Make ratatui dev-dependecy in ratatui-termwiz just a path ref

We now expect that you disable the default features if you want less
dependencies

.cargo/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[alias]
+xtask = "run --package xtask --"

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-# See https://help.github.com/articles/about-codeowners/
+# See <https://help.github.com/articles/about-codeowners/>
+
 # for more info about CODEOWNERS file
 
 # It uses the same pattern rule for gitignore file
-# https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore#_pattern_format
+
+# <https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore#_pattern_format>
 
 # Maintainers
-* @orhun @joshka @kdheepak @Valentin271 @EdJoPaTo
 
-# Past maintainers
-# @mindoodoo @sayanarijit
+* @ratatui/maintainers

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+github: ratatui
+open_collective: ratatui

.github/workflows/bench_track_fork_pr.yml

@@ -18,43 +18,22 @@ jobs:
       PR_EVENT: event.json
     steps:
       - name: Download Benchmark Results
-        uses: actions/github-script@v7
+        uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v6
         with:
-          script: |
-            async function downloadArtifact(artifactName) {
-              let allArtifacts = await github.rest.actions.listWorkflowRunArtifacts({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                run_id: context.payload.workflow_run.id,
-              });
-              let matchArtifact = allArtifacts.data.artifacts.filter((artifact) => {
-                return artifact.name == artifactName
-              })[0];
-              if (!matchArtifact) {
-                core.setFailed(`Failed to find artifact: ${artifactName}`);
-              }
-              let download = await github.rest.actions.downloadArtifact({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                artifact_id: matchArtifact.id,
-                archive_format: 'zip',
-              });
-              let fs = require('fs');
-              fs.writeFileSync(`${process.env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/${artifactName}.zip`, Buffer.from(download.data));
-            }
-            await downloadArtifact(process.env.BENCHMARK_RESULTS);
-            await downloadArtifact(process.env.PR_EVENT);
-      - name: Unzip Benchmark Results
-        run: |
-          unzip $BENCHMARK_RESULTS.zip
-          unzip $PR_EVENT.zip
+          name: ${{ env.BENCHMARK_RESULTS }}
+          run_id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
+      - name: Download PR Event
+        uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          name: ${{ env.PR_EVENT }}
+          run_id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
       - name: Export PR Event Data
         uses: actions/github-script@v7
         with:
           script: |
             let fs = require('fs');
             let prEvent = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(process.env.PR_EVENT, {encoding: 'utf8'}));
-            core.exportVariable("PR_HEAD", `${prEvent.number}/merge`);
+            core.exportVariable("PR_HEAD", prEvent.pull_request.head.ref);
             core.exportVariable("PR_BASE", prEvent.pull_request.base.ref);
             core.exportVariable("PR_BASE_SHA", prEvent.pull_request.base.sha);
             core.exportVariable("PR_NUMBER", prEvent.number);
@@ -64,12 +43,14 @@ jobs:
           bencher run \
           --project ratatui-org \
           --token '${{ secrets.BENCHER_API_TOKEN }}' \
-          --branch '${{ env.PR_HEAD }}' \
-          --branch-start-point '${{ env.PR_BASE }}' \
-          --branch-start-point-hash '${{ env.PR_BASE_SHA }}' \
+          --branch "$PR_HEAD" \
+          --start-point "$PR_BASE" \
+          --start-point-hash "$PR_BASE_SHA" \
+          --start-point-clone-thresholds \
+          --start-point-reset \
           --testbed ubuntu-latest \
           --adapter rust_criterion \
           --err \
           --github-actions '${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}' \
-          --ci-number '${{ env.PR_NUMBER }}' \
-          --file "$BENCHMARK_RESULTS"
+          --ci-number "$PR_NUMBER" \
+          --file "$BENCHMARK_RESULTS"

.github/workflows/check-semver.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+name: Check Semver
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - main
+
+jobs:
+  check-semver:
+    name: Check semver
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout the repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Check semver
+        uses: obi1kenobi/cargo-semver-checks-action@v2

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     branches:
       - main
-  merge_group:
 
 # ensure that the workflow is only triggered once per PR,  subsequent pushes to the PR will cancel
 # and restart the workflow. See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-jobs/using-concurrency
@@ -17,76 +16,92 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
-env:
-  # don't install husky hooks during CI as they are only needed for for pre-push
-  CARGO_HUSKY_DONT_INSTALL_HOOKS: true
-
-# lint, clippy and coveraget jobs are intentionally early in the workflow to catch simple
-# formatting, typos, and missing tests as early as possible. This allows us to fix these and
-# resubmit the PR without having to wait for the comprehensive matrix of tests to complete.
+# lint, clippy and coverage jobs are intentionally early in the workflow to catch simple formatting,
+# typos, and missing tests as early as possible. This allows us to fix these and resubmit the PR
+# without having to wait for the comprehensive matrix of tests to complete.
 jobs:
-  lint:
+  # Lint the formatting of the codebase.
+  lint-formatting:
+    name: Check Formatting
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install Rust nightly
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
-        with:
-          components: rustfmt
-      - name: Install cargo-make
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Check formatting
-        run: cargo make lint-format
-      - name: Check documentation
-        run: cargo make lint-docs
-      - name: Check typos
-        uses: crate-ci/typos@master
-      - name: Lint dependencies
-        uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
+        with: { components: rustfmt }
+      - run: cargo xtask lint-formatting
 
-  clippy:
+  # Check for typos in the codebase.
+  # See <https://github.com/crate-ci/typos/>
+  lint-typos:
+    name: Check Typos
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install Rust stable
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-        with:
-          components: clippy
-      - name: Install cargo-make
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Run cargo make clippy-all
-        run: cargo make clippy
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: crate-ci/typos@master
 
