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 2]));
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines(["          "; 2]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn resize() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
         backend.resize(5, 5);
-        assert_eq!(backend.buffer(), &Buffer::with_lines(vec!["     "; 5]));
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines(["     "; 5]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn assert_buffer() {
         let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
-        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 2]);
-        backend.assert_buffer(&buffer);
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines(["          "; 2]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     #[should_panic = "buffer contents not equal"]
     fn assert_buffer_panics() {
         let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
-        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaaaaaaaa"; 2]);
-        backend.assert_buffer(&buffer);
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines(["aaaaaaaaaa"; 2]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -308,11 +329,10 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn draw() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
-        let mut cell = Cell::default();
-        cell.set_symbol("a");
+        let cell = Cell::new("a");
         backend.draw([(0, 0, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
         backend.draw([(0, 1, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec!["a         "; 2]));
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines(["a         "; 2]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -344,24 +364,18 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn clear() {
-        let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 4);
-        let mut cell = Cell::default();
-        cell.set_symbol("a");
+        let mut backend = TestBackend::new(4, 2);
+        let cell = Cell::new("a");
         backend.draw([(0, 0, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
         backend.draw([(0, 1, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
         backend.clear().unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "          ",
-            "          ",
-            "          ",
-            "          ",
-        ]));
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines(["    ", "    "]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn clear_region_all() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
@@ -370,19 +384,19 @@ mod tests {
         ]);
 
         backend.clear_region(ClearType::All).unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn clear_region_after_cursor() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
@@ -392,19 +406,19 @@ mod tests {
 
         backend.set_cursor(3, 2).unwrap();
         backend.clear_region(ClearType::AfterCursor).unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaa      ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn clear_region_before_cursor() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
@@ -414,19 +428,19 @@ mod tests {
 
         backend.set_cursor(5, 3).unwrap();
         backend.clear_region(ClearType::BeforeCursor).unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "     aaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn clear_region_current_line() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
@@ -436,19 +450,19 @@ mod tests {
 
         backend.set_cursor(3, 1).unwrap();
         backend.clear_region(ClearType::CurrentLine).unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "          ",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn clear_region_until_new_line() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
@@ -458,19 +472,19 @@ mod tests {
 
         backend.set_cursor(3, 0).unwrap();
         backend.clear_region(ClearType::UntilNewLine).unwrap();
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "aaa       ",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn append_lines_not_at_last_line() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
@@ -496,19 +510,19 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor().unwrap(), (4, 4));
 
         // As such the buffer should remain unchanged
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
             "dddddddddd",
             "eeeeeeeeee",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn append_lines_at_last_line() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
@@ -522,7 +536,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         backend.append_lines(1).unwrap();
 
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
             "dddddddddd",
@@ -538,7 +552,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn append_multiple_lines_not_at_last_line() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
@@ -555,19 +569,19 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor().unwrap(), (1, 4));
 
         // As such the buffer should remain unchanged
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
             "dddddddddd",
             "eeeeeeeeee",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn append_multiple_lines_past_last_line() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
@@ -580,19 +594,19 @@ mod tests {
         backend.append_lines(3).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor().unwrap(), (1, 4));
 
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "cccccccccc",
             "dddddddddd",
             "eeeeeeeeee",
             "          ",
             "          ",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn append_multiple_lines_where_cursor_at_end_appends_height_lines() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
@@ -605,19 +619,19 @@ mod tests {
         backend.append_lines(5).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor().unwrap(), (1, 4));
 
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
             "          ",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn append_multiple_lines_where_cursor_appends_height_lines() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 5);
-        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
             "aaaaaaaaaa",
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
@@ -630,13 +644,13 @@ mod tests {
         backend.append_lines(5).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor().unwrap(), (1, 4));
 
-        backend.assert_buffer(&Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        backend.assert_buffer_lines([
             "bbbbbbbbbb",
             "cccccccccc",
             "dddddddddd",
             "eeeeeeeeee",
             "          ",
-        ]));
+        ]);
     }
 
     #[test]

src/buffer/assert.rs

@@ -1,57 +1,44 @@
 /// Assert that two buffers are equal by comparing their areas and content.
 ///
-/// On panic, displays the areas or the content and a diff of the contents.
+/// # Panics
+/// When the buffers differ this method panics and displays the differences similar to
+/// `assert_eq!()`.
+#[deprecated = "use assert_eq!(&actual, &expected)"]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! assert_buffer_eq {
     ($actual_expr:expr, $expected_expr:expr) => {
         match (&$actual_expr, &$expected_expr) {
             (actual, expected) => {
-                if actual.area != expected.area {
-                    panic!(
-                        indoc::indoc!(
-                            "
-                            buffer areas not equal
-                            expected:  {:?}
-                            actual:    {:?}"
-                        ),
-                        expected, actual
-                    );
-                }
-                let diff = expected.diff(&actual);
-                if !diff.is_empty() {
-                    let nice_diff = diff
-                        .iter()
-                        .enumerate()
-                        .map(|(i, (x, y, cell))| {
-                            let expected_cell = expected.get(*x, *y);
-                            indoc::formatdoc! {"
-                                {i}: at ({x}, {y})
-                                  expected: {expected_cell:?}
-                                  actual:   {cell:?}
-                            "}
-                        })
-                        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-                        .join("\n");
-                    panic!(
-                        indoc::indoc!(
-                            "
-                            buffer contents not equal
-                            expected: {:?}
-                            actual: {:?}
-                            diff:
-                            {}"
-                        ),
-                        expected, actual, nice_diff
-                    );
-                }
+                assert!(
+                    actual.area == expected.area,
+                    "buffer areas not equal\nexpected: {expected:?}\nactual:   {actual:?}",
+                );
+                let nice_diff = expected
+                    .diff(actual)
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .enumerate()
+                    .map(|(i, (x, y, cell))| {
+                        let expected_cell = expected.get(x, y);
+                        format!("{i}: at ({x}, {y})\n  expected: {expected_cell:?}\n  actual:   {cell:?}")
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                    .join("\n");
+                assert!(
+                    nice_diff.is_empty(),
+                    "buffer contents not equal\nexpected: {expected:?}\nactual:   {actual:?}\ndiff:\n{nice_diff}",
+                );
                 // shouldn't get here, but this guards against future behavior
                 // that changes equality but not area or content
-                assert_eq!(actual, expected, "buffers not equal");
+                assert_eq!(
+                    actual, expected,
+                    "buffers are not equal in an unexpected way. Please open an issue about this."
+                );
             }
         }
     };
 }
 
+#[allow(deprecated)]
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::prelude::*;

src/buffer/buffer.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-use std::{
-    cmp::min,
-    fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result},
-};
+use std::fmt;
 
 use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
@@ -55,22 +52,21 @@ pub struct Buffer {
 
 impl Buffer {
     /// Returns a Buffer with all cells set to the default one
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn empty(area: Rect) -> Self {
-        let cell = Cell::default();
-        Self::filled(area, &cell)
+        Self::filled(area, Cell::EMPTY)
     }
 
     /// Returns a Buffer with all cells initialized with the attributes of the given Cell
-    pub fn filled(area: Rect, cell: &Cell) -> Self {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn filled(area: Rect, cell: Cell) -> Self {
         let size = area.area() as usize;
-        let mut content = Vec::with_capacity(size);
-        for _ in 0..size {
-            content.push(cell.clone());
-        }
+        let content = vec![cell; size];
         Self { area, content }
     }
 
     /// Returns a Buffer containing the given lines
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn with_lines<'a, Iter>(lines: Iter) -> Self
     where
         Iter: IntoIterator,
@@ -97,12 +93,14 @@ impl Buffer {
     }
 
     /// Returns a reference to Cell at the given coordinates
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn get(&self, x: u16, y: u16) -> &Cell {
         let i = self.index_of(x, y);
         &self.content[i]
     }
 
     /// Returns a mutable reference to Cell at the given coordinates
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn get_mut(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> &mut Cell {
         let i = self.index_of(x, y);
         &mut self.content[i]
@@ -134,6 +132,7 @@ impl Buffer {
     /// // starts at (200, 100).
     /// buffer.index_of(0, 0); // Panics
     /// ```
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn index_of(&self, x: u16, y: u16) -> usize {
         debug_assert!(
             x >= self.area.left()
@@ -184,65 +183,56 @@ impl Buffer {
     }
 
     /// Print a string, starting at the position (x, y)
-    ///
-    /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
-    /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
     pub fn set_string<T, S>(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, string: T, style: S)
     where
         T: AsRef<str>,
         S: Into<Style>,
     {
-        self.set_stringn(x, y, string, usize::MAX, style.into());
+        self.set_stringn(x, y, string, usize::MAX, style);
     }
 
     /// Print at most the first n characters of a string if enough space is available
-    /// until the end of the line
+    /// until the end of the line.
     ///
-    /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
-    /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
+    /// Use [`Buffer::set_string`] when the maximum amount of characters can be printed.
     pub fn set_stringn<T, S>(
         &mut self,
-        x: u16,
+        mut x: u16,
         y: u16,
         string: T,
-        width: usize,
+        max_width: usize,
         style: S,
     ) -> (u16, u16)
     where
         T: AsRef<str>,
         S: Into<Style>,
     {
+        let max_width = max_width.try_into().unwrap_or(u16::MAX);
+        let mut remaining_width = self.area.right().saturating_sub(x).min(max_width);
+        let graphemes = UnicodeSegmentation::graphemes(string.as_ref(), true)
+            .map(|symbol| (symbol, symbol.width() as u16))
+            .filter(|(_symbol, width)| *width > 0)
+            .map_while(|(symbol, width)| {
+                remaining_width = remaining_width.checked_sub(width)?;
+                Some((symbol, width))
+            });
         let style = style.into();
-        let mut index = self.index_of(x, y);
-        let mut x_offset = x as usize;
-        let graphemes = UnicodeSegmentation::graphemes(string.as_ref(), true);
-        let max_offset = min(self.area.right() as usize, width.saturating_add(x as usize));
-        for s in graphemes {
-            let width = s.width();
-            if width == 0 {
-                continue;
-            }
-            // `x_offset + width > max_offset` could be integer overflow on 32-bit machines if we
-            // change dimensions to usize or u32 and someone resizes the terminal to 1x2^32.
-            if width > max_offset.saturating_sub(x_offset) {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            self.content[index].set_symbol(s);
-            self.content[index].set_style(style);
+        for (symbol, width) in graphemes {
+            self.get_mut(x, y).set_symbol(symbol).set_style(style);
+            let next_symbol = x + width;
+            x += 1;
             // Reset following cells if multi-width (they would be hidden by the grapheme),
-            for i in index + 1..index + width {
-                self.content[i].reset();
+            while x < next_symbol {
+                self.get_mut(x, y).reset();
+                x += 1;
             }
-            index += width;
-            x_offset += width;
         }
-        (x_offset as u16, y)
+        (x, y)
     }
 
     /// Print a line, starting at the position (x, y)
-    pub fn set_line(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, line: &Line<'_>, width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
-        let mut remaining_width = width;
+    pub fn set_line(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, line: &Line<'_>, max_width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
+        let mut remaining_width = max_width;
         let mut x = x;
         for span in line {
             if remaining_width == 0 {
@@ -263,8 +253,8 @@ impl Buffer {
     }
 
     /// Print a span, starting at the position (x, y)
-    pub fn set_span(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, span: &Span<'_>, width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
-        self.set_stringn(x, y, span.content.as_ref(), width as usize, span.style)
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, span: &Span<'_>, max_width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
+        self.set_stringn(x, y, &span.content, max_width as usize, span.style)
     }
 
     /// Set the style of all cells in the given area.
@@ -288,23 +278,22 @@ impl Buffer {
         if self.content.len() > length {
             self.content.truncate(length);
         } else {
-            self.content.resize(length, Cell::default());
+            self.content.resize(length, Cell::EMPTY);
         }
         self.area = area;
     }
 
     /// Reset all cells in the buffer
     pub fn reset(&mut self) {
-        for c in &mut self.content {
-            c.reset();
+        for cell in &mut self.content {
+            cell.reset();
         }
     }
 
     /// Merge an other buffer into this one
     pub fn merge(&mut self, other: &Self) {
         let area = self.area.union(other.area);
-        let cell = Cell::default();
-        self.content.resize(area.area() as usize, cell.clone());
+        self.content.resize(area.area() as usize, Cell::EMPTY);
 
         // Move original content to the appropriate space
         let size = self.area.area() as usize;
@@ -314,7 +303,7 @@ impl Buffer {
             let k = ((y - area.y) * area.width + x - area.x) as usize;
             if i != k {
                 self.content[k] = self.content[i].clone();
-                self.content[i] = cell.clone();
+                self.content[i].reset();
             }
         }
 
@@ -383,7 +372,7 @@ impl Buffer {
     }
 }
 
-impl Debug for Buffer {
+impl fmt::Debug for Buffer {
     /// Writes a debug representation of the buffer to the given formatter.
     ///
     /// The format is like a pretty printed struct, with the following fields:
@@ -391,11 +380,14 @@ impl Debug for Buffer {
     /// * `content`: displayed as a list of strings representing the content of the buffer
     /// * `styles`: displayed as a list of: `{ x: 1, y: 2, fg: Color::Red, bg: Color::Blue,
     ///   modifier: Modifier::BOLD }` only showing a value when there is a change in style.
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
-        f.write_fmt(format_args!(
-            "Buffer {{\n    area: {:?},\n    content: [\n",
-            &self.area
-        ))?;
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_fmt(format_args!("Buffer {{\n    area: {:?}", &self.area))?;
+
+        if self.area.is_empty() {
+            return f.write_str("\n}");
+        }
+
+        f.write_str(",\n    content: [\n")?;
         let mut last_style = None;
         let mut styles = vec![];
         for (y, line) in self.content.chunks(self.area.width as usize).enumerate() {
@@ -426,12 +418,13 @@ impl Debug for Buffer {
                     }
                 }
             }
+            f.write_str("\",")?;
             if !overwritten.is_empty() {
                 f.write_fmt(format_args!(
-                    "// hidden by multi-width symbols: {overwritten:?}"
+                    " // hidden by multi-width symbols: {overwritten:?}"
                 ))?;
             }
-            f.write_str("\",\n")?;
+            f.write_str("\n")?;
         }
         f.write_str("    ],\n    styles: [\n")?;
         for s in styles {
@@ -459,19 +452,42 @@ mod tests {
     use rstest::{fixture, rstest};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::assert_buffer_eq;
 
