perf(table): avoid extra allocations when rendering Table (#1242)

When rendering a `Table` the `Text` stored inside of a `Cell` gets
cloned before rendering. This removes the clone and uses `WidgetRef`
instead, saving us from allocating a `Vec<Line<'_>>` inside `Text`. Also
avoids an allocation when rendering the highlight symbol if it contains
an owned value.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 name: Bug report
 about: Create an issue about a bug you encountered
 title: ''
-labels: bug
+labels: 'Type: Bug'
 assignees: ''
 ---
 
@@ -17,26 +17,22 @@ A detailed and complete issue is more likely to be processed quickly.
 A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
 -->
 
-
 ## To Reproduce
 <!--
 Try to reduce the issue to a simple code sample exhibiting the problem.
 Ideally, fork the project and add a test or an example.
 -->
 
-
 ## Expected behavior
 <!--
 A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
 -->
 
-
 ## Screenshots
 <!--
 If applicable, add screenshots, gifs or videos to help explain your problem.
 -->
 
-
 ## Environment
 <!--
 Add a description of the systems where you are observing the issue. For example:

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 blank_issues_enabled: false
 contact_links:
+  - name: Frequently Asked Questions
+    url: https://ratatui.rs/faq/
+    about: Check the website FAQ section to see if your question has already been answered
+  - name: Ratatui Forum
+    url: https://forum.ratatui.rs
+    about: Ask questions about ratatui on our Forum
   - name: Discord Chat
     url: https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj
     about: Ask questions about ratatui on Discord

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 name: Feature request
 about: Suggest an idea for this project
 title: ''
-labels: enhancement
+labels: 'Type: Enhancement'
 assignees: ''
 
 ---

.github/workflows/check-pr.yml

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ jobs:
             issue_number: context.issue.number,
             owner: context.repo.owner,
             repo: context.repo.repo,
-            labels: ['breaking change']
+            labels: ['Type: Breaking Change']
           })
 
   do-not-merge:

BREAKING-CHANGES.md

@@ -10,6 +10,15 @@ GitHub with a [breaking change] label.
 
 This is a quick summary of the sections below:
 
+- [v0.27.0](#v0270)
+  - List no clamps the selected index to list
+  - Prelude items added / removed
+  - 'termion' updated to 4.0
+  - `Rect::inner` takes `Margin` directly instead of reference
+  - `Buffer::filled` takes `Cell` directly instead of reference
+  - `Stylize::bg()` now accepts `Into<Color>`
+  - Removed deprecated `List::start_corner`
+  - `LineGauge::gauge_style` is deprecated
 - [v0.26.0](#v0260)
   - `Flex::Start` is the new default flex mode for `Layout`
   - `patch_style` & `reset_style` now consume and return `Self`
@@ -47,6 +56,141 @@ This is a quick summary of the sections below:
   - MSRV is now 1.63.0
   - `List` no longer ignores empty strings
 
+## [v0.27.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.27.0)
+
+### List no clamps the selected index to list ([#1159])
+
+[#1149]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1149
+
+The `List` widget now clamps the selected index to the bounds of the list when navigating with
+`first`, `last`, `previous`, and `next`, as well as when setting the index directly with `select`.
+
+Previously selecting an index past the end of the list would show treat the list as having a
+selection which was not visible. Now the last item in the list will be selected instead.
+
+### Prelude items added / removed ([#1149])
+
+The following items have been removed from the prelude:
+
+- `style::Styled` - this trait is useful for widgets that want to
+  support the Stylize trait, but it adds complexity as widgets have two
+  `style` methods and a `set_style` method.
+- `symbols::Marker` - this item is used by code that needs to draw to
+  the `Canvas` widget, but it's not a common item that would be used by
+  most users of the library.
+- `terminal::{CompletedFrame, TerminalOptions, Viewport}` - these items
+  are rarely used by code that needs to interact with the terminal, and
+  they're generally only ever used once in any app.
+
+The following items have been added to the prelude:
+
+- `layout::{Position, Size}` - these items are used by code that needs
+  to interact with the layout system. These are newer items that were
+  added in the last few releases, which should be used more liberally.
+  This may cause conflicts for types defined elsewhere with a similar
+  name.
+
+To update your app:
+
+```diff
+// if your app uses Styled::style() or Styled::set_style():
+-use ratatui::prelude::*;
++use ratatui::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
+
+// if your app uses symbols::Marker:
+-use ratatui::prelude::*;
++use ratatui::{prelude::*, symbols::Marker}
+
+// if your app uses terminal::{CompletedFrame, TerminalOptions, Viewport}
+-use ratatui::prelude::*;
++use ratatui::{prelude::*, terminal::{CompletedFrame, TerminalOptions, Viewport}};
+
+// to disambiguate existing types named Position or Size:
+- use some_crate::{Position, Size};
+- let size: Size = ...;
+- let position: Position = ...;
++ let size: some_crate::Size = ...;
++ let position: some_crate::Position = ...;
+```
+
+### Termion is updated to 4.0 [#1106]
+
+Changelog: <https://gitlab.redox-os.org/redox-os/termion/-/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md>
+
+A change is only necessary if you were matching on all variants of the `MouseEvent` enum without a
+wildcard. In this case, you need to either handle the two new variants, `MouseLeft` and
+`MouseRight`, or add a wildcard.
+
+[#1106]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1106
+
+### `Rect::inner` takes `Margin` directly instead of reference ([#1008])
+
+[#1008]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1008
+
+`Margin` needs to be passed without reference now.
+
+```diff
+-let area = area.inner(&Margin {
++let area = area.inner(Margin {
+     vertical: 0,
+     horizontal: 2,
+ });
+```
+
+### `Buffer::filled` takes `Cell` directly instead of reference ([#1148])
+
+[#1148]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1148
+
+`Buffer::filled` moves the `Cell` instead of taking a reference.
+
+```diff
+-Buffer::filled(area, &Cell::new("X"));
++Buffer::filled(area, Cell::new("X"));
+```
+
+### `Stylize::bg()` now accepts `Into<Color>` ([#1103])
+
+[#1103]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1103
+
+Previously, `Stylize::bg()` accepted `Color` but now accepts `Into<Color>`. This allows more
+flexible types from calling scopes, though it can break some type inference in the calling scope.
+
+### Remove deprecated `List::start_corner` and `layout::Corner` ([#759])
+
+[#759]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/759
+
+`List::start_corner` was deprecated in v0.25. Use `List::direction` and `ListDirection` instead.
+
+```diff
+- list.start_corner(Corner::TopLeft);
+- list.start_corner(Corner::TopRight);
+// This is not an error, BottomRight rendered top to bottom previously
+- list.start_corner(Corner::BottomRight);
+// all becomes
++ list.direction(ListDirection::TopToBottom);
+```
+
+```diff
+- list.start_corner(Corner::BottomLeft);
+// becomes
++ list.direction(ListDirection::BottomToTop);
+```
+
+`layout::Corner` was removed entirely.
+
+### `LineGauge::gauge_style` is deprecated ([#565])
+
+[#565]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1148
+
+`LineGauge::gauge_style` is deprecated and replaced with `LineGauge::filled_style` and `LineGauge::unfilled_style`:
+
+```diff
+let gauge = LineGauge::default()
+- .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red).bg(Color::Blue)
++ .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
++ .unfilled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::White));
+```
+
 ## [v0.26.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.26.0)
 
 ### `Flex::Start` is the new default flex mode for `Layout` ([#881])
@@ -74,7 +218,7 @@ existing layouts with `Flex::Start`. However, to get old behavior, use `Flex::Le
 
 [#774]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/774
 
-Previously, `Table::new()` accepted `IntoIterator<Item=Row<'a>>`.  The argument change to
+Previously, `Table::new()` accepted `IntoIterator<Item=Row<'a>>`. The argument change to
 `IntoIterator<Item: Into<Row<'a>>>`, This allows more flexible types from calling scopes, though it
 can some break type inference in the calling scope for empty containers.
 
@@ -91,7 +235,7 @@ This can be resolved either by providing an explicit type (e.g. `Vec::<Row>::new
 
 [#776]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/776
 
-Previously, `Tabs::new()` accepted `Vec<T>` where `T: Into<Line<'a>>`.  This allows more flexible
+Previously, `Tabs::new()` accepted `Vec<T>` where `T: Into<Line<'a>>`. This allows more flexible
 types from calling scopes, though it can break some type inference in the calling scope.
 
 This typically occurs when collecting an iterator prior to calling `Tabs::new`, and can be resolved
@@ -132,8 +276,6 @@ The following example shows how to migrate for `Line`, but the same applies for
 
 ### Remove deprecated `Block::title_on_bottom` ([#757])
 
-[#757]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/757
-
 `Block::title_on_bottom` was deprecated in v0.22. Use `Block::title` and `Title::position` instead.
 
 ```diff
@@ -389,8 +531,8 @@ The MSRV of ratatui is now 1.67 due to an MSRV update in a dependency (`time`).
 
 [#205]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/205
 
-The `serde` representation of `bitflags` has changed. Any existing serialized types that have Borders or
-Modifiers will need to be re-serialized. This is documented in the [`bitflags`
+The `serde` representation of `bitflags` has changed. Any existing serialized types that have
+Borders or Modifiers will need to be re-serialized. This is documented in the [`bitflags`
 changelog](https://github.com/bitflags/bitflags/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md#200-rc2)..
 
 ## [v0.21.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.21.0)

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,6 +2,379 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 
+## [0.27.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.27.0) - 2024-06-24
+
+In this version, we have focused on enhancing usability and functionality with new features like
+background styles for LineGauge, palette colors, and various other improvements including
+improved performance. Also, we added brand new examples for tracing and creating hyperlinks!
+
+✨ **Release highlights**: <https://ratatui.rs/highlights/v027/>
+
+⚠️ List of breaking changes can be found [here](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/BREAKING-CHANGES.md).
+
+### Features
+
+- [eef1afe](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/eef1afe9155089dca489a9159c368a5ac07e7585) _(linegauge)_ Allow LineGauge background styles by @nowNick in [#565](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/565)
+
+  ```text
+  This PR deprecates `gauge_style` in favor of `filled_style` and
+  `unfilled_style` which can have it's foreground and background styled.
+
+  `cargo run --example=line_gauge --features=crossterm`
+  ```
+
+  https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/assets/5149215/5fb2ce65-8607-478f-8be4-092e08612f5b
+
+  Implements:<https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/424>
+
+- [1365620](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/13656206064b53c7f86f179b570c7769399212a3) _(borders)_ Add FULL and EMPTY border sets by @joshka in [#1182](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1182)
+
+  `border::FULL` uses a full block symbol, while `border::EMPTY` uses an
+  empty space. This is useful for when you need to allocate space for the
+  border and apply the border style to a block without actually drawing a
+  border. This makes it possible to style the entire title area or a block
+  rather than just the title content.
+
+```rust
+use ratatui::{symbols::border, widgets::Block};
+let block = Block::bordered().title("Title").border_set(border::FULL);
+let block = Block::bordered().title("Title").border_set(border::EMPTY);
+```
+
+- [7a48c5b](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/7a48c5b11b3d51b915ccc187d0499b6e0e88b89d) _(cell)_ Add EMPTY and (const) new method by @EdJoPaTo in [#1143](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1143)
+
+  ```text
+  This simplifies calls to `Buffer::filled` in tests.
+  ```
+
+- [3f2f2cd](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/3f2f2cd6abf67a04809ff314025a462a3c2e2446) _(docs)_ Add tracing example by @joshka in [#1192](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1192)
+
+  ```text
+  Add an example that demonstrates logging to a file for:
+  ```
+
+  <https://forum.ratatui.rs/t/how-do-you-println-debug-your-tui-programs/66>
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example tracing
+RUST_LOG=trace cargo run --example=tracing
+cat tracing.log
+```
+
+![Made with VHS](https://vhs.charm.sh/vhs-21jgJCedh2YnFDONw0JW7l.gif)
+
+- [1520ed9](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/1520ed9d106f99580a9e529212e43dac06a2f6d2) _(layout)_ Impl Display for Position and Size by @joshka in [#1162](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1162)
+
+- [46977d8](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/46977d88519d28ccac1c94e171af0c9cca071dbc) _(list)_ Add list navigation methods (first, last, previous, next) by @joshka in [#1159](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1159) [**breaking**]
+
+  ```text
+  Also cleans up the list example significantly (see also
+  <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1157>)
+  ```
+
+  Fixes:<https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1159>
+
+  BREAKING CHANGE:The `List` widget now clamps the selected index to the
+  bounds of the list when navigating with `first`, `last`, `previous`, and
+  `next`, as well as when setting the index directly with `select`.
+
+- [10d7788](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/10d778866edea55207ff3f03d063c9fec619b9c9) _(style)_ Add conversions from the palette crate colors by @joshka in [#1172](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1172)
+
+  ````text
+  This is behind the "palette" feature flag.
+
+  ```rust
+  use palette::{LinSrgb, Srgb};
+  use ratatui::style::Color;
+
+  let color = Color::from(Srgb::new(1.0f32, 0.0, 0.0));
+  let color = Color::from(LinSrgb::new(1.0f32, 0.0, 0.0));
+  ```
+  ````
+
+- [7ef2dae](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/7ef2daee060a7fe964a8de64eafcb6062228e035) _(text)_ support conversion from Display to Span, Line and Text by @orhun in [#1167](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1167)
+
+  ````text
+  Now you can create `Line` and `Text` from numbers like so:
+
+  ```rust
+  let line = 42.to_line();
+  let text = 666.to_text();
+  ```
+  ````
+
+- [74a32af](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/74a32afbaef8851f9462b27094d88d518e56addf) _(uncategorized)_ Re-export backends from the ratatui crate by @joshka in [#1151](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1151)
+
+  ```text
+  `crossterm`, `termion`, and `termwiz` can now be accessed as
+  `ratatui::{crossterm, termion, termwiz}` respectively. This makes it
+  possible to just add the Ratatui crate as a dependency and use the
+  backend of choice without having to add the backend crates as
+  dependencies.
+
+  To update existing code, replace all instances of `crossterm::` with
+  `ratatui::crossterm::`, `termion::` with `ratatui::termion::`, and
+  `termwiz::` with `ratatui::termwiz::`.
+  ```
+
+- [3594180](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/35941809e11ab43309dd83a8f67bb375f5e7ff2b) _(uncategorized)_ Make Stylize's `.bg(color)` generic by @kdheepak in [#1103](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1103) [**breaking**]
+
+- [0b5fd6b](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/0b5fd6bf8eb64662df96900faea3608d4cbb3984) _(uncategorized)_ Add writer() and writer_mut() to termion and crossterm backends by @enricozb in [#991](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/991)
+
+  ```text
+  It is sometimes useful to obtain access to the writer if we want to see
+  what has been written so far. For example, when using &mut [u8] as a
+  writer.
+  ```
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- [efa965e](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/efa965e1e806c60cb1bdb2d1715f960db0857704) _(line)_ Remove newlines when converting strings to Lines by @joshka in [#1191](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1191)
+
+  `Line::from("a\nb")` now returns a line with two `Span`s instead of 1
+
+  Fixes:https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1111
+
+- [d370aa7](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/d370aa75af99da3e0c41ceb28e2d02ee81cd2538) _(span)_ Ensure that zero-width characters are rendered correctly by @joshka in [#1165](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1165)
+
+- [127d706](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/127d706ee4876a58230f42f4a730b18671eae167) _(table)_ Ensure render offset without selection properly by @joshka in [#1187](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1187)
+
+  Fixes:<https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1179>
+
+- [4bfdc15](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/4bfdc15b80ba14489d359ab1f88564c3bd016c19) _(uncategorized)_ Render of &str and String doesn't respect area.width by @thscharler in [#1177](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1177)
+
+- [e6871b9](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/e6871b9e21c25acf1e203f4860198c37aa9429a1) _(uncategorized)_ Avoid unicode-width breaking change in tests by @joshka in [#1171](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1171)
+
+  ```text
+  unicode-width 0.1.13 changed the width of \u{1} from 0 to 1.
+  Our tests assumed that \u{1} had a width of 0, so this change replaces
+  the \u{1} character with \u{200B} (zero width space) in the tests.
+
+  Upstream issue (closed as won't fix):
+  https://github.com/unicode-rs/unicode-width/issues/55
+  ```
+
+- [7f3efb0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/7f3efb02e6f846fc72079f0921abd2cee09d2d83) _(uncategorized)_ Pin unicode-width crate to 0.1.13 by @joshka in [#1170](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1170)
+
+  ```text
+  semver breaking change in 0.1.13
+  <https://github.com/unicode-rs/unicode-width/issues/55>
+
+  <!-- Please read CONTRIBUTING.md before submitting any pull request. -->
+  ```
+
+- [42cda6d](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/42cda6d28706bf83308787ca784f374f6c286a02) _(uncategorized)_ Prevent panic from string_slice by @EdJoPaTo in [#1140](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1140)
+
+  <https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#string_slice>
+
+### Refactor
+
+- [73fd367](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/73fd367a740924ce80ef7a0cd13a66b5094f7a54) _(block)_ Group builder pattern methods by @EdJoPaTo in [#1134](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1134)
+
+- [257db62](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/257db6257f392a07ee238b439344d91566beb740) _(cell)_ Must_use and simplify style() by @EdJoPaTo in [#1124](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1124)
+
+  ```text
+  <!-- Please read CONTRIBUTING.md before submitting any pull request. -->
+  ```
+
+- [bf20369](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/bf2036987f04d83f4f2b8338fab1b4fd7f4cc81d) _(cell)_ Reset instead of applying default by @EdJoPaTo in [#1127](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1127)
+
+  ```text
+  Using reset is clearer to me what actually happens. On the other case a
+  struct is created to override the old one completely which basically
+  does the same in a less clear way.
+  ```
+
+- [7d175f8](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/7d175f85c1905c08adf547dd37cc89c63039f480) _(lint)_ Fix new lint warnings by @EdJoPaTo in [#1178](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1178)
+
+- [cf67ed9](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/cf67ed9b884347cef034b09e0e9f9d4aff74ab0a) _(lint)_ Use clippy::or_fun_call by @EdJoPaTo in [#1138](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1138)
+
+  <https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#or_fun_call>
+
+- [4770e71](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/4770e715819475cdca2f2ccdbac00cba203cd6d2) _(list)_ Remove deprecated `start_corner` and `Corner` by @Valentin271 in [#759](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/759) [**breaking**]
+
+  `List::start_corner` was deprecated in v0.25. Use `List::direction` and
+  `ListDirection` instead.
+
+```diff
+- list.start_corner(Corner::TopLeft);
+- list.start_corner(Corner::TopRight);
+// This is not an error, BottomRight rendered top to bottom previously
+- list.start_corner(Corner::BottomRight);
+// all becomes
++ list.direction(ListDirection::TopToBottom);
+```
+
+```diff
+- list.start_corner(Corner::BottomLeft);
+// becomes
++ list.direction(ListDirection::BottomToTop);
+```
+
+`layout::Corner` is removed entirely.
+
+- [4f77910](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/4f7791079edd16b54dc8cdfc95bb72b282a09576) _(padding)_ Add Padding::ZERO as a constant by @EdJoPaTo in [#1133](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1133)
+
+  ```text
+  Deprecate Padding::zero()
+  ```
+
+- [8061813](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/8061813f324c08e11196e62fca22c2f6b9216b7e) _(uncategorized)_ Expand glob imports by @joshka in [#1152](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1152)
+
+  ```text
+  Consensus is that explicit imports make it easier to understand the
+  example code. This commit removes the prelude import from all examples
+  and replaces it with the necessary imports, and expands other glob
+  imports (widget::*, Constraint::*, KeyCode::*, etc.) everywhere else.
+  Prelude glob imports not in examples are not covered by this PR.
+
+  See https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1150 for more details.
+  ```
+
+- [d929971](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/d92997105bde15a1fd43829466ec8cc46bffe121) _(uncategorized)_ Dont manually impl Default for defaults by @EdJoPaTo in [#1142](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1142)
+
+  ```text
+  Replace `impl Default` by `#[derive(Default)]` when its implementation
+  equals.
+  ```
+
+- [8a60a56](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/8a60a561c95691912cbf41d55866abafcba0127d) _(uncategorized)_ Needless_pass_by_ref_mut by @EdJoPaTo in [#1137](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1137)
+
+  <https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#needless_pass_by_ref_mut>
+
+- [1de9a82](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/1de9a82b7a871a83995d224785cae139c6f4787b) _(uncategorized)_ Simplify if let by @EdJoPaTo in [#1135](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1135)
+
+  ```text
+  While looking through lints
+  [`clippy::option_if_let_else`](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#option_if_let_else)
+  found these. Other findings are more complex so I skipped them.
+  ```
+
+### Documentation
+
+- [1908b06](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/1908b06b4a497ff1cfb2c8d8c165d2a241ee1864) _(borders)_ Add missing closing code blocks by @orhun in [#1195](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1195)
+
+- [38bb196](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/38bb19640449c7a3eee3a2fba6450071395e5e06) _(breaking-changes)_ Mention `LineGauge::gauge_style` by @orhun in [#1194](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1194)
+
+  see #565
+
+- [07efde5](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/07efde5233752e1bcb7ae94a91b9e36b7fadb01b) _(examples)_ Add hyperlink example by @joshka in [#1063](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1063)
+
+- [7fdccaf](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/7fdccafd52f4ddad1a3c9dda59fada59af21ecfa) _(examples)_ Add vhs tapes for constraint-explorer and minimal examples by @joshka in [#1164](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1164)
+
+- [4f307e6](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/4f307e69db058891675d0f12d75ef49006c511d6) _(examples)_ Simplify paragraph example by @joshka in [#1169](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1169)
+
+  Related:https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1157
+
+- [f429f68](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/f429f688da536a52266144e63a1a7897ec6b7f26) _(examples)_ Remove lifetimes from the List example by @matta in [#1132](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1132)
+
+  ```text
+  Simplify the List example by removing lifetimes not strictly necessary
+  to demonstrate how Ratatui lists work. Instead, the sample strings are
+  copied into each `TodoItem`. To further simplify, I changed the code to
+  use a new TodoItem::new function, rather than an implementation of the
+  `From` trait.
+  ```
+
+- [308c1df](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/308c1df6495ee4373f808007a1566ca7e9279933) _(readme)_ Add links to forum by @joshka in [#1188](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1188)
+
+- [2f8a936](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/2f8a9363fc6c54fe2b10792c9f57fbb40b06bc0f) _(uncategorized)_ Fix links on docs.rs by @EdJoPaTo in [#1144](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1144)
+
+  ```text
+  This also results in a more readable Cargo.toml as the locations of the
+  things are more obvious now.
+
+  Includes rewording of the underline-color feature.
+
+  Logs of the errors: https://docs.rs/crate/ratatui/0.26.3/builds/1224962
+  Also see #989
+  ```
+
+### Performance
+
+- [4ce67fc](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/4ce67fc84e3bc472e9ae97aece85f8ffae091834) _(buffer)_ Filled moves the cell to be filled by @EdJoPaTo in [#1148](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1148) [**breaking**]
+
+- [8b447ec](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/8b447ec4d6276c3110285e663417487ff18dafc1) _(rect)_ `Rect::inner` takes `Margin` directly instead of reference by @EdJoPaTo in [#1008](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1008) [**breaking**]
+
+  BREAKING CHANGE:Margin needs to be passed without reference now.
+
+```diff
+-let area = area.inner(&Margin {
++let area = area.inner(Margin {
+     vertical: 0,
+     horizontal: 2,
+ });
+```
+
+### Styling
+
+- [df4b706](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/df4b706674de806bdf2a1fb8c04d0654b6b0b891) _(uncategorized)_ Enable more rustfmt settings by @EdJoPaTo in [#1125](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1125)
+
+### Testing
+
+- [d6587bc](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/d6587bc6b0db955aeac6af167e1b8ef81a3afcc9) _(style)_ Use rstest by @EdJoPaTo in [#1136](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1136)
+
+  ```text
+  <!-- Please read CONTRIBUTING.md before submitting any pull request. -->
+  ```
+
+### Miscellaneous Tasks
+
+- [7b45f74](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/7b45f74b719ff18329ddbf9f05a9ac53bf06f71d) _(prelude)_ Add / remove items by @joshka in [#1149](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1149) [**breaking**]
+
+  ```text
+  his PR removes the items from the prelude that don't form a coherent
+  common vocabulary and adds the missing items that do.
+
+  Based on a comment at
+  <https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/1cle18j/comment/l2uuuh7/>
+  ```
+
+  BREAKING CHANGE:The following items have been removed from the prelude:
+
+- `style::Styled` - this trait is useful for widgets that want to
+  support the Stylize trait, but it adds complexity as widgets have two
+  `style` methods and a `set_style` method.
+- `symbols::Marker` - this item is used by code that needs to draw to
+  the `Canvas` widget, but it's not a common item that would be used by
+  most users of the library.
+- `terminal::{CompletedFrame, TerminalOptions, Viewport}` - these items
+  are rarely used by code that needs to interact with the terminal, and
+  they're generally only ever used once in any app.
+
+The following items have been added to the prelude:
+
+- `layout::{Position, Size}` - these items are used by code that needs
+  to interact with the layout system. These are newer items that were
+  added in the last few releases, which should be used more liberally.
+
+- [cd64367](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/cd64367e244a1588206f653fd79678ce62a86a2f) _(symbols)_ Add tests for line symbols by @joshka in [#1186](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1186)
+
+- [8cfc316](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/8cfc316bccb48e88660d14cd18c0df2264c4d6ce) _(uncategorized)_ Alphabetize examples in Cargo.toml by @joshka in [#1145](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1145)
+
+### Build
+
+- [70df102](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/70df102de0154cdfbd6508659cf6ed649f820bc8) _(bench)_ Improve benchmark consistency by @EdJoPaTo in [#1126](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1126)
+
+  ```text
+  Codegen units are optimized on their own. Per default bench / release
+  have 16 codegen units. What ends up in a codeget unit is rather random
+  and can influence a benchmark result as a code change can move stuff
+  into a different codegen unit → prevent / allow LLVM optimizations
+  unrelated to the actual change.
+
+  More details: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/profiles.html
+  ```
+
+### New Contributors
+
+- @thscharler made their first contribution in [#1177](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1177)
+- @matta made their first contribution in [#1132](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1132)
+- @nowNick made their first contribution in [#565](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/565)
+- @enricozb made their first contribution in [#991](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/991)
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/compare/v0.26.3...v0.27.0
+
 ## [0.26.3](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.26.3) - 2024-05-19
 
 We are happy to announce a brand new [**Ratatui Forum**](https://forum.ratatui.rs) 🐭 for Rust & TUI enthusiasts.

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "ratatui"
-version = "0.26.3" # crate version
+version = "0.27.0" # crate version
 authors = ["Florian Dehau <work@fdehau.com>", "The Ratatui Developers"]
 description = "A library that's all about cooking up terminal user interfaces"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/"
@@ -27,38 +27,41 @@ rust-version = "1.74.0"
 [dependencies]
 bitflags = "2.3"
 cassowary = "0.3"
-compact_str = "0.7.1"
+compact_str = "0.8.0"
 crossterm = { version = "0.27", optional = true }
 document-features = { version = "0.2.7", optional = true }
-itertools = "0.12"
+instability = "0.3.1"
+itertools = "0.13"
 lru = "0.12.0"
 paste = "1.0.2"
+palette = { version = "0.7.6", optional = true }
 serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["derive"] }
-stability = "0.2.0"
 strum = { version = "0.26", features = ["derive"] }
-termion = { version = "3.0", optional = true }
+strum_macros = { version = "0.26.3" }
+termion = { version = "4.0.0", optional = true }
 termwiz = { version = "0.22.0", optional = true }
 time = { version = "0.3.11", optional = true, features = ["local-offset"] }
 unicode-segmentation = "1.10"
 unicode-truncate = "1"
-unicode-width = "0.1"
+unicode-width = "0.1.13"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 anyhow = "1.0.71"
 argh = "0.1.12"
-better-panic = "0.3.0"
 color-eyre = "0.6.2"
 criterion = { version = "0.5.1", features = ["html_reports"] }
 derive_builder = "0.20.0"
 fakeit = "1.1"
 font8x8 = "0.3.1"
 indoc = "2"
-palette = "0.7.3"
 pretty_assertions = "1.4.0"
 rand = "0.8.5"
 rand_chacha = "0.3.1"
-rstest = "0.19.0"
+rstest = "0.21.0"
 serde_json = "1.0.109"
+tracing = "0.1.40"
+tracing-appender = "0.2.3"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.18", features = ["env-filter"] }
 
 [lints.rust]
 unsafe_code = "forbid"
@@ -74,7 +77,10 @@ missing_errors_doc = "allow"
 missing_panics_doc = "allow"
 module_name_repetitions = "allow"
 must_use_candidate = "allow"
-wildcard_imports = "allow"
+
+# we often split up a module into multiple files with the main type in a file named after the
+# module, so we want to allow this pattern
+module_inception = "allow"
 
 # nursery or restricted
 as_underscore = "warn"
@@ -88,11 +94,15 @@ map_err_ignore = "warn"
 missing_const_for_fn = "warn"
 mixed_read_write_in_expression = "warn"
 mod_module_files = "warn"
+needless_pass_by_ref_mut = "warn"
 needless_raw_strings = "warn"
+or_fun_call = "warn"
 redundant_type_annotations = "warn"
 rest_pat_in_fully_bound_structs = "warn"
 string_lit_chars_any = "warn"
+string_slice = "warn"
 string_to_string = "warn"
+unnecessary_self_imports = "warn"
 use_self = "warn"
 
 [features]
@@ -103,32 +113,37 @@ use_self = "warn"
 ## which allows you to set the underline color of text.
 default = ["crossterm", "underline-color"]
 #! Generally an application will only use one backend, so you should only enable one of the following features:
-## enables the [`CrosstermBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Crossterm crate].
+## enables the [`CrosstermBackend`](backend::CrosstermBackend) backend and adds a dependency on [`crossterm`].
 crossterm = ["dep:crossterm"]
-## enables the [`TermionBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Termion crate].
+## enables the [`TermionBackend`](backend::TermionBackend) backend and adds a dependency on [`termion`].
 termion = ["dep:termion"]
-## enables the [`TermwizBackend`] backend and adds a dependency on the [Termwiz crate].
+## enables the [`TermwizBackend`](backend::TermwizBackend) backend and adds a dependency on [`termwiz`].
 termwiz = ["dep:termwiz"]
 
 #! The following optional features are available for all backends:
-## enables serialization and deserialization of style and color types using the [Serde crate].
+## enables serialization and deserialization of style and color types using the [`serde`] crate.
 ## This is useful if you want to save themes to a file.
 serde = ["dep:serde", "bitflags/serde", "compact_str/serde"]
 
 ## enables the [`border!`] macro.
 macros = []
 
+## enables conversions from colors in the [`palette`] crate to [`Color`](crate::style::Color).
+palette = ["dep:palette"]
+
 ## enables all widgets.
 all-widgets = ["widget-calendar"]
 
 #! Widgets that add dependencies are gated behind feature flags to prevent unused transitive
 #! dependencies. The available features are:
-## enables the [`calendar`] widget module and adds a dependency on the [Time crate].
+## enables the [`calendar`](widgets::calendar) widget module and adds a dependency on [`time`].
 widget-calendar = ["dep:time"]
 
-#! Underline color is only supported by the [`CrosstermBackend`] backend, and is not supported
-#! on Windows 7.
+#! The following optional features are only available for some backends:
+
 ## enables the backend code that sets the underline color.
+## Underline color is only supported by the [`CrosstermBackend`](backend::CrosstermBackend) backend,
+## and is not supported on Windows 7.
 underline-color = ["dep:crossterm"]
 
 #! The following features are unstable and may change in the future:
@@ -136,13 +151,13 @@ underline-color = ["dep:crossterm"]
 ## Enable all unstable features.
 unstable = ["unstable-rendered-line-info", "unstable-widget-ref"]
 
-## Enables the [`Paragraph::line_count`](crate::widgets::Paragraph::line_count)
-## [`Paragraph::line_width`](crate::widgets::Paragraph::line_width) methods
+## Enables the [`Paragraph::line_count`](widgets::Paragraph::line_count)
+## [`Paragraph::line_width`](widgets::Paragraph::line_width) methods
 ## which are experimental and may change in the future.
 ## See [Issue 293](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/293) for more details.
 unstable-rendered-line-info = []
 
-## Enables the `WidgetRef` and `StatefulWidgetRef` traits which are experimental and may change in
+## Enables the [`WidgetRef`](widgets::WidgetRef) and [`StatefulWidgetRef`](widgets::StatefulWidgetRef) traits which are experimental and may change in
 ## the future.
 unstable-widget-ref = []
 
@@ -152,6 +167,11 @@ all-features = true
 cargo-args = ["-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples"]
 rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 
+# Improve benchmark consistency
+[profile.bench]
+codegen-units = 1
+lto = true
+
 [[bench]]
 name = "barchart"
 harness = false
@@ -191,13 +211,13 @@ required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "canvas"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
+name = "calendar"
+required-features = ["crossterm", "widget-calendar"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "calendar"
-required-features = ["crossterm", "widget-calendar"]
+name = "canvas"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
@@ -213,9 +233,19 @@ doc-scrape-examples = false
 
 [[example]]
 name = "colors_rgb"
+required-features = ["crossterm", "palette"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
+[[example]]
+name = "constraint-explorer"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
+[[example]]
+name = "constraints"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = false
+
 [[example]]
 name = "custom_widget"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
@@ -228,7 +258,7 @@ doc-scrape-examples = false
 
 [[example]]
 name = "demo2"
-required-features = ["crossterm", "widget-calendar"]
+required-features = ["crossterm", "palette", "widget-calendar"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
@@ -236,6 +266,11 @@ name = "docsrs"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = false
 
+[[example]]
+name = "flex"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
 [[example]]
 name = "gauge"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
@@ -246,24 +281,24 @@ name = "hello_world"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
+[[example]]
+name = "inline"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
 [[example]]
 name = "layout"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "constraints"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = false
-
-[[example]]
-name = "flex"
+name = "line_gauge"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "constraint-explorer"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
+name = "hyperlink"
+required-features = ["crossterm", "unstable-widget-ref"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
@@ -324,12 +359,12 @@ required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "user_input"
+name = "tracing"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 
 [[example]]
-name = "inline"
+name = "user_input"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 

README.md

@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@
 
 <div align="center">
 
-[![Crate Badge]][Crate] [![Docs Badge]][API Docs] [![CI Badge]][CI Workflow] [![License
-Badge]](./LICENSE) [![Sponsors Badge]][GitHub Sponsors]<br>
-[![Codecov Badge]][Codecov] [![Deps.rs Badge]][Deps.rs] [![Discord Badge]][Discord Server]
-[![Matrix Badge]][Matrix]<br>
+[![Crate Badge]][Crate] [![Docs Badge]][API Docs] [![CI Badge]][CI Workflow] [![Deps.rs
+Badge]][Deps.rs]<br> [![Codecov Badge]][Codecov] [![License Badge]](./LICENSE) [![Sponsors
+Badge]][GitHub Sponsors]<br> [![Discord Badge]][Discord Server] [![Matrix Badge]][Matrix]
+[![Forum Badge]][Forum]<br>
 
 [Ratatui Website] · [API Docs] · [Examples] · [Changelog] · [Breaking Changes]<br>
 [Contributing] · [Report a bug] · [Request a Feature] · [Create a Pull Request]
@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ Ratatui was forked from the [tui-rs] crate in 2023 in order to continue its deve
 
 ## Installation
 
-Add `ratatui` and `crossterm` as dependencies to your cargo.toml:
+Add `ratatui` as a dependency to your cargo.toml:
 