+  # Check for any disallowed dependencies in the codebase due to license / security issues.
+  # See <https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny>
+  dependencies:
+    name: Check Dependencies
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v2
+
+  # Check for any unused dependencies in the codebase.
+  # See <https://github.com/bnjbvr/cargo-machete/>
+  cargo-machete:
+    name: Check Unused Dependencies
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: bnjbvr/cargo-machete@v0.7.0
+
+  # Run cargo clippy.
+  lint-clippy:
+    name: Check Clippy
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with: { components: clippy }
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - run: cargo xtask lint-clippy
+
+  # Run markdownlint on all markdown files in the repository.
+  lint-markdown:
+    name: Check Markdown
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action@v18
+        with:
+          globs: |
+            '**/*.md'
+            '!target'
+
+  # Run cargo coverage. This will generate a coverage report and upload it to codecov.
+  # <https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui/ratatui>
   coverage:
+    name: Coverage Report
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install Rust stable
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
           components: llvm-tools
-      - name: Install cargo-llvm-cov and cargo-make
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
-        with:
-          tool: cargo-llvm-cov,cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Generate coverage
-        run: cargo make coverage
-      - name: Upload to codecov.io
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-llvm-cov
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - run: cargo xtask coverage
+      - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
           fail_ci_if_error: true
 
+  # Run cargo check. This is a fast way to catch any obvious errors in the code.
   check:
+    name: Check ${{ matrix.os }} ${{ matrix.toolchain }}
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
@@ -94,67 +109,77 @@ jobs:
         toolchain: ["1.74.0", "stable"]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install Rust {{ matrix.toolchain }}
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
         with:
           toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}
-      - name: Install cargo-make
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Run cargo make check
-        run: cargo make check
-        env:
-          RUST_BACKTRACE: full
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - run: cargo xtask check
 
-  test-doc:
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+  # Check if README.md is up-to-date with the crate's documentation.
+  check-readme:
+    name: Check README
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install Rust stable
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - name: Install cargo-make
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Test docs
-        run: cargo make test-doc
-        env:
-          RUST_BACKTRACE: full
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-rdme
+      - run: cargo xtask check-readme
 
-  test:
+  # Run cargo rustdoc with the same options that would be used by docs.rs, taking into account the
+  # package.metadata.docs.rs configured in Cargo.toml. https://github.com/dtolnay/cargo-docs-rs
+  lint-docs:
+    name: Check Docs
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      RUSTDOCFLAGS: -Dwarnings
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
+      - uses: dtolnay/install@cargo-docs-rs
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - run: cargo xtask lint-docs
+
+  # Run cargo test on the documentation of the crate. This will catch any code examples that don't
+  # compile, or any other issues in the documentation.
+  test-docs:
+    name: Test Docs
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - run: cargo xtask test-docs
+
+  # Run cargo test on the libraries of the crate.
+  test-libs:
+    name: Test Libs ${{ matrix.toolchain }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        toolchain: ["1.74.0", "stable"]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - run: cargo xtask test-libs
+
+  # Run cargo test on all the backends.
+  test-backends:
+    name: Test ${{matrix.backend}} on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-        toolchain: ["1.74.0", "stable"]
         backend: [crossterm, termion, termwiz]
         exclude:
           # termion is not supported on windows
           - os: windows-latest
             backend: termion
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install Rust ${{ matrix.toolchain }}}
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
-        with:
-          toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}
-      - name: Install cargo-make
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-make
-      - name: Install cargo-nextest
-        uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
-      - name: Cache Cargo dependencies
-        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: Test ${{ matrix.backend }}
-        run: cargo make test-backend ${{ matrix.backend }}
-        env:
-          RUST_BACKTRACE: full
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - run: cargo xtask test-backend ${{ matrix.backend }}

.github/workflows/release-alpha.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: Continuous Deployment
+name: Release alpha version
 
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
@@ -6,9 +6,6 @@ on:
     # At 00:00 on Saturday
     # https://crontab.guru/#0_0_*_*_6
     - cron: "0 0 * * 6"
-  push:
-    tags:
-      - "v*.*.*"
 
 defaults:
   run:
@@ -20,7 +17,6 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     permissions:
       contents: write
-    if: ${{ !startsWith(github.event.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout the repository
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -30,14 +26,14 @@ jobs:
       - name: Calculate the next release
         run: .github/workflows/calculate-alpha-release.bash
 
-      - name: Publish on crates.io
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: publish
-          args: --allow-dirty --token ${{ secrets.CARGO_TOKEN }}
+      - name: Install Rust stable
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+
+      - name: Publish
+        run: cargo publish --allow-dirty --token ${{ secrets.CARGO_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Generate a changelog
-        uses: orhun/git-cliff-action@v3
+        uses: orhun/git-cliff-action@v4
         with:
           config: cliff.toml
           args: --unreleased --tag ${{ env.NEXT_TAG }} --strip header
@@ -50,17 +46,3 @@ jobs:
           tag: ${{ env.NEXT_TAG }}
           prerelease: true
           bodyFile: BODY.md
-
-  publish-stable:
-    name: Create a stable release
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    if: ${{ startsWith(github.event.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout the repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Publish on crates.io
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: publish
-          args: --token ${{ secrets.CARGO_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/release-stable.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+name: Release stable version
+
+on:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - "v*.*.*"
+
+jobs:
+  publish-stable:
+    name: Create an stable release
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout the repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: Generate a changelog
+        uses: orhun/git-cliff-action@v4
+        with:
+          config: cliff.toml
+          args: --latest --strip header
+        env:
+          OUTPUT: BODY.md
+
+      - name: Publish on GitHub
+        uses: ncipollo/release-action@v1
+        with:
+          prerelease: false
+          bodyFile: BODY.md
+
+  publish-crate:
+    name: Publish crate
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout the repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Install Rust stable
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+
+      - name: Publish
+        run: cargo publish --token ${{ secrets.CARGO_TOKEN }}