-    fn cell(s: &str) -> Cell {
-        let mut cell = Cell::default();
-        cell.set_symbol(s);
-        cell
+    #[test]
+    fn debug_empty_buffer() {
+        let buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::ZERO);
+        let result = format!("{buffer:?}");
+        println!("{result}");
+        let expected = "Buffer {\n    area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 0, height: 0 }\n}";
+        assert_eq!(result, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+    #[test]
+    fn debug_grapheme_override() {
+        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines(["a🦀b"]);
+        let result = format!("{buffer:?}");
+        println!("{result}");
+        let expected = indoc::indoc!(
+            r#"
+            Buffer {
+                area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 4, height: 1 },
+                content: [
+                    "a🦀b", // hidden by multi-width symbols: [(2, " ")]
+                ],
+                styles: [
+                    x: 0, y: 0, fg: Reset, bg: Reset, underline: Reset, modifier: NONE,
+                ]
+            }"#
+        );
+        assert_eq!(result, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn debug() {
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 2));
-        buf.set_string(0, 0, "Hello World!", Style::default());
-        buf.set_string(
+    fn debug_some_example() {
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 2));
+        buffer.set_string(0, 0, "Hello World!", Style::default());
+        buffer.set_string(
             0,
             1,
             "G'day World!",
@@ -480,42 +496,40 @@ mod tests {
                 .bg(Color::Yellow)
                 .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
         );
+        let result = format!("{buffer:?}");
+        println!("{result}");
         #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
-        assert_eq!(
-            format!("{buf:?}"),
-            indoc::indoc!(
-                "
-                Buffer {
-                    area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 12, height: 2 },
-                    content: [
-                        \"Hello World!\",
-                        \"G'day World!\",
-                    ],
-                    styles: [
-                        x: 0, y: 0, fg: Reset, bg: Reset, underline: Reset, modifier: NONE,
-                        x: 0, y: 1, fg: Green, bg: Yellow, underline: Reset, modifier: BOLD,
-                    ]
-                }"
-            )
+        let expected = indoc::indoc!(
+            r#"
+            Buffer {
+                area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 12, height: 2 },
+                content: [
+                    "Hello World!",
+                    "G'day World!",
+                ],
+                styles: [
+                    x: 0, y: 0, fg: Reset, bg: Reset, underline: Reset, modifier: NONE,
+                    x: 0, y: 1, fg: Green, bg: Yellow, underline: Reset, modifier: BOLD,
+                ]
+            }"#
         );
         #[cfg(not(feature = "underline-color"))]
-        assert_eq!(
-            format!("{buf:?}"),
-            indoc::indoc!(
-                "
-                Buffer {
-                    area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 12, height: 2 },
-                    content: [
-                        \"Hello World!\",
-                        \"G'day World!\",
-                    ],
-                    styles: [
-                        x: 0, y: 0, fg: Reset, bg: Reset, modifier: NONE,
-                        x: 0, y: 1, fg: Green, bg: Yellow, modifier: BOLD,
-                    ]
-                }"
-            )
+        let expected = indoc::indoc!(
+            r#"
+            Buffer {
+                area: Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width: 12, height: 2 },
+                content: [
+                    "Hello World!",
+                    "G'day World!",
+                ],
+                styles: [
+                    x: 0, y: 0, fg: Reset, bg: Reset, modifier: NONE,
+                    x: 0, y: 1, fg: Green, bg: Yellow, modifier: BOLD,
+                ]
+            }"#
         );
+
+        assert_eq!(result, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -559,27 +573,27 @@ mod tests {
 
         // Zero-width
         buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, "aaa", 0, Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["     "]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["     "]));
 
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "aaa", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaa  "]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["aaa  "]));
 
         // Width limit:
         buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, "bbbbbbbbbbbbbb", 4, Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["bbbb "]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["bbbb "]));
 
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "12345", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["12345"]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["12345"]));
 
         // Width truncation:
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "123456", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["12345"]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["12345"]));
 
         // multi-line
         buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 2));
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "12345", Style::default());
         buffer.set_string(0, 1, "67890", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["12345", "67890"]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["12345", "67890"]));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -590,23 +604,25 @@ mod tests {
         // multi-width overwrite
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "aaaaa", Style::default());
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "称号", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["称号a"]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["称号a"]));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn set_string_zero_width() {
+        assert_eq!("\u{200B}".width(), 0);
+
         let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1);
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(area);
 
         // Leading grapheme with zero width
-        let s = "\u{1}a";
+        let s = "\u{200B}a";
         buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, s, 1, Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["a"]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["a"]));
 
         // Trailing grapheme with zero with
-        let s = "a\u{1}";
+        let s = "a\u{200B}";
         buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, s, 1, Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["a"]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["a"]));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -614,11 +630,11 @@ mod tests {
         let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(area);
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "コン", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["コン "]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["コン "]));
 
         // Only 1 space left.
         buffer.set_string(0, 0, "コンピ", Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["コン "]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["コン "]));
     }
 
     #[fixture]
@@ -643,7 +659,7 @@ mod tests {
         // set_line
         let mut expected_buffer = Buffer::empty(small_one_line_buffer.area);
         expected_buffer.set_string(0, 0, expected, Style::default());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(small_one_line_buffer, expected_buffer);
+        assert_eq!(small_one_line_buffer, expected_buffer);
     }
 
     #[rstest]
@@ -684,28 +700,39 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn set_style() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaaa", "bbbbb", "ccccc"]);
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::with_lines(["aaaaa", "bbbbb", "ccccc"]);
         buffer.set_style(Rect::new(0, 1, 5, 1), Style::new().red());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaaa".into(), "bbbbb".red(), "ccccc".into(),])
-        );
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "aaaaa".into(),
+            "bbbbb".red(),
+            "ccccc".into(),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn set_style_does_not_panic_when_out_of_area() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaaa", "bbbbb", "ccccc"]);
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::with_lines(["aaaaa", "bbbbb", "ccccc"]);
         buffer.set_style(Rect::new(0, 1, 10, 3), Style::new().red());
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec!["aaaaa".into(), "bbbbb".red(), "ccccc".red(),])
-        );
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "aaaaa".into(),
+            "bbbbb".red(),
+            "ccccc".red(),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn with_lines() {
-        let buffer =
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec!["┌────────┐", "│コンピュ│", "│ーa 上で│", "└────────┘"]);
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let buffer = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "┌────────┐",
+            "│コンピュ│",
+            "│ーa 上で│",
+            "└────────┘",
+        ]);
         assert_eq!(buffer.area.x, 0);
         assert_eq!(buffer.area.y, 0);
         assert_eq!(buffer.area.width, 10);
@@ -718,14 +745,14 @@ mod tests {
         let prev = Buffer::empty(area);
         let next = Buffer::empty(area);
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
-        assert_eq!(diff, vec![]);
+        assert_eq!(diff, []);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn diff_empty_filled() {
         let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 40);
         let prev = Buffer::empty(area);
-        let next = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::default().set_symbol("a"));
+        let next = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::new("a"));
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
         assert_eq!(diff.len(), 40 * 40);
     }
@@ -733,22 +760,22 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn diff_filled_filled() {
         let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 40);
-        let prev = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::default().set_symbol("a"));
-        let next = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::default().set_symbol("a"));
+        let prev = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::new("a"));
+        let next = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::new("a"));
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
-        assert_eq!(diff, vec![]);
+        assert_eq!(diff, []);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn diff_single_width() {
-        let prev = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let prev = Buffer::with_lines([
             "          ",
             "┌Title─┐  ",
             "│      │  ",
             "│      │  ",
             "└──────┘  ",
         ]);
-        let next = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let next = Buffer::with_lines([
             "          ",
             "┌TITLE─┐  ",
             "│      │  ",
@@ -758,116 +785,84 @@ mod tests {
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
         assert_eq!(
             diff,
-            vec![
-                (2, 1, &cell("I")),
-                (3, 1, &cell("T")),
-                (4, 1, &cell("L")),
-                (5, 1, &cell("E")),
+            [
+                (2, 1, &Cell::new("I")),
+                (3, 1, &Cell::new("T")),
+                (4, 1, &Cell::new("L")),
+                (5, 1, &Cell::new("E")),
             ]
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
-    #[rustfmt::skip]
     fn diff_multi_width() {
-        let prev = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let prev = Buffer::with_lines([
             "┌Title─┐  ",
             "└──────┘  ",
         ]);
-        let next = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let next = Buffer::with_lines([
             "┌称号──┐  ",
             "└──────┘  ",
         ]);
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
         assert_eq!(
             diff,
-            vec![
-                (1, 0, &cell("称")),
+            [
+                (1, 0, &Cell::new("称")),
                 // Skipped "i"
-                (3, 0, &cell("号")),
+                (3, 0, &Cell::new("号")),
                 // Skipped "l"
-                (5, 0, &cell("─")),
+                (5, 0, &Cell::new("─")),
             ]
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn diff_multi_width_offset() {
-        let prev = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["┌称号──┐"]);
-        let next = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["┌─称号─┐"]);
+        let prev = Buffer::with_lines(["┌称号──┐"]);
+        let next = Buffer::with_lines(["┌─称号─┐"]);
 
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
         assert_eq!(
             diff,
-            vec![(1, 0, &cell("─")), (2, 0, &cell("称")), (4, 0, &cell("号")),]
+            [
+                (1, 0, &Cell::new("─")),
+                (2, 0, &Cell::new("称")),
+                (4, 0, &Cell::new("号")),
+            ]
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn diff_skip() {
-        let prev = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["123"]);
-        let mut next = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["456"]);
+        let prev = Buffer::with_lines(["123"]);
+        let mut next = Buffer::with_lines(["456"]);
         for i in 1..3 {
             next.content[i].set_skip(true);
         }
 
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
-        assert_eq!(diff, vec![(0, 0, &cell("4"))],);
+        assert_eq!(diff, [(0, 0, &Cell::new("4"))],);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn merge() {
-        let mut one = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
-                x: 0,
-                y: 0,
-                width: 2,
-                height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("1"),
-        );
-        let two = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
-                x: 0,
-                y: 2,
-                width: 2,
-                height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
-        );
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 2), Rect::new(0, 2, 2, 2), ["11", "11", "22", "22"])]
+    #[case(Rect::new(2, 2, 2, 2), Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 2), ["22  ", "22  ", "  11", "  11"])]
+    fn merge<'line, Lines>(#[case] one: Rect, #[case] two: Rect, #[case] expected: Lines)
+    where
+        Lines: IntoIterator,
+        Lines::Item: Into<Line<'line>>,
+    {
+        let mut one = Buffer::filled(one, Cell::new("1"));
+        let two = Buffer::filled(two, Cell::new("2"));
         one.merge(&two);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(one, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["11", "11", "22", "22"]));
+        assert_eq!(one, Buffer::with_lines(expected));
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn merge2() {
-        let mut one = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
-                x: 2,
-                y: 2,
-                width: 2,
-                height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("1"),
-        );
-        let two = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
-                x: 0,
-                y: 0,
-                width: 2,
-                height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
-        );
-        one.merge(&two);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            one,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec!["22  ", "22  ", "  11", "  11"])
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn merge3() {
+    fn merge_with_offset() {
         let mut one = Buffer::filled(
             Rect {
                 x: 3,
@@ -875,7 +870,7 @@ mod tests {
                 width: 2,
                 height: 2,
             },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("1"),
+            Cell::new("1"),
         );
         let two = Buffer::filled(
             Rect {
@@ -884,67 +879,48 @@ mod tests {
                 width: 3,
                 height: 4,
             },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
+            Cell::new("2"),
         );
         one.merge(&two);
-        let mut merged = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["222 ", "222 ", "2221", "2221"]);
-        merged.area = Rect {
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["222 ", "222 ", "2221", "2221"]);
+        expected.area = Rect {
             x: 1,
             y: 1,
             width: 4,
             height: 4,
         };
-        assert_buffer_eq!(one, merged);
+        assert_eq!(one, expected);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn merge_skip() {
-        let mut one = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(false, true, [false, false, true, true, true, true])]
+    #[case(true, false, [true, true, false, false, false, false])]
+    fn merge_skip(#[case] skip_one: bool, #[case] skip_two: bool, #[case] expected: [bool; 6]) {
+        let mut one = {
+            let area = Rect {
                 x: 0,
                 y: 0,
                 width: 2,
                 height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("1"),
-        );
-        let two = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
+            };
+            let mut cell = Cell::new("1");
+            cell.skip = skip_one;
+            Buffer::filled(area, cell)
+        };
+        let two = {
+            let area = Rect {
                 x: 0,
                 y: 1,
                 width: 2,
                 height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("2").set_skip(true),
-        );
+            };
+            let mut cell = Cell::new("2");
+            cell.skip = skip_two;
+            Buffer::filled(area, cell)
+        };
         one.merge(&two);
-        let skipped: Vec<bool> = one.content().iter().map(|c| c.skip).collect();
-        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![false, false, true, true, true, true]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn merge_skip2() {
-        let mut one = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
-                x: 0,
-                y: 0,
-                width: 2,
-                height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("1").set_skip(true),
-        );
-        let two = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
-                x: 0,
-                y: 1,
-                width: 2,
-                height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
-        );
-        one.merge(&two);
-        let skipped: Vec<bool> = one.content().iter().map(|c| c.skip).collect();
-        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![true, true, false, false, false, false]);
+        let skipped = one.content().iter().map(|c| c.skip).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        assert_eq!(skipped, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -953,6 +929,6 @@ mod tests {
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 2));
         buf.set_string(0, 0, "foo", Style::new().red());
         buf.set_string(0, 1, "bar", Style::new().blue());
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["foo".red(), "bar".blue()]));
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["foo".red(), "bar".blue()]));
     }
 }

src/buffer/cell.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::fmt::Debug;
-
 use compact_str::CompactString;
 
 use crate::prelude::*;
@@ -36,7 +34,29 @@ pub struct Cell {
 }
 
 impl Cell {
+    /// An empty `Cell`
+    pub const EMPTY: Self = Self::new(" ");
+
+    /// Creates a new `Cell` with the given symbol.
+    ///
+    /// This works at compile time and puts the symbol onto the stack. Fails to build when the
+    /// symbol doesnt fit onto the stack and requires to be placed on the heap. Use
+    /// `Self::default().set_symbol()` in that case. See [`CompactString::new_inline`] for more
+    /// details on this.
+    pub const fn new(symbol: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            symbol: CompactString::new_inline(symbol),
+            fg: Color::Reset,
+            bg: Color::Reset,
+            #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+            underline_color: Color::Reset,
+            modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+            skip: false,
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Gets the symbol of the cell.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn symbol(&self) -> &str {
         self.symbol.as_str()
     }
@@ -47,6 +67,14 @@ impl Cell {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Appends a symbol to the cell.
+    ///
+    /// This is particularly useful for adding zero-width characters to the cell.
+    pub(crate) fn append_symbol(&mut self, symbol: &str) -> &mut Self {
+        self.symbol.push_str(symbol);
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Sets the symbol of the cell to a single character.
     pub fn set_char(&mut self, ch: char) -> &mut Self {
         let mut buf = [0; 4];
@@ -88,19 +116,16 @@ impl Cell {
     }
 
     /// Returns the style of the cell.
-    pub fn style(&self) -> Style {
-        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
-        return Style::default()
-            .fg(self.fg)
-            .bg(self.bg)
-            .underline_color(self.underline_color)
-            .add_modifier(self.modifier);
-
-        #[cfg(not(feature = "underline-color"))]
-        return Style::default()
-            .fg(self.fg)
-            .bg(self.bg)
-            .add_modifier(self.modifier);
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn style(&self) -> Style {
+        Style {
+            fg: Some(self.fg),
+            bg: Some(self.bg),
+            #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+            underline_color: Some(self.underline_color),
+            add_modifier: self.modifier,
+            sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Sets the cell to be skipped when copying (diffing) the buffer to the screen.
@@ -112,7 +137,7 @@ impl Cell {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Resets the cell to the default state.
+    /// Resets the cell to the empty state.
     pub fn reset(&mut self) {
         self.symbol = CompactString::new_inline(" ");
         self.fg = Color::Reset;
@@ -128,15 +153,7 @@ impl Cell {
 
 impl Default for Cell {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            symbol: CompactString::new_inline(" "),
-            fg: Color::Reset,
-            bg: Color::Reset,
-            #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
-            underline_color: Color::Reset,
-            modifier: Modifier::empty(),
-            skip: false,
-        }
+        Self::EMPTY
     }
 }
 