 ```shell
-cargo add ratatui crossterm
+cargo add ratatui
 ```
 
 Ratatui uses [Crossterm] by default as it works on most platforms. See the [Installation]
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ terminal user interfaces and showcases the features of Ratatui, along with a hel
 ## Other documentation
 
 - [Ratatui Website] - explains the library's concepts and provides step-by-step tutorials
+- [Ratatui Forum][Forum] - a place to ask questions and discuss the library
 - [API Docs] - the full API documentation for the library on docs.rs.
 - [Examples] - a collection of examples that demonstrate how to use the library.
 - [Contributing] - Please read this if you are interested in contributing to the project.
@@ -110,7 +111,8 @@ module] and the [Backends] section of the [Ratatui Website] for more info.
 
 The drawing logic is delegated to a closure that takes a [`Frame`] instance as argument. The
 [`Frame`] provides the size of the area to draw to and allows the app to render any [`Widget`]
-using the provided [`render_widget`] method. See the [Widgets] section of the [Ratatui Website]
+using the provided [`render_widget`] method. After this closure returns, a diff is performed and
+only the changes are drawn to the terminal. See the [Widgets] section of the [Ratatui Website]
 for more info.
 
 ### Handling events
@@ -125,12 +127,17 @@ Website] for more info. For example, if you are using [Crossterm], you can use t
 ```rust
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        terminal::{
+            disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        },
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::*,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 
 fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
     enable_raw_mode()?;
@@ -161,8 +168,7 @@ fn handle_events() -> io::Result<bool> {
 