.gitignore

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 target
-Cargo.lock
 *.log
 *.rs.rustfmt
 .gdb_history

BREAKING-CHANGES.md

@@ -4,15 +4,30 @@ This document contains a list of breaking changes in each version and some notes
 between versions. It is compiled manually from the commit history and changelog. We also tag PRs on
 GitHub with a [breaking change] label.
 
-[breaking change]: (https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues?q=label%3A%22breaking+change%22)
+[breaking change]: (https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues?q=label%3A%22breaking+change%22)
 
 ## Summary
 
 This is a quick summary of the sections below:
 
-- [v0.28.0](#v0280) (unreleased)
+- [Unreleased](#unreleased)
+  - The `From` impls for backend types are now replaced with more specific traits
+- [v0.29.0](#v0290)
+  - `Sparkline::data` takes `IntoIterator<Item = SparklineBar>` instead of `&[u64]` and is no longer const
+  - Removed public fields from `Rect` iterators
+  - `Line` now implements `From<Cow<str>`
+  - `Table::highlight_style` is now `Table::row_highlight_style`
+  - `Tabs::select` now accepts `Into<Option<usize>>`
+  - `Color::from_hsl` is now behind the `palette` feature
+- [v0.28.0](#v0280)
+  - `Backend::size` returns `Size` instead of `Rect`
+  - `Backend` trait migrates to `get/set_cursor_position`
+  - Ratatui now requires Crossterm 0.28.0
+  - `Axis::labels` now accepts `IntoIterator<Into<Line>>`
   - `Layout::init_cache` no longer returns bool and takes a `NonZeroUsize` instead of `usize`
   - `ratatui::terminal` module is now private
+  - `ToText` no longer has a lifetime
+  - `Frame::size` is deprecated and renamed to `Frame::area`
 - [v0.27.0](#v0270)
   - List no clamps the selected index to list
   - Prelude items added / removed
@@ -59,11 +74,232 @@ This is a quick summary of the sections below:
   - MSRV is now 1.63.0
   - `List` no longer ignores empty strings
 
-## v0.28.0 (unreleased)
+## Unreleased (0.30.0)
 
-### `Layout::init_cache` no longer returns bool and takes a `NonZeroUsize` instead of `usize` ([#1145])
+### `WidgetRef` no longer has a blanket implementation of Widget
 