@@ -145,12 +162,128 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
-    fn symbol_field() {
-        let mut cell = Cell::default();
+    fn new() {
+        let cell = Cell::new("あ");
+        assert_eq!(
+            cell,
+            Cell {
+                symbol: CompactString::new_inline("あ"),
+                fg: Color::Reset,
+                bg: Color::Reset,
+                #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+                underline_color: Color::Reset,
+                modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+                skip: false,
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty() {
+        let cell = Cell::EMPTY;
         assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), " ");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn set_symbol() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
         cell.set_symbol("あ"); // Multi-byte character
         assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), "あ");
         cell.set_symbol("👨‍👩‍👧‍👦"); // Multiple code units combined with ZWJ
         assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), "👨‍👩‍👧‍👦");
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn append_symbol() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_symbol("あ"); // Multi-byte character
+        cell.append_symbol("\u{200B}"); // zero-width space
+        assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), "あ\u{200B}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn set_char() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_char('あ'); // Multi-byte character
+        assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), "あ");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn set_fg() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_fg(Color::Red);
+        assert_eq!(cell.fg, Color::Red);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn set_bg() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_bg(Color::Red);
+        assert_eq!(cell.bg, Color::Red);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn set_style() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_style(Style::new().fg(Color::Red).bg(Color::Blue));
+        assert_eq!(cell.fg, Color::Red);
+        assert_eq!(cell.bg, Color::Blue);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn set_skip() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_skip(true);
+        assert!(cell.skip);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reset() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_symbol("あ");
+        cell.set_fg(Color::Red);
+        cell.set_bg(Color::Blue);
+        cell.set_skip(true);
+        cell.reset();
+        assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), " ");
+        assert_eq!(cell.fg, Color::Reset);
+        assert_eq!(cell.bg, Color::Reset);
+        assert!(!cell.skip);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn style() {
+        let cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        assert_eq!(
+            cell.style(),
+            Style {
+                fg: Some(Color::Reset),
+                bg: Some(Color::Reset),
+                #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+                underline_color: Some(Color::Reset),
+                add_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+                sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default() {
+        let cell = Cell::default();
+        assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), " ");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cell_eq() {
+        let cell1 = Cell::new("あ");
+        let cell2 = Cell::new("あ");
+        assert_eq!(cell1, cell2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cell_ne() {
+        let cell1 = Cell::new("あ");
+        let cell2 = Cell::new("い");
+        assert_ne!(cell1, cell2);
+    }
 }

src/layout.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 mod alignment;
 mod constraint;
-mod corner;
 mod direction;
 mod flex;
 #[allow(clippy::module_inception)]
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ mod size;
 
 pub use alignment::Alignment;
 pub use constraint::Constraint;
-pub use corner::Corner;
 pub use direction::Direction;
 pub use flex::Flex;
 pub use layout::Layout;

src/layout/constraint.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::fmt::{self, Display};
+use std::fmt;
 
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use strum::EnumIs;
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ impl Default for Constraint {
     }
 }
 
-impl Display for Constraint {
+impl fmt::Display for Constraint {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
             Self::Percentage(p) => write!(f, "Percentage({p})"),

src/layout/corner.rs

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-use strum::{Display, EnumString};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Display, EnumString, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub enum Corner {
-    #[default]
-    TopLeft,
-    TopRight,
-    BottomRight,
-    BottomLeft,
-}
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use strum::ParseError;
-
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn corner_to_string() {
-        assert_eq!(Corner::BottomLeft.to_string(), "BottomLeft");
-        assert_eq!(Corner::BottomRight.to_string(), "BottomRight");
-        assert_eq!(Corner::TopLeft.to_string(), "TopLeft");
-        assert_eq!(Corner::TopRight.to_string(), "TopRight");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn corner_from_str() {
-        assert_eq!("BottomLeft".parse::<Corner>(), Ok(Corner::BottomLeft));
-        assert_eq!("BottomRight".parse::<Corner>(), Ok(Corner::BottomRight));
-        assert_eq!("TopLeft".parse::<Corner>(), Ok(Corner::TopLeft));
-        assert_eq!("TopRight".parse::<Corner>(), Ok(Corner::TopRight));
-        assert_eq!("".parse::<Corner>(), Err(ParseError::VariantNotFound));
-    }
-}

src/layout/layout.rs

@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ impl Layout {
     /// # }
     pub fn areas<const N: usize>(&self, area: Rect) -> [Rect; N] {
         let (areas, _) = self.split_with_spacers(area);
-        areas.to_vec().try_into().expect("invalid number of rects")
+        areas.as_ref().try_into().expect("invalid number of rects")
     }
 
     /// Split the rect into a number of sub-rects according to the given [`Layout`] and return just
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ impl Layout {
     pub fn spacers<const N: usize>(&self, area: Rect) -> [Rect; N] {
         let (_, spacers) = self.split_with_spacers(area);
         spacers
-            .to_vec()
+            .as_ref()
             .try_into()
             .expect("invalid number of rects")
     }
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ impl Layout {
         // This is equivalent to storing the solver in `Layout` and calling `solver.reset()` here.
         let mut solver = Solver::new();
 
-        let inner_area = area.inner(&self.margin);
+        let inner_area = area.inner(self.margin);
         let (area_start, area_end) = match self.direction {
             Direction::Horizontal => (
                 f64::from(inner_area.x) * FLOAT_PRECISION_MULTIPLIER,
@@ -1334,7 +1334,6 @@ mod tests {
         use rstest::rstest;
 
         use crate::{
-            assert_buffer_eq,
             layout::flex::Flex,
             prelude::{Constraint::*, *},
             widgets::Paragraph,
@@ -1361,8 +1360,7 @@ mod tests {
                 let s = c.to_string().repeat(area.width as usize);
                 Paragraph::new(s).render(layout[i], &mut buffer);
             }
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![expected]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
         }
 
         #[rstest]
@@ -1883,14 +1881,11 @@ mod tests {
 
             let chunks = Layout::default()
                 .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-                .constraints(
-                    [
-                        Constraint::Percentage(10),
-                        Constraint::Max(5),
-                        Constraint::Min(1),
-                    ]
-                    .as_ref(),
-                )
+                .constraints([
+                    Constraint::Percentage(10),
+                    Constraint::Max(5),
+                    Constraint::Min(1),
+                ])
                 .split(target);
 
             assert_eq!(target.height, chunks.iter().map(|r| r.height).sum::<u16>());

src/layout/margin.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::fmt::{self, Display};
+use std::fmt;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Margin {
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ impl Margin {
     }
 }
 
-impl Display for Margin {
+impl fmt::Display for Margin {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}x{}", self.horizontal, self.vertical)
     }

src/layout/position.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 #![warn(missing_docs)]
+use std::fmt;
+
 use crate::layout::Rect;
 
 /// Position in the terminal
@@ -61,6 +63,12 @@ impl From<Rect> for Position {
     }
 }
 
+impl fmt::Display for Position {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "({}, {})", self.x, self.y)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -94,4 +102,10 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(position.x, 1);
         assert_eq!(position.y, 2);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn to_string() {
+        let position = Position::new(1, 2);
+        assert_eq!(position.to_string(), "(1, 2)");
+    }
 }

src/layout/rect.rs

@@ -47,10 +47,18 @@ impl fmt::Display for Rect {
 }
 
 impl Rect {
+    /// A zero sized Rect at position 0,0
+    pub const ZERO: Self = Self {
+        x: 0,
+        y: 0,
+        width: 0,
+        height: 0,
+    };
+
     /// Creates a new `Rect`, with width and height limited to keep the area under max `u16`. If
     /// clipped, aspect ratio will be preserved.
     pub fn new(x: u16, y: u16, width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
-        let max_area = u16::max_value();
+        let max_area = u16::MAX;
         let (clipped_width, clipped_height) =
             if u32::from(width) * u32::from(height) > u32::from(max_area) {
                 let aspect_ratio = f64::from(width) / f64::from(height);
@@ -112,12 +120,12 @@ impl Rect {
     ///
     /// If the margin is larger than the `Rect`, the returned `Rect` will have no area.
     #[must_use = "method returns the modified value"]
-    pub fn inner(self, margin: &Margin) -> Self {
+    pub const fn inner(self, margin: Margin) -> Self {
         let doubled_margin_horizontal = margin.horizontal.saturating_mul(2);
         let doubled_margin_vertical = margin.vertical.saturating_mul(2);
 
         if self.width < doubled_margin_horizontal || self.height < doubled_margin_vertical {
-            Self::default()
+            Self::ZERO
         } else {
             Self {
                 x: self.x.saturating_add(margin.horizontal),
@@ -313,6 +321,18 @@ impl Rect {
             height: self.height,
         }
     }
+
+    /// indents the x value of the `Rect` by a given `offset`
+    ///
+    /// This is pub(crate) for now as we need to stabilize the naming / design of this API.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) const fn indent_x(self, offset: u16) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: self.x.saturating_add(offset),
+            width: self.width.saturating_sub(offset),
+            ..self
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<(Position, Size)> for Rect {
@@ -385,7 +405,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn inner() {
         assert_eq!(
-            Rect::new(1, 2, 3, 4).inner(&Margin::new(1, 2)),
+            Rect::new(1, 2, 3, 4).inner(Margin::new(1, 2)),
             Rect::new(2, 4, 1, 0)
         );
     }

src/layout/rect/iter.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use self::layout::Position;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// An iterator over rows within a `Rect`.

src/layout/size.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 #![warn(missing_docs)]
+use std::fmt;
+
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// A simple size struct
@@ -32,6 +34,12 @@ impl From<Rect> for Size {
     }
 }
 
+impl fmt::Display for Size {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}x{}", self.width, self.height)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -56,4 +64,9 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(size.width, 10);
         assert_eq!(size.height, 20);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn display() {
+        assert_eq!(Size::new(10, 20).to_string(), "10x20");
+    }
 }

src/lib.rs

@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@
 //!
 //! ## Installation
 //!
-//! Add `ratatui` and `crossterm` as dependencies to your cargo.toml:
+//! Add `ratatui` as a dependency to your cargo.toml:
 //!
 //! ```shell
-//! cargo add ratatui crossterm
+//! cargo add ratatui
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Ratatui uses [Crossterm] by default as it works on most platforms. See the [Installation]
@@ -103,12 +103,17 @@
 //! ```rust,no_run
 //! use std::io::{self, stdout};
 //!
-//! use crossterm::{
-//!     event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-//!     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-//!     ExecutableCommand,
+//! use ratatui::{
+//!     crossterm::{
+//!         event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+//!         terminal::{
+//!             disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+//!         },
+//!         ExecutableCommand,
+//!     },
+//!     prelude::*,
+//!     widgets::*,
 //! };
-//! use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 //!
 //! fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
 //!     enable_raw_mode()?;
@@ -139,8 +144,7 @@
 //!
 //! fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
 //!     frame.render_widget(
-//!         Paragraph::new("Hello World!")
-//!             .block(Block::default().title("Greeting").borders(Borders::ALL)),
+//!         Paragraph::new("Hello World!").block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
 //!         frame.size(),
 //!     );
 //! }
@@ -184,14 +188,8 @@
 //!         [Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)],
 //!     )
 //!     .split(main_layout[1]);
-//!     frame.render_widget(
-//!         Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Left"),
-//!         inner_layout[0],
-//!     );
-//!     frame.render_widget(
-//!         Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Right"),
-//!         inner_layout[1],
-//!     );
+//!     frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Left"), inner_layout[0]);
+//!     frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Right"), inner_layout[1]);
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
@@ -262,22 +260,6 @@
 //! ![docsrs-styling]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "document-features", doc = "\n## Features")]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "document-features", doc = document_features::document_features!())]
-#![cfg_attr(
-    feature = "document-features",
-    doc = "[`CrossTermBackend`]: backend::CrosstermBackend"
-)]
-#![cfg_attr(
-    feature = "document-features",
-    doc = "[`TermionBackend`]: backend::TermionBackend"
-)]
-#![cfg_attr(
-    feature = "document-features",
-    doc = "[`TermwizBackend`]: backend::TermwizBackend"
-)]
-#![cfg_attr(
-    feature = "document-features",
-    doc = "[`calendar`]: widgets::calendar::Monthly"
-)]
 //!
 //! [Ratatui Website]: https://ratatui.rs/
 //! [Installation]: https://ratatui.rs/installation/
@@ -323,24 +305,20 @@
 //! [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
 //! [tui-rs]: https://crates.io/crates/tui
 //! [GitHub Sponsors]: https://github.com/sponsors/ratatui-org
-//! [Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square
-//! [License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square
-//! [CI Badge]:
-//!     https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
+//! [Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44&color=E05D44
+//! [License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square&color=1370D3
+//! [CI Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
 //! [CI Workflow]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions/workflows/ci.yml
-//! [Codecov Badge]:
-//!     https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST
+//! [Codecov Badge]: https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST&color=C43AC3&logoColor=C43AC3
 //! [Codecov]: https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui
 //! [Deps.rs Badge]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui/status.svg?style=flat-square
 //! [Deps.rs]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [Discord Badge]:
-//!     https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square
+//! [Discord Badge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square&color=1370D3&logoColor=1370D3
 //! [Discord Server]: https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj
-//! [Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square
-//! [Matrix Badge]:
-//!     https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix
+//! [Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44
+//! [Matrix Badge]: https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix&color=C43AC3
 //! [Matrix]: https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org
-//! [Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square
+//! [Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square&color=1370D3
 
 // show the feature flags in the generated documentation
 #![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
@@ -349,16 +327,24 @@
     html_favicon_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/main/assets/favicon.ico"
 )]
 
+/// re-export the `crossterm` crate so that users don't have to add it as a dependency
+#[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+pub use crossterm;
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport};
+/// re-export the `termion` crate so that users don't have to add it as a dependency
+#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
+pub use termion;
+/// re-export the `termwiz` crate so that users don't have to add it as a dependency
+#[cfg(feature = "termwiz")]
+pub use termwiz;
+
 pub mod backend;
 pub mod buffer;
 pub mod layout;
+pub mod prelude;
 pub mod style;
 pub mod symbols;
 pub mod terminal;
 pub mod text;
 pub mod widgets;
-
-#[doc(inline)]
-pub use self::terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport};
-
-pub mod prelude;

src/prelude.rs

@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ pub(crate) use crate::widgets::{StatefulWidgetRef, WidgetRef};
 pub use crate::{
     backend::{self, Backend},
     buffer::{self, Buffer},
-    layout::{self, Alignment, Constraint, Corner, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect},
-    style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Styled, Stylize},
-    symbols::{self, Marker},
-    terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport},
+    layout::{self, Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin, Position, Rect, Size},
+    style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols::{self},
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
     text::{self, Line, Masked, Span, Text},
     widgets::{block::BlockExt, StatefulWidget, Widget},
 };

src/style.rs

@@ -68,16 +68,17 @@
 //! [`prelude`]: crate::prelude
 //! [`Span`]: crate::text::Span
 