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
     frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!")
-            .block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
+        Paragraph::new("Hello World!").block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
         frame.size(),
     );
 }
@@ -206,14 +212,8 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
         [Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)],
     )
     .split(main_layout[1]);
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::bordered().title("Left"),
-        inner_layout[0],
-    );
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::bordered().title("Right"),
-        inner_layout[1],
-    );
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Left"), inner_layout[0]);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Right"), inner_layout[1]);
 }
 ```
 
@@ -331,18 +331,17 @@ Running this example produces the following output:
 [License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square&color=1370D3
 [CI Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
 [CI Workflow]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions/workflows/ci.yml
-[Codecov Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST&color=C43AC3&logoColor=C43AC3
+[Codecov Badge]: https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST&color=C43AC3&logoColor=C43AC3
 [Codecov]: https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui
 [Deps.rs Badge]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui/status.svg?style=flat-square
 [Deps.rs]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui
-[Discord Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square&color=1370D3&logoColor=1370D3
+[Discord Badge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square&color=1370D3&logoColor=1370D3
 [Discord Server]: https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj
 [Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44
-[Matrix Badge]:
-    https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix&color=C43AC3
+[Matrix Badge]: https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix&color=C43AC3
 [Matrix]: https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org
+[Forum Badge]: https://img.shields.io/discourse/likes?server=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.ratatui.rs&style=flat-square&logo=discourse&label=forum&color=C43AC3
+[Forum]: https://forum.ratatui.rs
 [Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square&color=1370D3
 
 <!-- cargo-rdme end -->
@@ -358,9 +357,10 @@ In order to organize ourselves, we currently use a [Discord server](https://disc
 feel free to join and come chat! There is also a [Matrix](https://matrix.org/) bridge available at
 [#ratatui:matrix.org](https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org).
 
-While we do utilize Discord for coordinating, it's not essential for contributing.
-Our primary open-source workflow is centered around GitHub.
-For significant discussions, we rely on GitHub — please open an issue, a discussion or a PR.
+While we do utilize Discord for coordinating, it's not essential for contributing. We have recently
+launched the [Ratatui Forum][Forum], and our primary open-source workflow is centered around GitHub.
+For bugs and features, we rely on GitHub. Please [Report a bug], [Request a Feature] or [Create a
+Pull Request].
 
 Please make sure you read the updated [contributing](./CONTRIBUTING.md) guidelines, especially if
 you are interested in working on a PR or issue opened in the previous repository.

examples/README.md

@@ -141,6 +141,30 @@ of the VHS tape.
 
 <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/assets/381361/485e775a-e0b5-4133-899b-1e8aeb56e774>
 
+## Constraint Explorer
+
+Demonstrates the behaviour of each
+[`Constraint`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/layout/enum.Constraint.html) option with
+respect to each other across different `Flex` modes.
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=constraint-explorer --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Constraint Explorer][constraint-explorer.gif]
+
+## Constraints
+
+Demonstrates how to use
+[`Constraint`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/layout/enum.Constraint.html) options for
+defining layout element sizes.
+
+![Constraints][constraints.gif]
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=constraints --features=crossterm
+```
+
 ## Custom Widget
 
 Demonstrates how to implement the
@@ -164,6 +188,39 @@ cargo run --example=gauge --features=crossterm
 
 ![Gauge][gauge.gif]
 
+## Flex
+
+Demonstrates the different [`Flex`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/layout/enum.Flex.html)
+modes for controlling layout space distribution.
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=flex --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Flex][flex.gif]
+
+## Line Gauge
+
+Demonstrates the [`Line
+Gauge`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.LineGauge.html) widget. Source:
+[line_gauge.rs](./line_gauge.rs).
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=line_gauge --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![LineGauge][line_gauge.gif]
+
+## Hyperlink
+
+Demonstrates how to use OSC 8 to create hyperlinks in the terminal.
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=hyperlink --features="crossterm unstable-widget-ref"
+```
+
+![Hyperlink][hyperlink.gif]
+
 ## Inline
 
 Demonstrates how to use the
@@ -210,6 +267,16 @@ cargo run --example=modifiers --features=crossterm
 
 ![Modifiers][modifiers.gif]
 
+## Minimal
+
+Demonstrates how to create a minimal `Hello World!` program.
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=minimal --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Minimal][minimal.gif]
+
 ## Panic
 
 Demonstrates how to handle panics by ensuring that panic messages are written correctly to the
@@ -301,6 +368,17 @@ cargo run --example=tabs --features=crossterm
 
 ![Tabs][tabs.gif]
 
+## Tracing
+
+Demonstrates how to use the [tracing crate](https://crates.io/crates/tracing) for logging. Creates
+a file named `tracing.log` in the current directory.
+
+```shell
+cargo run --example=tracing --features=crossterm
+```
+
+![Tracing][tracing.gif]
+
 ## User Input
 
 Demonstrates one approach to accepting user input. Source [user_input.rs](./user_input.rs).
@@ -338,14 +416,20 @@ examples/vhs/generate.bash
 [canvas.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/canvas.gif?raw=true
 [chart.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/chart.gif?raw=true
 [colors.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/colors.gif?raw=true
+[constraint-explorer.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/constraint-explorer.gif?raw=true
+[constraints.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/constraints.gif?raw=true
 [custom_widget.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/custom_widget.gif?raw=true
 [demo.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo.gif?raw=true
 [demo2.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo2.gif?raw=true
+[flex.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/flex.gif?raw=true
 [gauge.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/gauge.gif?raw=true
 [hello_world.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/hello_world.gif?raw=true
+[hyperlink.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/hyperlink.gif?raw=true
 [inline.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/inline.gif?raw=true
 [layout.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/layout.gif?raw=true
 [list.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/list.gif?raw=true
+[line_gauge.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/line_gauge.gif?raw=true
+[minimal.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/minimal.gif?raw=true
 [modifiers.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/modifiers.gif?raw=true
 [panic.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/panic.gif?raw=true
 [paragraph.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/paragraph.gif?raw=true
@@ -355,6 +439,7 @@ examples/vhs/generate.bash
 [sparkline.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/sparkline.gif?raw=true
 [table.gif]:  https://vhs.charm.sh/vhs-6njXBytDf0rwPufUtmSSpI.gif
 [tabs.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/tabs.gif?raw=true
+[tracing.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/tracing.gif?raw=true
 [user_input.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/user_input.gif?raw=true
 
 [alpha version of Ratatui]: https://crates.io/crates/ratatui/versions

examples/barchart.rs

@@ -19,13 +19,17 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    text::{Line, Span},
     widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block, Paragraph},
 };
 

examples/block.rs

@@ -20,14 +20,18 @@ use std::{
     time::Duration,
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::Frame,
+    text::Line,
     widgets::{
         block::{Position, Title},
         Block, BorderType, Borders, Padding, Paragraph, Wrap,

examples/calendar.rs

@@ -13,16 +13,20 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    widgets::calendar::{CalendarEventStore, DateStyler, Monthly},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::calendar::*};
 use time::{Date, Month, OffsetDateTime};
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
@@ -52,8 +56,8 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn draw(f: &mut Frame) {
-    let app_area = f.size();
+fn draw(frame: &mut Frame) {
+    let app_area = frame.size();
 
     let calarea = Rect {
         x: app_area.x + 1,
@@ -80,7 +84,7 @@ fn draw(f: &mut Frame) {
     });
     for col in cols {
         let cal = cals::get_cal(start.month(), start.year(), &list);
-        f.render_widget(cal, col);
+        frame.render_widget(cal, col);
         start = start.replace_month(start.month().next()).unwrap();
     }
 }
@@ -166,6 +170,7 @@ fn make_dates(current_year: i32) -> CalendarEventStore {
 }
 
 mod cals {
+    #[allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
     use super::*;
 
     pub fn get_cal<'a, DS: DateStyler>(m: Month, y: i32, es: DS) -> Monthly<'a, DS> {

examples/canvas.rs

@@ -13,21 +13,26 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
 use std::{
     io::{self, stdout, Stdout},
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Stylize},
+    symbols::Marker,
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    widgets::{
+        canvas::{Canvas, Circle, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
+        Block, Widget,
+    },
 };
 
 fn main() -> io::Result<()> {

examples/chart.rs

@@ -19,13 +19,18 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols::{self, Marker},
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    text::Span,
     widgets::{block::Title, Axis, Block, Chart, Dataset, GraphType, LegendPosition},
 };
 
@@ -148,17 +153,18 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
     let area = frame.size();
 
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(40), Constraint::Percentage(60)]);
-    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)]);
-    let [chart1, bottom] = vertical.areas(area);
-    let [line_chart, scatter] = horizontal.areas(bottom);
+    let [top, bottom] = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Fill(1); 2]).areas(area);
+    let [animated_chart, bar_chart] =
+        Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Fill(1), Constraint::Length(29)]).areas(top);
+    let [line_chart, scatter] = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Fill(1); 2]).areas(bottom);
 
-    render_chart1(frame, chart1, app);
+    render_animated_chart(frame, animated_chart, app);
+    render_barchart(frame, bar_chart);
     render_line_chart(frame, line_chart);
     render_scatter(frame, scatter);
 }
 
-fn render_chart1(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, app: &App) {
+fn render_animated_chart(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, app: &App) {
     let x_labels = vec![
         Span::styled(
             format!("{}", app.window[0]),
@@ -184,7 +190,7 @@ fn render_chart1(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, app: &App) {
     ];
 
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
-        .block(Block::bordered().title("Chart 1".cyan().bold()))
+        .block(Block::bordered())
         .x_axis(
             Axis::default()
                 .title("X Axis")
@@ -203,6 +209,51 @@ fn render_chart1(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, app: &App) {
     f.render_widget(chart, area);
 }
 
+fn render_barchart(frame: &mut Frame, bar_chart: Rect) {
+    let dataset = Dataset::default()
+        .marker(symbols::Marker::HalfBlock)
+        .style(Style::new().fg(Color::Blue))
+        .graph_type(GraphType::Bar)
+        // a bell curve
+        .data(&[
+            (0., 0.4),
+            (10., 2.9),
+            (20., 13.5),
+            (30., 41.1),
+            (40., 80.1),
+            (50., 100.0),
+            (60., 80.1),
+            (70., 41.1),
+            (80., 13.5),
+            (90., 2.9),
+            (100., 0.4),
+        ]);
+
+    let chart = Chart::new(vec![dataset])
+        .block(
+            Block::bordered().title(
+                Title::default()
+                    .content("Bar chart".cyan().bold())
+                    .alignment(Alignment::Center),
+            ),
+        )
+        .x_axis(
+            Axis::default()
+                .style(Style::default().gray())
+                .bounds([0.0, 100.0])
+                .labels(vec!["0".bold(), "50".into(), "100.0".bold()]),
+        )
+        .y_axis(
+            Axis::default()
+                .style(Style::default().gray())
+                .bounds([0.0, 100.0])
+                .labels(vec!["0".bold(), "50".into(), "100.0".bold()]),
+        )
+        .hidden_legend_constraints((Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)));
+
+    frame.render_widget(chart, bar_chart);
+}
+
 fn render_line_chart(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
     let datasets = vec![Dataset::default()
         .name("Line from only 2 points".italic())

examples/colors.rs

@@ -23,14 +23,18 @@ use std::{
     time::Duration,
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    text::Line,
     widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
 };
 

examples/colors_rgb.rs

@@ -33,13 +33,21 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, eyre, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use palette::{convert::FromColorUnclamped, Okhsv, Srgb};
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::Color,
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::Text,
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 struct App {
@@ -141,8 +149,7 @@ impl App {
 /// to update the colors to render.
 impl Widget for &mut App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        #[allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
-        use Constraint::*;
+        use Constraint::{Length, Min};
         let [top, colors] = Layout::vertical([Length(1), Min(0)]).areas(area);
         let [title, fps] = Layout::horizontal([Min(0), Length(8)]).areas(top);
         Text::from("colors_rgb example. Press q to quit")

examples/constraint-explorer.rs

@@ -13,23 +13,30 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    layout::{Constraint::*, Flex},
-    prelude::*,
-    style::palette::tailwind::*,
-    symbols::line,
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Wrap},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{
+        Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
+        Flex, Layout, Rect,
+    },
+    style::{
+        palette::tailwind::{BLUE, SKY, SLATE, STONE},
+        Color, Style, Stylize,
+    },
+    symbols::{self, line},
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::{Line, Span, Text},
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Widget, Wrap},
 };
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr};
 
@@ -123,24 +130,23 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        use KeyCode::*;
         match event::read()? {
             Event::Key(key) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match key.code {
-                Char('q') | Esc => self.exit(),
-                Char('1') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Min),
-                Char('2') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Max),
-                Char('3') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Length),
-                Char('4') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Percentage),
-                Char('5') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Ratio),
-                Char('6') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Fill),
-                Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
-                Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
-                Char('x') => self.delete_block(),
-                Char('a') => self.insert_block(),
-                Char('k') | Up => self.increment_value(),
-                Char('j') | Down => self.decrement_value(),
-                Char('h') | Left => self.prev_block(),
-                Char('l') | Right => self.next_block(),
+                KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.exit(),
+                KeyCode::Char('1') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Min),
+                KeyCode::Char('2') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Max),
+                KeyCode::Char('3') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Length),
+                KeyCode::Char('4') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Percentage),
+                KeyCode::Char('5') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Ratio),
+                KeyCode::Char('6') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Fill),
+                KeyCode::Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
+                KeyCode::Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
+                KeyCode::Char('x') => self.delete_block(),
+                KeyCode::Char('a') => self.insert_block(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.increment_value(),
+                KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.decrement_value(),
+                KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.prev_block(),
+                KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next_block(),
                 _ => {}
             },
             _ => {}

examples/constraints.rs

@@ -13,17 +13,30 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{
+        Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
+        Layout, Rect,
+    },
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols,
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{
+        Block, Padding, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState, StatefulWidget,
+        Tabs, Widget,
+    },
 };
-use ratatui::{layout::Constraint::*, prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
 const SPACER_HEIGHT: u16 = 0;
@@ -108,18 +121,17 @@ impl App {
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            use KeyCode::*;
             if key.kind != KeyEventKind::Press {
                 return Ok(());
             }
             match key.code {
-                Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
-                Char('l') | Right => self.next(),
-                Char('h') | Left => self.previous(),
-                Char('j') | Down => self.down(),
-                Char('k') | Up => self.up(),
-                Char('g') | Home => self.top(),
-                Char('G') | End => self.bottom(),
+                KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
+                KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next(),
+                KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.previous(),
+                KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.down(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.up(),
+                KeyCode::Char('g') | KeyCode::Home => self.top(),
+                KeyCode::Char('G') | KeyCode::End => self.bottom(),
                 _ => (),
             }
         }

examples/custom_widget.rs

@@ -15,15 +15,23 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io, ops::ControlFlow, time::Duration};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{
-        self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, MouseButton, MouseEvent,
-        MouseEventKind,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{
+            self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, MouseButton, MouseEvent,
+            MouseEventKind,
+        },
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
     },
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Paragraph, Widget},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
 
 /// A custom widget that renders a button with a label, theme and state.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]

examples/demo/app.rs

@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ pub struct TabsState<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> TabsState<'a> {
-    pub fn new(titles: Vec<&'a str>) -> TabsState {
-        TabsState { titles, index: 0 }
+    pub fn new(titles: Vec<&'a str>) -> Self {
+        Self { titles, index: 0 }
     }
     pub fn next(&mut self) {
         self.index = (self.index + 1) % self.titles.len();

examples/demo/crossterm.rs

@@ -4,12 +4,15 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    terminal::Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};
 

examples/demo/termion.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 use std::{error::Error, io, sync::mpsc, thread, time::Duration};
 
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
-use termion::{
-    event::Key,
-    input::{MouseTerminal, TermRead},
-    raw::IntoRawMode,
-    screen::IntoAlternateScreen,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, TermionBackend},
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    termion::{
+        event::Key,
+        input::{MouseTerminal, TermRead},
+        raw::IntoRawMode,
+        screen::IntoAlternateScreen,
+    },
 };
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};

examples/demo/termwiz.rs

@@ -3,10 +3,13 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
-use termwiz::{
-    input::{InputEvent, KeyCode},
-    terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::TermwizBackend,
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    termwiz::{
+        input::{InputEvent, KeyCode},
+        terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal,
+    },
 };
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};

examples/demo/ui.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
-#[allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    symbols,
+    terminal::Frame,
+    text::{self, Span},
+    widgets::{
+        canvas::{self, Canvas, Circle, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
+        Axis, BarChart, Block, Cell, Chart, Dataset, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem, Paragraph,
+        Row, Sparkline, Table, Tabs, Wrap,
+    },
 };
 
 use crate::app::App;
@@ -76,7 +83,7 @@ fn draw_gauges(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
 
     let line_gauge = LineGauge::default()
         .block(Block::new().title("LineGauge:"))
-        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
+        .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
         .line_set(if app.enhanced_graphics {
             symbols::line::THICK
         } else {

examples/demo2/app.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,24 @@
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use color_eyre::{eyre::Context, Result};
-use crossterm::event::{Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::Backend,
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::Color,
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, Tabs, Widget},
+};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
-use crate::{destroy, tabs::*, term, THEME};
+use crate::{
+    destroy,
+    tabs::{AboutTab, EmailTab, RecipeTab, TracerouteTab, WeatherTab},
+    term, THEME,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct App {
@@ -82,14 +94,13 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn handle_key_press(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) {
-        use KeyCode::*;
         match key.code {
-            Char('q') | Esc => self.mode = Mode::Quit,
-            Char('h') | Left => self.prev_tab(),
-            Char('l') | Right => self.next_tab(),
-            Char('k') | Up => self.prev(),
-            Char('j') | Down => self.next(),
-            Char('d') | Delete => self.destroy(),
+            KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.mode = Mode::Quit,
+            KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.prev_tab(),
+            KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next_tab(),
+            KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.prev(),
+            KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.next(),
+            KeyCode::Char('d') | KeyCode::Delete => self.destroy(),
             _ => {}
         };
     }

examples/demo2/big_text.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,16 @@
 //!
 //! ```rust
 //! use anyhow::Result;
-//! use ratatui::prelude::*;
+//! use ratatui::{
+//!     backend::{self, Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+//!     buffer::{self, Buffer},
+//!     layout::{self, Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+//!     style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Styled, Stylize},
+//!     symbols::{self, Marker},
+//!     terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport},
+//!     text::{self, Line, Masked, Span, Text},
+//!     widgets::{block::BlockExt, StatefulWidget, Widget},
+//! };
 //! use tui_big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
 //!
 //! fn render(frame: &mut Frame) -> Result<()> {
@@ -50,7 +59,13 @@ use std::cmp::min;
 
 use derive_builder::Builder;
 use font8x8::UnicodeFonts;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, text::StyledGrapheme};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::Style,
+    text::{Line, StyledGrapheme},
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
 
 #[allow(unused)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Default)]
@@ -79,7 +94,16 @@ pub enum PixelSize {
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     backend::{self, Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+///     buffer::{self, Buffer},
+///     layout::{self, Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+///     style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Styled, Stylize},
+///     symbols::{self, Marker},
+///     terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport},
+///     text::{self, Line, Masked, Span, Text},
+///     widgets::{block::BlockExt, StatefulWidget, Widget},
+/// };
 /// use tui_big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
 ///
 /// BigText::builder()
@@ -276,6 +300,8 @@ fn render_glyph(glyph: [u8; 8], area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_size: PixelS
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use ratatui::style::Stylize;
+
     use super::*;
 
     type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>;

examples/demo2/colors.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use palette::{IntoColor, Okhsv, Srgb};
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, style::Color, widgets::Widget};
 
 /// A widget that renders a color swatch of RGB colors.
 ///

examples/demo2/destroy.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 use rand::Rng;
 use rand_chacha::rand_core::SeedableRng;
-use ratatui::{buffer::Cell, layout::Flex, prelude::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Flex, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    terminal::Frame,
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 use crate::big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
@@ -59,7 +65,7 @@ fn drip(frame_count: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
             if rng.gen_ratio(1, 10) {
                 *dest = src;
             } else {
-                *dest = Cell::default();
+                dest.reset();
             }
         } else {
             // move the pixel down one row

examples/demo2/main.rs

@@ -14,11 +14,9 @@
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
 #![allow(
-    clippy::enum_glob_use,
     clippy::missing_errors_doc,
     clippy::module_name_repetitions,
-    clippy::must_use_candidate,
-    clippy::wildcard_imports
+    clippy::must_use_candidate
 )]
 
 mod app;
@@ -30,16 +28,17 @@ mod tabs;
 mod term;
 mod theme;
 
-pub use app::*;
 use color_eyre::Result;
-pub use colors::*;
-pub use term::*;
-pub use theme::*;
+
+pub use self::{
+    colors::{color_from_oklab, RgbSwatch},
+    theme::THEME,
+};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     errors::init_hooks()?;
     let terminal = &mut term::init()?;
-    App::default().run(terminal)?;
+    app::run(terminal)?;
     term::restore()?;
     Ok(())
 }

examples/demo2/tabs/about.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Clear, Padding, Paragraph, Widget, Wrap},
+};
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
 
@@ -64,20 +68,16 @@ impl Widget for AboutTab {
 }
 
 fn render_crate_description(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let area = area.inner(
-        &(Margin {
-            vertical: 4,
-            horizontal: 2,
-        }),
-    );
+    let area = area.inner(Margin {
+        vertical: 4,
+        horizontal: 2,
+    });
     Clear.render(area, buf); // clear out the color swatches
     Block::new().style(THEME.content).render(area, buf);
-    let area = area.inner(
-        &(Margin {
-            vertical: 1,
-            horizontal: 2,
-        }),
-    );
+    let area = area.inner(Margin {
+        vertical: 1,
+        horizontal: 2,
+    });
     let text = "- cooking up terminal user interfaces -
 
     Ratatui is a Rust crate that provides widgets (e.g. Paragraph, Table) and draws them to the \
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ pub fn render_logo(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     } else {
         THEME.logo.rat_eye_alt
     };
-    let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+    let area = area.inner(Margin {
         vertical: 0,
         horizontal: 2,
     });

examples/demo2/tabs/email.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{Styled, Stylize},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{
+        Block, BorderType, Borders, Clear, List, ListItem, ListState, Padding, Paragraph,
+        Scrollbar, ScrollbarState, StatefulWidget, Tabs, Widget,
+    },
+};
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
@@ -59,7 +68,7 @@ impl EmailTab {
 impl Widget for EmailTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 2,
         });

examples/demo2/tabs/recipe.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{Style, Stylize},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{
+        Block, Clear, Padding, Paragraph, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
+        StatefulWidget, Table, TableState, Widget, Wrap,
+    },
+};
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
 
@@ -105,7 +114,7 @@ impl RecipeTab {
 impl Widget for RecipeTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 2,
         });
@@ -124,7 +133,7 @@ impl Widget for RecipeTab {
         };
         render_scrollbar(self.row_index, scrollbar_area, buf);
 
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             horizontal: 2,
             vertical: 1,
         });

examples/demo2/tabs/traceroute.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{canvas::*, *},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{Styled, Stylize},
+    symbols::Marker,
+    widgets::{
+        canvas::{self, Canvas, Map, MapResolution, Points},
+        Block, BorderType, Clear, Padding, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
+        Sparkline, StatefulWidget, Table, TableState, Widget,
+    },
 };
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
@@ -26,7 +33,7 @@ impl TracerouteTab {
 impl Widget for TracerouteTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 2,
         });
@@ -104,7 +111,7 @@ fn render_map(selected_row: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let theme = THEME.traceroute.map;
     let path: Option<(&Hop, &Hop)> = HOPS.iter().tuple_windows().nth(selected_row);
     let map = Map {
-        resolution: canvas::MapResolution::High,
+        resolution: MapResolution::High,
         color: theme.color,
     };
     Canvas::default()

examples/demo2/tabs/weather.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use palette::Okhsv;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{calendar::CalendarEventStore, *},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols,
+    widgets::{
+        calendar::{CalendarEventStore, Monthly},
+        Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block, Clear, LineGauge, Padding, Widget,
+    },
 };
 use time::OffsetDateTime;
 
@@ -28,14 +34,14 @@ impl WeatherTab {
 impl Widget for WeatherTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 2,
         });
         Clear.render(area, buf);
         Block::new().style(THEME.content).render(area, buf);
 
-        let area = area.inner(&Margin {
+        let area = area.inner(Margin {
             horizontal: 2,
             vertical: 1,
         });
@@ -59,7 +65,7 @@ impl Widget for WeatherTab {
 
 fn render_calendar(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let date = OffsetDateTime::now_utc().date();
-    calendar::Monthly::new(date, CalendarEventStore::today(Style::new().red().bold()))
+    Monthly::new(date, CalendarEventStore::today(Style::new().red().bold()))
         .block(Block::new().padding(Padding::new(0, 0, 2, 0)))
         .show_month_header(Style::new().bold())
         .show_weekdays_header(Style::new().italic())
@@ -140,8 +146,8 @@ fn render_line_gauge(percent: f64, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     // cycle color hue based on the percent for a neat effect yellow -> red
     let hue = 90.0 - (percent as f32 * 0.6);
     let value = Okhsv::max_value();
-    let fg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value);
-    let bg = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value * 0.5);
+    let filled_color = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value);
+    let unfilled_color = color_from_oklab(hue, Okhsv::max_saturation(), value * 0.5);
     let label = if percent < 100.0 {
         format!("Downloading: {percent}%")
     } else {
@@ -151,7 +157,8 @@ fn render_line_gauge(percent: f64, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .ratio(percent / 100.0)
         .label(label)
         .style(Style::new().light_blue())
-        .gauge_style(Style::new().fg(fg).bg(bg))
+        .filled_style(Style::new().fg(filled_color))
+        .unfilled_style(Style::new().fg(unfilled_color))
         .line_set(symbols::line::THICK)
         .render(area, buf);
 }

examples/demo2/term.rs

@@ -4,12 +4,16 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use color_eyre::{eyre::WrapErr, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::Rect,
+    terminal::{Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport},
 };
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
 
 pub fn init() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
     // this size is to match the size of the terminal when running the demo

examples/demo2/theme.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
 
 pub struct Theme {
     pub root: Style,

examples/docsrs.rs

@@ -15,12 +15,17 @@
 
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    text::{Line, Span, Text},
     widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
 };
 
@@ -56,7 +61,6 @@ fn hello_world(frame: &mut Frame) {
     );
 }
 
-use crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode};
 fn handle_events() -> io::Result<bool> {
     if event::poll(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50))? {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {

examples/flex.rs

@@ -13,22 +13,30 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    layout::{Constraint::*, Flex},
-    prelude::*,
-    style::palette::tailwind,
-    symbols::line,
-    widgets::{block::Title, *},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{
+        Alignment,
+        Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
+        Flex, Layout, Rect,
+    },
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols::{self, line},
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::{Line, Text},
+    widgets::{
+        block::Title, Block, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
+        StatefulWidget, Tabs, Widget,
+    },
 };
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