-[#1145]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1145
+Previously there was a blanket implementation of Widget for WidgetRef. This has been reversed to
+instead be a blanket implementation of WidgetRef for all &W where W: Widget. Any widgets that
+previously implemented WidgetRef directly should now instead implement Widget for a reference to the
+type.
+
+```diff
+-impl WidgetRef for Foo {
+-    fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer)
++impl Widget for &Foo {
++    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer)
+}
+```
+
+### The `From` impls for backend types are now replaced with more specific traits [#1464]
+
+[#1464]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1464
+
+Crossterm gains `ratatui::backend::crossterm::{FromCrossterm, IntoCrossterm}`
+Termwiz gains `ratatui::backend::termwiz::{FromTermwiz, IntoTermwiz}`
+
+This is necessary in order to avoid the orphan rule when implementing `From` for crossterm types
+once the crossterm types are moved to a separate crate.
+
+```diff
++ use ratatui::backend::crossterm::{FromCrossterm, IntoCrossterm};
+
+let crossterm_color = crossterm::style::Color::Black;
+- let ratatui_color = crossterm_color.into();
+- let ratatui_color = ratatui::style::Color::from(crossterm_color);
++ let ratatui_color = ratatui::style::Color::from_crossterm(crossterm_color);
+- let crossterm_color = ratatui_color.into();
+- let crossterm_color = crossterm::style::Color::from(ratatui_color);
++ let crossterm_color = ratatui_color.into_crossterm();
+
+let crossterm_attribute = crossterm::style::types::Attribute::Bold;
+- let ratatui_modifier = crossterm_attribute.into();
+- let ratatui_modifier = ratatui::style::Modifier::from(crossterm_attribute);
++ let ratatui_modifier = ratatui::style::Modifier::from_crossterm(crossterm_attribute);
+- let crossterm_attribute = ratatui_modifier.into();
+- let crossterm_attribute = crossterm::style::types::Attribute::from(ratatui_modifier);
++ let crossterm_attribute = ratatui_modifier.into_crossterm();
+```
+
+Similar conversions for `ContentStyle` -> `Style` and `Attributes` -> `Modifier` exist for
+Crossterm and the various Termion and Termwiz types as well.
+
+### `Bar::label()` and `BarGroup::label()` now accepts `Into<Line<'a>>`. ([#1471])
+
+[#1471]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1471
+
+Previously `Bar::label()` and `BarGroup::label()` accepted `Line<'a>`, but they now accepts `Into<Line<'a>>`.
+
+for `Bar::label()`:
+
+```diff
+- Bar::default().label("foo".into());
++ Bar::default().label("foo");
+```
+
+for `BarGroup::label()`:
+
+```diff
+- BarGroup::default().label("bar".into());
++ BarGroup::default().label("bar");
+```
+
+### `Bar::text_value` now accepts `Into<String>` ([#1471])
+
+Previously `Bar::text_value` accepted `String`, but now it accepts `Into<String>`.
+
+for `Bar::text_value()`:
+
+```diff
+- Bar::default().text_value("foobar".into());
++ Bar::default().text_value("foobar");
+```
+
+## [v0.29.0](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.29.0)
+
+### `Sparkline::data` takes `IntoIterator<Item = SparklineBar>` instead of `&[u64]` and is no longer const ([#1326])
+
+[#1326]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1326
+
+The `Sparkline::data` method has been modified to accept `IntoIterator<Item = SparklineBar>`
+instead of `&[u64]`.
+
+`SparklineBar` is a struct that contains an `Option<u64>` value, which represents an possible
+_absent_ value, as distinct from a `0` value. This change allows the `Sparkline` to style
+data points differently, depending on whether they are present or absent.
+
+`SparklineBar` also contains an `Option<Style>` that will be used to apply a style the bar in
+addition to any other styling applied to the `Sparkline`.
+
+Several `From` implementations have been added to `SparklineBar` to support existing callers who
+provide `&[u64]` and other types that can be converted to `SparklineBar`, such as `Option<u64>`.
+
+If you encounter any type inference issues, you may need to provide an explicit type for the data
+passed to `Sparkline::data`. For example, if you are passing a single value, you may need to use
+`into()` to convert it to form that can be used as a `SparklineBar`:
+
+```diff
+let value = 1u8;
+- Sparkline::default().data(&[value.into()]);
++ Sparkline::default().data(&[u64::from(value)]);
+```
+
+As a consequence of this change, the `data` method is no longer a `const fn`.
+
+### `Color::from_hsl` is now behind the `palette` feature and accepts `palette::Hsl` ([#1418])
+
+[#1418]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1418
+
+Previously `Color::from_hsl` accepted components as individual f64 parameters. It now accepts a
+single `palette::Hsl` value and is gated behind a `palette` feature flag.
+
+```diff
+- Color::from_hsl(360.0, 100.0, 100.0)
++ Color::from_hsl(Hsl::new(360.0, 100.0, 100.0))
+```
+
+### Removed public fields from `Rect` iterators ([#1358], [#1424])
+
+[#1358]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1358
+[#1424]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1424
+
+The `pub` modifier has been removed from fields on the `Columns`,`Rows`, and `Positions` iterators.
+These fields were not intended to be public and should not have been accessed directly.
+
+### `Rect::area()` now returns u32 instead of u16 ([#1378])
+
+[#1378]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1378
+
+This is likely to impact anything which relies on `Rect::area` maxing out at u16::MAX. It can now
+return up to u16::MAX * u16::MAX (2^32 - 2^17 + 1).
+
+### `Line` now implements `From<Cow<str>` ([#1373])
+
+[#1373]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1373
+
+As this adds an extra conversion, ambiguous inferred expressions may no longer compile.
+
+```rust
+// given:
+struct Foo { ... }
+impl From<Foo> for String { ... }
+impl From<Foo> for Cow<str> { ... }
+
+let foo = Foo { ... };
+let line = Line::from(foo); // now fails due to now ambiguous inferred type
+// replace with e.g.
+let line = Line::from(String::from(foo));
+```
+
+### `Tabs::select()` now accepts `Into<Option<usize>>` ([#1413])
+
+[#1413]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1413
+
+Previously `Tabs::select()` accepted `usize`, but it now accepts `Into<Option<usize>>`. This breaks
+any code already using parameter type inference:
+
+```diff
+let selected = 1u8;
+- let tabs = Tabs::new(["A", "B"]).select(selected.into())
++ let tabs = Tabs::new(["A", "B"]).select(selected as usize)
+```
+
+### `Table::highlight_style` is now `Table::row_highlight_style` ([#1331])
+
+[#1331]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1331
+
+The `Table::highlight_style` is now deprecated in favor of `Table::row_highlight_style`.
+
+Also, the serialized output of the `TableState` will now include the "selected_column" field.
+Software that manually parse the serialized the output (with anything other than the `Serialize`
+implementation on `TableState`) may have to be refactored if the "selected_column" field is not
+accounted for. This does not affect users who rely on the `Deserialize`, or `Serialize`
+implementation on the state.
+
+## [v0.28.0](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.28.0)
+
+### `Backend::size` returns `Size` instead of `Rect` ([#1254])
+
+[#1254]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1254
+
+The `Backend::size` method returns a `Size` instead of a `Rect`.
+There is no need for the position here as it was always 0,0.
+
+### `Backend` trait migrates to `get/set_cursor_position` ([#1284])
+
+[#1284]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1284
+
+If you just use the types implementing the `Backend` trait, you will see deprecation hints but
+nothing is a breaking change for you.
+
+If you implement the Backend trait yourself, you need to update the implementation and add the
+`get/set_cursor_position` method. You can remove the `get/set_cursor` methods as they are deprecated
+and a default implementation for them exists.
+
+### Ratatui now requires Crossterm 0.28.0 ([#1278])
+
+[#1278]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1278
+
+Crossterm is updated to version 0.28.0, which is a semver incompatible version with the previous
+version (0.27.0). Ratatui re-exports the version of crossterm that it is compatible with under
+`ratatui::crossterm`, which can be used to avoid incompatible versions in your dependency list.
+
+### `Axis::labels()` now accepts `IntoIterator<Into<Line>>` ([#1273] and [#1283])
+
+[#1273]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1173
+[#1283]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1283
+
+Previously Axis::labels accepted `Vec<Span>`. Any code that uses conversion methods that infer the
+type will need to be rewritten as the compiler cannot infer the correct type.
+
+```diff
+- Axis::default().labels(vec!["a".into(), "b".into()])
++ Axis::default().labels(["a", "b"])
+```
+
+### `Layout::init_cache` no longer returns bool and takes a `NonZeroUsize` instead of `usize` ([#1245])
+
+[#1245]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1245
 
 ```diff
 - let is_initialized = Layout::init_cache(100);
@@ -72,7 +308,7 @@ This is a quick summary of the sections below:
 
 ### `ratatui::terminal` module is now private ([#1160])
 
-[#1160]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1160
+[#1160]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1160
 
 The `terminal` module is now private and can not be used directly. The types under this module are
 exported from the root of the crate. This reduces clashes with other modules in the backends that
@@ -83,11 +319,23 @@ are also named terminal, and confusion about module exports for newer Rust users
 + use ratatui::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, ViewPort};
 ```
 