-use std::fmt::{self, Debug};
+use std::fmt;
 
 use bitflags::bitflags;
+pub use color::{Color, ParseColorError};
+pub use stylize::{Styled, Stylize};
 
 mod color;
-mod stylize;
-
-pub use color::Color;
-pub use stylize::{Styled, Stylize};
 pub mod palette;
+#[cfg(feature = "palette")]
+mod palette_conversion;
+mod stylize;
 
 bitflags! {
     /// Modifier changes the way a piece of text is displayed.
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
         if self.is_empty() {
             return write!(f, "NONE");
         }
-        fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+        write!(f, "{}", self.0)
     }
 }
 
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
 ///     buffer.get(0, 0).style(),
 /// );
 /// ```
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub struct Style {
     pub fg: Option<Color>,
@@ -233,12 +234,6 @@ pub struct Style {
     pub sub_modifier: Modifier,
 }
 
-impl Default for Style {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
 impl Styled for Style {
     type Item = Self;
 
@@ -550,34 +545,30 @@ impl From<(Color, Color, Modifier, Modifier)> for Style {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
+    use rstest::rstest;
 
-    fn styles() -> Vec<Style> {
-        vec![
-            Style::default(),
-            Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
-            Style::default().bg(Color::Yellow),
-            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-            Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
-            Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
-            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
-            Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
-        ]
-    }
+    use super::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn combined_patch_gives_same_result_as_individual_patch() {
-        let styles = styles();
+        let styles = [
+            Style::new(),
+            Style::new().fg(Color::Yellow),
+            Style::new().bg(Color::Yellow),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
+            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
+        ];
         for &a in &styles {
             for &b in &styles {
                 for &c in &styles {
                     for &d in &styles {
-                        let combined = a.patch(b.patch(c.patch(d)));
-
                         assert_eq!(
-                            Style::default().patch(a).patch(b).patch(c).patch(d),
-                            Style::default().patch(combined)
+                            Style::new().patch(a).patch(b).patch(c).patch(d),
+                            Style::new().patch(a.patch(b.patch(c.patch(d))))
                         );
                     }
                 }
@@ -589,7 +580,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn combine_individual_modifiers() {
         use crate::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect};
 
-        let mods = vec![
+        let mods = [
             Modifier::BOLD,
             Modifier::DIM,
             Modifier::ITALIC,
@@ -603,37 +594,30 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1));
 
-        for m in &mods {
+        for m in mods {
             buffer.get_mut(0, 0).set_style(Style::reset());
-            buffer
-                .get_mut(0, 0)
-                .set_style(Style::default().add_modifier(*m));
+            buffer.get_mut(0, 0).set_style(Style::new().add_modifier(m));
             let style = buffer.get(0, 0).style();
-            assert!(style.add_modifier.contains(*m));
-            assert!(!style.sub_modifier.contains(*m));
+            assert!(style.add_modifier.contains(m));
+            assert!(!style.sub_modifier.contains(m));
         }
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn modifier_debug() {
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::empty()), "NONE");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::BOLD), "BOLD");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::DIM), "DIM");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::ITALIC), "ITALIC");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::UNDERLINED), "UNDERLINED");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::SLOW_BLINK), "SLOW_BLINK");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::RAPID_BLINK), "RAPID_BLINK");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::REVERSED), "REVERSED");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::HIDDEN), "HIDDEN");
-        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Modifier::CROSSED_OUT), "CROSSED_OUT");
-        assert_eq!(
-            format!("{:?}", Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::DIM),
-            "BOLD | DIM"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            format!("{:?}", Modifier::all()),
-            "BOLD | DIM | ITALIC | UNDERLINED | SLOW_BLINK | RAPID_BLINK | REVERSED | HIDDEN | CROSSED_OUT"
-        );
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Modifier::empty(), "NONE")]
+    #[case(Modifier::BOLD, "BOLD")]
+    #[case(Modifier::DIM, "DIM")]
+    #[case(Modifier::ITALIC, "ITALIC")]
+    #[case(Modifier::UNDERLINED, "UNDERLINED")]
+    #[case(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK, "SLOW_BLINK")]
+    #[case(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK, "RAPID_BLINK")]
+    #[case(Modifier::REVERSED, "REVERSED")]
+    #[case(Modifier::HIDDEN, "HIDDEN")]
+    #[case(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT, "CROSSED_OUT")]
+    #[case(Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::DIM, "BOLD | DIM")]
+    #[case(Modifier::all(), "BOLD | DIM | ITALIC | UNDERLINED | SLOW_BLINK | RAPID_BLINK | REVERSED | HIDDEN | CROSSED_OUT")]
+    fn modifier_debug(#[case] modifier: Modifier, #[case] expected: &str) {
+        assert_eq!(format!("{modifier:?}"), expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -663,151 +647,80 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-    #[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Style::new().black(), Color::Black)]
+    #[case(Style::new().red(), Color::Red)]
+    #[case(Style::new().green(), Color::Green)]
+    #[case(Style::new().yellow(), Color::Yellow)]
+    #[case(Style::new().blue(), Color::Blue)]
+    #[case(Style::new().magenta(), Color::Magenta)]
+    #[case(Style::new().cyan(), Color::Cyan)]
+    #[case(Style::new().white(), Color::White)]
+    #[case(Style::new().gray(), Color::Gray)]
+    #[case(Style::new().dark_gray(), Color::DarkGray)]
+    #[case(Style::new().light_red(), Color::LightRed)]
+    #[case(Style::new().light_green(), Color::LightGreen)]
+    #[case(Style::new().light_yellow(), Color::LightYellow)]
+    #[case(Style::new().light_blue(), Color::LightBlue)]
+    #[case(Style::new().light_magenta(), Color::LightMagenta)]
+    #[case(Style::new().light_cyan(), Color::LightCyan)]
+    #[case(Style::new().white(), Color::White)]
+    fn fg_can_be_stylized(#[case] stylized: Style, #[case] expected: Color) {
+        assert_eq!(stylized, Style::new().fg(expected));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_black(), Color::Black)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_red(), Color::Red)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_green(), Color::Green)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_yellow(), Color::Yellow)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_blue(), Color::Blue)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_magenta(), Color::Magenta)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_cyan(), Color::Cyan)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_white(), Color::White)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_gray(), Color::Gray)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_dark_gray(), Color::DarkGray)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_light_red(), Color::LightRed)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_light_green(), Color::LightGreen)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_light_yellow(), Color::LightYellow)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_light_blue(), Color::LightBlue)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_light_magenta(), Color::LightMagenta)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_light_cyan(), Color::LightCyan)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_white(), Color::White)]
+    fn bg_can_be_stylized(#[case] stylized: Style, #[case] expected: Color) {
+        assert_eq!(stylized, Style::new().bg(expected));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Style::new().bold(), Modifier::BOLD)]
+    #[case(Style::new().dim(), Modifier::DIM)]
+    #[case(Style::new().italic(), Modifier::ITALIC)]
+    #[case(Style::new().underlined(), Modifier::UNDERLINED)]
+    #[case(Style::new().slow_blink(), Modifier::SLOW_BLINK)]
+    #[case(Style::new().rapid_blink(), Modifier::RAPID_BLINK)]
+    #[case(Style::new().reversed(), Modifier::REVERSED)]
+    #[case(Style::new().hidden(), Modifier::HIDDEN)]
+    #[case(Style::new().crossed_out(), Modifier::CROSSED_OUT)]
+    fn add_modifier_can_be_stylized(#[case] stylized: Style, #[case] expected: Modifier) {
+        assert_eq!(stylized, Style::new().add_modifier(expected));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_bold(), Modifier::BOLD)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_dim(), Modifier::DIM)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_italic(), Modifier::ITALIC)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_underlined(), Modifier::UNDERLINED)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_slow_blink(), Modifier::SLOW_BLINK)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_rapid_blink(), Modifier::RAPID_BLINK)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_reversed(), Modifier::REVERSED)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_hidden(), Modifier::HIDDEN)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_crossed_out(), Modifier::CROSSED_OUT)]
+    fn remove_modifier_can_be_stylized(#[case] stylized: Style, #[case] expected: Modifier) {
+        assert_eq!(stylized, Style::new().remove_modifier(expected));
+    }
+
     #[test]
-    fn style_can_be_stylized() {
-        // foreground colors
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().black(), Style::new().fg(Color::Black));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().red(), Style::new().fg(Color::Red));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().green(), Style::new().fg(Color::Green));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().yellow(), Style::new().fg(Color::Yellow));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().blue(), Style::new().fg(Color::Blue));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().magenta(), Style::new().fg(Color::Magenta));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().cyan(), Style::new().fg(Color::Cyan));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().white(), Style::new().fg(Color::White));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().gray(), Style::new().fg(Color::Gray));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().dark_gray(), Style::new().fg(Color::DarkGray));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().light_red(), Style::new().fg(Color::LightRed));
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().light_green(),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::LightGreen)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().light_yellow(),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::LightYellow)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().light_blue(), Style::new().fg(Color::LightBlue));
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().light_magenta(),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::LightMagenta)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().light_cyan(), Style::new().fg(Color::LightCyan));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().white(), Style::new().fg(Color::White));
-
-        // Background colors
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_black(), Style::new().bg(Color::Black));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_red(), Style::new().bg(Color::Red));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_green(), Style::new().bg(Color::Green));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_yellow(), Style::new().bg(Color::Yellow));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_blue(), Style::new().bg(Color::Blue));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_magenta(), Style::new().bg(Color::Magenta));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_cyan(), Style::new().bg(Color::Cyan));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_white(), Style::new().bg(Color::White));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_gray(), Style::new().bg(Color::Gray));
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_dark_gray(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::DarkGray)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_light_red(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::LightRed)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_light_green(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::LightGreen)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_light_yellow(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::LightYellow)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_light_blue(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::LightBlue)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_light_magenta(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::LightMagenta)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_light_cyan(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::LightCyan)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_white(), Style::new().bg(Color::White));
-
-        // Add Modifiers
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().bold(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().dim(), Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::DIM));
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().italic(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().underlined(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().slow_blink(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().rapid_blink(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().reversed(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().hidden(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::HIDDEN)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().crossed_out(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT)
-        );
-
-        // Remove Modifiers
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_bold(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_dim(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::DIM)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_italic(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_underlined(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_slow_blink(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_rapid_blink(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_reversed(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_hidden(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::HIDDEN)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_crossed_out(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT)
-        );
-
-        // reset
+    fn reset_can_be_stylized() {
         assert_eq!(Style::new().reset(), Style::reset());
     }
 

src/style/color.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 #![allow(clippy::unreadable_literal)]
 
-use std::{
-    fmt::{self, Debug, Display},
-    str::FromStr,
-};
+use std::{fmt, str::FromStr};
 
 /// ANSI Color
 ///
@@ -66,7 +63,6 @@ use std::{
 ///
 /// [ANSI color table]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#Colors
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize))]
 pub enum Color {
     /// Resets the foreground or background color
     #[default]
@@ -141,14 +137,102 @@ impl Color {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+impl serde::Serialize for Color {
+    /// This utilises the [`fmt::Display`] implementation for serialization.
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        serializer.serialize_str(&self.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 impl<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de> for Color {
+    /// This is used to deserialize a value into Color via serde.
+    ///
+    /// This implementation uses the `FromStr` trait to deserialize strings, so named colours, RGB,
+    /// and indexed values are able to be deserialized. In addition, values that were produced by
+    /// the the older serialization implementation of Color are also able to be deserialized.
+    ///
+    /// Prior to v0.26.0, Ratatui would be serialized using a map for indexed and RGB values, for
+    /// examples in json `{"Indexed": 10}` and `{"Rgb": [255, 0, 255]}` respectively. Now they are
+    /// serialized using the string representation of the index and the RGB hex value, for example
+    /// in json it would now be `"10"` and `"#FF00FF"` respectively.
+    ///
+    /// See the [`Color`] documentation for more information on color names.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Debug, serde::Deserialize)]
+    /// struct Theme {
+    ///     color: Color,
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// # fn get_theme() -> Result<(), serde_json::Error> {
+    /// let theme: Theme = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"color": "bright-white"}"#)?;
+    /// assert_eq!(theme.color, Color::White);
+    ///
+    /// let theme: Theme = serde_json::from_str(r##"{"color": "#00FF00"}"##)?;
+    /// assert_eq!(theme.color, Color::Rgb(0, 255, 0));
+    ///
+    /// let theme: Theme = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"color": "42"}"#)?;
+    /// assert_eq!(theme.color, Color::Indexed(42));
+    ///
+    /// let err = serde_json::from_str::<Theme>(r#"{"color": "invalid"}"#).unwrap_err();
+    /// assert!(err.is_data());
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     err.to_string(),
+    ///     "Failed to parse Colors at line 1 column 20"
+    /// );
+    ///
+    /// // Deserializing from the previous serialization implementation
+    /// let theme: Theme = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"color": {"Rgb":[255,0,255]}}"#)?;
+    /// assert_eq!(theme.color, Color::Rgb(255, 0, 255));
+    ///
+    /// let theme: Theme = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"color": {"Indexed":10}}"#)?;
+    /// assert_eq!(theme.color, Color::Indexed(10));
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
     fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
     where
         D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
     {
-        let s = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-        FromStr::from_str(&s).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+        /// Colors are currently serialized with the `Display` implementation, so
+        /// RGB values are serialized via hex, for example "#FFFFFF".
+        ///
+        /// Previously they were serialized using serde derive, which encoded
+        /// RGB values as a map, for example { "rgb": [255, 255, 255] }.
+        ///
+        /// The deserialization implementation utilises a `Helper` struct
+        /// to be able to support both formats for backwards compatibility.
+        #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+        enum ColorWrapper {
+            Rgb(u8, u8, u8),
+            Indexed(u8),
+        }
+
+        #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+        #[serde(untagged)]
+        enum ColorFormat {
+            V2(String),
+            V1(ColorWrapper),
+        }
+
+        let multi_type = ColorFormat::deserialize(deserializer)
+            .map_err(|err| serde::de::Error::custom(format!("Failed to parse Colors: {err}")))?;
+        match multi_type {
+            ColorFormat::V2(s) => FromStr::from_str(&s).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom),
+            ColorFormat::V1(color_wrapper) => match color_wrapper {
+                ColorWrapper::Rgb(red, green, blue) => Ok(Self::Rgb(red, green, blue)),
+                ColorWrapper::Indexed(index) => Ok(Self::Indexed(index)),
+            },
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -156,8 +240,8 @@ impl<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de> for Color {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct ParseColorError;
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for ParseColorError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+impl fmt::Display for ParseColorError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "Failed to parse Colors")
     }
 }
@@ -229,16 +313,7 @@ impl FromStr for Color {
                 _ => {
                     if let Ok(index) = s.parse::<u8>() {
                         Self::Indexed(index)
-                    } else if let (Ok(r), Ok(g), Ok(b)) = {
-                        if !s.starts_with('#') || s.len() != 7 {
-                            return Err(ParseColorError);
-                        }
-                        (
-                            u8::from_str_radix(&s[1..3], 16),
-                            u8::from_str_radix(&s[3..5], 16),
-                            u8::from_str_radix(&s[5..7], 16),
-                        )
-                    } {
+                    } else if let Some((r, g, b)) = parse_hex_color(s) {
                         Self::Rgb(r, g, b)
                     } else {
                         return Err(ParseColorError);
@@ -249,7 +324,17 @@ impl FromStr for Color {
     }
 }
 