@@ -177,18 +185,17 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        use KeyCode::*;
         match event::read()? {
             Event::Key(key) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match key.code {
-                Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
-                Char('l') | Right => self.next(),
-                Char('h') | Left => self.previous(),
-                Char('j') | Down => self.down(),
-                Char('k') | Up => self.up(),
-                Char('g') | Home => self.top(),
-                Char('G') | End => self.bottom(),
-                Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
-                Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
+                KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
+                KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next(),
+                KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.previous(),
+                KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.down(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.up(),
+                KeyCode::Char('g') | KeyCode::Home => self.top(),
+                KeyCode::Char('G') | KeyCode::End => self.bottom(),
+                KeyCode::Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
+                KeyCode::Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
                 _ => (),
             },
             _ => {}
@@ -364,7 +371,7 @@ impl SelectedTab {
 
     /// Convert a `SelectedTab` into a `Line` to display it by the `Tabs` widget.
     fn to_tab_title(value: Self) -> Line<'static> {
-        use tailwind::*;
+        use tailwind::{INDIGO, ORANGE, SKY};
         let text = value.to_string();
         let color = match value {
             Self::Legacy => ORANGE.c400,
@@ -509,7 +516,7 @@ impl Example {
 }
 
 const fn color_for_constraint(constraint: Constraint) -> Color {
-    use tailwind::*;
+    use tailwind::{BLUE, SLATE};
     match constraint {
         Constraint::Min(_) => BLUE.c900,
         Constraint::Max(_) => BLUE.c800,

examples/gauge.rs

@@ -13,20 +13,22 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
-
 use std::{io::stdout, time::Duration};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    style::palette::tailwind,
-    widgets::{block::Title, Block, Borders, Gauge, Padding, Paragraph},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::Span,
+    widgets::{block::Title, Block, Borders, Gauge, Padding, Paragraph, Widget},
 };
 
 const GAUGE1_COLOR: Color = tailwind::RED.c800;
@@ -99,10 +101,9 @@ impl App {
         if event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
                 if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    use KeyCode::*;
                     match key.code {
-                        Char(' ') | Enter => self.start(),
-                        Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
+                        KeyCode::Char(' ') | KeyCode::Enter => self.start(),
+                        KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
                         _ => {}
                     }
                 }
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ impl App {
 impl Widget for &App {
     #[allow(clippy::similar_names)]
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        use Constraint::*;
+        use Constraint::{Length, Min, Ratio};
         let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(2), Min(0), Length(1)]);
         let [header_area, gauge_area, footer_area] = layout.areas(area);
 

examples/hello_world.rs

@@ -19,12 +19,16 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    widgets::Paragraph,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
 
 /// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
 /// this is not meant to be prescriptive. It is only meant to demonstrate the basic setup and

examples/hyperlink.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+//! # [Ratatui] Hyperlink examplew
+//!
+//! Shows how to use [OSC 8] to create hyperlinks in the terminal.
+//!
+//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
+//!
+//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
+//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
+//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
+//!
+//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
+//! library you are using.
+//!
+//! [OSC 8]: https://gist.github.com/egmontkob/eb114294efbcd5adb1944c9f3cb5feda
+//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
+//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+
+use std::{
+    io::{self, stdout, Stdout},
+    panic,
+};
+
+use color_eyre::{
+    config::{EyreHook, HookBuilder, PanicHook},
+    eyre, Result,
+};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    ExecutableCommand,
+};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::WidgetRef};
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    init_error_handling()?;
+    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
+    let app = App::new();
+    app.run(&mut terminal)?;
+    restore_terminal()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+struct App {
+    hyperlink: Hyperlink<'static>,
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        let text = Line::from(vec!["Example ".into(), "hyperlink".blue()]);
+        let hyperlink = Hyperlink::new(text, "https://example.com");
+        Self { hyperlink }
+    }
+
+    fn run(self, terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> io::Result<()> {
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(&self.hyperlink, frame.size()))?;
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if matches!(key.code, KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A hyperlink widget that renders a hyperlink in the terminal using [OSC 8].
+///
+/// [OSC 8]: https://gist.github.com/egmontkob/eb114294efbcd5adb1944c9f3cb5feda
+struct Hyperlink<'content> {
+    text: Text<'content>,
+    url: String,
+}
+
+impl<'content> Hyperlink<'content> {
+    fn new(text: impl Into<Text<'content>>, url: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            text: text.into(),
+            url: url.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl WidgetRef for Hyperlink<'_> {
+    fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buffer: &mut Buffer) {
+        self.text.render_ref(area, buffer);
+
+        // this is a hacky workaround for https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/902, a bug
+        // in the terminal code that incorrectly calculates the width of ANSI escape sequences. It
+        // works by rendering the hyperlink as a series of 2-character chunks, which is the
+        // calculated width of the hyperlink text.
+        for (i, two_chars) in self
+            .text
+            .to_string()
+            .chars()
+            .chunks(2)
+            .into_iter()
+            .enumerate()
+        {
+            let text = two_chars.collect::<String>();
+            let hyperlink = format!("\x1B]8;;{}\x07{}\x1B]8;;\x07", self.url, text);
+            buffer
+                .get_mut(area.x + i as u16 * 2, area.y)
+                .set_symbol(hyperlink.as_str());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Initialize the terminal with raw mode and alternate screen.
+fn init_terminal() -> io::Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))
+}
+
+/// Restore the terminal to its original state.
+fn restore_terminal() -> io::Result<()> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(stdout(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Initialize error handling with color-eyre.
+pub fn init_error_handling() -> Result<()> {
+    let (panic_hook, eyre_hook) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
+    set_panic_hook(panic_hook);
+    set_error_hook(eyre_hook)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Install a panic hook that restores the terminal before printing the panic.
+fn set_panic_hook(panic_hook: PanicHook) {
+    let panic_hook = panic_hook.into_panic_hook();
+    panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |panic_info| {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+        panic_hook(panic_info);
+    }));
+}
+
+/// Install an error hook that restores the terminal before printing the error.
+fn set_error_hook(eyre_hook: EyreHook) -> Result<()> {
+    let eyre_hook = eyre_hook.into_eyre_hook();
+    eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |error| {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+        eyre_hook(error)
+    }))?;
+    Ok(())
+}

examples/inline.rs

@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
 use std::{
     collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque},
     error::Error,
@@ -25,7 +23,16 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use rand::distributions::{Distribution, Uniform};
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    symbols,
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal, Viewport},
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{block, Block, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem, Paragraph, Widget},
+    TerminalOptions,
+};
 
 const NUM_DOWNLOADS: usize = 10;
 
@@ -248,7 +255,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
     let done = NUM_DOWNLOADS - downloads.pending.len() - downloads.in_progress.len();
     #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
     let progress = LineGauge::default()
-        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
+        .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
         .label(format!("{done}/{NUM_DOWNLOADS}"))
         .ratio(done as f64 / NUM_DOWNLOADS as f64);
     f.render_widget(progress, progress_area);

examples/layout.rs

@@ -13,19 +13,24 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
-
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
-    layout::Constraint::*,
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{
+        Constraint,
+        Constraint::{Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
+        Layout, Rect,
+    },
+    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    text::Line,
     widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
 };
 

examples/line_gauge.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+//! # [Ratatui] Line Gauge example
+//!
+//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
+//!
+//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
+//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
+//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
+//!
+//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
+//! library you are using.
+//!
+//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
+//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+
+use std::{io::stdout, time::Duration};
+
+use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    widgets::{block::Title, Block, Borders, LineGauge, Padding, Paragraph, Widget},
+};
+
+const CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c200;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
+struct App {
+    state: AppState,
+    progress_columns: u16,
+    progress: f64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum AppState {
+    #[default]
+    Running,
+    Started,
+    Quitting,
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    init_error_hooks()?;
+    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
+    App::default().run(terminal)?;
+    restore_terminal()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+        while self.state != AppState::Quitting {
+            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
+            self.handle_events()?;
+            self.update(terminal.size()?.width);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn draw(&self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> Result<()> {
+        terminal.draw(|f| f.render_widget(self, f.size()))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn update(&mut self, terminal_width: u16) {
+        if self.state != AppState::Started {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.progress_columns = (self.progress_columns + 1).clamp(0, terminal_width);
+        self.progress = f64::from(self.progress_columns) / f64::from(terminal_width);
+    }
+
+    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let timeout = Duration::from_secs_f32(1.0 / 20.0);
+        if event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
+                    match key.code {
+                        KeyCode::Char(' ') | KeyCode::Enter => self.start(),
+                        KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn start(&mut self) {
+        self.state = AppState::Started;
+    }
+
+    fn quit(&mut self) {
+        self.state = AppState::Quitting;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Widget for &App {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        use Constraint::{Length, Min, Ratio};
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(2), Min(0), Length(1)]);
+        let [header_area, main_area, footer_area] = layout.areas(area);
+
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Ratio(1, 3); 3]);
+        let [gauge1_area, gauge2_area, gauge3_area] = layout.areas(main_area);
+
+        header().render(header_area, buf);
+        footer().render(footer_area, buf);
+
+        self.render_gauge1(gauge1_area, buf);
+        self.render_gauge2(gauge2_area, buf);
+        self.render_gauge3(gauge3_area, buf);
+    }
+}
+
+fn header() -> impl Widget {
+    Paragraph::new("Ratatui Line Gauge Example")
+        .bold()
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
+}
+
+fn footer() -> impl Widget {
+    Paragraph::new("Press ENTER / SPACE to start")
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
+        .bold()
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn render_gauge1(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let title = title_block("Blue / red only foreground");
+        LineGauge::default()
+            .block(title)
+            .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
+            .unfilled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red))
+            .label("Foreground:")
+            .ratio(self.progress)
+            .render(area, buf);
+    }
+
+    fn render_gauge2(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let title = title_block("Blue / red only background");
+        LineGauge::default()
+            .block(title)
+            .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue).bg(Color::Blue))
+            .unfilled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red).bg(Color::Red))
+            .label("Background:")
+            .ratio(self.progress)
+            .render(area, buf);
+    }
+
+    fn render_gauge3(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let title = title_block("Fully styled with background");
+        LineGauge::default()
+            .block(title)
+            .filled_style(
+                Style::default()
+                    .fg(tailwind::BLUE.c400)
+                    .bg(tailwind::BLUE.c600),
+            )
+            .unfilled_style(
+                Style::default()
+                    .fg(tailwind::RED.c400)
+                    .bg(tailwind::RED.c800),
+            )
+            .label("Both:")
+            .ratio(self.progress)
+            .render(area, buf);
+    }
+}
+
+fn title_block(title: &str) -> Block {
+    let title = Title::from(title).alignment(Alignment::Center);
+    Block::default()
+        .title(title)
+        .borders(Borders::NONE)
+        .fg(CUSTOM_LABEL_COLOR)
+        .padding(Padding::vertical(1))
+}
+
+fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
+    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
+    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
+    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+        error(e)
+    }))?;
+    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+        panic(info);
+    }));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn init_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    Ok(terminal)
+}
+
+fn restore_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    Ok(())
+}

examples/list.rs

@@ -13,350 +13,323 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
+use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use std::{error::Error, io, io::stdout};
-
-use color_eyre::config::HookBuilder;
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use crossterm::event::KeyEvent;
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::Backend,
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{
+        palette::tailwind::{BLUE, GREEN, SLATE},
+        Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize,
+    },
+    symbols,
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{
+        Block, Borders, HighlightSpacing, List, ListItem, ListState, Padding, Paragraph,
+        StatefulWidget, Widget, Wrap,
+    },
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
 
-const TODO_HEADER_BG: Color = tailwind::BLUE.c950;
-const NORMAL_ROW_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c950;
-const ALT_ROW_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c900;
-const SELECTED_STYLE_FG: Color = tailwind::BLUE.c300;
-const TEXT_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c200;
-const COMPLETED_TEXT_COLOR: Color = tailwind::GREEN.c500;
+const TODO_HEADER_STYLE: Style = Style::new().fg(SLATE.c100).bg(BLUE.c800);
+const NORMAL_ROW_BG: Color = SLATE.c950;
+const ALT_ROW_BG_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c900;
+const SELECTED_STYLE: Style = Style::new().bg(SLATE.c800).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD);
+const TEXT_FG_COLOR: Color = SLATE.c200;
+const COMPLETED_TEXT_FG_COLOR: Color = GREEN.c500;
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    tui::init_error_hooks()?;
+    let terminal = tui::init_terminal()?;
+
+    let mut app = App::default();
+    app.run(terminal)?;
+
+    tui::restore_terminal()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// This struct holds the current state of the app. In particular, it has the `todo_list` field
+/// which is a wrapper around `ListState`. Keeping track of the state lets us render the
+/// associated widget with its state and have access to features such as natural scrolling.
+///
+/// Check the event handling at the bottom to see how to change the state on incoming events. Check
+/// the drawing logic for items on how to specify the highlighting style for selected items.
+struct App {
+    should_exit: bool,
+    todo_list: TodoList,
+}
+
+struct TodoList {
+    items: Vec<TodoItem>,
+    state: ListState,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct TodoItem {
+    todo: String,
+    info: String,
+    status: Status,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 enum Status {
     Todo,
     Completed,
 }
 
-struct TodoItem<'a> {
-    todo: &'a str,
-    info: &'a str,
-    status: Status,
-}
-
-struct StatefulList<'a> {
-    state: ListState,
-    items: Vec<TodoItem<'a>>,
-    last_selected: Option<usize>,
-}
-
-/// This struct holds the current state of the app. In particular, it has the `items` field which is
-/// a wrapper around `ListState`. Keeping track of the items state let us render the associated
-/// widget with its state and have access to features such as natural scrolling.
-///
-/// Check the event handling at the bottom to see how to change the state on incoming events.
-/// Check the drawing logic for items on how to specify the highlighting style for selected items.
-struct App<'a> {
-    items: StatefulList<'a>,
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    init_error_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = init_terminal()?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    App::new().run(terminal)?;
-
-    restore_terminal()?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-impl<'a> App<'a> {
-    fn new() -> Self {
+impl Default for App {
+    fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
-            items: StatefulList::with_items([
-                ("Rewrite everything with Rust!", "I can't hold my inner voice. He tells me to rewrite the complete universe with Rust", Status::Todo),
-                ("Rewrite all of your tui apps with Ratatui", "Yes, you heard that right. Go and replace your tui with Ratatui.", Status::Completed),
-                ("Pet your cat", "Minnak loves to be pet by you! Don't forget to pet and give some treats!", Status::Todo),
-                ("Walk with your dog", "Max is bored, go walk with him!", Status::Todo),
-                ("Pay the bills", "Pay the train subscription!!!", Status::Completed),
-                ("Refactor list example", "If you see this info that means I completed this task!", Status::Completed),
+            should_exit: false,
+            todo_list: TodoList::from_iter([
+                (Status::Todo, "Rewrite everything with Rust!", "I can't hold my inner voice. He tells me to rewrite the complete universe with Rust"),
+                (Status::Completed, "Rewrite all of your tui apps with Ratatui", "Yes, you heard that right. Go and replace your tui with Ratatui."),
+                (Status::Todo, "Pet your cat", "Minnak loves to be pet by you! Don't forget to pet and give some treats!"),
+                (Status::Todo, "Walk with your dog", "Max is bored, go walk with him!"),
+                (Status::Completed, "Pay the bills", "Pay the train subscription!!!"),
+                (Status::Completed, "Refactor list example", "If you see this info that means I completed this task!"),
             ]),
         }
     }
+}
+
+impl FromIterator<(Status, &'static str, &'static str)> for TodoList {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = (Status, &'static str, &'static str)>>(iter: I) -> Self {
+        let items = iter
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(status, todo, info)| TodoItem::new(status, todo, info))
+            .collect();
+        let state = ListState::default();
+        Self { items, state }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TodoItem {
+    fn new(status: Status, todo: &str, info: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            status,
+            todo: todo.to_string(),
+            info: info.to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
+        while !self.should_exit {
+            terminal.draw(|f| f.render_widget(&mut *self, f.size()))?;
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                self.handle_key(key);
+            };
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn handle_key(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) {
+        if key.kind != KeyEventKind::Press {
+            return;
+        }
+        match key.code {
+            KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.should_exit = true,
+            KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.select_none(),
+            KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.select_next(),
+            KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.select_previous(),
+            KeyCode::Char('g') | KeyCode::Home => self.select_first(),
+            KeyCode::Char('G') | KeyCode::End => self.select_last(),
+            KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right | KeyCode::Enter => {
+                self.toggle_status();
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn select_none(&mut self) {
+        self.todo_list.state.select(None);
+    }
+
+    fn select_next(&mut self) {
+        self.todo_list.state.select_next();
+    }
+    fn select_previous(&mut self) {
+        self.todo_list.state.select_previous();
+    }
+
+    fn select_first(&mut self) {
+        self.todo_list.state.select_first();
+    }
+
+    fn select_last(&mut self) {
+        self.todo_list.state.select_last();
+    }
 
     /// Changes the status of the selected list item
-    fn change_status(&mut self) {
-        if let Some(i) = self.items.state.selected() {
-            self.items.items[i].status = match self.items.items[i].status {
+    fn toggle_status(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(i) = self.todo_list.state.selected() {
+            self.todo_list.items[i].status = match self.todo_list.items[i].status {
                 Status::Completed => Status::Todo,
                 Status::Todo => Status::Completed,
             }
         }
     }
-
-    fn go_top(&mut self) {
-        self.items.state.select(Some(0));
-    }
-
-    fn go_bottom(&mut self) {
-        self.items.state.select(Some(self.items.items.len() - 1));
-    }
 }
 
-impl App<'_> {
-    fn run(&mut self, mut terminal: Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        loop {
-            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
-
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    use KeyCode::*;
-                    match key.code {
-                        Char('q') | Esc => return Ok(()),
-                        Char('h') | Left => self.items.unselect(),
-                        Char('j') | Down => self.items.next(),
-                        Char('k') | Up => self.items.previous(),
-                        Char('l') | Right | Enter => self.change_status(),
-                        Char('g') => self.go_top(),
-                        Char('G') => self.go_bottom(),
-                        _ => {}
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn draw(&mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        terminal.draw(|f| f.render_widget(self, f.size()))?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for &mut App<'_> {
+impl Widget for &mut App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        // Create a space for header, todo list and the footer.
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([
+        let [header_area, main_area, footer_area] = Layout::vertical([
             Constraint::Length(2),
-            Constraint::Min(0),
-            Constraint::Length(2),
-        ]);
-        let [header_area, rest_area, footer_area] = vertical.areas(area);
+            Constraint::Fill(1),
+            Constraint::Length(1),
+        ])
+        .areas(area);
 
-        // Create two chunks with equal vertical screen space. One for the list and the other for
-        // the info block.
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]);
-        let [upper_item_list_area, lower_item_list_area] = vertical.areas(rest_area);
+        let [list_area, item_area] =
+            Layout::vertical([Constraint::Fill(1), Constraint::Fill(1)]).areas(main_area);
 
-        render_title(header_area, buf);
-        self.render_todo(upper_item_list_area, buf);
-        self.render_info(lower_item_list_area, buf);
-        render_footer(footer_area, buf);
+        App::render_header(header_area, buf);
+        App::render_footer(footer_area, buf);
+        self.render_list(list_area, buf);
+        self.render_selected_item(item_area, buf);
     }
 }
 
-impl App<'_> {
-    fn render_todo(&mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        // We create two blocks, one is for the header (outer) and the other is for list (inner).
-        let outer_block = Block::new()
-            .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-            .title("TODO List")
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG);
-        let inner_block = Block::new()
-            .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_COLOR);
+/// Rendering logic for the app
+impl App {
+    fn render_header(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        Paragraph::new("Ratatui List Example")
+            .bold()
+            .centered()
+            .render(area, buf);
+    }
 
-        // We get the inner area from outer_block. We'll use this area later to render the table.
-        let outer_area = area;
-        let inner_area = outer_block.inner(outer_area);
+    fn render_footer(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        Paragraph::new("Use ↓↑ to move, ← to unselect, → to change status, g/G to go top/bottom.")
+            .centered()
+            .render(area, buf);
+    }
 
-        // We can render the header in outer_area.
-        outer_block.render(outer_area, buf);
+    fn render_list(&mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let block = Block::new()
+            .title(Line::raw("TODO List").centered())
+            .borders(Borders::TOP)
+            .border_set(symbols::border::EMPTY)
+            .border_style(TODO_HEADER_STYLE)
+            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_BG);
 
         // Iterate through all elements in the `items` and stylize them.
         let items: Vec<ListItem> = self
-            .items
+            .todo_list
             .items
             .iter()
             .enumerate()
-            .map(|(i, todo_item)| todo_item.to_list_item(i))
+            .map(|(i, todo_item)| {
+                let color = alternate_colors(i);
+                ListItem::from(todo_item).bg(color)
+            })
             .collect();
 
         // Create a List from all list items and highlight the currently selected one
-        let items = List::new(items)
-            .block(inner_block)
-            .highlight_style(
-                Style::default()
-                    .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
-                    .add_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED)
-                    .fg(SELECTED_STYLE_FG),
-            )
+        let list = List::new(items)
+            .block(block)
+            .highlight_style(SELECTED_STYLE)
             .highlight_symbol(">")
             .highlight_spacing(HighlightSpacing::Always);
 
-        // We can now render the item list
-        // (look careful we are using StatefulWidget's render.)
-        // ratatui::widgets::StatefulWidget::render as stateful_render
-        StatefulWidget::render(items, inner_area, buf, &mut self.items.state);
+        // We need to disambiguate this trait method as both `Widget` and `StatefulWidget` share the
+        // same method name `render`.
+        StatefulWidget::render(list, area, buf, &mut self.todo_list.state);
     }
 
-    fn render_info(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+    fn render_selected_item(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         // We get the info depending on the item's state.
-        let info = if let Some(i) = self.items.state.selected() {
-            match self.items.items[i].status {
-                Status::Completed => "✓ DONE: ".to_string() + self.items.items[i].info,
-                Status::Todo => "TODO: ".to_string() + self.items.items[i].info,
+        let info = if let Some(i) = self.todo_list.state.selected() {
+            match self.todo_list.items[i].status {
+                Status::Completed => format!("✓ DONE: {}", self.todo_list.items[i].info),
+                Status::Todo => format!("☐ TODO: {}", self.todo_list.items[i].info),
             }
         } else {
-            "Nothing to see here...".to_string()
+            "Nothing selected...".to_string()
         };
 
         // We show the list item's info under the list in this paragraph
-        let outer_info_block = Block::new()
-            .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-            .title("TODO Info")
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .bg(TODO_HEADER_BG);
-        let inner_info_block = Block::new()
-            .borders(Borders::NONE)
-            .padding(Padding::horizontal(1))
-            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_COLOR);
-
-        // This is a similar process to what we did for list. outer_info_area will be used for
-        // header inner_info_area will be used for the list info.
-        let outer_info_area = area;
-        let inner_info_area = outer_info_block.inner(outer_info_area);
-
-        // We can render the header. Inner info will be rendered later
-        outer_info_block.render(outer_info_area, buf);
-
-        let info_paragraph = Paragraph::new(info)
-            .block(inner_info_block)
-            .fg(TEXT_COLOR)
-            .wrap(Wrap { trim: false });
+        let block = Block::new()
+            .title(Line::raw("TODO Info").centered())
+            .borders(Borders::TOP)
+            .border_set(symbols::border::EMPTY)
+            .border_style(TODO_HEADER_STYLE)
+            .bg(NORMAL_ROW_BG)
+            .padding(Padding::horizontal(1));
 
         // We can now render the item info
-        info_paragraph.render(inner_info_area, buf);
+        Paragraph::new(info)
+            .block(block)
+            .fg(TEXT_FG_COLOR)
+            .wrap(Wrap { trim: false })
+            .render(area, buf);
     }
 }
 
-fn render_title(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    Paragraph::new("Ratatui List Example")
-        .bold()
-        .centered()
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-fn render_footer(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    Paragraph::new("\nUse ↓↑ to move, ← to unselect, → to change status, g/G to go top/bottom.")
-        .centered()
-        .render(area, buf);
-}
-
-impl StatefulList<'_> {
-    fn with_items<'a>(items: [(&'a str, &'a str, Status); 6]) -> StatefulList<'a> {
-        StatefulList {
-            state: ListState::default(),
-            items: items.iter().map(TodoItem::from).collect(),
-            last_selected: None,
-        }
+const fn alternate_colors(i: usize) -> Color {
+    if i % 2 == 0 {
+        NORMAL_ROW_BG
+    } else {
+        ALT_ROW_BG_COLOR
     }
+}
 
-    fn next(&mut self) {
-        let i = match self.state.selected() {
-            Some(i) => {
-                if i >= self.items.len() - 1 {
-                    0
-                } else {
-                    i + 1
-                }
+impl From<&TodoItem> for ListItem<'_> {
+    fn from(value: &TodoItem) -> Self {
+        let line = match value.status {
+            Status::Todo => Line::styled(format!(" ☐ {}", value.todo), TEXT_FG_COLOR),
+            Status::Completed => {
+                Line::styled(format!(" ✓ {}", value.todo), COMPLETED_TEXT_FG_COLOR)
             }
-            None => self.last_selected.unwrap_or(0),
         };
-        self.state.select(Some(i));
-    }
-
-    fn previous(&mut self) {
-        let i = match self.state.selected() {
-            Some(i) => {
-                if i == 0 {
-                    self.items.len() - 1
-                } else {
-                    i - 1
-                }
-            }
-            None => self.last_selected.unwrap_or(0),
-        };
-        self.state.select(Some(i));
-    }
-
-    fn unselect(&mut self) {
-        let offset = self.state.offset();
-        self.last_selected = self.state.selected();
-        self.state.select(None);
-        *self.state.offset_mut() = offset;
+        ListItem::new(line)
     }
 }
 
-impl TodoItem<'_> {
-    fn to_list_item(&self, index: usize) -> ListItem {
-        let bg_color = match index % 2 {
-            0 => NORMAL_ROW_COLOR,
-            _ => ALT_ROW_COLOR,
-        };
-        let line = match self.status {
-            Status::Todo => Line::styled(format!(" ☐ {}", self.todo), TEXT_COLOR),
-            Status::Completed => Line::styled(
-                format!(" ✓ {}", self.todo),
-                (COMPLETED_TEXT_COLOR, bg_color),
-            ),
-        };
+mod tui {
+    use std::{io, io::stdout};
 
-        ListItem::new(line).bg(bg_color)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> From<&(&'a str, &'a str, Status)> for TodoItem<'a> {
-    fn from((todo, info, status): &(&'a str, &'a str, Status)) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            todo,
-            info,
-            status: *status,
-        }
+    use color_eyre::config::HookBuilder;
+    use ratatui::{
+        backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+        crossterm::{
+            terminal::{
+                disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+            },
+            ExecutableCommand,
+        },
+        terminal::Terminal,
+    };
+
+    pub fn init_error_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+        let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
+        let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
+        let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
+        color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
+            let _ = restore_terminal();
+            error(e)
+        }))?;
+        std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
+            let _ = restore_terminal();
+            panic(info);
+        }));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn init_terminal() -> io::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
+        stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+        enable_raw_mode()?;
+        Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn restore_terminal() -> io::Result<()> {
+        stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+        disable_raw_mode()
     }
 }

examples/minimal.rs

@@ -13,12 +13,16 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    text::Text,