-## [v0.27.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.27.0)
+### `ToText` no longer has a lifetime ([#1234])
+
+[#1234]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1234
+
+This change simplifies the trait and makes it easier to implement.
+
+### `Frame::size` is deprecated and renamed to `Frame::area` ([#1293])
+
+[#1293]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1293
+
+`Frame::size` is renamed to `Frame::area` as it's the more correct name.
+
+## [v0.27.0](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.27.0)
 
 ### List no clamps the selected index to list ([#1159])
 
-[#1149]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1149
+[#1149]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1149
 
 The `List` widget now clamps the selected index to the bounds of the list when navigating with
 `first`, `last`, `previous`, and `next`, as well as when setting the index directly with `select`.
@@ -148,11 +396,11 @@ A change is only necessary if you were matching on all variants of the `MouseEve
 wildcard. In this case, you need to either handle the two new variants, `MouseLeft` and
 `MouseRight`, or add a wildcard.
 
-[#1106]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1106
+[#1106]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1106
 
 ### `Rect::inner` takes `Margin` directly instead of reference ([#1008])
 
-[#1008]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1008
+[#1008]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1008
 
 `Margin` needs to be passed without reference now.
 
@@ -166,7 +414,7 @@ wildcard. In this case, you need to either handle the two new variants, `MouseLe
 
 ### `Buffer::filled` takes `Cell` directly instead of reference ([#1148])
 
-[#1148]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1148
+[#1148]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1148
 
 `Buffer::filled` moves the `Cell` instead of taking a reference.
 
@@ -177,14 +425,14 @@ wildcard. In this case, you need to either handle the two new variants, `MouseLe
 
 ### `Stylize::bg()` now accepts `Into<Color>` ([#1103])
 
-[#1103]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1103
+[#1103]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1103
 
 Previously, `Stylize::bg()` accepted `Color` but now accepts `Into<Color>`. This allows more
 flexible types from calling scopes, though it can break some type inference in the calling scope.
 
 ### Remove deprecated `List::start_corner` and `layout::Corner` ([#759])
 
-[#759]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/759
+[#759]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/759
 
 `List::start_corner` was deprecated in v0.25. Use `List::direction` and `ListDirection` instead.
 
@@ -207,7 +455,7 @@ flexible types from calling scopes, though it can break some type inference in t
 
 ### `LineGauge::gauge_style` is deprecated ([#565])
 
-[#565]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1148
+[#565]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1148
 
 `LineGauge::gauge_style` is deprecated and replaced with `LineGauge::filled_style` and `LineGauge::unfilled_style`:
 
@@ -218,11 +466,11 @@ let gauge = LineGauge::default()
 + .unfilled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::White));
 ```
 
-## [v0.26.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.26.0)
+## [v0.26.0](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.26.0)
 
 ### `Flex::Start` is the new default flex mode for `Layout` ([#881])
 
-[#881]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/881
+[#881]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/881
 
 Previously, constraints would stretch to fill all available space, violating constraints if
 necessary.
@@ -243,7 +491,7 @@ existing layouts with `Flex::Start`. However, to get old behavior, use `Flex::Le
 
 ### `Table::new()` now accepts `IntoIterator<Item: Into<Row<'a>>>` ([#774])
 
-[#774]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/774
+[#774]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/774
 
 Previously, `Table::new()` accepted `IntoIterator<Item=Row<'a>>`. The argument change to
 `IntoIterator<Item: Into<Row<'a>>>`, This allows more flexible types from calling scopes, though it
@@ -260,7 +508,7 @@ This can be resolved either by providing an explicit type (e.g. `Vec::<Row>::new
 
 ### `Tabs::new()` now accepts `IntoIterator<Item: Into<Line<'a>>>` ([#776])
 
-[#776]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/776
+[#776]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/776
 
 Previously, `Tabs::new()` accepted `Vec<T>` where `T: Into<Line<'a>>`. This allows more flexible
 types from calling scopes, though it can break some type inference in the calling scope.
@@ -276,7 +524,7 @@ by removing the call to `.collect()`.
 
 ### Table::default() now sets segment_size to None and column_spacing to ([#751])
 
-[#751]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/751
+[#751]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/751
 
 The default() implementation of Table now sets the column_spacing field to 1 and the segment_size
 field to `SegmentSize::None`. This will affect the rendering of a small amount of apps.
@@ -286,7 +534,7 @@ To use the previous default values, call `table.segment_size(Default::default())
 
 ### `patch_style` & `reset_style` now consumes and returns `Self` ([#754])
 
-[#754]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/754
+[#754]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/754
 
 Previously, `patch_style` and `reset_style` in `Text`, `Line` and `Span` were using a mutable
 reference to `Self`. To be more consistent with the rest of `ratatui`, which is using fluent
@@ -312,7 +560,7 @@ The following example shows how to migrate for `Line`, but the same applies for
 
 ### `Block` style methods cannot be used in a const context ([#720])
 
-[#720]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/720
+[#720]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/720
 
 Previously the `style()`, `border_style()` and `title_style()` methods could be used to create a
 `Block` in a constant context. These now accept `Into<Style>` instead of `Style`. These methods no
@@ -320,7 +568,7 @@ longer can be called from a constant context.
 
 ### `Line` now has a `style` field that applies to the entire line ([#708])
 
-[#708]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/708
+[#708]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/708
 
 Previously the style of a `Line` was stored in the `Span`s that make up the line. Now the `Line`
 itself has a `style` field, which can be set with the `Line::styled` method. Any code that creates
@@ -344,11 +592,11 @@ the `Span::style` field.
       .alignment(Alignment::Left);
 ```
 