-impl Display for Color {
+fn parse_hex_color(input: &str) -> Option<(u8, u8, u8)> {
+    if !input.starts_with('#') || input.len() != 7 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let r = u8::from_str_radix(input.get(1..3)?, 16).ok()?;
+    let g = u8::from_str_radix(input.get(3..5)?, 16).ok()?;
+    let b = u8::from_str_radix(input.get(5..7)?, 16).ok()?;
+    Some((r, g, b))
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Color {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
             Self::Reset => write!(f, "Reset"),
@@ -503,6 +588,7 @@ mod tests {
             "abcdef0",       // 7 chars is not a color
             " bcdefa",       // doesn't start with a '#'
             "#abcdef00",     // too many chars
+            "#1🦀2",         // len 7 but on char boundaries shouldnt panic
             "resett",        // typo
             "lightblackk",   // typo
         ];
@@ -579,4 +665,42 @@ mod tests {
             Color::deserialize("#00000000".into_deserializer());
         assert!(color.is_err());
     }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    #[test]
+    fn serialize_then_deserialize() -> Result<(), serde_json::Error> {
+        let json_rgb = serde_json::to_string(&Color::Rgb(255, 0, 255))?;
+        assert_eq!(json_rgb, r##""#FF00FF""##);
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::from_str::<Color>(&json_rgb)?,
+            Color::Rgb(255, 0, 255)
+        );
+
+        let json_white = serde_json::to_string(&Color::White)?;
+        assert_eq!(json_white, r#""White""#);
+
+        let json_indexed = serde_json::to_string(&Color::Indexed(10))?;
+        assert_eq!(json_indexed, r#""10""#);
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::from_str::<Color>(&json_indexed)?,
+            Color::Indexed(10)
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    #[test]
+    fn deserialize_with_previous_format() -> Result<(), serde_json::Error> {
+        assert_eq!(Color::White, serde_json::from_str::<Color>("\"White\"")?);
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::Rgb(255, 0, 255),
+            serde_json::from_str::<Color>(r#"{"Rgb":[255,0,255]}"#)?
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::Indexed(10),
+            serde_json::from_str::<Color>(r#"{"Indexed":10}"#)?
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }

src/style/palette_conversion.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+//! Conversions from colors in the `palette` crate to [`Color`].
+
+use ::palette::{
+    bool_mask::LazySelect,
+    num::{Arithmetics, MulSub, PartialCmp, Powf, Real},
+    LinSrgb,
+};
+use palette::{stimulus::IntoStimulus, Srgb};
+
+use super::Color;
+
+/// Convert an [`palette::Srgb`] color to a [`Color`].
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use palette::Srgb;
+/// use ratatui::style::Color;
+///
+/// let color = Color::from(Srgb::new(1.0f32, 0.0, 0.0));
+/// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0));
+/// ```
+impl<T: IntoStimulus<u8>> From<Srgb<T>> for Color {
+    fn from(color: Srgb<T>) -> Self {
+        let (red, green, blue) = color.into_format().into_components();
+        Self::Rgb(red, green, blue)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convert a [`palette::LinSrgb`] color to a [`Color`].
+///
+/// Note: this conversion only works for floating point linear sRGB colors. If you have a linear
+/// sRGB color in another format, you need to convert it to floating point first.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use palette::LinSrgb;
+/// use ratatui::style::Color;
+///
+/// let color = Color::from(LinSrgb::new(1.0f32, 0.0, 0.0));
+/// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0));
+/// ```
+impl<T: IntoStimulus<u8>> From<LinSrgb<T>> for Color
+where
+    T: Real + Powf + MulSub + Arithmetics + PartialCmp + Clone,
+    T::Mask: LazySelect<T>,
+{
+    fn from(color: LinSrgb<T>) -> Self {
+        let srgb_color = Srgb::<T>::from_linear(color);
+        Self::from(srgb_color)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_srgb() {
+        const RED: Color = Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from(Srgb::new(255u8, 0, 0)), RED);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from(Srgb::new(65535u16, 0, 0)), RED);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from(Srgb::new(1.0f32, 0.0, 0.0)), RED);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::from(Srgb::new(0.5f32, 0.5, 0.5)),
+            Color::Rgb(128, 128, 128)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_lin_srgb() {
+        const RED: Color = Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from(LinSrgb::new(1.0f32, 0.0, 0.0)), RED);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from(LinSrgb::new(1.0f64, 0.0, 0.0)), RED);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::from(LinSrgb::new(0.5f32, 0.5, 0.5)),
+            Color::Rgb(188, 188, 188)
+        );
+    }
+}

src/style/stylize.rs

@@ -133,17 +133,13 @@ macro_rules! modifier {
 ///     "world".green().on_yellow().not_bold(),
 /// ]);
 /// let paragraph = Paragraph::new(line).italic().underlined();
-/// let block = Block::default()
-///     .title("Title")
-///     .borders(Borders::ALL)
-///     .on_white()
-///     .bold();
+/// let block = Block::bordered().title("Title").on_white().bold();
 /// ```
 pub trait Stylize<'a, T>: Sized {
     #[must_use = "`bg` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
-    fn bg(self, color: Color) -> T;
+    fn bg<C: Into<Color>>(self, color: C) -> T;
     #[must_use = "`fg` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
-    fn fg<S: Into<Color>>(self, color: S) -> T;
+    fn fg<C: Into<Color>>(self, color: C) -> T;
     #[must_use = "`reset` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
     fn reset(self) -> T;
     #[must_use = "`add_modifier` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
@@ -183,12 +179,12 @@ impl<'a, T, U> Stylize<'a, T> for U
 where
     U: Styled<Item = T>,
 {
-    fn bg(self, color: Color) -> T {
-        let style = self.style().bg(color);
+    fn bg<C: Into<Color>>(self, color: C) -> T {
+        let style = self.style().bg(color.into());
         self.set_style(style)
     }
 
-    fn fg<S: Into<Color>>(self, color: S) -> T {
+    fn fg<C: Into<Color>>(self, color: C) -> T {
         let style = self.style().fg(color.into());
         self.set_style(style)
     }

src/terminal/frame.rs

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl Frame<'_> {
     /// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
     /// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
     /// # let mut frame = terminal.get_frame();
-    /// let block = Block::default();
+    /// let block = Block::new();
     /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5);
     /// frame.render_widget(block, area);
     /// ```
@@ -83,13 +83,15 @@ impl Frame<'_> {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
+    /// # #[cfg(feature = "unstable-widget-ref")] {
     /// # use ratatui::{backend::TestBackend, prelude::*, widgets::Block};
     /// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
     /// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
     /// # let mut frame = terminal.get_frame();
-    /// let block = Block::default();
+    /// let block = Block::new();
     /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5);
     /// frame.render_widget_ref(block, area);
+    /// # }
     /// ```
     #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
     #[stability::unstable(feature = "widget-ref")]
@@ -138,6 +140,7 @@ impl Frame<'_> {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
+    /// # #[cfg(feature = "unstable-widget-ref")] {
     /// # use ratatui::{backend::TestBackend, prelude::*, widgets::*};
     /// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
     /// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
@@ -146,6 +149,7 @@ impl Frame<'_> {
     /// let list = List::new(vec![ListItem::new("Item 1"), ListItem::new("Item 2")]);
     /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5);
     /// frame.render_stateful_widget_ref(list, area, &mut state);
+    /// # }
     /// ```
     #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
     #[stability::unstable(feature = "widget-ref")]

src/terminal/terminal.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::io;
 
-use crate::{backend::ClearType, prelude::*};
+use crate::{backend::ClearType, prelude::*, CompletedFrame, TerminalOptions, Viewport};
 
 /// An interface to interact and draw [`Frame`]s on the user's terminal.
 ///
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ where
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::io::stdout;
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, backend::TestBackend};
+    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, backend::TestBackend, terminal::{Viewport, TerminalOptions}};
     /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
     /// let viewport = Viewport::Fixed(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 10));
     /// let terminal = Terminal::with_options(backend, TerminalOptions { viewport })?;

src/text.rs

@@ -25,21 +25,20 @@
 //! // Converted to Line(vec![
 //! //   Span { content: Cow::Borrowed("My title"), style: Style { .. } }
 //! // ])
-//! let block = Block::default().title("My title");
+//! let block = Block::new().title("My title");
 //!
 //! // A simple string with a unique style.
 //! // Converted to Line(vec![
 //! //   Span { content: Cow::Borrowed("My title"), style: Style { fg: Some(Color::Yellow), .. }
 //! // ])
-//! let block =
-//!     Block::default().title(Span::styled("My title", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)));
+//! let block = Block::new().title(Span::styled("My title", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)));
 //!
 //! // A string with multiple styles.
 //! // Converted to Line(vec![
 //! //   Span { content: Cow::Borrowed("My"), style: Style { fg: Some(Color::Yellow), .. } },
 //! //   Span { content: Cow::Borrowed(" title"), .. }
 //! // ])
-//! let block = Block::default().title(vec![
+//! let block = Block::new().title(vec![
 //!     Span::styled("My", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)),
 //!     Span::raw(" title"),
 //! ]);

src/text/grapheme.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
 
 /// A grapheme associated to a style.
 /// Note that, although `StyledGrapheme` is the smallest divisible unit of text,

src/text/line.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 #![deny(missing_docs)]
-use std::borrow::Cow;
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic, clippy::nursery, clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
+use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 
-use super::StyledGrapheme;
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use unicode_truncate::UnicodeTruncateStr;
+
+use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
 
 /// A line of text, consisting of one or more [`Span`]s.
 ///
@@ -453,39 +455,6 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
         self.spans.iter_mut()
     }
 
-    /// Returns a line that's truncated corresponding to it's alignment and result width
-    #[must_use = "method returns the modified value"]
-    fn truncated(&'a self, result_width: u16) -> Self {
-        let mut truncated_line = Line::default();
-        let width = self.width() as u16;
-        let mut offset = match self.alignment {
-            Some(Alignment::Center) => (width.saturating_sub(result_width)) / 2,
-            Some(Alignment::Right) => width.saturating_sub(result_width),
-            _ => 0,
-        };
-        let mut x = 0;
-        for span in &self.spans {
-            let span_width = span.width() as u16;
-            if offset >= span_width {
-                offset -= span_width;
-                continue;
-            }
-            let mut new_span = span.clone();
-            let new_span_width = span_width - offset;
-            if x + new_span_width > result_width {
-                let span_end = (result_width - x + offset) as usize;
-                new_span.content = Cow::from(&span.content[offset as usize..span_end]);
-                truncated_line.spans.push(new_span);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            new_span.content = Cow::from(&span.content[offset as usize..]);
-            truncated_line.spans.push(new_span);
-            x += new_span_width;
-            offset = 0;
-        }
-        truncated_line
-    }
     /// Adds a span to the line.
     ///
     /// `span` can be any type that is convertible into a `Span`. For example, you can pass a
@@ -585,38 +554,100 @@ impl Widget for Line<'_> {
 impl WidgetRef for Line<'_> {
     fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let area = area.intersection(buf.area);
+        if area.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let line_width = self.width();
+        if line_width == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+
         buf.set_style(area, self.style);
-        let width = self.width() as u16;
-        let mut x = area.left();
-        let line = if width > area.width {
-            self.truncated(area.width)
-        } else {
-            let offset = match self.alignment {
-                Some(Alignment::Center) => (area.width.saturating_sub(width)) / 2,
-                Some(Alignment::Right) => area.width.saturating_sub(width),
+
+        let area_width = usize::from(area.width);
+        let can_render_complete_line = line_width <= area_width;
+        if can_render_complete_line {
+            let indent_width = match self.alignment {
+                Some(Alignment::Center) => (area_width.saturating_sub(line_width)) / 2,
+                Some(Alignment::Right) => area_width.saturating_sub(line_width),
                 Some(Alignment::Left) | None => 0,
             };
-            x = x.saturating_add(offset);
-            self.to_owned()
-        };
-        for span in &line.spans {
-            let span_width = span.width() as u16;
-            let span_area = Rect {
-                x,
-                width: span_width.min(area.right().saturating_sub(x)),
-                ..area
+            let indent_width = u16::try_from(indent_width).unwrap_or(u16::MAX);
+            let area = area.indent_x(indent_width);
+            render_spans(&self.spans, area, buf, 0);
+        } else {
+            // There is not enough space to render the whole line. As the right side is truncated by
+            // the area width, only truncate the left.
+            let skip_width = match self.alignment {
+                Some(Alignment::Center) => (line_width.saturating_sub(area_width)) / 2,
+                Some(Alignment::Right) => line_width.saturating_sub(area_width),
+                Some(Alignment::Left) | None => 0,
             };
-            span.render(span_area, buf);
-            x = x.saturating_add(span_width);
-            if x >= area.right() {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
+            render_spans(&self.spans, area, buf, skip_width);
+        };
     }
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for Line<'_> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+/// Renders all the spans of the line that should be visible.
+fn render_spans(spans: &[Span], mut area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, span_skip_width: usize) {
+    for (span, span_width, offset) in spans_after_width(spans, span_skip_width) {
+        area = area.indent_x(offset);
+        if area.is_empty() {
+            break;
+        }
+        span.render_ref(area, buf);
+        let span_width = u16::try_from(span_width).unwrap_or(u16::MAX);
+        area = area.indent_x(span_width);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns an iterator over the spans that lie after a given skip widtch from the start of the
+/// `Line` (including a partially visible span if the `skip_width` lands within a span).
+fn spans_after_width<'a>(
+    spans: &'a [Span],
+    mut skip_width: usize,
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Span<'a>, usize, u16)> {
+    spans
+        .iter()
+        .map(|span| (span, span.width()))
+        // Filter non visible spans out.
+        .filter_map(move |(span, span_width)| {
+            // Ignore spans that are completely before the offset. Decrement `span_skip_width` by
+            // the span width until we find a span that is partially or completely visible.
+            if skip_width >= span_width {
+                skip_width = skip_width.saturating_sub(span_width);
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            // Apply the skip from the start of the span, not the end as the end will be trimmed
+            // when rendering the span to the buffer.
+            let available_width = span_width.saturating_sub(skip_width);
+            skip_width = 0; // ensure the next span is rendered in full
+            Some((span, span_width, available_width))
+        })
+        .map(|(span, span_width, available_width)| {
+            if span_width <= available_width {
+                // Span is fully visible. Clone here is fast as the underlying content is `Cow`.
+                return (span.clone(), span_width, 0u16);
+            }
+            // Span is only partially visible. As the end is truncated by the area width, only
+            // truncate the start of the span.
+            let (content, actual_width) = span.content.unicode_truncate_start(available_width);
+
+            // When the first grapheme of the span was truncated, start rendering from a position
+            // that takes that into account by indenting the start of the area
+            let first_grapheme_offset = available_width.saturating_sub(actual_width);
+            let first_grapheme_offset = u16::try_from(first_grapheme_offset).unwrap_or(u16::MAX);
+            (
+                Span::styled(content, span.style),
+                actual_width,
+                first_grapheme_offset,
+            )
+        })
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Line<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         for span in &self.spans {
             write!(f, "{span}")?;
         }
@@ -643,7 +674,6 @@ mod tests {
     use rstest::{fixture, rstest};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::assert_buffer_eq;
 