+    Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{backend::CrosstermBackend, text::Text, Terminal};
 
 /// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
 /// this is not meant to be prescriptive. See the [examples] folder for more complete examples.

examples/modifiers.rs

@@ -25,13 +25,20 @@ use std::{
     time::Duration,
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::Paragraph,
+};
 
 type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
 

examples/panic.rs

@@ -31,12 +31,14 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    text::Line,
     widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
 };
 

examples/paragraph.rs

@@ -14,150 +14,218 @@
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
 use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
+    io::{self},
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
+use crossterm::event::KeyEventKind;
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Wrap},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Stylize},
+    text::{Line, Masked, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Widget, Wrap},
 };
 
-struct App {
-    scroll: u16,
-}
-
-impl App {
-    const fn new() -> Self {
-        Self { scroll: 0 }
-    }
-
-    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
-        self.scroll += 1;
-        self.scroll %= 10;
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
-    let app = App::new();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
+use self::common::{init_terminal, install_hooks, restore_terminal, Tui};
 
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    install_hooks()?;
+    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
+    let mut app = App::new();
+    app.run(&mut terminal)?;
+    restore_terminal()?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
-    mut app: App,
-    tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
-    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct App {
+    should_exit: bool,
+    scroll: u16,
+    last_tick: Instant,
+}
 
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
-        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
+impl App {
+    /// The duration between each tick.
+    const TICK_RATE: Duration = Duration::from_millis(250);
+
+    /// Create a new instance of the app.
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            should_exit: false,
+            scroll: 0,
+            last_tick: Instant::now(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Run the app until the user exits.
+    fn run(&mut self, terminal: &mut Tui) -> io::Result<()> {
+        while !self.should_exit {
+            self.draw(terminal)?;
+            self.handle_events()?;
+            if self.last_tick.elapsed() >= Self::TICK_RATE {
+                self.on_tick();
+                self.last_tick = Instant::now();
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Draw the app to the terminal.
+    fn draw(&mut self, terminal: &mut Tui) -> io::Result<()> {
+        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.size()))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Handle events from the terminal.
+    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let timeout = Self::TICK_RATE.saturating_sub(self.last_tick.elapsed());
+        while event::poll(timeout)? {
             if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                    return Ok(());
+                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+                    self.should_exit = true;
                 }
             }
         }
-        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
-            app.on_tick();
-            last_tick = Instant::now();
-        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Update the app state on each tick.
+    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
+        self.scroll = (self.scroll + 1) % 10;
     }
 }
 
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let size = f.size();
+impl Widget for &mut App {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        let areas = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Max(9); 4]).split(area);
+        Paragraph::new(create_lines(area))
+            .block(title_block("Default alignment (Left), no wrap"))
+            .gray()
+            .render(areas[0], buf);
+        Paragraph::new(create_lines(area))
+            .block(title_block("Default alignment (Left), with wrap"))
+            .gray()
+            .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
+            .render(areas[1], buf);
+        Paragraph::new(create_lines(area))
+            .block(title_block("Right alignment, with wrap"))
+            .gray()
+            .right_aligned()
+            .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
+            .render(areas[2], buf);
+        Paragraph::new(create_lines(area))
+            .block(title_block("Center alignment, with wrap, with scroll"))
+            .gray()
+            .centered()
+            .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
+            .scroll((self.scroll, 0))
+            .render(areas[3], buf);
+    }
+}
 
-    // Words made "loooong" to demonstrate line breaking.
-    let s = "Veeeeeeeeeeeeeeeery    loooooooooooooooooong   striiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiing.   ";
-    let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(size.width) / s.len() + 4);
-    long_line.push('\n');
+/// Create a bordered block with a title.
+fn title_block(title: &str) -> Block {
+    Block::bordered()
+        .gray()
+        .title(title.bold().into_centered_line())
+}
 
-    let block = Block::new().black();
-    f.render_widget(block, size);
-
-    let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Ratio(1, 4); 4]).split(size);
-
-    let text = vec![
-        Line::from("This is a line "),
-        Line::from("This is a line   ".red()),
-        Line::from("This is a line".on_blue()),
-        Line::from("This is a longer line".crossed_out()),
-        Line::from(long_line.on_green()),
-        Line::from("This is a line".green().italic()),
-        Line::from(vec![
+/// Create some lines to display in the paragraph.
+fn create_lines(area: Rect) -> Vec<Line<'static>> {
+    let short_line = "A long line to demonstrate line wrapping. ";
+    let long_line = short_line.repeat(usize::from(area.width) / short_line.len() + 4);
+    let mut styled_spans = vec![];
+    for span in [
+        "Styled".blue(),
+        "Spans".red().on_white(),
+        "Bold".bold(),
+        "Italic".italic(),
+        "Underlined".underlined(),
+        "Strikethrough".crossed_out(),
+    ] {
+        styled_spans.push(span);
+        styled_spans.push(" ".into());
+    }
+    vec![
+        Line::raw("Unstyled Line"),
+        Line::raw("Styled Line").black().on_red().bold().italic(),
+        Line::from(styled_spans),
+        Line::from(long_line.green().italic()),
+        Line::from_iter([
             "Masked text: ".into(),
-            Span::styled(
-                Masked::new("password", '*'),
-                Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
-            ),
+            Span::styled(Masked::new("my secret password", '*'), Color::Red),
         ]),
-    ];
+    ]
+}
 
-    let create_block = |title| {
-        Block::bordered()
-            .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-            .title(Span::styled(
-                title,
-                Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-            ))
+/// A module for common functionality used in the examples.
+mod common {
+    use std::{
+        io::{self, stdout, Stdout},
+        panic,
     };
 
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-        .block(create_block("Default alignment (Left), no wrap"));
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[0]);
+    use color_eyre::{
+        config::{EyreHook, HookBuilder, PanicHook},
+        eyre,
+    };
+    use crossterm::ExecutableCommand;
+    use ratatui::{
+        backend::CrosstermBackend,
+        crossterm::terminal::{
+            disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        },
+        terminal::Terminal,
+    };
 
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-        .block(create_block("Default alignment (Left), with wrap"))
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[1]);
+    // A simple alias for the terminal type used in this example.
+    pub type Tui = Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>;
 
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-        .block(create_block("Right alignment, with wrap"))
-        .right_aligned()
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[2]);
+    /// Initialize the terminal and enter alternate screen mode.
+    pub fn init_terminal() -> io::Result<Tui> {
+        enable_raw_mode()?;
+        stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+        let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+        Terminal::new(backend)
+    }
 
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-        .block(create_block("Center alignment, with wrap, with scroll"))
-        .centered()
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
-        .scroll((app.scroll, 0));
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, layout[3]);
+    /// Restore the terminal to its original state.
+    pub fn restore_terminal() -> io::Result<()> {
+        disable_raw_mode()?;
+        stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Installs hooks for panic and error handling.
+    ///
+    /// Makes the app resilient to panics and errors by restoring the terminal before printing the
+    /// panic or error message. This prevents error messages from being messed up by the terminal
+    /// state.
+    pub fn install_hooks() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+        let (panic_hook, eyre_hook) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
+        install_panic_hook(panic_hook);
+        install_error_hook(eyre_hook)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Install a panic hook that restores the terminal before printing the panic.
+    fn install_panic_hook(panic_hook: PanicHook) {
+        let panic_hook = panic_hook.into_panic_hook();
+        panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |panic_info| {
+            let _ = restore_terminal();
+            panic_hook(panic_info);
+        }));
+    }
+
+    /// Install an error hook that restores the terminal before printing the error.
+    fn install_error_hook(eyre_hook: EyreHook) -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+        let eyre_hook = eyre_hook.into_eyre_hook();
+        eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |error| {
+            let _ = restore_terminal();
+            eyre_hook(error)
+        }))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }

examples/popup.rs

@@ -18,13 +18,16 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::Stylize,
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
     widgets::{Block, Clear, Paragraph, Wrap},
 };
 

examples/ratatui-logo.rs

@@ -19,10 +19,15 @@ use std::{
     time::Duration,
 };
 
-use crossterm::terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode};
 use indoc::indoc;
 use itertools::izip;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode},
+    terminal::{Terminal, Viewport},
+    widgets::Paragraph,
+    TerminalOptions,
+};
 
 /// A fun example of using half block characters to draw a logo
 #[allow(clippy::many_single_char_names)]

examples/scrollbar.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
 #![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
 
 use std::{
     error::Error,
@@ -22,12 +21,20 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin},
+    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols::scrollbar,
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    text::{Line, Masked, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, symbols::scrollbar, widgets::*};
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct App {
@@ -186,7 +193,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
             .begin_symbol(None)
             .track_symbol(None)
             .end_symbol(None),
-        chunks[2].inner(&Margin {
+        chunks[2].inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 0,
         }),
@@ -204,7 +211,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
             .thumb_symbol("🬋")
             .end_symbol(None),
-        chunks[3].inner(&Margin {
+        chunks[3].inner(Margin {
             vertical: 0,
             horizontal: 1,
         }),
@@ -222,7 +229,7 @@ fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
         Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
             .thumb_symbol("░")
             .track_symbol(Some("─")),
-        chunks[4].inner(&Margin {
+        chunks[4].inner(Margin {
             vertical: 0,
             horizontal: 1,
         }),

examples/sparkline.rs

@@ -19,17 +19,20 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use rand::{
     distributions::{Distribution, Uniform},
     rngs::ThreadRng,
 };
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
     widgets::{Block, Borders, Sparkline},
 };
 

examples/table.rs

@@ -13,17 +13,25 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use, clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
+    style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    text::{Line, Text},
+    widgets::{
+        Block, BorderType, Cell, HighlightSpacing, Paragraph, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation,
+        ScrollbarState, Table, TableState,
+    },
+};
 use style::palette::tailwind;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
@@ -212,13 +220,12 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<(
 
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
             if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                use KeyCode::*;
                 match key.code {
-                    Char('q') | Esc => return Ok(()),
-                    Char('j') | Down => app.next(),
-                    Char('k') | Up => app.previous(),
-                    Char('l') | Right => app.next_color(),
-                    Char('h') | Left => app.previous_color(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => return Ok(()),
+                    KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => app.next(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => app.previous(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => app.next_color(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => app.previous_color(),
                     _ => {}
                 }
             }
@@ -318,7 +325,7 @@ fn render_scrollbar(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
             .orientation(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalRight)
             .begin_symbol(None)
             .end_symbol(None),
-        area.inner(&Margin {
+        area.inner(Margin {
             vertical: 1,
             horizontal: 1,
         }),

examples/tabs.rs

@@ -13,17 +13,24 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-#![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports, clippy::enum_glob_use)]
-
 use std::io::stdout;
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Stylize},
+    symbols,
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Block, Padding, Paragraph, Tabs, Widget},
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -77,11 +84,10 @@ impl App {
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
             if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                use KeyCode::*;
                 match key.code {
-                    Char('l') | Right => self.next_tab(),
-                    Char('h') | Left => self.previous_tab(),
-                    Char('q') | Esc => self.quit(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next_tab(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.previous_tab(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
                     _ => {}
                 }
             }
@@ -120,7 +126,7 @@ impl SelectedTab {
 
 impl Widget for &App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        use Constraint::*;
+        use Constraint::{Length, Min};
         let vertical = Layout::vertical([Length(1), Min(0), Length(1)]);
         let [header_area, inner_area, footer_area] = vertical.areas(area);
 

examples/tracing.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+//! # [Ratatui] Tracing example
+//!
+//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
+//!
+//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
+//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
+//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
+//!
+//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
+//! library you are using.
+//!
+//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
+//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+
+// A simple example demonstrating how to use the [tracing] with Ratatui to log to a file.
+//
+// This example demonstrates how to use the [tracing] crate with Ratatui to log to a file. The
+// example sets up a simple logger that logs to a file named `tracing.log` in the current directory.
+//
+// Run the example with `cargo run --example tracing` and then view the `tracing.log` file to see
+// the logs. To see more logs, you can run the example with `RUST_LOG=tracing=debug cargo run
+// --example`
+//
+// For a helpful widget that handles logging, see the [tui-logger] crate.
+//
+// [tracing]: https://crates.io/crates/tracing
+// [tui-logger]: https://crates.io/crates/tui-logger
+
+use std::{fs::File, io::stdout, panic, time::Duration};
+
+use color_eyre::{
+    config::HookBuilder,
+    eyre::{self, Context},
+    Result,
+};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    ExecutableCommand,
+};
+use ratatui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    terminal::Terminal,
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+};
+use tracing::{debug, info, instrument, trace, Level};
+use tracing_appender::{non_blocking, non_blocking::WorkerGuard};
+use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    init_error_hooks()?;
+    let _guard = init_tracing()?;
+    info!("Starting tracing example");
+
+    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
+    let mut events = vec![]; // a buffer to store the recent events to display in the UI
+    while !should_exit(&events) {
+        handle_events(&mut events)?;
+        terminal.draw(|frame| ui(frame, &events))?;
+    }
+    restore_terminal()?;
+    info!("Exiting tracing example");
+    println!("See the tracing.log file for the logs");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn should_exit(events: &[Event]) -> bool {
+    events
+        .iter()
+        .any(|event| matches!(event, Event::Key(key) if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q')))
+}
+
+/// Handle events and insert them into the events vector keeping only the last 10 events
+#[instrument(skip(events))]
+fn handle_events(events: &mut Vec<Event>) -> Result<()> {
+    // Render the UI at least once every 100ms
+    if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(100))? {
+        let event = event::read()?;
+        debug!(?event);
+        events.insert(0, event);
+    }
+    events.truncate(10);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[instrument(skip_all)]
+fn ui(frame: &mut ratatui::Frame, events: &[Event]) {
+    // To view this event, run the example with `RUST_LOG=tracing=debug cargo run --example tracing`
+    trace!(frame_count = frame.count(), event_count = events.len());
+    let area = frame.size();
+    let events = events.iter().map(|e| format!("{e:?}")).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(events.join("\n"))
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Tracing example. Press 'q' to quit."));
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph, area);
+}
+
+/// Initialize the tracing subscriber to log to a file
+///
+/// This function initializes the tracing subscriber to log to a file named `tracing.log` in the
+/// current directory. The function returns a [`WorkerGuard`] that must be kept alive for the
+/// duration of the program to ensure that logs are flushed to the file on shutdown. The logs are
+/// written in a non-blocking fashion to ensure that the logs do not block the main thread.
+fn init_tracing() -> Result<WorkerGuard> {
+    let file = File::create("tracing.log").wrap_err("failed to create tracing.log")?;
+    let (non_blocking, guard) = non_blocking(file);
+
+    // By default, the subscriber is configured to log all events with a level of `DEBUG` or higher,
+    // but this can be changed by setting the `RUST_LOG` environment variable.
+    let env_filter = EnvFilter::builder()
+        .with_default_directive(Level::DEBUG.into())
+        .from_env_lossy();
+
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+        .with_writer(non_blocking)
+        .with_env_filter(env_filter)
+        .init();
+    Ok(guard)
+}
+
+/// Initialize the error hooks to ensure that the terminal is restored to a sane state before
+/// exiting
+fn init_error_hooks() -> Result<()> {
+    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
+    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
+    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
+    eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+        error(e)
+    }))?;
+    panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
+        let _ = restore_terminal();
+        panic(info);
+    }));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[instrument]
+fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    debug!("terminal initialized");
+    Ok(terminal)
+}
+
+#[instrument]
+fn restore_terminal() -> Result<()> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    debug!("terminal restored");
+    Ok(())
+}

examples/user_input.rs

@@ -29,13 +29,17 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use ratatui::{
-    prelude::*,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
+    text::{Line, Span, Text},
     widgets::{Block, List, ListItem, Paragraph},
 };
 
@@ -86,7 +90,7 @@ impl App {
     ///
     /// Since each character in a string can be contain multiple bytes, it's necessary to calculate
     /// the byte index based on the index of the character.
-    fn byte_index(&mut self) -> usize {
+    fn byte_index(&self) -> usize {
         self.input
             .char_indices()
             .map(|(i, _)| i)

examples/vhs/constraint-explorer.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/constraint-explorer.tape`
+Output "target/constraint-explorer.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set FontSize 18
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 950
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=constraint-explorer --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Show
+Set TypingSpeed 2s
+Type "1"
+Type "2"
+Right
+Type "4"
+Type "5"
+Up
+Up
+Down
+Down
+Right
+Set TypingSpeed 0.5s
+Type "++++++++"
+Type "--------"
+Type "aaa"
+Sleep 2s
+Type "xxx"
+Hide

examples/vhs/demo2-destroy.tape

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo2-destroy.tape`
 # NOTE: Requires VHS 0.6.1 or later for Screenshot support
 Output "target/demo2-destroy.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"

examples/vhs/demo2-social.tape

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo2-social.tape`
 
 Output "target/demo2-social.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"

examples/vhs/demo2.tape

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo2.tape`
 # NOTE: Requires VHS 0.6.1 or later for Screenshot support
 Output "target/demo2.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"

examples/vhs/docsrs.tape

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/demo.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/docsrs.tape`
 # NOTE: Requires VHS 0.6.1 or later for Screenshot support
 Output "target/docsrs.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"

examples/vhs/flex.tape

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/layout.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/flex.tape`
 Output "target/flex.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
 Set Width 1200

examples/vhs/hyperlink.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/hyperlink.tape`
+Output "target/hyperlink.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 200
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=hyperlink --features=crossterm,unstable-widget-ref"
+Enter
+Sleep 3s
+Show
+Sleep 1s
+Hide
+Type "q"
+

examples/vhs/line_gauge.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/line_gauge.tape`
+Output "target/line_gauge.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 850
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=line_gauge --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Show
+Sleep 2s
+Enter 1
+Sleep 15s

examples/vhs/minimal.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/minimal.tape`
+Output "target/minimal.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 200
+Hide
+Type "cargo run --example=minimal --features=crossterm"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 5s

examples/vhs/ratatui-logo.tape

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/popup.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/ratatui-logo.tape`
 Output "target/ratatui-logo.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
 Set Width 550

examples/vhs/tracing.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/tracing.tape`
+Output "target/tracing.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 800
+Type "RUST_LOG=trace cargo run --example=tracing" Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Type @100ms "jjjjq"
+Sleep 1s
+Type "cat tracing.log" Enter
+Sleep 10s

rustfmt.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 # configuration for https://rust-lang.github.io/rustfmt/
-group_imports = "StdExternalCrate"
-imports_granularity = "Crate"
-wrap_comments = true
 comment_width = 100
 format_code_in_doc_comments = true
+format_macro_matchers=true
+group_imports = "StdExternalCrate"
+imports_granularity = "Crate"
+normalize_doc_attributes=true
+use_field_init_shorthand=true
+wrap_comments = true

src/backend/crossterm.rs

@@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ use std::io::{self, Write};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
 use crossterm::style::SetUnderlineColor;
-use crossterm::{
-    cursor::{Hide, MoveTo, Show},
-    execute, queue,
-    style::{
-        Attribute as CAttribute, Attributes as CAttributes, Color as CColor, Colors, ContentStyle,
-        Print, SetAttribute, SetBackgroundColor, SetColors, SetForegroundColor,
-    },
-    terminal::{self, Clear},
-};
 
 use crate::{
     backend::{Backend, ClearType, WindowSize},
     buffer::Cell,
+    crossterm::{
+        cursor::{Hide, MoveTo, Show},
+        execute, queue,
+        style::{
+            Attribute as CAttribute, Attributes as CAttributes, Color as CColor, Colors,
+            ContentStyle, Print, SetAttribute, SetBackgroundColor, SetColors, SetForegroundColor,
+        },
+        terminal::{self, Clear},
+    },
     layout::Size,
     prelude::Rect,
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
@@ -45,11 +45,15 @@ use crate::{
 /// ```rust,no_run
 /// use std::io::{stderr, stdout};
 ///
-/// use crossterm::{
-///     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-///     ExecutableCommand,
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     crossterm::{
+///         terminal::{
+///             disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+///         },
+///         ExecutableCommand,
+///     },
+///     prelude::*,
 /// };
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
 ///
 /// let mut backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
 /// // or
@@ -102,7 +106,7 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Gets the writer.
-    #[stability::unstable(
+    #[instability::unstable(
         feature = "backend-writer",
         issue = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/991"
     )]
@@ -114,7 +118,7 @@ where
     ///
     /// Note: writing to the writer may cause incorrect output after the write. This is due to the
     /// way that the Terminal implements diffing Buffers.
-    #[stability::unstable(
+    #[instability::unstable(
         feature = "backend-writer",
         issue = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/991"
     )]

src/backend/termion.rs

@@ -9,13 +9,12 @@ use std::{
     io::{self, Write},
 };
 
-use termion::{color as tcolor, style as tstyle};
-
 use crate::{
     backend::{Backend, ClearType, WindowSize},
     buffer::Cell,
     prelude::Rect,
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    termion::{self, color as tcolor, color::Color as _, style as tstyle},
 };
 
 /// A [`Backend`] implementation that uses [Termion] to render to the terminal.
@@ -40,8 +39,10 @@ use crate::{
 /// ```rust,no_run
 /// use std::io::{stderr, stdout};
 ///
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
-/// use termion::{raw::IntoRawMode, screen::IntoAlternateScreen};
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     prelude::*,
+///     termion::{raw::IntoRawMode, screen::IntoAlternateScreen},
+/// };
 ///
 /// let writer = stdout().into_raw_mode()?.into_alternate_screen()?;
 /// let mut backend = TermionBackend::new(writer);
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Gets the writer.
-    #[stability::unstable(
+    #[instability::unstable(
         feature = "backend-writer",
         issue = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/991"
     )]
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ where
     /// Gets the writer as a mutable reference.
     /// Note: writing to the writer may cause incorrect output after the write. This is due to the
     /// way that the Terminal implements diffing Buffers.
-    #[stability::unstable(
+    #[instability::unstable(
         feature = "backend-writer",
         issue = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/991"
     )]
@@ -243,7 +244,6 @@ struct ModifierDiff {
 
 impl fmt::Display for Fg {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        use termion::color::Color as TermionColor;
         match self.0 {
             Color::Reset => termion::color::Reset.write_fg(f),
             Color::Black => termion::color::Black.write_fg(f),
@@ -269,7 +269,6 @@ impl fmt::Display for Fg {
 }
 impl fmt::Display for Bg {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        use termion::color::Color as TermionColor;
         match self.0 {
             Color::Reset => termion::color::Reset.write_bg(f),
             Color::Black => termion::color::Black.write_bg(f),
@@ -295,7 +294,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Bg {
 }
 
 macro_rules! from_termion_for_color {
-    ($termion_color:ident, $color: ident) => {
+    ($termion_color:ident, $color:ident) => {
         impl From<tcolor::$termion_color> for Color {
             fn from(_: tcolor::$termion_color) -> Self {
                 Color::$color
@@ -436,7 +435,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ModifierDiff {
 }
 
 macro_rules! from_termion_for_modifier {
-    ($termion_modifier:ident, $modifier: ident) => {
+    ($termion_modifier:ident, $modifier:ident) => {
         impl From<tstyle::$termion_modifier> for Modifier {
             fn from(_: tstyle::$termion_modifier) -> Self {
                 Modifier::$modifier

src/backend/termwiz.rs

@@ -7,20 +7,19 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use termwiz::{
-    caps::Capabilities,
-    cell::{AttributeChange, Blink, CellAttributes, Intensity, Underline},
-    color::{AnsiColor, ColorAttribute, ColorSpec, LinearRgba, RgbColor, SrgbaTuple},
-    surface::{Change, CursorVisibility, Position},
-    terminal::{buffered::BufferedTerminal, ScreenSize, SystemTerminal, Terminal},
-};
-
 use crate::{
     backend::{Backend, WindowSize},
     buffer::Cell,
     layout::Size,
     prelude::Rect,
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    termwiz::{
+        caps::Capabilities,
+        cell::{AttributeChange, Blink, CellAttributes, Intensity, Underline},
+        color::{AnsiColor, ColorAttribute, ColorSpec, LinearRgba, RgbColor, SrgbaTuple},
+        surface::{Change, CursorVisibility, Position},
+        terminal::{buffered::BufferedTerminal, ScreenSize, SystemTerminal, Terminal},
+    },
 };
 
 /// A [`Backend`] implementation that uses [Termwiz] to render to the terminal.

src/backend/test.rs

@@ -170,26 +170,29 @@ impl Backend for TestBackend {
     }
 
     fn clear_region(&mut self, clear_type: super::ClearType) -> io::Result<()> {
-        match clear_type {
-            ClearType::All => self.clear()?,
+        let region = match clear_type {
+            ClearType::All => return self.clear(),
             ClearType::AfterCursor => {
                 let index = self.buffer.index_of(self.pos.0, self.pos.1) + 1;
-                self.buffer.content[index..].fill(Cell::default());
+                &mut self.buffer.content[index..]
             }
             ClearType::BeforeCursor => {
                 let index = self.buffer.index_of(self.pos.0, self.pos.1);
-                self.buffer.content[..index].fill(Cell::default());
+                &mut self.buffer.content[..index]
             }
             ClearType::CurrentLine => {
                 let line_start_index = self.buffer.index_of(0, self.pos.1);
                 let line_end_index = self.buffer.index_of(self.width - 1, self.pos.1);
-                self.buffer.content[line_start_index..=line_end_index].fill(Cell::default());
+                &mut self.buffer.content[line_start_index..=line_end_index]
             }
             ClearType::UntilNewLine => {
                 let index = self.buffer.index_of(self.pos.0, self.pos.1);
                 let line_end_index = self.buffer.index_of(self.width - 1, self.pos.1);
-                self.buffer.content[index..=line_end_index].fill(Cell::default());
+                &mut self.buffer.content[index..=line_end_index]
             }
+        };
+        for cell in region {
+            cell.reset();
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -326,8 +329,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn draw() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
-        let mut cell = Cell::default();
-        cell.set_symbol("a");
+        let cell = Cell::new("a");
         backend.draw([(0, 0, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
         backend.draw([(0, 1, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
         backend.assert_buffer_lines(["a         "; 2]);
@@ -363,8 +365,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn clear() {
         let mut backend = TestBackend::new(4, 2);
-        let mut cell = Cell::default();
-        cell.set_symbol("a");
+        let cell = Cell::new("a");
         backend.draw([(0, 0, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
         backend.draw([(0, 1, &cell)].into_iter()).unwrap();
         backend.clear().unwrap();

src/buffer.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 //! A module for the [`Buffer`] and [`Cell`] types.
 
 mod assert;
-#[allow(clippy::module_inception)]
 mod buffer;
 mod cell;
 

src/buffer/buffer.rs

@@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ impl Buffer {
     /// Returns a Buffer with all cells set to the default one
     #[must_use]
     pub fn empty(area: Rect) -> Self {
-        Self::filled(area, &Cell::default())
+        Self::filled(area, Cell::EMPTY)
     }
 
     /// Returns a Buffer with all cells initialized with the attributes of the given Cell
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn filled(area: Rect, cell: &Cell) -> Self {
+    pub fn filled(area: Rect, cell: Cell) -> Self {
         let size = area.area() as usize;
-        let content = vec![cell.clone(); size];
+        let content = vec![cell; size];
         Self { area, content }
     }
 
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ impl Buffer {
     }
 
     /// Print at most the first n characters of a string if enough space is available
-    /// until the end of the line.
+    /// until the end of the line. Skips zero-width graphemes and control characters.
     ///
     /// Use [`Buffer::set_string`] when the maximum amount of characters can be printed.
     pub fn set_stringn<T, S>(
@@ -210,6 +210,7 @@ impl Buffer {
         let max_width = max_width.try_into().unwrap_or(u16::MAX);
         let mut remaining_width = self.area.right().saturating_sub(x).min(max_width);
         let graphemes = UnicodeSegmentation::graphemes(string.as_ref(), true)
+            .filter(|symbol| !symbol.contains(|char: char| char.is_control()))
             .map(|symbol| (symbol, symbol.width() as u16))
             .filter(|(_symbol, width)| *width > 0)
             .map_while(|(symbol, width)| {
@@ -278,22 +279,22 @@ impl Buffer {
         if self.content.len() > length {
             self.content.truncate(length);