-## [v0.25.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.25.0)
+## [v0.25.0](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.25.0)
 
 ### Removed `Axis::title_style` and `Buffer::set_background` ([#691])
 
-[#691]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/691
+[#691]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/691
 
 These items were deprecated since 0.10.
 
@@ -362,7 +610,7 @@ These items were deprecated since 0.10.
 
 ### `List::new()` now accepts `IntoIterator<Item = Into<ListItem<'a>>>` ([#672])
 
-[#672]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/672
+[#672]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/672
 
 Previously `List::new()` took `Into<Vec<ListItem<'a>>>`. This change will throw a compilation
 error for `IntoIterator`s with an indeterminate item (e.g. empty vecs).
@@ -377,7 +625,7 @@ E.g.
 
 ### The default `Tabs::highlight_style` is now `Style::new().reversed()` ([#635])
 
-[#635]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/635
+[#635]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/635
 
 Previously the default highlight style for tabs was `Style::default()`, which meant that a `Tabs`
 widget in the default configuration would not show any indication of the selected tab.
@@ -389,7 +637,7 @@ widget in the default configuration would not show any indication of the selecte
 
 ### `Table::new()` now requires specifying the widths of the columns ([#664])
 
-[#664]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/664
+[#664]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/664
 
 Previously `Table`s could be constructed without `widths`. In almost all cases this is an error.
 A new `widths` parameter is now mandatory on `Table::new()`. Existing code of the form:
@@ -415,7 +663,7 @@ or complex, it may be convenient to replace `Table::new` with `Table::default().
 
 ### `Table::widths()` now accepts `IntoIterator<Item = AsRef<Constraint>>` ([#663])
 
-[#663]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/663
+[#663]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/663
 
 Previously `Table::widths()` took a slice (`&'a [Constraint]`). This change will introduce clippy
 `needless_borrow` warnings for places where slices are passed to this method. To fix these, remove
@@ -431,7 +679,7 @@ E.g.
 
 ### Layout::new() now accepts direction and constraint parameters ([#557])
 
-[#557]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/557
+[#557]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/557
 
 Previously layout new took no parameters. Existing code should either use `Layout::default()` or
 the new constructor.
@@ -448,18 +696,18 @@ let layout = layout::default()
 let layout = layout::new(Direction::Vertical, [Constraint::Min(1), Constraint::Max(2)]);
 ```
 
-## [v0.24.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.24.0)
+## [v0.24.0](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.24.0)
 
 ### `ScrollbarState` field type changed from `u16` to `usize` ([#456])
 
-[#456]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/456
+[#456]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/456
 
 In order to support larger content lengths, the `position`, `content_length` and
 `viewport_content_length` methods on `ScrollbarState` now take `usize` instead of `u16`
 
 ### `BorderType::line_symbols` renamed to `border_symbols` ([#529])
 
-[#529]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/529
+[#529]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/529
 
 Applications can now set custom borders on a `Block` by calling `border_set()`. The
 `BorderType::line_symbols()` is renamed to `border_symbols()` and now returns a new struct
@@ -473,7 +721,7 @@ Applications can now set custom borders on a `Block` by calling `border_set()`.
 
 ### Generic `Backend` parameter removed from `Frame` ([#530])
 
-[#530]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/530
+[#530]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/530
 
 `Frame` is no longer generic over Backend. Code that accepted `Frame<Backend>` will now need to
 accept `Frame`. To migrate existing code, remove any generic parameters from code that uses an
@@ -487,7 +735,7 @@ instance of a Frame. E.g.:
 
 ### `Stylize` shorthands now consume rather than borrow `String` ([#466])
 
-[#466]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/466
+[#466]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/466
 
 In order to support using `Stylize` shorthands (e.g. `"foo".red()`) on temporary `String` values, a
 new implementation of `Stylize` was added that returns a `Span<'static>`. This causes the value to
@@ -505,7 +753,7 @@ longer compile. E.g.
 
 ### Deprecated `Spans` type removed (replaced with `Line`) ([#426])
 
-[#426]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/426
+[#426]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/426
 
 `Spans` was replaced with `Line` in 0.21.0. `Buffer::set_spans` was replaced with
 `Buffer::set_line`.
@@ -518,11 +766,11 @@ longer compile. E.g.
 + buffer.set_line(0, 0, line, 10);
 ```
 
-## [v0.23.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.23.0)
+## [v0.23.0](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.23.0)
 
 ### `Scrollbar::track_symbol()` now takes an `Option<&str>` instead of `&str` ([#360])
 
-[#360]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/360
+[#360]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/360
 
 The track symbol of `Scrollbar` is now optional, this method now takes an optional value.
 