     #[fixture]
     fn small_buf() -> Buffer {
@@ -887,53 +917,6 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert_eq!(format!("{line_from_styled_span}"), "Hello, world!");
     }
-    #[test]
-    fn render_truncates_left() {
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
-        Line::from("Hello world")
-            .left_aligned()
-            .render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["Hello"]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_truncates_right() {
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
-        Line::from("Hello world")
-            .right_aligned()
-            .render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["world"]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_truncates_center() {
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
-        Line::from("Hello world")
-            .centered()
-            .render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["lo wo"]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn truncate_line_with_multiple_spans() {
-        let line = Line::default().spans(vec!["foo", "bar"]);
-        assert_eq!(
-            line.right_aligned().truncated(4).to_string(),
-            String::from("obar")
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn truncation_ignores_useless_spans() {
-        let line = Line::default().spans(vec!["foo", "bar"]);
-        assert_eq!(
-            line.right_aligned().truncated(3),
-            Line::default().spans(vec!["bar"])
-        );
-    }
 
     #[test]
     fn left_aligned() {
@@ -965,8 +948,12 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     mod widget {
+        use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
+        use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
+
         use super::*;
-        use crate::assert_buffer_eq;
+        use crate::buffer::Cell;
+
         const BLUE: Style = Style::new().fg(Color::Blue);
         const GREEN: Style = Style::new().fg(Color::Green);
         const ITALIC: Style = Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
@@ -984,37 +971,36 @@ mod tests {
         fn render() {
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
             hello_world().render(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), &mut buf);
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["Hello world!   "]);
+            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["Hello world!   "]);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), ITALIC);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1), BLUE);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(6, 0, 6, 1), GREEN);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
 
         #[rstest]
         fn render_out_of_bounds(hello_world: Line<'static>, mut small_buf: Buffer) {
             let out_of_bounds = Rect::new(20, 20, 10, 1);
             hello_world.render(out_of_bounds, &mut small_buf);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(small_buf, Buffer::empty(small_buf.area));
+            assert_eq!(small_buf, Buffer::empty(small_buf.area));
         }
 
         #[test]
         fn render_only_styles_line_area() {
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 1));
             hello_world().render(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), &mut buf);
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["Hello world!        "]);
+            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["Hello world!        "]);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), ITALIC);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1), BLUE);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(6, 0, 6, 1), GREEN);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
 
         #[test]
         fn render_truncates() {
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 1));
             Line::from("Hello world!").render(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1), &mut buf);
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["Hello     "]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello     "]));
         }
 
         #[test]
@@ -1022,11 +1008,11 @@ mod tests {
             let line = hello_world().alignment(Alignment::Center);
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
             line.render(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), &mut buf);
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![" Hello world!  "]);
+            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([" Hello world!  "]);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), ITALIC);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(1, 0, 6, 1), BLUE);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(7, 0, 6, 1), GREEN);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
 
         #[test]
@@ -1034,11 +1020,255 @@ mod tests {
             let line = hello_world().alignment(Alignment::Right);
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
             line.render(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), &mut buf);
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["   Hello world!"]);
+            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["   Hello world!"]);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1), ITALIC);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(3, 0, 6, 1), BLUE);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(9, 0, 6, 1), GREEN);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_truncates_left() {
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
+            Line::from("Hello world")
+                .left_aligned()
+                .render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello"]));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_truncates_right() {
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
+            Line::from("Hello world")
+                .right_aligned()
+                .render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["world"]));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_truncates_center() {
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
+            Line::from("Hello world")
+                .centered()
+                .render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["lo wo"]));
+        }
+
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
+        #[test]
+        fn regression_1032() {
+            let line = Line::from(
+                "🦀 RFC8628 OAuth 2.0 Device Authorization GrantでCLIからGithubのaccess tokenを取得する"
+            );
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 83, 1));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([
+                "🦀 RFC8628 OAuth 2.0 Device Authorization GrantでCLIからGithubのaccess tokenを取得 "
+            ]));
+        }
+
+        /// Documentary test to highlight the crab emoji width / length discrepancy
+        ///
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
+        #[test]
+        fn crab_emoji_width() {
+            let crab = "🦀";
+            assert_eq!(crab.len(), 4); // bytes
+            assert_eq!(crab.chars().count(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(crab.graphemes(true).count(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(crab.width(), 2); // display width
+        }
+
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::left_4(Alignment::Left, 4, "1234")]
+        #[case::left_5(Alignment::Left, 5, "1234 ")]
+        #[case::left_6(Alignment::Left, 6, "1234🦀")]
+        #[case::left_7(Alignment::Left, 7, "1234🦀7")]
+        #[case::right_4(Alignment::Right, 4, "7890")]
+        #[case::right_5(Alignment::Right, 5, " 7890")]
+        #[case::right_6(Alignment::Right, 6, "🦀7890")]
+        #[case::right_7(Alignment::Right, 7, "4🦀7890")]
+        fn render_truncates_emoji(
+            #[case] alignment: Alignment,
+            #[case] buf_width: u16,
+            #[case] expected: &str,
+        ) {
+            let line = Line::from("1234🦀7890").alignment(alignment);
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, buf_width, 1));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
+        }
+
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
+        ///
+        /// centering is tricky because there's an ambiguity about whether to take one more char
+        /// from the left or the right when the line width is odd. This interacts with the width of
+        /// the crab emoji, which is 2 characters wide by hitting the left or right side of the
+        /// emoji.
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::center_6_0(6, 0, "")]
+        #[case::center_6_1(6, 1, " ")] // lef side of "🦀"
+        #[case::center_6_2(6, 2, "🦀")]
+        #[case::center_6_3(6, 3, "b🦀")]
+        #[case::center_6_4(6, 4, "b🦀c")]
+        #[case::center_7_0(7, 0, "")]
+        #[case::center_7_1(7, 1, " ")] // right side of "🦀"
+        #[case::center_7_2(7, 2, "🦀")]
+        #[case::center_7_3(7, 3, "🦀c")]
+        #[case::center_7_4(7, 4, "b🦀c")]
+        #[case::center_8_0(8, 0, "")]
+        #[case::center_8_1(8, 1, " ")] // right side of "🦀"
+        #[case::center_8_2(8, 2, " c")] // right side of "🦀c"
+        #[case::center_8_3(8, 3, "🦀c")]
+        #[case::center_8_4(8, 4, "🦀cd")]
+        #[case::center_8_5(8, 5, "b🦀cd")]
+        #[case::center_9_0(9, 0, "")]
+        #[case::center_9_1(9, 1, "c")]
+        #[case::center_9_2(9, 2, " c")] // right side of "🦀c"
+        #[case::center_9_3(9, 3, " cd")]
+        #[case::center_9_4(9, 4, "🦀cd")]
+        #[case::center_9_5(9, 5, "🦀cde")]
+        #[case::center_9_6(9, 6, "b🦀cde")]
+        fn render_truncates_emoji_center(
+            #[case] line_width: u16,
+            #[case] buf_width: u16,
+            #[case] expected: &str,
+        ) {
+            // because the crab emoji is 2 characters wide, it will can cause the centering tests
+            // intersect with either the left or right part of the emoji, which causes the emoji to
+            // be not rendered. Checking for four different widths of the line is enough to cover
+            // all the possible cases.
+            let value = match line_width {
+                6 => "ab🦀cd",
+                7 => "ab🦀cde",
+                8 => "ab🦀cdef",
+                9 => "ab🦀cdefg",
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+            let line = Line::from(value).centered();
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, buf_width, 1));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
+        }
+
+        /// Ensures the rendering also works away from the 0x0 position.
+        ///
+        /// Particularly of note is that an emoji that is truncated will not overwrite the
+        /// characters that are already in the buffer. This is inentional (consider how a line
+        /// that is rendered on a border should not overwrite the border with a partial emoji).
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::left(Alignment::Left, "XXa🦀bcXXX")]
+        #[case::center(Alignment::Center, "XX🦀bc🦀XX")]
+        #[case::right(Alignment::Right, "XXXbc🦀dXX")]
+        fn render_truncates_away_from_0x0(#[case] alignment: Alignment, #[case] expected: &str) {
+            let line = Line::from(vec![Span::raw("a🦀b"), Span::raw("c🦀d")]).alignment(alignment);
+            // Fill buffer with stuff to ensure the output is indeed padded
+            let mut buf = Buffer::filled(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 1), Cell::new("X"));
+            let area = Rect::new(2, 0, 6, 1);
+            line.render_ref(area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
+        }
+
+        /// When two spans are rendered after each other the first needs to be padded in accordance
+        /// to the skipped unicode width. In this case the first crab does not fit at width 6 which
+        /// takes a front white space.
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::right_4(4, "c🦀d")]
+        #[case::right_5(5, "bc🦀d")]
+        #[case::right_6(6, "Xbc🦀d")]
+        #[case::right_7(7, "🦀bc🦀d")]
+        #[case::right_8(8, "a🦀bc🦀d")]
+        fn render_right_aligned_multi_span(#[case] buf_width: u16, #[case] expected: &str) {
+            let line = Line::from(vec![Span::raw("a🦀b"), Span::raw("c🦀d")]).right_aligned();
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, buf_width, 1);
+            // Fill buffer with stuff to ensure the output is indeed padded
+            let mut buf = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::new("X"));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
+        }
+
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
+        ///
+        /// Flag emoji are actually two independent characters, so they can be truncated in the
+        /// middle of the emoji. This test documents just the emoji part of the test.
+        #[test]
+        fn flag_emoji() {
+            let str = "🇺🇸1234";
+            assert_eq!(str.len(), 12); // flag is 4 bytes
+            assert_eq!(str.chars().count(), 6); // flag is 2 chars
+            assert_eq!(str.graphemes(true).count(), 5); // flag is 1 grapheme
+            assert_eq!(str.width(), 6); // flag is 2 display width
+        }
+
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::flag_1(1, " ")]
+        #[case::flag_2(2, "🇺🇸")]
+        #[case::flag_3(3, "🇺🇸1")]
+        #[case::flag_4(4, "🇺🇸12")]
+        #[case::flag_5(5, "🇺🇸123")]
+        #[case::flag_6(6, "🇺🇸1234")]
+        #[case::flag_7(7, "🇺🇸1234 ")]
+        fn render_truncates_flag(#[case] buf_width: u16, #[case] expected: &str) {
+            let line = Line::from("🇺🇸1234");
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, buf_width, 1));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
+        }
+
+        // Buffer width is `u16`. A line can be longer.
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::left(Alignment::Left, "This is some content with a some")]
+        #[case::right(Alignment::Right, "horribly long Line over u16::MAX")]
+        fn render_truncates_very_long_line_of_many_spans(
+            #[case] alignment: Alignment,
+            #[case] expected: &str,
+        ) {
+            let part = "This is some content with a somewhat long width to be repeated over and over again to create horribly long Line over u16::MAX";
+            let min_width = usize::from(u16::MAX).saturating_add(1);
+
+            // width == len as only ASCII is used here
+            let factor = min_width.div_ceil(part.len());
+
+            let line = Line::from(vec![Span::raw(part); factor]).alignment(alignment);
+
+            dbg!(line.width());
+            assert!(line.width() >= min_width);
+
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 32, 1));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
+        }
+
+        // Buffer width is `u16`. A single span inside a line can be longer.
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case::left(Alignment::Left, "This is some content with a some")]
+        #[case::right(Alignment::Right, "horribly long Line over u16::MAX")]
+        fn render_truncates_very_long_single_span_line(
+            #[case] alignment: Alignment,
+            #[case] expected: &str,
+        ) {
+            let part = "This is some content with a somewhat long width to be repeated over and over again to create horribly long Line over u16::MAX";
+            let min_width = usize::from(u16::MAX).saturating_add(1);
+
+            // width == len as only ASCII is used here
+            let factor = min_width.div_ceil(part.len());
+
+            let line = Line::from(vec![Span::raw(part.repeat(factor))]).alignment(alignment);
+
+            dbg!(line.width());
+            assert!(line.width() >= min_width);
+
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 32, 1));
+            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
         }
     }
 

src/text/masked.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-use std::{
-    borrow::Cow,
-    fmt::{self, Debug, Display},
-};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 
 use super::Text;
 
@@ -19,7 +16,7 @@ use super::Text;
 /// let password = Masked::new("12345", 'x');
 ///
 /// Paragraph::new(password).render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-/// assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["xxxxx"]));
+/// assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["xxxxx"]));
 /// ```
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Masked<'a> {
@@ -46,17 +43,18 @@ impl<'a> Masked<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Debug for Masked<'_> {
+impl fmt::Debug for Masked<'_> {
     /// Debug representation of a masked string is the underlying string
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        Display::fmt(&self.inner, f)
+        // note that calling display instead of Debug here is intentional
+        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.inner, f)
     }
 }
 
-impl Display for Masked<'_> {
+impl fmt::Display for Masked<'_> {
     /// Display representation of a masked string is the masked string
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        Display::fmt(&self.value(), f)
+        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.value(), f)
     }
 }
 
@@ -112,12 +110,14 @@ mod tests {
     fn debug() {
         let masked = Masked::new("12345", 'x');
         assert_eq!(format!("{masked:?}"), "12345");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{masked:.3?}"), "123", "Debug truncates");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn display() {
         let masked = Masked::new("12345", 'x');
         assert_eq!(format!("{masked}"), "xxxxx");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{masked:.3}"), "xxx", "Display truncates");
     }
 
     #[test]

src/text/span.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt::Debug};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 
 use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
-use super::StyledGrapheme;
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
 
 /// Represents a part of a line that is contiguous and where all characters share the same style.
 ///
@@ -363,46 +362,59 @@ impl Widget for Span<'_> {
 
 impl WidgetRef for Span<'_> {
     fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let area = area.intersection(buf.area);
-        let Rect {
-            x: mut current_x,
-            y,
-            width,
-            ..
-        } = area;
-        let max_x = Ord::min(current_x.saturating_add(width), buf.area.right());
-        for g in self.styled_graphemes(Style::default()) {
-            let symbol_width = g.symbol.width();
-            let next_x = current_x.saturating_add(symbol_width as u16);
-            if next_x > max_x {
+        let Rect { mut x, y, .. } = area.intersection(buf.area);
+        for (i, grapheme) in self.styled_graphemes(Style::default()).enumerate() {
+            let symbol_width = grapheme.symbol.width();
+            let next_x = x.saturating_add(symbol_width as u16);
+            if next_x > area.intersection(buf.area).right() {
                 break;
             }
-            buf.get_mut(current_x, y)
-                .set_symbol(g.symbol)
-                .set_style(g.style);
+
+            if i == 0 {
+                // the first grapheme is always set on the cell
+                buf.get_mut(x, y)
+                    .set_symbol(grapheme.symbol)
+                    .set_style(grapheme.style);
+            } else if x == area.x {
+                // there is one or more zero-width graphemes in the first cell, so the first cell
+                // must be appended to.
+                buf.get_mut(x, y)
+                    .append_symbol(grapheme.symbol)
+                    .set_style(grapheme.style);
+            } else if symbol_width == 0 {
+                // append zero-width graphemes to the previous cell
+                buf.get_mut(x - 1, y)
+                    .append_symbol(grapheme.symbol)
+                    .set_style(grapheme.style);
+            } else {
+                // just a normal grapheme (not first, not zero-width, not overflowing the area)
+                buf.get_mut(x, y)
+                    .set_symbol(grapheme.symbol)
+                    .set_style(grapheme.style);
+            }
 