         } else {
-            self.content.resize(length, Cell::default());
+            self.content.resize(length, Cell::EMPTY);
         }
         self.area = area;
     }
 
     /// Reset all cells in the buffer
     pub fn reset(&mut self) {
-        for c in &mut self.content {
-            c.reset();
+        for cell in &mut self.content {
+            cell.reset();
         }
     }
 
     /// Merge an other buffer into this one
     pub fn merge(&mut self, other: &Self) {
         let area = self.area.union(other.area);
-        self.content.resize(area.area() as usize, Cell::default());
+        self.content.resize(area.area() as usize, Cell::EMPTY);
 
         // Move original content to the appropriate space
         let size = self.area.area() as usize;
@@ -303,7 +304,7 @@ impl Buffer {
             let k = ((y - area.y) * area.width + x - area.x) as usize;
             if i != k {
                 self.content[k] = self.content[i].clone();
-                self.content[i] = Cell::default();
+                self.content[i].reset();
             }
         }
 
@@ -453,12 +454,6 @@ mod tests {
 
     use super::*;
 
-    fn cell(s: &str) -> Cell {
-        let mut cell = Cell::default();
-        cell.set_symbol(s);
-        cell
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn debug_empty_buffer() {
         let buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::ZERO);
@@ -615,16 +610,18 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn set_string_zero_width() {
+        assert_eq!("\u{200B}".width(), 0);
+
         let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1);
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(area);
 
         // Leading grapheme with zero width
-        let s = "\u{1}a";
+        let s = "\u{200B}a";
         buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, s, 1, Style::default());
         assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["a"]));
 
         // Trailing grapheme with zero with
-        let s = "a\u{1}";
+        let s = "a\u{200B}";
         buffer.set_stringn(0, 0, s, 1, Style::default());
         assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["a"]));
     }
@@ -749,14 +746,14 @@ mod tests {
         let prev = Buffer::empty(area);
         let next = Buffer::empty(area);
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
-        assert_eq!(diff, vec![]);
+        assert_eq!(diff, []);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn diff_empty_filled() {
         let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 40);
         let prev = Buffer::empty(area);
-        let next = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::default().set_symbol("a"));
+        let next = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::new("a"));
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
         assert_eq!(diff.len(), 40 * 40);
     }
@@ -764,10 +761,10 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn diff_filled_filled() {
         let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 40);
-        let prev = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::default().set_symbol("a"));
-        let next = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::default().set_symbol("a"));
+        let prev = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::new("a"));
+        let next = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::new("a"));
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
-        assert_eq!(diff, vec![]);
+        assert_eq!(diff, []);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -789,22 +786,23 @@ mod tests {
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
         assert_eq!(
             diff,
-            vec![
-                (2, 1, &cell("I")),
-                (3, 1, &cell("T")),
-                (4, 1, &cell("L")),
-                (5, 1, &cell("E")),
+            [
+                (2, 1, &Cell::new("I")),
+                (3, 1, &Cell::new("T")),
+                (4, 1, &Cell::new("L")),
+                (5, 1, &Cell::new("E")),
             ]
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
-    #[rustfmt::skip]
     fn diff_multi_width() {
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
         let prev = Buffer::with_lines([
             "┌Title─┐  ",
             "└──────┘  ",
         ]);
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
         let next = Buffer::with_lines([
             "┌称号──┐  ",
             "└──────┘  ",
@@ -812,12 +810,12 @@ mod tests {
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
         assert_eq!(
             diff,
-            vec![
-                (1, 0, &cell("称")),
+            [
+                (1, 0, &Cell::new("称")),
                 // Skipped "i"
-                (3, 0, &cell("号")),
+                (3, 0, &Cell::new("号")),
                 // Skipped "l"
-                (5, 0, &cell("─")),
+                (5, 0, &Cell::new("─")),
             ]
         );
     }
@@ -830,7 +828,11 @@ mod tests {
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
         assert_eq!(
             diff,
-            vec![(1, 0, &cell("─")), (2, 0, &cell("称")), (4, 0, &cell("号")),]
+            [
+                (1, 0, &Cell::new("─")),
+                (2, 0, &Cell::new("称")),
+                (4, 0, &Cell::new("号")),
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -843,59 +845,25 @@ mod tests {
         }
 
         let diff = prev.diff(&next);
-        assert_eq!(diff, vec![(0, 0, &cell("4"))],);
+        assert_eq!(diff, [(0, 0, &Cell::new("4"))],);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn merge() {
-        let mut one = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
-                x: 0,
-                y: 0,
-                width: 2,
-                height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("1"),
-        );
-        let two = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
-                x: 0,
-                y: 2,
-                width: 2,
-                height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
-        );
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 2), Rect::new(0, 2, 2, 2), ["11", "11", "22", "22"])]
+    #[case(Rect::new(2, 2, 2, 2), Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 2), ["22  ", "22  ", "  11", "  11"])]
+    fn merge<'line, Lines>(#[case] one: Rect, #[case] two: Rect, #[case] expected: Lines)
+    where
+        Lines: IntoIterator,
+        Lines::Item: Into<Line<'line>>,
+    {
+        let mut one = Buffer::filled(one, Cell::new("1"));
+        let two = Buffer::filled(two, Cell::new("2"));
         one.merge(&two);
-        assert_eq!(one, Buffer::with_lines(["11", "11", "22", "22"]));
+        assert_eq!(one, Buffer::with_lines(expected));
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn merge2() {
-        let mut one = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
-                x: 2,
-                y: 2,
-                width: 2,
-                height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("1"),
-        );
-        let two = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
-                x: 0,
-                y: 0,
-                width: 2,
-                height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
-        );
-        one.merge(&two);
-        assert_eq!(one, Buffer::with_lines(["22  ", "22  ", "  11", "  11"]));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn merge3() {
+    fn merge_with_offset() {
         let mut one = Buffer::filled(
             Rect {
                 x: 3,
@@ -903,7 +871,7 @@ mod tests {
                 width: 2,
                 height: 2,
             },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("1"),
+            Cell::new("1"),
         );
         let two = Buffer::filled(
             Rect {
@@ -912,67 +880,48 @@ mod tests {
                 width: 3,
                 height: 4,
             },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
+            Cell::new("2"),
         );
         one.merge(&two);
-        let mut merged = Buffer::with_lines(["222 ", "222 ", "2221", "2221"]);
-        merged.area = Rect {
+        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["222 ", "222 ", "2221", "2221"]);
+        expected.area = Rect {
             x: 1,
             y: 1,
             width: 4,
             height: 4,
         };
-        assert_eq!(one, merged);
+        assert_eq!(one, expected);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn merge_skip() {
-        let mut one = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(false, true, [false, false, true, true, true, true])]
+    #[case(true, false, [true, true, false, false, false, false])]
+    fn merge_skip(#[case] skip_one: bool, #[case] skip_two: bool, #[case] expected: [bool; 6]) {
+        let mut one = {
+            let area = Rect {
                 x: 0,
                 y: 0,
                 width: 2,
                 height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("1"),
-        );
-        let two = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
+            };
+            let mut cell = Cell::new("1");
+            cell.skip = skip_one;
+            Buffer::filled(area, cell)
+        };
+        let two = {
+            let area = Rect {
                 x: 0,
                 y: 1,
                 width: 2,
                 height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("2").set_skip(true),
-        );
+            };
+            let mut cell = Cell::new("2");
+            cell.skip = skip_two;
+            Buffer::filled(area, cell)
+        };
         one.merge(&two);
-        let skipped: Vec<bool> = one.content().iter().map(|c| c.skip).collect();
-        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![false, false, true, true, true, true]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn merge_skip2() {
-        let mut one = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
-                x: 0,
-                y: 0,
-                width: 2,
-                height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("1").set_skip(true),
-        );
-        let two = Buffer::filled(
-            Rect {
-                x: 0,
-                y: 1,
-                width: 2,
-                height: 2,
-            },
-            Cell::default().set_symbol("2"),
-        );
-        one.merge(&two);
-        let skipped: Vec<bool> = one.content().iter().map(|c| c.skip).collect();
-        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![true, true, false, false, false, false]);
+        let skipped = one.content().iter().map(|c| c.skip).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        assert_eq!(skipped, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -983,4 +932,35 @@ mod tests {
         buf.set_string(0, 1, "bar", Style::new().blue());
         assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["foo".red(), "bar".blue()]));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn control_sequence_rendered_full() {
+        let text = "I \x1b[0;36mwas\x1b[0m here!";
+
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::filled(Rect::new(0, 0, 25, 3), Cell::new("x"));
+        buffer.set_string(1, 1, text, Style::new());
+
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx",
+            "xI [0;36mwas[0m here!xxxx",
+            "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn control_sequence_rendered_partially() {
+        let text = "I \x1b[0;36mwas\x1b[0m here!";
+
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::filled(Rect::new(0, 0, 11, 3), Cell::new("x"));
+        buffer.set_string(1, 1, text, Style::new());
+
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
+            "xxxxxxxxxxx",
+            "xI [0;36mwa",
+            "xxxxxxxxxxx",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
+    }
 }

src/buffer/cell.rs

@@ -34,7 +34,29 @@ pub struct Cell {
 }
 
 impl Cell {
+    /// An empty `Cell`
+    pub const EMPTY: Self = Self::new(" ");
+
+    /// Creates a new `Cell` with the given symbol.
+    ///
+    /// This works at compile time and puts the symbol onto the stack. Fails to build when the
+    /// symbol doesnt fit onto the stack and requires to be placed on the heap. Use
+    /// `Self::default().set_symbol()` in that case. See [`CompactString::const_new`] for more
+    /// details on this.
+    pub const fn new(symbol: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            symbol: CompactString::const_new(symbol),
+            fg: Color::Reset,
+            bg: Color::Reset,
+            #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+            underline_color: Color::Reset,
+            modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+            skip: false,
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Gets the symbol of the cell.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn symbol(&self) -> &str {
         self.symbol.as_str()
     }
@@ -45,6 +67,14 @@ impl Cell {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Appends a symbol to the cell.
+    ///
+    /// This is particularly useful for adding zero-width characters to the cell.
+    pub(crate) fn append_symbol(&mut self, symbol: &str) -> &mut Self {
+        self.symbol.push_str(symbol);
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Sets the symbol of the cell to a single character.
     pub fn set_char(&mut self, ch: char) -> &mut Self {
         let mut buf = [0; 4];
@@ -86,19 +116,16 @@ impl Cell {
     }
 
     /// Returns the style of the cell.
-    pub fn style(&self) -> Style {
-        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
-        return Style::default()
-            .fg(self.fg)
-            .bg(self.bg)
-            .underline_color(self.underline_color)
-            .add_modifier(self.modifier);
-
-        #[cfg(not(feature = "underline-color"))]
-        return Style::default()
-            .fg(self.fg)
-            .bg(self.bg)
-            .add_modifier(self.modifier);
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn style(&self) -> Style {
+        Style {
+            fg: Some(self.fg),
+            bg: Some(self.bg),
+            #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+            underline_color: Some(self.underline_color),
+            add_modifier: self.modifier,
+            sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Sets the cell to be skipped when copying (diffing) the buffer to the screen.
@@ -110,9 +137,9 @@ impl Cell {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Resets the cell to the default state.
+    /// Resets the cell to the empty state.
     pub fn reset(&mut self) {
-        self.symbol = CompactString::new_inline(" ");
+        self.symbol = CompactString::const_new(" ");
         self.fg = Color::Reset;
         self.bg = Color::Reset;
         #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
@@ -126,15 +153,7 @@ impl Cell {
 
 impl Default for Cell {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            symbol: CompactString::new_inline(" "),
-            fg: Color::Reset,
-            bg: Color::Reset,
-            #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
-            underline_color: Color::Reset,
-            modifier: Modifier::empty(),
-            skip: false,
-        }
+        Self::EMPTY
     }
 }
 
@@ -143,12 +162,128 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
-    fn symbol_field() {
-        let mut cell = Cell::default();
+    fn new() {
+        let cell = Cell::new("あ");
+        assert_eq!(
+            cell,
+            Cell {
+                symbol: CompactString::const_new("あ"),
+                fg: Color::Reset,
+                bg: Color::Reset,
+                #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+                underline_color: Color::Reset,
+                modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+                skip: false,
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty() {
+        let cell = Cell::EMPTY;
         assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), " ");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn set_symbol() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
         cell.set_symbol("あ"); // Multi-byte character
         assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), "あ");
         cell.set_symbol("👨‍👩‍👧‍👦"); // Multiple code units combined with ZWJ
         assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), "👨‍👩‍👧‍👦");
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn append_symbol() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_symbol("あ"); // Multi-byte character
+        cell.append_symbol("\u{200B}"); // zero-width space
+        assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), "あ\u{200B}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn set_char() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_char('あ'); // Multi-byte character
+        assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), "あ");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn set_fg() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_fg(Color::Red);
+        assert_eq!(cell.fg, Color::Red);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn set_bg() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_bg(Color::Red);
+        assert_eq!(cell.bg, Color::Red);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn set_style() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_style(Style::new().fg(Color::Red).bg(Color::Blue));
+        assert_eq!(cell.fg, Color::Red);
+        assert_eq!(cell.bg, Color::Blue);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn set_skip() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_skip(true);
+        assert!(cell.skip);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reset() {
+        let mut cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_symbol("あ");
+        cell.set_fg(Color::Red);
+        cell.set_bg(Color::Blue);
+        cell.set_skip(true);
+        cell.reset();
+        assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), " ");
+        assert_eq!(cell.fg, Color::Reset);
+        assert_eq!(cell.bg, Color::Reset);
+        assert!(!cell.skip);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn style() {
+        let cell = Cell::EMPTY;
+        assert_eq!(
+            cell.style(),
+            Style {
+                fg: Some(Color::Reset),
+                bg: Some(Color::Reset),
+                #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+                underline_color: Some(Color::Reset),
+                add_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+                sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default() {
+        let cell = Cell::default();
+        assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), " ");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cell_eq() {
+        let cell1 = Cell::new("あ");
+        let cell2 = Cell::new("あ");
+        assert_eq!(cell1, cell2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cell_ne() {
+        let cell1 = Cell::new("あ");
+        let cell2 = Cell::new("い");
+        assert_ne!(cell1, cell2);
+    }
 }

src/layout.rs

@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@
 
 mod alignment;
 mod constraint;
-mod corner;
 mod direction;
 mod flex;
-#[allow(clippy::module_inception)]
 mod layout;
 mod margin;
 mod position;
@@ -14,7 +12,6 @@ mod size;
 
 pub use alignment::Alignment;
 pub use constraint::Constraint;
-pub use corner::Corner;
 pub use direction::Direction;
 pub use flex::Flex;
 pub use layout::Layout;

src/layout/constraint.rs

@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ impl Constraint {
     /// ```rust
     /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
     /// # let area = Rect::default();
-    /// let constraints = Constraint::from_mins([1, 2, 3]);
+    /// let constraints = Constraint::from_fills([1, 2, 3]);
     /// let layout = Layout::default().constraints(constraints).split(area);
     /// ```
     pub fn from_fills<T>(proportional_factors: T) -> Vec<Self>

src/layout/corner.rs

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-use strum::{Display, EnumString};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Display, EnumString, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub enum Corner {
-    #[default]
-    TopLeft,
-    TopRight,
-    BottomRight,
-    BottomLeft,
-}
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use strum::ParseError;
-
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn corner_to_string() {
-        assert_eq!(Corner::BottomLeft.to_string(), "BottomLeft");
-        assert_eq!(Corner::BottomRight.to_string(), "BottomRight");
-        assert_eq!(Corner::TopLeft.to_string(), "TopLeft");
-        assert_eq!(Corner::TopRight.to_string(), "TopRight");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn corner_from_str() {
-        assert_eq!("BottomLeft".parse::<Corner>(), Ok(Corner::BottomLeft));
-        assert_eq!("BottomRight".parse::<Corner>(), Ok(Corner::BottomRight));
-        assert_eq!("TopLeft".parse::<Corner>(), Ok(Corner::TopLeft));
-        assert_eq!("TopRight".parse::<Corner>(), Ok(Corner::TopRight));
-        assert_eq!("".parse::<Corner>(), Err(ParseError::VariantNotFound));
-    }
-}

src/layout/layout.rs

@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ impl Layout {
         // This is equivalent to storing the solver in `Layout` and calling `solver.reset()` here.
         let mut solver = Solver::new();
 
-        let inner_area = area.inner(&self.margin);
+        let inner_area = area.inner(self.margin);
         let (area_start, area_end) = match self.direction {
             Direction::Horizontal => (
                 f64::from(inner_area.x) * FLOAT_PRECISION_MULTIPLIER,
@@ -1881,14 +1881,11 @@ mod tests {
 
             let chunks = Layout::default()
                 .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-                .constraints(
-                    [
-                        Constraint::Percentage(10),
-                        Constraint::Max(5),
-                        Constraint::Min(1),
-                    ]
-                    .as_ref(),
-                )
+                .constraints([
+                    Constraint::Percentage(10),
+                    Constraint::Max(5),
+                    Constraint::Min(1),
+                ])
                 .split(target);
 
             assert_eq!(target.height, chunks.iter().map(|r| r.height).sum::<u16>());

src/layout/position.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 #![warn(missing_docs)]
+use std::fmt;
+
 use crate::layout::Rect;
 
 /// Position in the terminal
@@ -61,6 +63,12 @@ impl From<Rect> for Position {
     }
 }
 
+impl fmt::Display for Position {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "({}, {})", self.x, self.y)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -94,4 +102,10 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(position.x, 1);
         assert_eq!(position.y, 2);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn to_string() {
+        let position = Position::new(1, 2);
+        assert_eq!(position.to_string(), "(1, 2)");
+    }
 }

src/layout/rect.rs

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ impl Rect {
     /// Creates a new `Rect`, with width and height limited to keep the area under max `u16`. If
     /// clipped, aspect ratio will be preserved.
     pub fn new(x: u16, y: u16, width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
-        let max_area = u16::max_value();
+        let max_area = u16::MAX;
         let (clipped_width, clipped_height) =
             if u32::from(width) * u32::from(height) > u32::from(max_area) {
                 let aspect_ratio = f64::from(width) / f64::from(height);
@@ -119,9 +119,8 @@ impl Rect {
     /// Returns a new `Rect` inside the current one, with the given margin on each side.
     ///
     /// If the margin is larger than the `Rect`, the returned `Rect` will have no area.
-    #[allow(clippy::trivially_copy_pass_by_ref)] // See PR #1008
     #[must_use = "method returns the modified value"]
-    pub const fn inner(self, margin: &Margin) -> Self {
+    pub const fn inner(self, margin: Margin) -> Self {
         let doubled_margin_horizontal = margin.horizontal.saturating_mul(2);
         let doubled_margin_vertical = margin.vertical.saturating_mul(2);
 
@@ -406,7 +405,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn inner() {
         assert_eq!(
-            Rect::new(1, 2, 3, 4).inner(&Margin::new(1, 2)),
+            Rect::new(1, 2, 3, 4).inner(Margin::new(1, 2)),
             Rect::new(2, 4, 1, 0)
         );
     }

src/layout/rect/iter.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use self::layout::Position;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// An iterator over rows within a `Rect`.

src/layout/size.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 #![warn(missing_docs)]
+use std::fmt;
+
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// A simple size struct
@@ -32,6 +34,12 @@ impl From<Rect> for Size {
     }
 }
 
+impl fmt::Display for Size {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}x{}", self.width, self.height)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -56,4 +64,9 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(size.width, 10);
         assert_eq!(size.height, 20);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn display() {
+        assert_eq!(Size::new(10, 20).to_string(), "10x20");
+    }
 }

src/lib.rs

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 //!
 //! <div align="center">
 //!
-//! [![Crate Badge]][Crate] [![Docs Badge]][API Docs] [![CI Badge]][CI Workflow] [![License
-//! Badge]](./LICENSE) [![Sponsors Badge]][GitHub Sponsors]<br>
-//! [![Codecov Badge]][Codecov] [![Deps.rs Badge]][Deps.rs] [![Discord Badge]][Discord Server]
-//! [![Matrix Badge]][Matrix]<br>
+//! [![Crate Badge]][Crate] [![Docs Badge]][API Docs] [![CI Badge]][CI Workflow] [![Deps.rs
+//! Badge]][Deps.rs]<br> [![Codecov Badge]][Codecov] [![License Badge]](./LICENSE) [![Sponsors
+//! Badge]][GitHub Sponsors]<br> [![Discord Badge]][Discord Server] [![Matrix Badge]][Matrix]
+//! [![Forum Badge]][Forum]<br>
 //!
 //! [Ratatui Website] · [API Docs] · [Examples] · [Changelog] · [Breaking Changes]<br>
 //! [Contributing] · [Report a bug] · [Request a Feature] · [Create a Pull Request]
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@
 //!
 //! ## Installation
 //!
-//! Add `ratatui` and `crossterm` as dependencies to your cargo.toml:
+//! Add `ratatui` as a dependency to your cargo.toml:
 //!
 //! ```shell
-//! cargo add ratatui crossterm
+//! cargo add ratatui
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Ratatui uses [Crossterm] by default as it works on most platforms. See the [Installation]
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 //! ## Other documentation
 //!
 //! - [Ratatui Website] - explains the library's concepts and provides step-by-step tutorials
+//! - [Ratatui Forum][Forum] - a place to ask questions and discuss the library
 //! - [API Docs] - the full API documentation for the library on docs.rs.
 //! - [Examples] - a collection of examples that demonstrate how to use the library.
 //! - [Contributing] - Please read this if you are interested in contributing to the project.
@@ -103,12 +104,17 @@
 //! ```rust,no_run
 //! use std::io::{self, stdout};
 //!
-//! use crossterm::{
-//!     event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-//!     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-//!     ExecutableCommand,
+//! use ratatui::{
+//!     crossterm::{
+//!         event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+//!         terminal::{
+//!             disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+//!         },
+//!         ExecutableCommand,
+//!     },
+//!     prelude::*,
+//!     widgets::*,
 //! };
-//! use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 //!
 //! fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
 //!     enable_raw_mode()?;
@@ -255,22 +261,6 @@
 //! ![docsrs-styling]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "document-features", doc = "\n## Features")]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "document-features", doc = document_features::document_features!())]
-#![cfg_attr(
-    feature = "document-features",
-    doc = "[`CrossTermBackend`]: backend::CrosstermBackend"
-)]
-#![cfg_attr(
-    feature = "document-features",
-    doc = "[`TermionBackend`]: backend::TermionBackend"
-)]
-#![cfg_attr(
-    feature = "document-features",
-    doc = "[`TermwizBackend`]: backend::TermwizBackend"
-)]
-#![cfg_attr(
-    feature = "document-features",
-    doc = "[`calendar`]: widgets::calendar::Monthly"
-)]
 //!
 //! [Ratatui Website]: https://ratatui.rs/
 //! [Installation]: https://ratatui.rs/installation/
@@ -316,24 +306,22 @@
 //! [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
 //! [tui-rs]: https://crates.io/crates/tui
 //! [GitHub Sponsors]: https://github.com/sponsors/ratatui-org
-//! [Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square
-//! [License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square
-//! [CI Badge]:
-//!     https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
+//! [Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44&color=E05D44
+//! [License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square&color=1370D3
+//! [CI Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
 //! [CI Workflow]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions/workflows/ci.yml
-//! [Codecov Badge]:
-//!     https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST
+//! [Codecov Badge]: https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST&color=C43AC3&logoColor=C43AC3
 //! [Codecov]: https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui
 //! [Deps.rs Badge]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui/status.svg?style=flat-square
 //! [Deps.rs]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [Discord Badge]:
-//!     https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square
+//! [Discord Badge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square&color=1370D3&logoColor=1370D3
 //! [Discord Server]: https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj
-//! [Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square
-//! [Matrix Badge]:
-//!     https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix
+//! [Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44
+//! [Matrix Badge]: https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix&color=C43AC3
 //! [Matrix]: https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org
-//! [Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square
+//! [Forum Badge]: https://img.shields.io/discourse/likes?server=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.ratatui.rs&style=flat-square&logo=discourse&label=forum&color=C43AC3
+//! [Forum]: https://forum.ratatui.rs
+//! [Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square&color=1370D3
 
 // show the feature flags in the generated documentation
 #![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
@@ -342,16 +330,24 @@
     html_favicon_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/main/assets/favicon.ico"
 )]
 
+/// re-export the `crossterm` crate so that users don't have to add it as a dependency
+#[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+pub use crossterm;
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport};
+/// re-export the `termion` crate so that users don't have to add it as a dependency
+#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
+pub use termion;
+/// re-export the `termwiz` crate so that users don't have to add it as a dependency
+#[cfg(feature = "termwiz")]
+pub use termwiz;
+
 pub mod backend;
 pub mod buffer;
 pub mod layout;
+pub mod prelude;
 pub mod style;
 pub mod symbols;
 pub mod terminal;
 pub mod text;
 pub mod widgets;
-
-#[doc(inline)]
-pub use self::terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport};
-
-pub mod prelude;

src/prelude.rs

@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ pub(crate) use crate::widgets::{StatefulWidgetRef, WidgetRef};
 pub use crate::{
     backend::{self, Backend},
     buffer::{self, Buffer},
-    layout::{self, Alignment, Constraint, Corner, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect},
-    style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Styled, Stylize},
-    symbols::{self, Marker},
-    terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport},
+    layout::{self, Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin, Position, Rect, Size},
+    style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    symbols::{self},
+    terminal::{Frame, Terminal},
     text::{self, Line, Masked, Span, Text},
     widgets::{block::BlockExt, StatefulWidget, Widget},
 };

src/style.rs

@@ -71,13 +71,14 @@
 use std::fmt;
 
 use bitflags::bitflags;
-
-mod color;
-mod stylize;
-
 pub use color::{Color, ParseColorError};
 pub use stylize::{Styled, Stylize};
+
+mod color;
 pub mod palette;
+#[cfg(feature = "palette")]
+mod palette_conversion;
+mod stylize;
 
 bitflags! {
     /// Modifier changes the way a piece of text is displayed.
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
 ///     buffer.get(0, 0).style(),
 /// );
 /// ```
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub struct Style {
     pub fg: Option<Color>,
@@ -233,12 +234,6 @@ pub struct Style {
     pub sub_modifier: Modifier,
 }
 
-impl Default for Style {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
 impl Styled for Style {
     type Item = Self;
 
@@ -652,151 +647,80 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-    #[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Style::new().black(), Color::Black)]
+    #[case(Style::new().red(), Color::Red)]
+    #[case(Style::new().green(), Color::Green)]
+    #[case(Style::new().yellow(), Color::Yellow)]
+    #[case(Style::new().blue(), Color::Blue)]
+    #[case(Style::new().magenta(), Color::Magenta)]
+    #[case(Style::new().cyan(), Color::Cyan)]
+    #[case(Style::new().white(), Color::White)]
+    #[case(Style::new().gray(), Color::Gray)]
+    #[case(Style::new().dark_gray(), Color::DarkGray)]
+    #[case(Style::new().light_red(), Color::LightRed)]
+    #[case(Style::new().light_green(), Color::LightGreen)]
+    #[case(Style::new().light_yellow(), Color::LightYellow)]
+    #[case(Style::new().light_blue(), Color::LightBlue)]
+    #[case(Style::new().light_magenta(), Color::LightMagenta)]
+    #[case(Style::new().light_cyan(), Color::LightCyan)]
+    #[case(Style::new().white(), Color::White)]
+    fn fg_can_be_stylized(#[case] stylized: Style, #[case] expected: Color) {
+        assert_eq!(stylized, Style::new().fg(expected));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_black(), Color::Black)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_red(), Color::Red)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_green(), Color::Green)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_yellow(), Color::Yellow)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_blue(), Color::Blue)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_magenta(), Color::Magenta)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_cyan(), Color::Cyan)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_white(), Color::White)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_gray(), Color::Gray)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_dark_gray(), Color::DarkGray)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_light_red(), Color::LightRed)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_light_green(), Color::LightGreen)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_light_yellow(), Color::LightYellow)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_light_blue(), Color::LightBlue)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_light_magenta(), Color::LightMagenta)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_light_cyan(), Color::LightCyan)]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_white(), Color::White)]
+    fn bg_can_be_stylized(#[case] stylized: Style, #[case] expected: Color) {
+        assert_eq!(stylized, Style::new().bg(expected));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Style::new().bold(), Modifier::BOLD)]
+    #[case(Style::new().dim(), Modifier::DIM)]
+    #[case(Style::new().italic(), Modifier::ITALIC)]
+    #[case(Style::new().underlined(), Modifier::UNDERLINED)]
+    #[case(Style::new().slow_blink(), Modifier::SLOW_BLINK)]
+    #[case(Style::new().rapid_blink(), Modifier::RAPID_BLINK)]
+    #[case(Style::new().reversed(), Modifier::REVERSED)]
+    #[case(Style::new().hidden(), Modifier::HIDDEN)]
+    #[case(Style::new().crossed_out(), Modifier::CROSSED_OUT)]
+    fn add_modifier_can_be_stylized(#[case] stylized: Style, #[case] expected: Modifier) {