@@ -534,7 +782,7 @@ The track symbol of `Scrollbar` is now optional, this method now takes an option
 
 ### `Scrollbar` symbols moved to `symbols::scrollbar` and `widgets::scrollbar` module is private ([#330])
 
-[#330]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/330
+[#330]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/330
 
 The symbols for defining scrollbars have been moved to the `symbols` module from the
 `widgets::scrollbar` module which is no longer public. To update your code update any imports to the
@@ -548,31 +796,31 @@ new module locations. E.g.:
 
 ### MSRV updated to 1.67 ([#361])
 
-[#361]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/361
+[#361]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/361
 
 The MSRV of ratatui is now 1.67 due to an MSRV update in a dependency (`time`).
 
-## [v0.22.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.22.0)
+## [v0.22.0](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.22.0)
 
 ### `bitflags` updated to 2.3 ([#205])
 
-[#205]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/205
+[#205]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/205
 
 The `serde` representation of `bitflags` has changed. Any existing serialized types that have
 Borders or Modifiers will need to be re-serialized. This is documented in the [`bitflags`
 changelog](https://github.com/bitflags/bitflags/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md#200-rc2)..
 
-## [v0.21.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.21.0)
+## [v0.21.0](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.21.0)
 
 ### MSRV is 1.65.0 ([#171])
 
-[#171]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/171
+[#171]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/171
 
 The minimum supported rust version is now 1.65.0.
 
 ### `Terminal::with_options()` stabilized to allow configuring the viewport ([#114])
 
-[#114]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/114
+[#114]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/114
 
 In order to support inline viewports, the unstable method `Terminal::with_options()` was stabilized
 and `ViewPort` was changed from a struct to an enum.
@@ -589,7 +837,7 @@ let terminal = Terminal::with_options(backend, TerminalOptions {
 
 ### Code that binds `Into<Text<'a>>` now requires type annotations ([#168])
 
-[#168]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/168
+[#168]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/168
 
 A new type `Masked` was introduced that implements `From<Text<'a>>`. This causes any code that
 previously did not need to use type annotations to fail to compile. To fix this, annotate or call
@@ -603,7 +851,7 @@ previously did not need to use type annotations to fail to compile. To fix this,
 
 ### `Marker::Block` now renders as a block rather than a bar character ([#133])
 
-[#133]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/133
+[#133]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/133
 