             // multi-width graphemes must clear the cells of characters that are hidden by the
             // grapheme, otherwise the hidden characters will be re-rendered if the grapheme is
             // overwritten.
-            for i in (current_x + 1)..next_x {
-                buf.get_mut(i, y).reset();
+            for x_hidden in (x + 1)..next_x {
                 // it may seem odd that the style of the hidden cells are not set to the style of
                 // the grapheme, but this is how the existing buffer.set_span() method works.
-                // buf.get_mut(i, y).set_style(g.style);
+                buf.get_mut(x_hidden, y).reset();
             }
-            current_x = next_x;
+            x = next_x;
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for Span<'_> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}", &self.content)
+impl fmt::Display for Span<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.content, f)
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use buffer::Cell;
     use rstest::fixture;
 
     use super::*;
@@ -529,15 +541,15 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn display_span() {
         let span = Span::raw("test content");
-
         assert_eq!(format!("{span}"), "test content");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{span:.4}"), "test");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn display_styled_span() {
         let stylized_span = Span::styled("stylized test content", Style::new().green());
-
         assert_eq!(format!("{stylized_span}"), "stylized test content");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{stylized_span:.8}"), "stylized");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -565,7 +577,6 @@ mod tests {
         use rstest::rstest;
 
         use super::*;
-        use crate::assert_buffer_eq;
 
         #[test]
         fn render() {
@@ -573,12 +584,11 @@ mod tests {
             let span = Span::styled("test content", style);
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
             span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![Line::from(vec![
+            let expected = Buffer::with_lines([Line::from(vec![
                 "test content".green().on_yellow(),
                 "   ".into(),
             ])]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
 
         #[rstest]
@@ -598,10 +608,11 @@ mod tests {
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 1));
             span.render(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1), &mut buf);
 
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![Line::from("test      ")]);
-            expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1), (Color::Green, Color::Yellow));
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            let expected = Buffer::with_lines([Line::from(vec![
+                "test ".green().on_yellow(),
+                "     ".into(),
+            ])]);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
 
         /// When there is already a style set on the buffer, the style of the span should be
@@ -613,12 +624,11 @@ mod tests {
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
             buf.set_style(buf.area, Style::new().italic());
             span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![Line::from(vec![
+            let expected = Buffer::with_lines([Line::from(vec![
                 "test content".green().on_yellow().italic(),
                 "   ".italic(),
             ])]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
 
         /// When the span contains a multi-width grapheme, the grapheme will ensure that the cells
@@ -629,12 +639,11 @@ mod tests {
             let span = Span::styled("test 😃 content", style);
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
             span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-
             // The existing code in buffer.set_line() handles multi-width graphemes by clearing the
             // cells of the hidden characters. This test ensures that the existing behavior is
             // preserved.
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["test 😃 content".green().on_yellow()]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(["test 😃 content".green().on_yellow()]);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
 
         /// When the span contains a multi-width grapheme that does not fit in the area passed to
@@ -647,11 +656,9 @@ mod tests {
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1));
             span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
 
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![Line::from(vec![
-                "test ".green().on_yellow(),
-                " ".into(),
-            ])]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            let expected =
+                Buffer::with_lines([Line::from(vec!["test ".green().on_yellow(), " ".into()])]);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
 
         /// When the area passed to render overflows the buffer, the content should be truncated
@@ -663,11 +670,78 @@ mod tests {
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 1));
             span.render(Rect::new(10, 0, 20, 1), &mut buf);
 
-            let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![Line::from(vec![
+            let expected = Buffer::with_lines([Line::from(vec![
                 "          ".into(),
                 "test ".green().on_yellow(),
             ])]);
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_first_zero_width() {
+            let span = Span::raw("\u{200B}abc");
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1));
+            span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(
+                buf.content(),
+                [Cell::new("\u{200B}a"), Cell::new("b"), Cell::new("c"),]
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_second_zero_width() {
+            let span = Span::raw("a\u{200B}bc");
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1));
+            span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(
+                buf.content(),
+                [Cell::new("a\u{200B}"), Cell::new("b"), Cell::new("c")]
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_middle_zero_width() {
+            let span = Span::raw("ab\u{200B}c");
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1));
+            span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(
+                buf.content(),
+                [Cell::new("a"), Cell::new("b\u{200B}"), Cell::new("c")]
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_last_zero_width() {
+            let span = Span::raw("abc\u{200B}");
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1));
+            span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(
+                buf.content(),
+                [Cell::new("a"), Cell::new("b"), Cell::new("c\u{200B}")]
+            );
         }
     }
+
+    /// Regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1160> One line contains
+    /// some Unicode Left-Right-Marks (U+200E)
+    ///
+    /// The issue was that a zero-width character at the end of the buffer causes the buffer bounds
+    /// to be exceeded (due to a position + 1 calculation that fails to account for the possibility
+    /// that the next position might not be available).
+    #[test]
+    fn issue_1160() {
+        let span = Span::raw("Hello\u{200E}");
+        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
+        span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(
+            buf.content(),
+            [
+                Cell::new("H"),
+                Cell::new("e"),
+                Cell::new("l"),
+                Cell::new("l"),
+                Cell::new("o\u{200E}"),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
 }

src/text/text.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 #![warn(missing_docs)]
-use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 
 use itertools::{Itertools, Position};
 
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
 
 /// A string split over one or more lines.
 ///
@@ -580,8 +580,8 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for Text<'_> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+impl fmt::Display for Text<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         for (position, line) in self.iter().with_position() {
             if position == Position::Last {
                 write!(f, "{line}")?;
@@ -962,19 +962,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     mod widget {
         use super::*;
-        use crate::assert_buffer_eq;
 
         #[test]
         fn render() {
             let text = Text::from("foo");
-
             let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
             text.render(area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected_buf = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["foo  "]);
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected_buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["foo  "]));
         }
 
         #[rstest]
@@ -987,40 +982,28 @@ mod tests {
         #[test]
         fn render_right_aligned() {
             let text = Text::from("foo").alignment(Alignment::Right);
-
             let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
             text.render(area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected_buf = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["  foo"]);
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected_buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["  foo"]));
         }
 
         #[test]
         fn render_centered_odd() {
             let text = Text::from("foo").alignment(Alignment::Center);
-
             let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
             text.render(area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected_buf = Buffer::with_lines(vec![" foo "]);
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected_buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([" foo "]));
         }
 
         #[test]
         fn render_centered_even() {
             let text = Text::from("foo").alignment(Alignment::Center);
-
             let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1);
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
             text.render(area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected_buf = Buffer::with_lines(vec![" foo  "]);
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected_buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([" foo  "]));
         }
 
         #[test]
@@ -1030,14 +1013,10 @@ mod tests {
                 Line::from("bar").alignment(Alignment::Center),
             ])
             .alignment(Alignment::Right);
-
             let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 2);
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
             text.render(area, &mut buf);
-
-            let expected_buf = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["  foo", " bar "]);
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected_buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["  foo", " bar "]));
         }
 
         #[test]
@@ -1046,10 +1025,9 @@ mod tests {
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
             Text::from("foo".on_blue()).render(area, &mut buf);
 
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["foo  "]);
+            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["foo  "]);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1), Style::new().bg(Color::Blue));
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
 
         #[test]
@@ -1057,10 +1035,9 @@ mod tests {
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1));
             Text::from("foobar".on_blue()).render(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1), &mut buf);
 
-            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["foo   "]);
+            let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["foo   "]);
             expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1), Style::new().bg(Color::Blue));
-
-            assert_buffer_eq!(buf, expected);
+            assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
     }
 

src/widgets.rs

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pub use self::{
     table::{Cell, HighlightSpacing, Row, Table, TableState},
     tabs::Tabs,
 };
-use crate::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect};
+use crate::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, style::Style};
 
 /// A `Widget` is a type that can be drawn on a [`Buffer`] in a given [`Rect`].
 ///
@@ -248,6 +248,7 @@ pub trait StatefulWidget {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
+/// # #[cfg(feature = "unstable-widget-ref")] {
 /// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 ///
 /// struct Greeting;
@@ -294,6 +295,7 @@ pub trait StatefulWidget {
 ///     widget.render_ref(area, buf);
 /// }
 /// # }
+/// # }
 /// ```
 #[stability::unstable(feature = "widget-ref")]
 pub trait WidgetRef {
@@ -321,6 +323,7 @@ impl<W: WidgetRef> Widget for &W {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
+/// # #[cfg(feature = "unstable-widget-ref")] {
 /// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 ///
 /// struct Parent {
@@ -340,6 +343,7 @@ impl<W: WidgetRef> Widget for &W {
 ///         self.child.render_ref(area, buf);
 ///     }
 /// }
+/// # }
 /// ```
 impl<W: WidgetRef> WidgetRef for Option<W> {
     fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
@@ -368,6 +372,7 @@ impl<W: WidgetRef> WidgetRef for Option<W> {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
+/// # #[cfg(feature = "unstable-widget-ref")] {
 /// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 ///
 /// struct PersonalGreeting;
@@ -386,10 +391,11 @@ impl<W: WidgetRef> WidgetRef for Option<W> {
 ///     }
 /// }
 ///
-/// # fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-/// let widget = PersonalGreeting;
-/// let mut state = "world".to_string();
-/// widget.render(area, buf, &mut state);
+/// fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+///     let widget = PersonalGreeting;
+///     let mut state = "world".to_string();
+///     widget.render(area, buf, &mut state);
+/// }
 /// # }
 /// ```
 #[stability::unstable(feature = "widget-ref")]
@@ -438,7 +444,7 @@ impl Widget for &str {
 /// [`Rect`].
 impl WidgetRef for &str {
     fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        buf.set_string(area.x, area.y, self, crate::style::Style::default());
+        buf.set_stringn(area.x, area.y, self, area.width as usize, Style::new());
     }
 }
 
@@ -459,7 +465,7 @@ impl Widget for String {
 /// without the need to give up ownership of the underlying text.
 impl WidgetRef for String {
     fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        buf.set_string(area.x, area.y, self, crate::style::Style::default());
+        buf.set_stringn(area.x, area.y, self, area.width as usize, Style::new());
     }
 }
 
@@ -468,92 +474,81 @@ mod tests {
     use rstest::{fixture, rstest};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::prelude::*;
-
-    struct Greeting;
-    struct Farewell;
-    struct PersonalGreeting;
-
-    impl Widget for Greeting {
-        fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-            self.render_ref(area, buf);
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl WidgetRef for Greeting {
-        fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-            Line::from("Hello").render(area, buf);
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl Widget for Farewell {
-        fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-            self.render_ref(area, buf);
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl WidgetRef for Farewell {
-        fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-            Line::from("Goodbye").right_aligned().render(area, buf);
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl StatefulWidget for PersonalGreeting {
-        type State = String;
-        fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State) {
-            self.render_ref(area, buf, state);
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl StatefulWidgetRef for PersonalGreeting {
-        type State = String;
-        fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State) {
-            Line::from(format!("Hello {state}")).render(area, buf);
-        }
-    }
+    use crate::text::Line;
 
     #[fixture]
     fn buf() -> Buffer {
         Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 1))
     }
 
-    #[rstest]
-    fn widget_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        let widget = Greeting;
-        widget.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello               "]));
-    }
+    mod widget {
+        use super::*;
 
-    #[rstest]
-    fn widget_ref_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        let widget = Greeting;
-        widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello               "]));
-    }
+        struct Greeting;
 
-    /// This test is to ensure that the blanket implementation of `Widget` for `&W` where `W`
-    /// implements `WidgetRef` works as expected.
-    #[rstest]
-    fn widget_blanket_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        let widget = &Greeting;
-        widget.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello               "]));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    fn widget_box_render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        let widget: Box<dyn WidgetRef> = Box::new(Greeting);
-        widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello               "]));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    fn widget_vec_box_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        let widgets: Vec<Box<dyn WidgetRef>> = vec![Box::new(Greeting), Box::new(Farewell)];
-        for widget in widgets {
-            widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        impl Widget for Greeting {
+            fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+                Line::from("Hello").render(area, buf);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            let widget = Greeting;
+            widget.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello               "]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    mod widget_ref {
+        use super::*;
+
+        struct Greeting;
+        struct Farewell;
+
+        impl WidgetRef for Greeting {
+            fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+                Line::from("Hello").render(area, buf);
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl WidgetRef for Farewell {
+            fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+                Line::from("Goodbye").right_aligned().render(area, buf);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            let widget = Greeting;
+            widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello               "]));
+        }
+
+        /// Ensure that the blanket implementation of `Widget` for `&W` where `W` implements
+        /// `WidgetRef` works as expected.
+        #[rstest]
+        fn blanket_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            let widget = &Greeting;
+            widget.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello               "]));
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn box_render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            let widget: Box<dyn WidgetRef> = Box::new(Greeting);
+            widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello               "]));
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn vec_box_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            let widgets: Vec<Box<dyn WidgetRef>> = vec![Box::new(Greeting), Box::new(Farewell)];
+            for widget in widgets {
+                widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            }
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello        Goodbye"]));
         }
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello        Goodbye"]));
     }
 
     #[fixture]
@@ -561,98 +556,157 @@ mod tests {
         "world".to_string()
     }
 
-    #[rstest]
-    fn stateful_widget_render(mut buf: Buffer, mut state: String) {
-        let widget = PersonalGreeting;
-        widget.render(buf.area, &mut buf, &mut state);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello world         "]));
+    mod stateful_widget {
+        use super::*;
+
+        struct PersonalGreeting;
+
+        impl StatefulWidget for PersonalGreeting {
+            type State = String;
+            fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State) {
+                Line::from(format!("Hello {state}")).render(area, buf);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render(mut buf: Buffer, mut state: String) {
+            let widget = PersonalGreeting;
+            widget.render(buf.area, &mut buf, &mut state);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello world         "]));
+        }
     }
 
-    #[rstest]
-    fn stateful_widget_ref_render(mut buf: Buffer, mut state: String) {
-        let widget = PersonalGreeting;
-        widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf, &mut state);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello world         "]));
+    mod stateful_widget_ref {
+        use super::*;
+
+        struct PersonalGreeting;
+
+        impl StatefulWidgetRef for PersonalGreeting {
+            type State = String;
+            fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State) {
+                Line::from(format!("Hello {state}")).render(area, buf);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render_ref(mut buf: Buffer, mut state: String) {
+            let widget = PersonalGreeting;
+            widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf, &mut state);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello world         "]));
+        }
+
+        // Note this cannot be tested until the blanket implementation of StatefulWidget for &W
+        // where W implements StatefulWidgetRef is added. (see the comment in the blanket
+        // implementation for more).
+        // /// This test is to ensure that the blanket implementation of `StatefulWidget` for `&W`
+        // where /// `W` implements `StatefulWidgetRef` works as expected.
+        // #[rstest]
+        // fn stateful_widget_blanket_render(mut buf: Buffer, mut state: String) {
+        //     let widget = &PersonalGreeting;
+        //     widget.render(buf.area, &mut buf, &mut state);
+        //     assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello world         "]));
+        // }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn box_render_render(mut buf: Buffer, mut state: String) {
+            let widget = Box::new(PersonalGreeting);
+            widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf, &mut state);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello world         "]));
+        }
     }
 
-    // Note this cannot be tested until the blanket implementation of StatefulWidget for &W where W
-    // implements StatefulWidgetRef is added. (see the comment in the blanket implementation for
-    // more).
-    // /// This test is to ensure that the blanket implementation of `StatefulWidget` for `&W` where
-    // /// `W` implements `StatefulWidgetRef` works as expected.
-    // #[rstest]
-    // fn stateful_widget_blanket_render(mut buf: Buffer, mut state: String) {
-    //     let widget = &PersonalGreeting;
-    //     widget.render(buf.area, &mut buf, &mut state);
-    //     assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello world         "]));
-    // }
+    mod option_widget_ref {
+        use super::*;
 