+        assert_eq!(stylized, Style::new().add_modifier(expected));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_bold(), Modifier::BOLD)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_dim(), Modifier::DIM)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_italic(), Modifier::ITALIC)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_underlined(), Modifier::UNDERLINED)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_slow_blink(), Modifier::SLOW_BLINK)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_rapid_blink(), Modifier::RAPID_BLINK)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_reversed(), Modifier::REVERSED)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_hidden(), Modifier::HIDDEN)]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_crossed_out(), Modifier::CROSSED_OUT)]
+    fn remove_modifier_can_be_stylized(#[case] stylized: Style, #[case] expected: Modifier) {
+        assert_eq!(stylized, Style::new().remove_modifier(expected));
+    }
+
     #[test]
-    fn style_can_be_stylized() {
-        // foreground colors
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().black(), Style::new().fg(Color::Black));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().red(), Style::new().fg(Color::Red));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().green(), Style::new().fg(Color::Green));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().yellow(), Style::new().fg(Color::Yellow));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().blue(), Style::new().fg(Color::Blue));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().magenta(), Style::new().fg(Color::Magenta));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().cyan(), Style::new().fg(Color::Cyan));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().white(), Style::new().fg(Color::White));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().gray(), Style::new().fg(Color::Gray));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().dark_gray(), Style::new().fg(Color::DarkGray));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().light_red(), Style::new().fg(Color::LightRed));
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().light_green(),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::LightGreen)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().light_yellow(),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::LightYellow)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().light_blue(), Style::new().fg(Color::LightBlue));
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().light_magenta(),
-            Style::new().fg(Color::LightMagenta)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().light_cyan(), Style::new().fg(Color::LightCyan));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().white(), Style::new().fg(Color::White));
-
-        // Background colors
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_black(), Style::new().bg(Color::Black));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_red(), Style::new().bg(Color::Red));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_green(), Style::new().bg(Color::Green));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_yellow(), Style::new().bg(Color::Yellow));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_blue(), Style::new().bg(Color::Blue));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_magenta(), Style::new().bg(Color::Magenta));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_cyan(), Style::new().bg(Color::Cyan));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_white(), Style::new().bg(Color::White));
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_gray(), Style::new().bg(Color::Gray));
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_dark_gray(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::DarkGray)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_light_red(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::LightRed)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_light_green(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::LightGreen)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_light_yellow(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::LightYellow)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_light_blue(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::LightBlue)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_light_magenta(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::LightMagenta)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().on_light_cyan(),
-            Style::new().bg(Color::LightCyan)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().on_white(), Style::new().bg(Color::White));
-
-        // Add Modifiers
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().bold(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(Style::new().dim(), Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::DIM));
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().italic(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().underlined(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().slow_blink(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().rapid_blink(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().reversed(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().hidden(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::HIDDEN)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().crossed_out(),
-            Style::new().add_modifier(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT)
-        );
-
-        // Remove Modifiers
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_bold(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_dim(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::DIM)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_italic(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_underlined(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_slow_blink(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_rapid_blink(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_reversed(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_hidden(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::HIDDEN)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Style::new().not_crossed_out(),
-            Style::new().remove_modifier(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT)
-        );
-
-        // reset
+    fn reset_can_be_stylized() {
         assert_eq!(Style::new().reset(), Style::reset());
     }
 

src/style/color.rs

@@ -313,16 +313,7 @@ impl FromStr for Color {
                 _ => {
                     if let Ok(index) = s.parse::<u8>() {
                         Self::Indexed(index)
-                    } else if let (Ok(r), Ok(g), Ok(b)) = {
-                        if !s.starts_with('#') || s.len() != 7 {
-                            return Err(ParseColorError);
-                        }
-                        (
-                            u8::from_str_radix(&s[1..3], 16),
-                            u8::from_str_radix(&s[3..5], 16),
-                            u8::from_str_radix(&s[5..7], 16),
-                        )
-                    } {
+                    } else if let Some((r, g, b)) = parse_hex_color(s) {
                         Self::Rgb(r, g, b)
                     } else {
                         return Err(ParseColorError);
@@ -333,6 +324,16 @@ impl FromStr for Color {
     }
 }
 
+fn parse_hex_color(input: &str) -> Option<(u8, u8, u8)> {
+    if !input.starts_with('#') || input.len() != 7 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let r = u8::from_str_radix(input.get(1..3)?, 16).ok()?;
+    let g = u8::from_str_radix(input.get(3..5)?, 16).ok()?;
+    let b = u8::from_str_radix(input.get(5..7)?, 16).ok()?;
+    Some((r, g, b))
+}
+
 impl fmt::Display for Color {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
@@ -587,6 +588,7 @@ mod tests {
             "abcdef0",       // 7 chars is not a color
             " bcdefa",       // doesn't start with a '#'
             "#abcdef00",     // too many chars
+            "#1🦀2",         // len 7 but on char boundaries shouldnt panic
             "resett",        // typo
             "lightblackk",   // typo
         ];

src/style/palette_conversion.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+//! Conversions from colors in the `palette` crate to [`Color`].
+
+use ::palette::{
+    bool_mask::LazySelect,
+    num::{Arithmetics, MulSub, PartialCmp, Powf, Real},
+    LinSrgb,
+};
+use palette::{stimulus::IntoStimulus, Srgb};
+
+use super::Color;
+
+/// Convert an [`palette::Srgb`] color to a [`Color`].
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use palette::Srgb;
+/// use ratatui::style::Color;
+///
+/// let color = Color::from(Srgb::new(1.0f32, 0.0, 0.0));
+/// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0));
+/// ```
+impl<T: IntoStimulus<u8>> From<Srgb<T>> for Color {
+    fn from(color: Srgb<T>) -> Self {
+        let (red, green, blue) = color.into_format().into_components();
+        Self::Rgb(red, green, blue)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convert a [`palette::LinSrgb`] color to a [`Color`].
+///
+/// Note: this conversion only works for floating point linear sRGB colors. If you have a linear
+/// sRGB color in another format, you need to convert it to floating point first.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use palette::LinSrgb;
+/// use ratatui::style::Color;
+///
+/// let color = Color::from(LinSrgb::new(1.0f32, 0.0, 0.0));
+/// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0));
+/// ```
+impl<T: IntoStimulus<u8>> From<LinSrgb<T>> for Color
+where
+    T: Real + Powf + MulSub + Arithmetics + PartialCmp + Clone,
+    T::Mask: LazySelect<T>,
+{
+    fn from(color: LinSrgb<T>) -> Self {
+        let srgb_color = Srgb::<T>::from_linear(color);
+        Self::from(srgb_color)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_srgb() {
+        const RED: Color = Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from(Srgb::new(255u8, 0, 0)), RED);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from(Srgb::new(65535u16, 0, 0)), RED);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from(Srgb::new(1.0f32, 0.0, 0.0)), RED);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::from(Srgb::new(0.5f32, 0.5, 0.5)),
+            Color::Rgb(128, 128, 128)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_lin_srgb() {
+        const RED: Color = Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from(LinSrgb::new(1.0f32, 0.0, 0.0)), RED);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from(LinSrgb::new(1.0f64, 0.0, 0.0)), RED);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::from(LinSrgb::new(0.5f32, 0.5, 0.5)),
+            Color::Rgb(188, 188, 188)
+        );
+    }
+}

src/style/stylize.rs

@@ -137,9 +137,9 @@ macro_rules! modifier {
 /// ```
 pub trait Stylize<'a, T>: Sized {
     #[must_use = "`bg` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
-    fn bg(self, color: Color) -> T;
+    fn bg<C: Into<Color>>(self, color: C) -> T;
     #[must_use = "`fg` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
-    fn fg<S: Into<Color>>(self, color: S) -> T;
+    fn fg<C: Into<Color>>(self, color: C) -> T;
     #[must_use = "`reset` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
     fn reset(self) -> T;
     #[must_use = "`add_modifier` returns the modified style without modifying the original"]
@@ -179,12 +179,12 @@ impl<'a, T, U> Stylize<'a, T> for U
 where
     U: Styled<Item = T>,
 {
-    fn bg(self, color: Color) -> T {
-        let style = self.style().bg(color);
+    fn bg<C: Into<Color>>(self, color: C) -> T {
+        let style = self.style().bg(color.into());
         self.set_style(style)
     }
 
-    fn fg<S: Into<Color>>(self, color: S) -> T {
+    fn fg<C: Into<Color>>(self, color: C) -> T {
         let style = self.style().fg(color.into());
         self.set_style(style)
     }

src/symbols.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 use strum::{Display, EnumString};
 
+pub mod border;
+pub mod line;
+
 pub mod block {
     pub const FULL: &str = "█";
     pub const SEVEN_EIGHTHS: &str = "▉";
@@ -114,364 +117,6 @@ pub mod bar {
     };
 }
 
-pub mod line {
-    pub const VERTICAL: &str = "│";
-    pub const DOUBLE_VERTICAL: &str = "║";
-    pub const THICK_VERTICAL: &str = "┃";
-
-    pub const HORIZONTAL: &str = "─";
-    pub const DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL: &str = "═";
-    pub const THICK_HORIZONTAL: &str = "━";
-
-    pub const TOP_RIGHT: &str = "┐";
-    pub const ROUNDED_TOP_RIGHT: &str = "╮";
-    pub const DOUBLE_TOP_RIGHT: &str = "╗";
-    pub const THICK_TOP_RIGHT: &str = "┓";
-
-    pub const TOP_LEFT: &str = "┌";
-    pub const ROUNDED_TOP_LEFT: &str = "╭";
-    pub const DOUBLE_TOP_LEFT: &str = "╔";
-    pub const THICK_TOP_LEFT: &str = "┏";
-
-    pub const BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "┘";
-    pub const ROUNDED_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "╯";
-    pub const DOUBLE_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "╝";
-    pub const THICK_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "┛";
-
-    pub const BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "└";
-    pub const ROUNDED_BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "╰";
-    pub const DOUBLE_BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "╚";
-    pub const THICK_BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "┗";
-
-    pub const VERTICAL_LEFT: &str = "┤";
-    pub const DOUBLE_VERTICAL_LEFT: &str = "╣";
-    pub const THICK_VERTICAL_LEFT: &str = "┫";
-
-    pub const VERTICAL_RIGHT: &str = "├";
-    pub const DOUBLE_VERTICAL_RIGHT: &str = "╠";
-    pub const THICK_VERTICAL_RIGHT: &str = "┣";
-
-    pub const HORIZONTAL_DOWN: &str = "┬";
-    pub const DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL_DOWN: &str = "╦";
-    pub const THICK_HORIZONTAL_DOWN: &str = "┳";
-
-    pub const HORIZONTAL_UP: &str = "┴";
-    pub const DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL_UP: &str = "╩";
-    pub const THICK_HORIZONTAL_UP: &str = "┻";
-
-    pub const CROSS: &str = "┼";
-    pub const DOUBLE_CROSS: &str = "╬";
-    pub const THICK_CROSS: &str = "╋";
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-    pub struct Set {
-        pub vertical: &'static str,
-        pub horizontal: &'static str,
-        pub top_right: &'static str,
-        pub top_left: &'static str,
-        pub bottom_right: &'static str,
-        pub bottom_left: &'static str,
-        pub vertical_left: &'static str,
-        pub vertical_right: &'static str,
-        pub horizontal_down: &'static str,
-        pub horizontal_up: &'static str,
-        pub cross: &'static str,
-    }
-
-    impl Default for Set {
-        fn default() -> Self {
-            NORMAL
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub const NORMAL: Set = Set {
-        vertical: VERTICAL,
-        horizontal: HORIZONTAL,
-        top_right: TOP_RIGHT,
-        top_left: TOP_LEFT,
-        bottom_right: BOTTOM_RIGHT,
-        bottom_left: BOTTOM_LEFT,
-        vertical_left: VERTICAL_LEFT,
-        vertical_right: VERTICAL_RIGHT,
-        horizontal_down: HORIZONTAL_DOWN,
-        horizontal_up: HORIZONTAL_UP,
-        cross: CROSS,
-    };
-
-    pub const ROUNDED: Set = Set {
-        top_right: ROUNDED_TOP_RIGHT,
-        top_left: ROUNDED_TOP_LEFT,
-        bottom_right: ROUNDED_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
-        bottom_left: ROUNDED_BOTTOM_LEFT,
-        ..NORMAL
-    };
-
-    pub const DOUBLE: Set = Set {
-        vertical: DOUBLE_VERTICAL,
-        horizontal: DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL,
-        top_right: DOUBLE_TOP_RIGHT,
-        top_left: DOUBLE_TOP_LEFT,
-        bottom_right: DOUBLE_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
-        bottom_left: DOUBLE_BOTTOM_LEFT,
-        vertical_left: DOUBLE_VERTICAL_LEFT,
-        vertical_right: DOUBLE_VERTICAL_RIGHT,
-        horizontal_down: DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL_DOWN,
-        horizontal_up: DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL_UP,
-        cross: DOUBLE_CROSS,
-    };
-
-    pub const THICK: Set = Set {
-        vertical: THICK_VERTICAL,
-        horizontal: THICK_HORIZONTAL,
-        top_right: THICK_TOP_RIGHT,
-        top_left: THICK_TOP_LEFT,
-        bottom_right: THICK_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
-        bottom_left: THICK_BOTTOM_LEFT,
-        vertical_left: THICK_VERTICAL_LEFT,
-        vertical_right: THICK_VERTICAL_RIGHT,
-        horizontal_down: THICK_HORIZONTAL_DOWN,
-        horizontal_up: THICK_HORIZONTAL_UP,
-        cross: THICK_CROSS,
-    };
-}
-
-pub mod border {
-    use super::line;
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-    pub struct Set {
-        pub top_left: &'static str,
-        pub top_right: &'static str,
-        pub bottom_left: &'static str,
-        pub bottom_right: &'static str,
-        pub vertical_left: &'static str,
-        pub vertical_right: &'static str,
-        pub horizontal_top: &'static str,
-        pub horizontal_bottom: &'static str,
-    }
-
-    impl Default for Set {
-        fn default() -> Self {
-            PLAIN
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Border Set with a single line width
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// ┌─────┐
-    /// │xxxxx│
-    /// │xxxxx│
-    /// └─────┘
-    pub const PLAIN: Set = Set {
-        top_left: line::NORMAL.top_left,
-        top_right: line::NORMAL.top_right,
-        bottom_left: line::NORMAL.bottom_left,
-        bottom_right: line::NORMAL.bottom_right,
-        vertical_left: line::NORMAL.vertical,
-        vertical_right: line::NORMAL.vertical,
-        horizontal_top: line::NORMAL.horizontal,
-        horizontal_bottom: line::NORMAL.horizontal,
-    };
-
-    /// Border Set with a single line width and rounded corners
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// ╭─────╮
-    /// │xxxxx│
-    /// │xxxxx│
-    /// ╰─────╯
-    pub const ROUNDED: Set = Set {
-        top_left: line::ROUNDED.top_left,
-        top_right: line::ROUNDED.top_right,
-        bottom_left: line::ROUNDED.bottom_left,
-        bottom_right: line::ROUNDED.bottom_right,
-        vertical_left: line::ROUNDED.vertical,
-        vertical_right: line::ROUNDED.vertical,
-        horizontal_top: line::ROUNDED.horizontal,
-        horizontal_bottom: line::ROUNDED.horizontal,
-    };
-
-    /// Border Set with a double line width
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// ╔═════╗
-    /// ║xxxxx║
-    /// ║xxxxx║
-    /// ╚═════╝
-    pub const DOUBLE: Set = Set {
-        top_left: line::DOUBLE.top_left,
-        top_right: line::DOUBLE.top_right,
-        bottom_left: line::DOUBLE.bottom_left,
-        bottom_right: line::DOUBLE.bottom_right,
-        vertical_left: line::DOUBLE.vertical,
-        vertical_right: line::DOUBLE.vertical,
-        horizontal_top: line::DOUBLE.horizontal,
-        horizontal_bottom: line::DOUBLE.horizontal,
-    };
-
-    /// Border Set with a thick line width
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// ┏━━━━━┓
-    /// ┃xxxxx┃
-    /// ┃xxxxx┃
-    /// ┗━━━━━┛
-    pub const THICK: Set = Set {
-        top_left: line::THICK.top_left,
-        top_right: line::THICK.top_right,
-        bottom_left: line::THICK.bottom_left,
-        bottom_right: line::THICK.bottom_right,
-        vertical_left: line::THICK.vertical,
-        vertical_right: line::THICK.vertical,
-        horizontal_top: line::THICK.horizontal,
-        horizontal_bottom: line::THICK.horizontal,
-    };
-
-    pub const QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT: &str = "▘";
-    pub const QUADRANT_TOP_RIGHT: &str = "▝";
-    pub const QUADRANT_BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "▖";
-    pub const QUADRANT_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "▗";
-    pub const QUADRANT_TOP_HALF: &str = "▀";
-    pub const QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF: &str = "▄";
-    pub const QUADRANT_LEFT_HALF: &str = "▌";
-    pub const QUADRANT_RIGHT_HALF: &str = "▐";
-    pub const QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_BOTTOM_LEFT_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "▙";
-    pub const QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "▛";
-    pub const QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "▜";
-    pub const QUADRANT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_LEFT_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "▟";
-    pub const QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "▚";
-    pub const QUADRANT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "▞";
-    pub const QUADRANT_BLOCK: &str = "█";
-
-    /// Quadrant used for setting a border outside a block by one half cell "pixel".
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// ▛▀▀▀▀▀▜
-    /// ▌xxxxx▐
-    /// ▌xxxxx▐
-    /// ▙▄▄▄▄▄▟
-    /// ```
-    pub const QUADRANT_OUTSIDE: Set = Set {
-        top_left: QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_LEFT,
-        top_right: QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
-        bottom_left: QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_BOTTOM_LEFT_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
-        bottom_right: QUADRANT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_LEFT_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
-        vertical_left: QUADRANT_LEFT_HALF,
-        vertical_right: QUADRANT_RIGHT_HALF,
-        horizontal_top: QUADRANT_TOP_HALF,
-        horizontal_bottom: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF,
-    };
-
-    /// Quadrant used for setting a border inside a block by one half cell "pixel".
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// ▗▄▄▄▄▄▖
-    /// ▐xxxxx▌
-    /// ▐xxxxx▌
-    /// ▝▀▀▀▀▀▘
-    /// ```
-    pub const QUADRANT_INSIDE: Set = Set {
-        top_right: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_LEFT,
-        top_left: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
-        bottom_right: QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT,
-        bottom_left: QUADRANT_TOP_RIGHT,
-        vertical_left: QUADRANT_RIGHT_HALF,
-        vertical_right: QUADRANT_LEFT_HALF,
-        horizontal_top: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF,
-        horizontal_bottom: QUADRANT_TOP_HALF,
-    };
-
-    pub const ONE_EIGHTH_TOP_EIGHT: &str = "▔";
-    pub const ONE_EIGHTH_BOTTOM_EIGHT: &str = "▁";
-    pub const ONE_EIGHTH_LEFT_EIGHT: &str = "▏";
-    pub const ONE_EIGHTH_RIGHT_EIGHT: &str = "▕";
-
-    /// Wide border set based on McGugan box technique
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁
-    /// ▏xxxxx▕
-    /// ▏xxxxx▕
-    /// ▔▔▔▔▔▔▔
-    /// ```
-    #[allow(clippy::doc_markdown)]
-    pub const ONE_EIGHTH_WIDE: Set = Set {
-        top_right: ONE_EIGHTH_BOTTOM_EIGHT,
-        top_left: ONE_EIGHTH_BOTTOM_EIGHT,
-        bottom_right: ONE_EIGHTH_TOP_EIGHT,
-        bottom_left: ONE_EIGHTH_TOP_EIGHT,
-        vertical_left: ONE_EIGHTH_LEFT_EIGHT,
-        vertical_right: ONE_EIGHTH_RIGHT_EIGHT,
-        horizontal_top: ONE_EIGHTH_BOTTOM_EIGHT,
-        horizontal_bottom: ONE_EIGHTH_TOP_EIGHT,
-    };
-
-    /// Tall border set based on McGugan box technique
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// ▕▔▔▏
-    /// ▕xx▏
-    /// ▕xx▏
-    /// ▕▁▁▏
-    /// ```
-    #[allow(clippy::doc_markdown)]
-    pub const ONE_EIGHTH_TALL: Set = Set {
-        top_right: ONE_EIGHTH_LEFT_EIGHT,
-        top_left: ONE_EIGHTH_RIGHT_EIGHT,
-        bottom_right: ONE_EIGHTH_LEFT_EIGHT,
-        bottom_left: ONE_EIGHTH_RIGHT_EIGHT,
-        vertical_left: ONE_EIGHTH_RIGHT_EIGHT,
-        vertical_right: ONE_EIGHTH_LEFT_EIGHT,
-        horizontal_top: ONE_EIGHTH_TOP_EIGHT,
-        horizontal_bottom: ONE_EIGHTH_BOTTOM_EIGHT,
-    };
-
-    /// Wide proportional (visually equal width and height) border with using set of quadrants.
-    ///
-    /// The border is created by using half blocks for top and bottom, and full
-    /// blocks for right and left sides to make horizontal and vertical borders seem equal.
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// ▄▄▄▄
-    /// █xx█
-    /// █xx█
-    /// ▀▀▀▀
-    /// ```
-    pub const PROPORTIONAL_WIDE: Set = Set {
-        top_right: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF,
-        top_left: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF,
-        bottom_right: QUADRANT_TOP_HALF,
-        bottom_left: QUADRANT_TOP_HALF,
-        vertical_left: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
-        vertical_right: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
-        horizontal_top: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF,
-        horizontal_bottom: QUADRANT_TOP_HALF,
-    };
-
-    /// Tall proportional (visually equal width and height) border with using set of quadrants.
-    ///
-    /// The border is created by using full blocks for all sides, except for the top and bottom,
-    /// which use half blocks to make horizontal and vertical borders seem equal.
-    ///
-    /// ```text
-    /// ▕█▀▀█
-    /// ▕█xx█
-    /// ▕█xx█
-    /// ▕█▄▄█
-    /// ```
-    pub const PROPORTIONAL_TALL: Set = Set {
-        top_right: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
-        top_left: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
-        bottom_right: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
-        bottom_left: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
-        vertical_left: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
-        vertical_right: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
-        horizontal_top: QUADRANT_TOP_HALF,
-        horizontal_bottom: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF,
-    };
-}
-
 pub const DOT: &str = "•";
 
 pub mod braille {

src/symbols/border.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+use super::{block, line};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct Set {
+    pub top_left: &'static str,
+    pub top_right: &'static str,
+    pub bottom_left: &'static str,
+    pub bottom_right: &'static str,
+    pub vertical_left: &'static str,
+    pub vertical_right: &'static str,
+    pub horizontal_top: &'static str,
+    pub horizontal_bottom: &'static str,
+}
+
+impl Default for Set {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        PLAIN
+    }
+}
+
+/// Border Set with a single line width
+///
+/// ```text
+/// ┌─────┐
+/// │xxxxx│
+/// │xxxxx│
+/// └─────┘
+/// ```
+pub const PLAIN: Set = Set {
+    top_left: line::NORMAL.top_left,
+    top_right: line::NORMAL.top_right,
+    bottom_left: line::NORMAL.bottom_left,
+    bottom_right: line::NORMAL.bottom_right,
+    vertical_left: line::NORMAL.vertical,
+    vertical_right: line::NORMAL.vertical,
+    horizontal_top: line::NORMAL.horizontal,
+    horizontal_bottom: line::NORMAL.horizontal,
+};
+
+/// Border Set with a single line width and rounded corners
+///
+/// ```text
+/// ╭─────╮
+/// │xxxxx│
+/// │xxxxx│
+/// ╰─────╯
+/// ```
+pub const ROUNDED: Set = Set {
+    top_left: line::ROUNDED.top_left,
+    top_right: line::ROUNDED.top_right,
+    bottom_left: line::ROUNDED.bottom_left,
+    bottom_right: line::ROUNDED.bottom_right,
+    vertical_left: line::ROUNDED.vertical,
+    vertical_right: line::ROUNDED.vertical,
+    horizontal_top: line::ROUNDED.horizontal,
+    horizontal_bottom: line::ROUNDED.horizontal,
+};
+
+/// Border Set with a double line width
+///
+/// ```text
+/// ╔═════╗
+/// ║xxxxx║
+/// ║xxxxx║
+/// ╚═════╝
+/// ```
+pub const DOUBLE: Set = Set {
+    top_left: line::DOUBLE.top_left,
+    top_right: line::DOUBLE.top_right,
+    bottom_left: line::DOUBLE.bottom_left,
+    bottom_right: line::DOUBLE.bottom_right,
+    vertical_left: line::DOUBLE.vertical,
+    vertical_right: line::DOUBLE.vertical,
+    horizontal_top: line::DOUBLE.horizontal,
+    horizontal_bottom: line::DOUBLE.horizontal,
+};
+
+/// Border Set with a thick line width
+///
+/// ```text
+/// ┏━━━━━┓
+/// ┃xxxxx┃
+/// ┃xxxxx┃
+/// ┗━━━━━┛
+/// ```
+pub const THICK: Set = Set {
+    top_left: line::THICK.top_left,
+    top_right: line::THICK.top_right,
+    bottom_left: line::THICK.bottom_left,
+    bottom_right: line::THICK.bottom_right,
+    vertical_left: line::THICK.vertical,
+    vertical_right: line::THICK.vertical,
+    horizontal_top: line::THICK.horizontal,
+    horizontal_bottom: line::THICK.horizontal,
+};
+
+pub const QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT: &str = "▘";
+pub const QUADRANT_TOP_RIGHT: &str = "▝";
+pub const QUADRANT_BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "▖";
+pub const QUADRANT_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "▗";
+pub const QUADRANT_TOP_HALF: &str = "▀";
+pub const QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF: &str = "▄";
+pub const QUADRANT_LEFT_HALF: &str = "▌";
+pub const QUADRANT_RIGHT_HALF: &str = "▐";
+pub const QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_BOTTOM_LEFT_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "▙";
+pub const QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "▛";
+pub const QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "▜";
+pub const QUADRANT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_LEFT_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "▟";
+pub const QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "▚";
+pub const QUADRANT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "▞";
+pub const QUADRANT_BLOCK: &str = "█";
+
+/// Quadrant used for setting a border outside a block by one half cell "pixel".
+///
+/// ```text
+/// ▛▀▀▀▀▀▜
+/// ▌xxxxx▐
+/// ▌xxxxx▐
+/// ▙▄▄▄▄▄▟
+/// ```
+pub const QUADRANT_OUTSIDE: Set = Set {
+    top_left: QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_LEFT,
+    top_right: QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
+    bottom_left: QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT_BOTTOM_LEFT_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
+    bottom_right: QUADRANT_TOP_RIGHT_BOTTOM_LEFT_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
+    vertical_left: QUADRANT_LEFT_HALF,
+    vertical_right: QUADRANT_RIGHT_HALF,
+    horizontal_top: QUADRANT_TOP_HALF,
+    horizontal_bottom: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF,
+};
+
+/// Quadrant used for setting a border inside a block by one half cell "pixel".
+///
+/// ```text
+/// ▗▄▄▄▄▄▖
+/// ▐xxxxx▌
+/// ▐xxxxx▌
+/// ▝▀▀▀▀▀▘
+/// ```
+pub const QUADRANT_INSIDE: Set = Set {
+    top_right: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_LEFT,
+    top_left: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
+    bottom_right: QUADRANT_TOP_LEFT,
+    bottom_left: QUADRANT_TOP_RIGHT,
+    vertical_left: QUADRANT_RIGHT_HALF,
+    vertical_right: QUADRANT_LEFT_HALF,
+    horizontal_top: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF,
+    horizontal_bottom: QUADRANT_TOP_HALF,
+};
+
+pub const ONE_EIGHTH_TOP_EIGHT: &str = "▔";
+pub const ONE_EIGHTH_BOTTOM_EIGHT: &str = "▁";
+pub const ONE_EIGHTH_LEFT_EIGHT: &str = "▏";
+pub const ONE_EIGHTH_RIGHT_EIGHT: &str = "▕";
+
+/// Wide border set based on McGugan box technique
+///
+/// ```text
+/// ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁
+/// ▏xxxxx▕
+/// ▏xxxxx▕
+/// ▔▔▔▔▔▔▔
+/// ```
+#[allow(clippy::doc_markdown)]
+pub const ONE_EIGHTH_WIDE: Set = Set {
+    top_right: ONE_EIGHTH_BOTTOM_EIGHT,
+    top_left: ONE_EIGHTH_BOTTOM_EIGHT,
+    bottom_right: ONE_EIGHTH_TOP_EIGHT,
+    bottom_left: ONE_EIGHTH_TOP_EIGHT,
+    vertical_left: ONE_EIGHTH_LEFT_EIGHT,
+    vertical_right: ONE_EIGHTH_RIGHT_EIGHT,
+    horizontal_top: ONE_EIGHTH_BOTTOM_EIGHT,
+    horizontal_bottom: ONE_EIGHTH_TOP_EIGHT,
+};
+
+/// Tall border set based on McGugan box technique
+///
+/// ```text
+/// ▕▔▔▏
+/// ▕xx▏
+/// ▕xx▏
+/// ▕▁▁▏
+/// ```
+#[allow(clippy::doc_markdown)]
+pub const ONE_EIGHTH_TALL: Set = Set {
+    top_right: ONE_EIGHTH_LEFT_EIGHT,
+    top_left: ONE_EIGHTH_RIGHT_EIGHT,
+    bottom_right: ONE_EIGHTH_LEFT_EIGHT,
+    bottom_left: ONE_EIGHTH_RIGHT_EIGHT,
+    vertical_left: ONE_EIGHTH_RIGHT_EIGHT,
+    vertical_right: ONE_EIGHTH_LEFT_EIGHT,
+    horizontal_top: ONE_EIGHTH_TOP_EIGHT,
+    horizontal_bottom: ONE_EIGHTH_BOTTOM_EIGHT,
+};
+
+/// Wide proportional (visually equal width and height) border with using set of quadrants.
+///
+/// The border is created by using half blocks for top and bottom, and full
+/// blocks for right and left sides to make horizontal and vertical borders seem equal.
+///
+/// ```text
+/// ▄▄▄▄
+/// █xx█
+/// █xx█
+/// ▀▀▀▀
+/// ```
+pub const PROPORTIONAL_WIDE: Set = Set {
+    top_right: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF,
+    top_left: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF,
+    bottom_right: QUADRANT_TOP_HALF,
+    bottom_left: QUADRANT_TOP_HALF,
+    vertical_left: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
+    vertical_right: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
+    horizontal_top: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF,
+    horizontal_bottom: QUADRANT_TOP_HALF,
+};
+
+/// Tall proportional (visually equal width and height) border with using set of quadrants.
+///
+/// The border is created by using full blocks for all sides, except for the top and bottom,
+/// which use half blocks to make horizontal and vertical borders seem equal.
+///
+/// ```text
+/// ▕█▀▀█
+/// ▕█xx█
+/// ▕█xx█
+/// ▕█▄▄█
+/// ```
+pub const PROPORTIONAL_TALL: Set = Set {
+    top_right: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
+    top_left: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
+    bottom_right: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
+    bottom_left: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
+    vertical_left: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
+    vertical_right: QUADRANT_BLOCK,
+    horizontal_top: QUADRANT_TOP_HALF,
+    horizontal_bottom: QUADRANT_BOTTOM_HALF,
+};
+
+/// Solid border set
+///
+/// The border is created by using full blocks for all sides.
+///
+/// ```text
+/// ████
+/// █xx█
+/// █xx█
+/// ████
+/// ```
+pub const FULL: Set = Set {
+    top_left: block::FULL,
+    top_right: block::FULL,
+    bottom_left: block::FULL,
+    bottom_right: block::FULL,
+    vertical_left: block::FULL,
+    vertical_right: block::FULL,
+    horizontal_top: block::FULL,
+    horizontal_bottom: block::FULL,
+};
+
+/// Empty border set
+///
+/// The border is created by using empty strings for all sides.
+///
+/// This is useful for ensuring that the border style is applied to a border on a block with a title
+/// without actually drawing a border.
+///
+/// ░ Example
+///
+/// `░` represents the content in the area not covered by the border to make it easier to see the
+/// blank symbols.
+///
+/// ```text
+/// ░░░░░░░░
+/// ░░    ░░
+/// ░░ ░░ ░░
+/// ░░ ░░ ░░
+/// ░░    ░░
+/// ░░░░░░░░
+/// ```
+pub const EMPTY: Set = Set {
+    top_left: " ",
+    top_right: " ",
+    bottom_left: " ",
+    bottom_right: " ",
+    vertical_left: " ",
+    vertical_right: " ",
+    horizontal_top: " ",
+    horizontal_bottom: " ",
+};
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use indoc::{formatdoc, indoc};
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default() {
+        assert_eq!(Set::default(), PLAIN);
+    }
+
+    /// A helper function to render a border set to a string.
+    ///
+    /// '░' (U+2591 Light Shade) is used as a placeholder for empty space to make it easier to see
+    /// the size of the border symbols.
+    fn render(set: Set) -> String {
+        formatdoc!(
+            "░░░░░░
+             ░{}{}{}{}░
+             ░{}░░{}░
+             ░{}░░{}░
+             ░{}{}{}{}░
+             ░░░░░░",
+            set.top_left,
+            set.horizontal_top,
+            set.horizontal_top,
+            set.top_right,
+            set.vertical_left,
+            set.vertical_right,
+            set.vertical_left,
+            set.vertical_right,
+            set.bottom_left,
+            set.horizontal_bottom,
+            set.horizontal_bottom,
+            set.bottom_right
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn plain() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(PLAIN),
+            indoc!(
+                "░░░░░░
+                 ░┌──┐░
+                 ░│░░│░
+                 ░│░░│░
+                 ░└──┘░
+                 ░░░░░░"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rounded() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(ROUNDED),
+            indoc!(
+                "░░░░░░
+                 ░╭──╮░
+                 ░│░░│░
+                 ░│░░│░
+                 ░╰──╯░
+                 ░░░░░░"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn double() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(DOUBLE),
+            indoc!(
+                "░░░░░░
+                 ░╔══╗░
+                 ░║░░║░
+                 ░║░░║░
+                 ░╚══╝░
+                 ░░░░░░"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn thick() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(THICK),
+            indoc!(
+                "░░░░░░
+                 ░┏━━┓░
+                 ░┃░░┃░
+                 ░┃░░┃░
+                 ░┗━━┛░
+                 ░░░░░░"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn quadrant_outside() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(QUADRANT_OUTSIDE),