-    #[rstest]
-    fn stateful_widget_box_render(mut buf: Buffer, mut state: String) {
-        let widget = Box::new(PersonalGreeting);
-        widget.render(buf.area, &mut buf, &mut state);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello world         "]));
+        struct Greeting;
+
+        impl WidgetRef for Greeting {
+            fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+                Line::from("Hello").render(area, buf);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render_ref_some(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            let widget = Some(Greeting);
+            widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello               "]));
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render_ref_none(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            let widget: Option<Greeting> = None;
+            widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["                    "]));
+        }
     }
 
-    #[rstest]
-    fn widget_option_render_ref_some(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        let widget = Some(Greeting);
-        widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello               "]));
+    mod str {
+        use super::*;
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            "hello world".render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render_area(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            let area = Rect::new(buf.area.x, buf.area.y, 11, buf.area.height);
+            "hello world, just hello".render(area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            "hello world".render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn option_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            Some("hello world").render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        fn option_render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            Some("hello world").render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+        }
     }
 
-    #[rstest]
-    fn widget_option_render_ref_none(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        let widget: Option<Greeting> = None;
-        widget.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["                    "]));
-    }
+    mod string {
+        use super::*;
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            String::from("hello world").render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+        }
 
-    #[rstest]
-    fn str_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        "hello world".render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
-    }
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render_area(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            let area = Rect::new(buf.area.x, buf.area.y, 11, buf.area.height);
+            String::from("hello world, just hello").render(area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+        }
 
-    #[rstest]
-    fn str_render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        "hello world".render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
-    }
+        #[rstest]
+        fn render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            String::from("hello world").render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+        }
 
-    #[rstest]
-    fn str_option_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        Some("hello world").render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
-    }
+        #[rstest]
+        fn option_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            Some(String::from("hello world")).render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+        }
 
-    #[rstest]
-    fn str_option_render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        Some("hello world").render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    fn string_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        String::from("hello world").render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    fn string_render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        String::from("hello world").render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    fn string_option_render(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        Some(String::from("hello world")).render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    fn string_option_render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
-        Some(String::from("hello world")).render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]),);
+        #[rstest]
+        fn option_render_ref(mut buf: Buffer) {
+            Some(String::from("hello world")).render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+        }
     }
 }

src/widgets/barchart.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{prelude::*, widgets::Block};
+use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, widgets::Block};
 
 mod bar;
 mod bar_group;
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub use bar_group::BarGroup;
 /// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 ///
 /// BarChart::default()
-///     .block(Block::default().title("BarChart").borders(Borders::ALL))
+///     .block(Block::bordered().title("BarChart"))
 ///     .bar_width(3)
 ///     .bar_gap(1)
 ///     .group_gap(3)
@@ -615,151 +615,140 @@ mod tests {
     use itertools::iproduct;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{
-        assert_buffer_eq,
-        widgets::{BorderType, Borders},
-    };
+    use crate::widgets::BorderType;
 
     #[test]
     fn default() {
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 3));
         let widget = BarChart::default();
         widget.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["          "; 3]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["          "; 3]));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn data() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 3));
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 3));
         let widget = BarChart::default().data(&[("foo", 1), ("bar", 2)]);
         widget.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "  █            ",
-                "1 2            ",
-                "f b            ",
-            ])
-        );
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "  █       ",
+            "1 2       ",
+            "f b       ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn block() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 5));
-        let block = Block::default()
-            .title("Block")
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 5));
+        let block = Block::bordered()
             .border_type(BorderType::Double)
-            .borders(Borders::ALL);
+            .title("Block");
         let widget = BarChart::default()
             .data(&[("foo", 1), ("bar", 2)])
             .block(block);
         widget.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "╔Block════════╗",
-                "║  █          ║",
-                "║1 2          ║",
-                "║f b          ║",
-                "╚═════════════╝",
-            ])
-        );
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "╔Block═══╗",
+            "║  █     ║",
+            "║1 2     ║",
+            "║f b     ║",
+            "╚════════╝",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn max() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 3));
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 3));
         let without_max = BarChart::default().data(&[("foo", 1), ("bar", 2), ("baz", 100)]);
         without_max.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "    █          ",
-                "    █          ",
-                "f b b          ",
-            ])
-        );
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "    █     ",
+            "    █     ",
+            "f b b     ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
         let with_max = BarChart::default()
             .data(&[("foo", 1), ("bar", 2), ("baz", 100)])
             .max(2);
         with_max.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "  █ █          ",
-                "1 2 █          ",
-                "f b b          ",
-            ])
-        );
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "  █ █     ",
+            "1 2 █     ",
+            "f b b     ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn bar_style() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 3));
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 3));
         let widget = BarChart::default()
             .data(&[("foo", 1), ("bar", 2)])
             .bar_style(Style::new().red());
         widget.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "  █            ",
-            "1 2            ",
-            "f b            ",
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "  █       ",
+            "1 2       ",
+            "f b       ",
         ]);
         for (x, y) in iproduct!([0, 2], [0, 1]) {
             expected.get_mut(x, y).set_fg(Color::Red);
         }
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn bar_width() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 3));
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 3));
         let widget = BarChart::default()
             .data(&[("foo", 1), ("bar", 2)])
             .bar_width(3);
         widget.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "    ███        ",
-                "█1█ █2█        ",
-                "foo bar        ",
-            ])
-        );
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "    ███   ",
+            "█1█ █2█   ",
+            "foo bar   ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn bar_gap() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 3));
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 3));
         let widget = BarChart::default()
             .data(&[("foo", 1), ("bar", 2)])
             .bar_gap(2);
         widget.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "   █           ",
-                "1  2           ",
-                "f  b           ",
-            ])
-        );
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "   █      ",
+            "1  2      ",
+            "f  b      ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn bar_set() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 3));
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 3));
         let widget = BarChart::default()
             .data(&[("foo", 0), ("bar", 1), ("baz", 3)])
             .bar_set(symbols::bar::THREE_LEVELS);
         widget.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "    █          ",
-                "  ▄ 3          ",
-                "f b b          ",
-            ])
-        );
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "    █     ",
+            "  ▄ 3     ",
+            "f b b     ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -779,67 +768,68 @@ mod tests {
             ])
             .bar_set(symbols::bar::NINE_LEVELS);
         widget.render(Rect::new(0, 1, 18, 2), &mut buffer);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "                  ",
-                "  ▁ ▂ ▃ ▄ ▅ ▆ ▇ 8 ",
-                "a b c d e f g h i ",
-            ])
-        );
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "                  ",
+            "  ▁ ▂ ▃ ▄ ▅ ▆ ▇ 8 ",
+            "a b c d e f g h i ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn value_style() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 3));
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 3));
         let widget = BarChart::default()
             .data(&[("foo", 1), ("bar", 2)])
             .bar_width(3)
             .value_style(Style::new().red());
         widget.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "    ███        ",
-            "█1█ █2█        ",
-            "foo bar        ",
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "    ███   ",
+            "█1█ █2█   ",
+            "foo bar   ",
         ]);
         expected.get_mut(1, 1).set_fg(Color::Red);
         expected.get_mut(5, 1).set_fg(Color::Red);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn label_style() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 3));
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 3));
         let widget = BarChart::default()
             .data(&[("foo", 1), ("bar", 2)])
             .label_style(Style::new().red());
         widget.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "  █            ",
-            "1 2            ",
-            "f b            ",
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "  █       ",
+            "1 2       ",
+            "f b       ",
         ]);
         expected.get_mut(0, 2).set_fg(Color::Red);
         expected.get_mut(2, 2).set_fg(Color::Red);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn style() {
-        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 3));
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 3));
         let widget = BarChart::default()
             .data(&[("foo", 1), ("bar", 2)])
             .style(Style::new().red());
         widget.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "  █            ",
-            "1 2            ",
-            "f b            ",
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "  █       ",
+            "1 2       ",
+            "f b       ",
         ]);
-        for (x, y) in iproduct!(0..15, 0..3) {
+        for (x, y) in iproduct!(0..10, 0..3) {
             expected.get_mut(x, y).set_fg(Color::Red);
         }
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -865,8 +855,13 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 3));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["  █", "1 2", "G  "]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "  █",
+            "1 2",
+            "G  ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     fn build_test_barchart<'a>() -> BarChart<'a> {
@@ -892,7 +887,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 8));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "2█   ",
             "3██  ",
             "4███ ",
@@ -902,8 +897,7 @@ mod tests {
             "5████",
             "G2   ",
         ]);
-
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -912,7 +906,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 7));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "2█   ",
             "3██  ",
             "4███ ",
@@ -921,8 +915,7 @@ mod tests {
             "4███ ",
             "5████",
         ]);
-
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -931,9 +924,15 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["2█   ", "3██  ", "4███ ", "G1   ", "3██  "]);
-
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "2█   ",
+            "3██  ",
+            "4███ ",
+            "G1   ",
+            "3██  ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     fn test_horizontal_bars_label_width_greater_than_bar(bar_color: Option<Color>) {
@@ -956,7 +955,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 2));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
 
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["label", "5████"]);
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["label", "5████"]);
 
         // first line has a yellow foreground. first cell contains italic "5"
         expected.get_mut(0, 1).modifier.insert(Modifier::ITALIC);
@@ -964,11 +963,7 @@ mod tests {
             expected.get_mut(x, 1).set_fg(Color::Yellow);
         }
 
-        let expected_color = if let Some(color) = bar_color {
-            color
-        } else {
-            Color::Yellow
-        };
+        let expected_color = bar_color.unwrap_or(Color::Yellow);
 
         // second line contains the word "label". Since the bar value is 2,
         // then the first 2 characters of "label" are italic red.
@@ -981,7 +976,7 @@ mod tests {
         expected.get_mut(3, 0).set_fg(expected_color);
         expected.get_mut(4, 0).set_fg(expected_color);
 
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1004,9 +999,13 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 3));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["Jan 10█   ", "Feb 20████", "Mar 5     "]);
-
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "Jan 10█   ",
+            "Feb 20████",
+            "Mar 5     ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1027,13 +1026,13 @@ mod tests {
         // G1 should have the bold red style
         // bold: because of BarChart::label_style
         // red: is included with the label itself
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["2████", "G1   "]);
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["2████", "G1   "]);
         let cell = expected.get_mut(0, 1).set_fg(Color::Red);
         cell.modifier.insert(Modifier::BOLD);
         let cell = expected.get_mut(1, 1).set_fg(Color::Red);
         cell.modifier.insert(Modifier::BOLD);
 
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1050,17 +1049,14 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 13, 5));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "    ▂ █     ▂",
-                "  ▄ █ █   ▄ █",
-                "▆ 2 3 4 ▆ 2 3",
-                "a b c c a b c",
-                "  G1     G2  ",
-            ])
-        );
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "    ▂ █     ▂",
+            "  ▄ █ █   ▄ █",
+            "▆ 2 3 4 ▆ 2 3",
+            "a b c c a b c",
+            "  G1     G2  ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1073,9 +1069,13 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 3));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["  █", "▆ 5", "  G"]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "  █",
+            "▆ 5",
+            "  G",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1098,15 +1098,14 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 11, 5));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
             "    ▆▆▆ ███",
             "    ███ ███",
             "▃▃▃ ███ ███",
             "写█ 写█ 写█",
             "B1  B2  B2 ",
         ]);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, expected);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1118,7 +1117,7 @@ mod tests {
             .bar_gap(0);
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 0, 10));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 0, 10)));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 0, 10)));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1143,8 +1142,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 17, 1));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-
-        assert_buffer_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(vec!["  ▁ ▂ ▃ ▄ ▅ ▆ ▇ 8"]));
+        assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["  ▁ ▂ ▃ ▄ ▅ ▆ ▇ 8"]));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1169,15 +1167,12 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 17, 3));
         chart.render(Rect::new(0, 1, buffer.area.width, 2), &mut buffer);
-
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "                 ",
-                "  ▁ ▂ ▃ ▄ ▅ ▆ ▇ 8",
-                "a b c d e f g h i",
-            ])
-        );
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "                 ",
+            "  ▁ ▂ ▃ ▄ ▅ ▆ ▇ 8",
+            "a b c d e f g h i",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1202,15 +1197,12 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 17, 3));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "  ▁ ▂ ▃ ▄ ▅ ▆ ▇ 8",
-                "a b c d e f g h i",
-                "      Group      ",
-            ])
-        );
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "  ▁ ▂ ▃ ▄ ▅ ▆ ▇ 8",
+            "a b c d e f g h i",
+            "      Group      ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1235,15 +1227,12 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 26, 3));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "   1▁ 2▂ 3▃ 4▄ 5▅ 6▆ 7▇ 8█",
-                "a  b  c  d  e  f  g  h  i ",
-                "          Group           ",
-            ])
-        );
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "   1▁ 2▂ 3▃ 4▄ 5▅ 6▆ 7▇ 8█",
+            "a  b  c  d  e  f  g  h  i ",
+            "          Group           ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1268,16 +1257,13 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 17, 4));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "          ▂ ▄ ▆ █",
-                "  ▂ ▄ ▆ 4 5 6 7 8",
-                "a b c d e f g h i",
-                "      Group      ",
-            ])
-        );
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "          ▂ ▄ ▆ █",
+            "  ▂ ▄ ▆ 4 5 6 7 8",
+            "a b c d e f g h i",
+            "      Group      ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1300,15 +1286,12 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 17, 3));
         chart.render(Rect::new(0, 1, buffer.area.width, 2), &mut buffer);
-
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "                 ",
-                "  ▁ ▂ ▃ ▄ ▅ ▆ ▇ 8",
-                "      Group      ",
-            ])
-        );
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "                 ",
+            "  ▁ ▂ ▃ ▄ ▅ ▆ ▇ 8",
+            "      Group      ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1319,13 +1302,9 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 59, 1));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "        ▁ ▁ ▁ ▁ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▅ ▅ ▅ ▆ ▆ ▆ ▆ ▇ ▇ ▇ █",
-            ])
-        );
+        let expected =
+            Buffer::with_lines(["        ▁ ▁ ▁ ▁ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▅ ▅ ▅ ▆ ▆ ▆ ▆ ▇ ▇ ▇ █"]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1337,17 +1316,14 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 7, 6));
         chart.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
-
-        assert_buffer_eq!(
-            buffer,
-            Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                "   ██  ",
-                "   ██  ",
-                "▄▄ ██  ",
-                "██ ██  ",
-                "1█ 2█  ",
-                "a  b   ",
-            ])
-        );
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "   ██  ",
+            "   ██  ",
+            "▄▄ ██  ",
+            "██ ██  ",
+            "1█ 2█  ",
+            "a  b   ",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 }

src/widgets/barchart/bar_group.rs

@@ -78,7 +78,8 @@ impl<'a> From<&[(&'a str, u64)]> for BarGroup<'a> {
 
 impl<'a, const N: usize> From<&[(&'a str, u64); N]> for BarGroup<'a> {
     fn from(value: &[(&'a str, u64); N]) -> Self {
-        Self::from(value.as_ref())
+        let value: &[(&'a str, u64)] = value.as_ref();
+        Self::from(value)
     }
 }