+            indoc!(
+                "░░░░░░
+                 ░▛▀▀▜░
+                 ░▌░░▐░
+                 ░▌░░▐░
+                 ░▙▄▄▟░
+                 ░░░░░░"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn quadrant_inside() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(QUADRANT_INSIDE),
+            indoc!(
+                "░░░░░░
+                 ░▗▄▄▖░
+                 ░▐░░▌░
+                 ░▐░░▌░
+                 ░▝▀▀▘░
+                 ░░░░░░"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn one_eighth_wide() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(ONE_EIGHTH_WIDE),
+            indoc!(
+                "░░░░░░
+                 ░▁▁▁▁░
+                 ░▏░░▕░
+                 ░▏░░▕░
+                 ░▔▔▔▔░
+                 ░░░░░░"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn one_eighth_tall() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(ONE_EIGHTH_TALL),
+            indoc!(
+                "░░░░░░
+                 ░▕▔▔▏░
+                 ░▕░░▏░
+                 ░▕░░▏░
+                 ░▕▁▁▏░
+                 ░░░░░░"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn proportional_wide() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(PROPORTIONAL_WIDE),
+            indoc!(
+                "░░░░░░
+                 ░▄▄▄▄░
+                 ░█░░█░
+                 ░█░░█░
+                 ░▀▀▀▀░
+                 ░░░░░░"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn proportional_tall() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(PROPORTIONAL_TALL),
+            indoc!(
+                "░░░░░░
+                 ░█▀▀█░
+                 ░█░░█░
+                 ░█░░█░
+                 ░█▄▄█░
+                 ░░░░░░"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn full() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(FULL),
+            indoc!(
+                "░░░░░░
+                 ░████░
+                 ░█░░█░
+                 ░█░░█░
+                 ░████░
+                 ░░░░░░"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(EMPTY),
+            indoc!(
+                "░░░░░░
+                 ░    ░
+                 ░ ░░ ░
+                 ░ ░░ ░
+                 ░    ░
+                 ░░░░░░"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+}

src/symbols/line.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+pub const VERTICAL: &str = "│";
+pub const DOUBLE_VERTICAL: &str = "║";
+pub const THICK_VERTICAL: &str = "┃";
+
+pub const HORIZONTAL: &str = "─";
+pub const DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL: &str = "═";
+pub const THICK_HORIZONTAL: &str = "━";
+
+pub const TOP_RIGHT: &str = "┐";
+pub const ROUNDED_TOP_RIGHT: &str = "╮";
+pub const DOUBLE_TOP_RIGHT: &str = "╗";
+pub const THICK_TOP_RIGHT: &str = "┓";
+
+pub const TOP_LEFT: &str = "┌";
+pub const ROUNDED_TOP_LEFT: &str = "╭";
+pub const DOUBLE_TOP_LEFT: &str = "╔";
+pub const THICK_TOP_LEFT: &str = "┏";
+
+pub const BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "┘";
+pub const ROUNDED_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "╯";
+pub const DOUBLE_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "╝";
+pub const THICK_BOTTOM_RIGHT: &str = "┛";
+
+pub const BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "└";
+pub const ROUNDED_BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "╰";
+pub const DOUBLE_BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "╚";
+pub const THICK_BOTTOM_LEFT: &str = "┗";
+
+pub const VERTICAL_LEFT: &str = "┤";
+pub const DOUBLE_VERTICAL_LEFT: &str = "╣";
+pub const THICK_VERTICAL_LEFT: &str = "┫";
+
+pub const VERTICAL_RIGHT: &str = "├";
+pub const DOUBLE_VERTICAL_RIGHT: &str = "╠";
+pub const THICK_VERTICAL_RIGHT: &str = "┣";
+
+pub const HORIZONTAL_DOWN: &str = "┬";
+pub const DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL_DOWN: &str = "╦";
+pub const THICK_HORIZONTAL_DOWN: &str = "┳";
+
+pub const HORIZONTAL_UP: &str = "┴";
+pub const DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL_UP: &str = "╩";
+pub const THICK_HORIZONTAL_UP: &str = "┻";
+
+pub const CROSS: &str = "┼";
+pub const DOUBLE_CROSS: &str = "╬";
+pub const THICK_CROSS: &str = "╋";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct Set {
+    pub vertical: &'static str,
+    pub horizontal: &'static str,
+    pub top_right: &'static str,
+    pub top_left: &'static str,
+    pub bottom_right: &'static str,
+    pub bottom_left: &'static str,
+    pub vertical_left: &'static str,
+    pub vertical_right: &'static str,
+    pub horizontal_down: &'static str,
+    pub horizontal_up: &'static str,
+    pub cross: &'static str,
+}
+
+impl Default for Set {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        NORMAL
+    }
+}
+
+pub const NORMAL: Set = Set {
+    vertical: VERTICAL,
+    horizontal: HORIZONTAL,
+    top_right: TOP_RIGHT,
+    top_left: TOP_LEFT,
+    bottom_right: BOTTOM_RIGHT,
+    bottom_left: BOTTOM_LEFT,
+    vertical_left: VERTICAL_LEFT,
+    vertical_right: VERTICAL_RIGHT,
+    horizontal_down: HORIZONTAL_DOWN,
+    horizontal_up: HORIZONTAL_UP,
+    cross: CROSS,
+};
+
+pub const ROUNDED: Set = Set {
+    top_right: ROUNDED_TOP_RIGHT,
+    top_left: ROUNDED_TOP_LEFT,
+    bottom_right: ROUNDED_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
+    bottom_left: ROUNDED_BOTTOM_LEFT,
+    ..NORMAL
+};
+
+pub const DOUBLE: Set = Set {
+    vertical: DOUBLE_VERTICAL,
+    horizontal: DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL,
+    top_right: DOUBLE_TOP_RIGHT,
+    top_left: DOUBLE_TOP_LEFT,
+    bottom_right: DOUBLE_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
+    bottom_left: DOUBLE_BOTTOM_LEFT,
+    vertical_left: DOUBLE_VERTICAL_LEFT,
+    vertical_right: DOUBLE_VERTICAL_RIGHT,
+    horizontal_down: DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL_DOWN,
+    horizontal_up: DOUBLE_HORIZONTAL_UP,
+    cross: DOUBLE_CROSS,
+};
+
+pub const THICK: Set = Set {
+    vertical: THICK_VERTICAL,
+    horizontal: THICK_HORIZONTAL,
+    top_right: THICK_TOP_RIGHT,
+    top_left: THICK_TOP_LEFT,
+    bottom_right: THICK_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
+    bottom_left: THICK_BOTTOM_LEFT,
+    vertical_left: THICK_VERTICAL_LEFT,
+    vertical_right: THICK_VERTICAL_RIGHT,
+    horizontal_down: THICK_HORIZONTAL_DOWN,
+    horizontal_up: THICK_HORIZONTAL_UP,
+    cross: THICK_CROSS,
+};
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use indoc::{formatdoc, indoc};
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default() {
+        assert_eq!(Set::default(), NORMAL);
+    }
+
+    /// A helper function to render a set of symbols.
+    fn render(set: Set) -> String {
+        formatdoc!(
+            "{}{}{}{}
+             {}{}{}{}
+             {}{}{}{}
+             {}{}{}{}",
+            set.top_left,
+            set.horizontal,
+            set.horizontal_down,
+            set.top_right,
+            set.vertical,
+            " ",
+            set.vertical,
+            set.vertical,
+            set.vertical_right,
+            set.horizontal,
+            set.cross,
+            set.vertical_left,
+            set.bottom_left,
+            set.horizontal,
+            set.horizontal_up,
+            set.bottom_right
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normal() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(NORMAL),
+            indoc!(
+                "┌─┬┐
+                 │ ││
+                 ├─┼┤
+                 └─┴┘"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rounded() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(ROUNDED),
+            indoc!(
+                "╭─┬╮
+                 │ ││
+                 ├─┼┤
+                 ╰─┴╯"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn double() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(DOUBLE),
+            indoc!(
+                "╔═╦╗
+                 ║ ║║
+                 ╠═╬╣
+                 ╚═╩╝"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn thick() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(THICK),
+            indoc!(
+                "┏━┳┓
+                 ┃ ┃┃
+                 ┣━╋┫
+                 ┗━┻┛"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+}

src/terminal.rs

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 //! [`Buffer`]: crate::buffer::Buffer
 
 mod frame;
-#[allow(clippy::module_inception)]
 mod terminal;
 mod viewport;
 

src/terminal/frame.rs

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl Frame<'_> {
     /// # }
     /// ```
     #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
-    #[stability::unstable(feature = "widget-ref")]
+    #[instability::unstable(feature = "widget-ref")]
     pub fn render_widget_ref<W: WidgetRef>(&mut self, widget: W, area: Rect) {
         widget.render_ref(area, self.buffer);
     }
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ impl Frame<'_> {
     /// # }
     /// ```
     #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
-    #[stability::unstable(feature = "widget-ref")]
+    #[instability::unstable(feature = "widget-ref")]
     pub fn render_stateful_widget_ref<W>(&mut self, widget: W, area: Rect, state: &mut W::State)
     where
         W: StatefulWidgetRef,

src/terminal/terminal.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::io;
 
-use crate::{backend::ClearType, prelude::*};
+use crate::{backend::ClearType, prelude::*, CompletedFrame, TerminalOptions, Viewport};
 
 /// An interface to interact and draw [`Frame`]s on the user's terminal.
 ///
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ where
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::io::stdout;
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, backend::TestBackend};
+    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, backend::TestBackend, terminal::{Viewport, TerminalOptions}};
     /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
     /// let viewport = Viewport::Fixed(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 10));
     /// let terminal = Terminal::with_options(backend, TerminalOptions { viewport })?;
@@ -234,39 +234,145 @@ where
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// Synchronizes terminal size, calls the rendering closure, flushes the current internal state
-    /// and prepares for the next draw call.
+    /// Draws a single frame to the terminal.
     ///
-    /// This is the main entry point for drawing to the terminal.
+    /// Returns a [`CompletedFrame`] if successful, otherwise a [`std::io::Error`].
     ///
-    /// The changes drawn to the frame are applied only to the current [`Buffer`]. After the closure
-    /// returns, the current buffer is compared to the previous buffer and only the changes are
-    /// applied to the terminal.
+    /// If the render callback passed to this method can fail, use [`try_draw`] instead.
+    ///
+    /// Applications should call `draw` or [`try_draw`] in a loop to continuously render the
+    /// terminal. These methods are the main entry points for drawing to the terminal.
+    ///
+    /// [`try_draw`]: Terminal::try_draw
+    ///
+    /// This method will:
+    ///
+    /// - autoresize the terminal if necessary
+    /// - call the render callback, passing it a [`Frame`] reference to render to
+    /// - flush the current internal state by copying the current buffer to the backend
+    /// - move the cursor to the last known position if it was set during the rendering closure
+    /// - return a [`CompletedFrame`] with the current buffer and the area of the terminal
+    ///
+    /// The [`CompletedFrame`] returned by this method can be useful for debugging or testing
+    /// purposes, but it is often not used in regular applicationss.
+    ///
+    /// The render callback should fully render the entire frame when called, including areas that
+    /// are unchanged from the previous frame. This is because each frame is compared to the
+    /// previous frame to determine what has changed, and only the changes are written to the
+    /// terminal. If the render callback does not fully render the frame, the terminal will not be
+    /// in a consistent state.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// # use std::io::stdout;
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
-    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
-    /// let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    /// ```
+    /// # let backend = ratatui::backend::TestBackend::new(10, 10);
+    /// # let mut terminal = ratatui::Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::Paragraph;
+    ///
+    /// // with a closure
     /// terminal.draw(|frame| {
     ///     let area = frame.size();
     ///     frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("Hello World!"), area);
     ///     frame.set_cursor(0, 0);
     /// })?;
-    /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+    ///
+    /// // or with a function
+    /// terminal.draw(render)?;
+    ///
+    /// fn render(frame: &mut ratatui::Frame) {
+    ///     frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("Hello World!"), frame.size());
+    /// }
+    /// # io::Result::Ok(())
     /// ```
-    pub fn draw<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> io::Result<CompletedFrame>
+    pub fn draw<F>(&mut self, render_callback: F) -> io::Result<CompletedFrame>
     where
         F: FnOnce(&mut Frame),
+    {
+        self.try_draw(|frame| {
+            render_callback(frame);
+            io::Result::Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Tries to draw a single frame to the terminal.
+    ///
+    /// Returns [`Result::Ok`] containing a [`CompletedFrame`] if successful, otherwise
+    /// [`Result::Err`] containing the [`std::io::Error`] that caused the failure.
+    ///
+    /// This is the equivalent of [`Terminal::draw`] but the render callback is a function or
+    /// closure that returns a `Result` instead of nothing.
+    ///
+    /// Applications should call `try_draw` or [`draw`] in a loop to continuously render the
+    /// terminal. These methods are the main entry points for drawing to the terminal.
+    ///
+    /// [`draw`]: Terminal::draw
+    ///
+    /// This method will:
+    ///
+    /// - autoresize the terminal if necessary
+    /// - call the render callback, passing it a [`Frame`] reference to render to
+    /// - flush the current internal state by copying the current buffer to the backend
+    /// - move the cursor to the last known position if it was set during the rendering closure
+    /// - return a [`CompletedFrame`] with the current buffer and the area of the terminal
+    ///
+    /// The render callback passed to `try_draw` can return any [`Result`] with an error type that
+    /// can be converted into an [`std::io::Error`] using the [`Into`] trait. This makes it possible
+    /// to use the `?` operator to propagate errors that occur during rendering. If the render
+    /// callback returns an error, the error will be returned from `try_draw` as an
+    /// [`std::io::Error`] and the terminal will not be updated.
+    ///
+    /// The [`CompletedFrame`] returned by this method can be useful for debugging or testing
+    /// purposes, but it is often not used in regular applicationss.
+    ///
+    /// The render callback should fully render the entire frame when called, including areas that
+    /// are unchanged from the previous frame. This is because each frame is compared to the
+    /// previous frame to determine what has changed, and only the changes are written to the
+    /// terminal. If the render function does not fully render the frame, the terminal will not be
+    /// in a consistent state.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```should_panic
+    /// # let backend = ratatui::backend::TestBackend::new(10, 10);
+    /// # let mut terminal = ratatui::Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::Paragraph;
+    ///
+    /// // with a closure
+    /// terminal.try_draw(|frame| {
+    ///     let value: u8 = "not a number".parse().map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+    ///     let area = frame.size();
+    ///     frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("Hello World!"), area);
+    ///     frame.set_cursor(0, 0);
+    ///     io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// })?;
+    ///
+    /// // or with a function
+    /// terminal.try_draw(render)?;
+    ///
+    /// fn render(frame: &mut ratatui::Frame) -> io::Result<()> {
+    ///     let value: u8 = "not a number".parse().map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+    ///     frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("Hello World!"), frame.size());
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    /// # io::Result::Ok(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn try_draw<F, E>(&mut self, render_callback: F) -> io::Result<CompletedFrame>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Frame) -> Result<(), E>,
+        E: Into<io::Error>,
     {
         // Autoresize - otherwise we get glitches if shrinking or potential desync between widgets
         // and the terminal (if growing), which may OOB.
         self.autoresize()?;
 
         let mut frame = self.get_frame();
-        f(&mut frame);
+
+        render_callback(&mut frame).map_err(Into::into)?;
+
         // We can't change the cursor position right away because we have to flush the frame to
         // stdout first. But we also can't keep the frame around, since it holds a &mut to
         // Buffer. Thus, we're taking the important data out of the Frame and dropping it.

src/text.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 //! - A single line string where all graphemes have the same style is represented by a [`Span`].
 //! - A single line string where each grapheme may have its own style is represented by [`Line`].
 //! - A multiple line string where each grapheme may have its own style is represented by a
-//! [`Text`].
+//!   [`Text`].
 //!
 //! These types form a hierarchy: [`Line`] is a collection of [`Span`] and each line of [`Text`]
 //! is a [`Line`].
@@ -48,14 +48,13 @@ mod grapheme;
 pub use grapheme::StyledGrapheme;
 
 mod line;
-pub use line::Line;
+pub use line::{Line, ToLine};
 
 mod masked;
 pub use masked::Masked;
 
 mod span;
-pub use span::Span;
+pub use span::{Span, ToSpan};
 
-#[allow(clippy::module_inception)]
 mod text;
-pub use text::Text;
+pub use text::{Text, ToText};

src/text/grapheme.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
+
+const NBSP: &str = "\u{00a0}";
+const ZWSP: &str = "\u{200b}";
 
 /// A grapheme associated to a style.
 /// Note that, although `StyledGrapheme` is the smallest divisible unit of text,
@@ -22,6 +25,11 @@ impl<'a> StyledGrapheme<'a> {
             style: style.into(),
         }
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_whitespace(&self) -> bool {
+        let symbol = self.symbol;
+        symbol == ZWSP || symbol.chars().all(char::is_whitespace) && symbol != NBSP
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a> Styled for StyledGrapheme<'a> {

src/text/line.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 
 use unicode_truncate::UnicodeTruncateStr;
 
-use super::StyledGrapheme;
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
 
 /// A line of text, consisting of one or more [`Span`]s.
 ///
@@ -13,6 +12,9 @@ use crate::prelude::*;
 /// text. When a [`Line`] is rendered, it is rendered as a single line of text, with each [`Span`]
 /// being rendered in order (left to right).
 ///
+/// Any newlines in the content are removed when creating a [`Line`] using the constructor or
+/// conversion methods.
+///
 /// # Constructor Methods
 ///
 /// - [`Line::default`] creates a line with empty content and the default style.
@@ -159,6 +161,13 @@ pub struct Line<'a> {
     pub alignment: Option<Alignment>,
 }
 
+fn cow_to_spans<'a>(content: impl Into<Cow<'a, str>>) -> Vec<Span<'a>> {
+    match content.into() {
+        Cow::Borrowed(s) => s.lines().map(Span::raw).collect(),
+        Cow::Owned(s) => s.lines().map(|v| Span::raw(v.to_string())).collect(),
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// Create a line with the default style.
     ///
@@ -184,17 +193,14 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
         T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
     {
         Self {
-            spans: content
-                .into()
-                .lines()
-                .map(|v| Span::raw(v.to_string()))
-                .collect(),
+            spans: cow_to_spans(content),
             ..Default::default()
         }
     }
 
     /// Create a line with the given style.
-    // `content` can be any type that is convertible to [`Cow<str>`] (e.g. [`&str`], [`String`],
+    ///
+    /// `content` can be any type that is convertible to [`Cow<str>`] (e.g. [`&str`], [`String`],
     /// [`Cow<str>`], or your own type that implements [`Into<Cow<str>>`]).
     ///
     /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
@@ -218,11 +224,7 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
         S: Into<Style>,
     {
         Self {
-            spans: content
-                .into()
-                .lines()
-                .map(|v| Span::raw(v.to_string()))
-                .collect(),
+            spans: cow_to_spans(content),
             style: style.into(),
             ..Default::default()
         }
@@ -503,13 +505,13 @@ impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a mut Line<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> From<String> for Line<'a> {
     fn from(s: String) -> Self {
-        Self::from(vec![Span::from(s)])
+        Self::raw(s)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<&'a str> for Line<'a> {
     fn from(s: &'a str) -> Self {
-        Self::from(vec![Span::from(s)])
+        Self::raw(s)
     }
 }
 
@@ -546,6 +548,37 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+/// Adds a `Span` to a `Line`, returning a new `Line` with the `Span` added.
+impl<'a> std::ops::Add<Span<'a>> for Line<'a> {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn add(mut self, rhs: Span<'a>) -> Self::Output {
+        self.spans.push(rhs);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Adds two `Line`s together, returning a new `Text` with the contents of the two `Line`s.
+impl<'a> std::ops::Add<Self> for Line<'a> {
+    type Output = Text<'a>;
+
+    fn add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        Text::from(vec![self, rhs])
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> std::ops::AddAssign<Span<'a>> for Line<'a> {
+    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: Span<'a>) {
+        self.spans.push(rhs);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Extend<Span<'a>> for Line<'a> {
+    fn extend<T: IntoIterator<Item = Span<'a>>>(&mut self, iter: T) {
+        self.spans.extend(iter);
+    }
+}
+
 impl Widget for Line<'_> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         self.render_ref(area, buf);
@@ -647,6 +680,29 @@ fn spans_after_width<'a>(
         })
 }
 
+/// A trait for converting a value to a [`Line`].
+///
+/// This trait is automatically implemented for any type that implements the [`Display`] trait. As
+/// such, `ToLine` shouln't be implemented directly: [`Display`] should be implemented instead, and
+/// you get the `ToLine` implementation for free.
+///
+/// [`Display`]: std::fmt::Display
+pub trait ToLine {
+    /// Converts the value to a [`Line`].
+    fn to_line(&self) -> Line<'_>;
+}
+
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// In this implementation, the `to_line` method panics if the `Display` implementation returns an
+/// error. This indicates an incorrect `Display` implementation since `fmt::Write for String` never
+/// returns an error itself.
+impl<T: fmt::Display> ToLine for T {
+    fn to_line(&self) -> Line<'_> {
+        Line::from(self.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
 impl fmt::Display for Line<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         for span in &self.spans {
@@ -804,14 +860,28 @@ mod tests {
     fn from_string() {
         let s = String::from("Hello, world!");
         let line = Line::from(s);
-        assert_eq!(vec![Span::from("Hello, world!")], line.spans);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::from("Hello, world!")]);
+
+        let s = String::from("Hello\nworld!");
+        let line = Line::from(s);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::from("Hello"), Span::from("world!")]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn from_str() {
         let s = "Hello, world!";
         let line = Line::from(s);
-        assert_eq!(vec![Span::from("Hello, world!")], line.spans);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::from("Hello, world!")]);
+
+        let s = "Hello\nworld!";
+        let line = Line::from(s);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::from("Hello"), Span::from("world!")]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn to_line() {
+        let line = 42.to_line();
+        assert_eq!(vec![Span::from("42")], line.spans);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -821,7 +891,7 @@ mod tests {
             Span::styled(" world!", Style::default().fg(Color::Green)),
         ];
         let line = Line::from(spans.clone());
-        assert_eq!(spans, line.spans);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, spans);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -854,7 +924,63 @@ mod tests {
     fn from_span() {
         let span = Span::styled("Hello, world!", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow));
         let line = Line::from(span.clone());
-        assert_eq!(vec![span], line.spans);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![span],);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_span() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Line::raw("Red").red() + Span::raw("blue").blue(),
+            Line {
+                spans: vec![Span::raw("Red"), Span::raw("blue").blue()],
+                style: Style::new().red(),
+                alignment: None,
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_line() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Line::raw("Red").red() + Line::raw("Blue").blue(),
+            Text {
+                lines: vec![Line::raw("Red").red(), Line::raw("Blue").blue()],
+                style: Style::default(),
+                alignment: None,
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_assign_span() {
+        let mut line = Line::raw("Red").red();
+        line += Span::raw("Blue").blue();
+        assert_eq!(
+            line,
+            Line {
+                spans: vec![Span::raw("Red"), Span::raw("Blue").blue()],
+                style: Style::new().red(),
+                alignment: None,
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn extend() {
+        let mut line = Line::from("Hello, ");
+        line.extend(vec![Span::raw("world!")]);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::raw("Hello, "), Span::raw("world!")]);
+
+        let mut line = Line::from("Hello, ");
+        line.extend(vec![Span::raw("world! "), Span::raw("How are you?")]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            line.spans,
+            vec![
+                Span::raw("Hello, "),
+                Span::raw("world! "),
+                Span::raw("How are you?")
+            ]
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -864,7 +990,7 @@ mod tests {
             Span::styled(" world!", Style::default().fg(Color::Green)),
         ]);
         let s: String = line.into();
-        assert_eq!("Hello, world!", s);
+        assert_eq!(s, "Hello, world!");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1169,7 +1295,7 @@ mod tests {
         fn render_truncates_away_from_0x0(#[case] alignment: Alignment, #[case] expected: &str) {
             let line = Line::from(vec![Span::raw("a🦀b"), Span::raw("c🦀d")]).alignment(alignment);
             // Fill buffer with stuff to ensure the output is indeed padded
-            let mut buf = Buffer::filled(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 1), Cell::default().set_symbol("X"));
+            let mut buf = Buffer::filled(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 1), Cell::new("X"));
             let area = Rect::new(2, 0, 6, 1);
             line.render_ref(area, &mut buf);
             assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
@@ -1188,7 +1314,7 @@ mod tests {
             let line = Line::from(vec![Span::raw("a🦀b"), Span::raw("c🦀d")]).right_aligned();
             let area = Rect::new(0, 0, buf_width, 1);
             // Fill buffer with stuff to ensure the output is indeed padded
-            let mut buf = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::default().set_symbol("X"));
+            let mut buf = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::new("X"));
             line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
             assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
         }

src/text/span.rs

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
-use super::StyledGrapheme;
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
 
 /// Represents a part of a line that is contiguous and where all characters share the same style.
 ///
@@ -343,6 +342,14 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a> std::ops::Add<Self> for Span<'a> {
+    type Output = Line<'a>;
+
+    fn add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        Line::from_iter([self, rhs])
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a> Styled for Span<'a> {
     type Item = Self;
 
@@ -363,38 +370,73 @@ impl Widget for Span<'_> {
 
 impl WidgetRef for Span<'_> {
     fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let area = area.intersection(buf.area);
-        let Rect {
-            x: mut current_x,
-            y,
-            width,
-            ..
-        } = area;
-        let max_x = Ord::min(current_x.saturating_add(width), buf.area.right());
-        for g in self.styled_graphemes(Style::default()) {
-            let symbol_width = g.symbol.width();
-            let next_x = current_x.saturating_add(symbol_width as u16);
-            if next_x > max_x {
+        let Rect { mut x, y, .. } = area.intersection(buf.area);
+        for (i, grapheme) in self.styled_graphemes(Style::default()).enumerate() {
+            let symbol_width = grapheme.symbol.width();
+            let next_x = x.saturating_add(symbol_width as u16);
+            if next_x > area.intersection(buf.area).right() {
                 break;
             }
-            buf.get_mut(current_x, y)
-                .set_symbol(g.symbol)
-                .set_style(g.style);
+
+            if i == 0 {
+                // the first grapheme is always set on the cell
+                buf.get_mut(x, y)
+                    .set_symbol(grapheme.symbol)
+                    .set_style(grapheme.style);
+            } else if x == area.x {
+                // there is one or more zero-width graphemes in the first cell, so the first cell
+                // must be appended to.
+                buf.get_mut(x, y)
+                    .append_symbol(grapheme.symbol)
+                    .set_style(grapheme.style);
+            } else if symbol_width == 0 {
+                // append zero-width graphemes to the previous cell
+                buf.get_mut(x - 1, y)
+                    .append_symbol(grapheme.symbol)
+                    .set_style(grapheme.style);
+            } else {
+                // just a normal grapheme (not first, not zero-width, not overflowing the area)
+                buf.get_mut(x, y)
+                    .set_symbol(grapheme.symbol)
+                    .set_style(grapheme.style);
+            }
 
             // multi-width graphemes must clear the cells of characters that are hidden by the
             // grapheme, otherwise the hidden characters will be re-rendered if the grapheme is
             // overwritten.
-            for i in (current_x + 1)..next_x {
-                buf.get_mut(i, y).reset();
+            for x_hidden in (x + 1)..next_x {
                 // it may seem odd that the style of the hidden cells are not set to the style of
                 // the grapheme, but this is how the existing buffer.set_span() method works.
-                // buf.get_mut(i, y).set_style(g.style);
+                buf.get_mut(x_hidden, y).reset();
             }
-            current_x = next_x;
+            x = next_x;
         }
     }
 }
 
+/// A trait for converting a value to a [`Span`].
+///
+/// This trait is automatically implemented for any type that implements the [`Display`] trait. As
+/// such, `ToSpan` shouln't be implemented directly: [`Display`] should be implemented instead, and
+/// you get the `ToSpan` implementation for free.
+///
+/// [`Display`]: std::fmt::Display
+pub trait ToSpan {
+    /// Converts the value to a [`Span`].
+    fn to_span(&self) -> Span<'_>;
+}
+
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// In this implementation, the `to_span` method panics if the `Display` implementation returns an
+/// error. This indicates an incorrect `Display` implementation since `fmt::Write for String` never
+/// returns an error itself.
+impl<T: fmt::Display> ToSpan for T {
+    fn to_span(&self) -> Span<'_> {
+        Span::raw(self.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
 impl fmt::Display for Span<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Display::fmt(&self.content, f)
@@ -403,6 +445,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Span<'_> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use buffer::Cell;
     use rstest::fixture;
 
     use super::*;
@@ -495,6 +538,12 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(span.style, Style::default());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn to_span() {
+        assert_eq!(42.to_span(), Span::raw("42"));
+        assert_eq!("test".to_span(), Span::raw("test"));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn reset_style() {
         let span = Span::styled("test content", Style::new().green()).reset_style();
@@ -664,5 +713,95 @@ mod tests {
             ])]);
             assert_eq!(buf, expected);
         }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_first_zero_width() {
+            let span = Span::raw("\u{200B}abc");
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1));
+            span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(
+                buf.content(),
+                [Cell::new("\u{200B}a"), Cell::new("b"), Cell::new("c"),]
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_second_zero_width() {
+            let span = Span::raw("a\u{200B}bc");
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1));
+            span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(
+                buf.content(),
+                [Cell::new("a\u{200B}"), Cell::new("b"), Cell::new("c")]
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_middle_zero_width() {
+            let span = Span::raw("ab\u{200B}c");
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1));
+            span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(
+                buf.content(),
+                [Cell::new("a"), Cell::new("b\u{200B}"), Cell::new("c")]
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_last_zero_width() {
+            let span = Span::raw("abc\u{200B}");
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1));
+            span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(
+                buf.content(),
+                [Cell::new("a"), Cell::new("b"), Cell::new("c\u{200B}")]
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1160> One line contains
+    /// some Unicode Left-Right-Marks (U+200E)
+    ///
+    /// The issue was that a zero-width character at the end of the buffer causes the buffer bounds
+    /// to be exceeded (due to a position + 1 calculation that fails to account for the possibility
+    /// that the next position might not be available).
+    #[test]
+    fn issue_1160() {
+        let span = Span::raw("Hello\u{200E}");
+        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
+        span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(
+            buf.content(),
+            [
+                Cell::new("H"),
+                Cell::new("e"),
+                Cell::new("l"),
+                Cell::new("l"),
+                Cell::new("o\u{200E}"),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Span::default() + Span::default(),
+            Line::from(vec![Span::default(), Span::default()])
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            Span::default() + Span::raw("test"),
+            Line::from(vec![Span::default(), Span::raw("test")])
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            Span::raw("test") + Span::default(),
+            Line::from(vec![Span::raw("test"), Span::default()])
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            Span::raw("test") + Span::raw("content"),
+            Line::from(vec![Span::raw("test"), Span::raw("content")])
+        );
     }
 }