 Code using the `Block` marker that previously rendered using a half block character (`'▀'``) now
 renders using the full block character (`'█'`). A new marker variant`Bar` is introduced to replace
@@ -615,20 +863,20 @@ the existing code.
 + let canvas = Canvas::default().marker(Marker::Bar);
 ```
 
-## [v0.20.0](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.20.0)
+## [v0.20.0](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.20.0)
 
 v0.20.0 was the first release of Ratatui - versions prior to this were release as tui-rs. See the
 [Changelog](./CHANGELOG.md) for more details.
 
 ### MSRV is update to 1.63.0 ([#80])
 
-[#80]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/80
+[#80]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/80
 
 The minimum supported rust version is 1.63.0
 
 ### List no longer ignores empty string in items ([#42])
 
-[#42]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/42
+[#42]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/42
 
 The following code now renders 3 items instead of 2. Code which relies on the previous behavior will
 need to manually filter empty items prior to display.

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
+
+## Our Pledge
+
+We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to make participation in our
+community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
+size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender
+identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status,
+nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity
+and orientation.
+
+We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming,
+diverse, inclusive, and healthy community.
+
+## Our Standards
+
+Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our
+community include:
+
+* Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people
+* Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences
+* Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback
+* Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes,
+  and learning from the experience
+* Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the
+  overall community
+
+Examples of unacceptable behavior include:
+
+* The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or
+  advances of any kind
+* Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
+* Public or private harassment
+* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or email
+  address, without their explicit permission
+* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
+  professional setting
+
+## Enforcement Responsibilities
+
+Community leaders are responsible for clarifying and enforcing our standards of
+acceptable behavior and will take appropriate and fair corrective action in
+response to any behavior that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive,
+or harmful.
+
+Community leaders have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject
+comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are
+not aligned to this Code of Conduct, and will communicate reasons for moderation
+decisions when appropriate.
+
+## Scope
+
+This Code of Conduct applies within all community spaces, and also applies when
+an individual is officially representing the community in public spaces.
+Examples of representing our community include using an official e-mail address,
+posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
+representative at an online or offline event.
+
+## Enforcement
+
+Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
+reported to the community leaders responsible for enforcement at
+https://forum.ratatui.rs/ or https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj.
+All complaints will be reviewed and investigated promptly and fairly.
+
+All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the
+reporter of any incident.
+
+## Enforcement Guidelines
+
+Community leaders will follow these Community Impact Guidelines in determining
+the consequences for any action they deem in violation of this Code of Conduct:
+
+### 1. Correction
+
+**Community Impact**: Use of inappropriate language or other behavior deemed
+unprofessional or unwelcome in the community.
+
+**Consequence**: A private, written warning from community leaders, providing
+clarity around the nature of the violation and an explanation of why the
+behavior was inappropriate. A public apology may be requested.
+
+### 2. Warning
+
+**Community Impact**: A violation through a single incident or series
+of actions.
+
+**Consequence**: A warning with consequences for continued behavior. No
+interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with
+those enforcing the Code of Conduct, for a specified period of time. This
+includes avoiding interactions in community spaces as well as external channels
+like social media. Violating these terms may lead to a temporary or
+permanent ban.
+
+### 3. Temporary Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: A serious violation of community standards, including
+sustained inappropriate behavior.
+
+**Consequence**: A temporary ban from any sort of interaction or public
+communication with the community for a specified period of time. No public or
+private interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction
+with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, is allowed during this period.
+Violating these terms may lead to a permanent ban.
+
+### 4. Permanent Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: Demonstrating a pattern of violation of community
+standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior,  harassment of an
+individual, or aggression toward or disparagement of classes of individuals.
+
+**Consequence**: A permanent ban from any sort of public interaction within
+the community.
+
+## Attribution
+
+This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage],
+version 2.0, available at
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/0/code_of_conduct.html.
+
+Community Impact Guidelines were inspired by [Mozilla's code of conduct
+enforcement ladder](https://github.com/mozilla/diversity).
+
+[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org
+
+For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see the FAQ at
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq. Translations are available at
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/translations.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ creating a new issue before making the change, or starting a discussion on
 
 ## Reporting issues
 
-Before reporting an issue on the [issue tracker](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues),
+Before reporting an issue on the [issue tracker](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues),
 please check that it has not already been reported by searching for some related keywords. Please
 also check [`tui-rs` issues](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/) and link any related issues
 found.
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ found.
 
 All contributions are obviously welcome. Please include as many details as possible in your PR
 description to help the reviewer (follow the provided template). Make sure to highlight changes
-which may need additional attention or you are uncertain about. Any idea with a large scale impact
+which may need additional attention, or you are uncertain about. Any idea with a large scale impact
 on the crate or its users should ideally be discussed in a "Feature Request" issue beforehand.
 
-### Keep PRs small, intentional and focused
+### Keep PRs small, intentional, and focused
 
 Try to do one pull request per change. The time taken to review a PR grows exponential with the size
 of the change. Small focused PRs will generally be much more faster to review. PRs that include both
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ guarantee that the behavior is unchanged.
 
 ### Code formatting
 
-Run `cargo make format` before committing to ensure that code is consistently formatted with
-rustfmt. Configuration is in [rustfmt.toml](./rustfmt.toml).
+Run `cargo xtask format` before committing to ensure that code is consistently formatted with
+rustfmt. Configuration is in [`rustfmt.toml`](./rustfmt.toml).
 
 ### Search `tui-rs` for similar work
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ documented.
 
 ### Run CI tests before pushing a PR
 
-Running `cargo make ci` before pushing will perform the same checks that we do in the CI process.
+Running `cargo xtask ci` before pushing will perform the same checks that we do in the CI process.
 It's not mandatory to do this before pushing, however it may save you time to do so instead of
 waiting for GitHub to run the checks.
 
@@ -71,22 +71,22 @@ in GitHub docs.
 
 ### Setup
 
-Clone the repo and build it using [cargo-make](https://sagiegurari.github.io/cargo-make/)
+TL;DR: Clone the repo and build it using `cargo xtask`.
 
 Ratatui is an ordinary Rust project where common tasks are managed with
-[cargo-make](https://github.com/sagiegurari/cargo-make/). It wraps common `cargo` commands with sane
+[cargo-xtask](https://github.com/matklad/cargo-xtask). It wraps common `cargo` commands with sane
 defaults depending on your platform of choice. Building the project should be as easy as running
-`cargo make build`.
+`cargo xtask build`.
 
 ```shell
-git clone https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui.git
+git clone https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui.git
 cd ratatui
-cargo make build
+cargo xtask build
 ```
 
 ### Tests
 
-The [test coverage](https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui) of the crate is reasonably
+The [test coverage](https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui/ratatui) of the crate is reasonably
 good, but this can always be improved. Focus on keeping the tests simple and obvious and write unit
 tests for all new or modified code. Beside the usual doc and unit tests, one of the most valuable
 test you can write for Ratatui is a test against the `TestBackend`. It allows you to assert the
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ fn foo() {}
 ```
 
 - Max line length is 100 characters
-See [vscode rewrap extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=stkb.rewrap)
+See [VS Code rewrap extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=stkb.rewrap)
 
 - Doc comments are above macros
 i.e.
@@ -163,26 +163,26 @@ i.e. ``[`Block`]``, **NOT** ``[Block]``
 
 ### Deprecation notice
 
-We generally want to wait at least two versions before removing deprecated items so users have
+We generally want to wait at least two versions before removing deprecated items, so users have
 time to update. However, if a deprecation is blocking for us to implement a new feature we may
 *consider* removing it in a one version notice.
 
 ### Use of unsafe for optimization purposes
 
-We don't currently use any unsafe code in Ratatui, and would like to keep it that way. However there
+We don't currently use any unsafe code in Ratatui, and would like to keep it that way. However, there
 may be specific cases that this becomes necessary in order to avoid slowness. Please see [this
-discussion](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/discussions/66) for more about the decision.
+discussion](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/discussions/66) for more about the decision.
 
 ## Continuous Integration
 
-We use Github Actions for the CI where we perform the following checks:
+We use GitHub Actions for the CI where we perform the following checks:
 
 - The code should compile on `stable` and the Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV).
 - The tests (docs, lib, tests and examples) should pass.
 - The code should conform to the default format enforced by `rustfmt`.
 - The code should not contain common style issues `clippy`.
 
-You can also check most of those things yourself locally using `cargo make ci` which will offer you
+You can also check most of those things yourself locally using `cargo xtask ci` which will offer you
 a shorter feedback loop than pushing to github.
 
 ## Relationship with `tui-rs`
@@ -191,12 +191,12 @@ This project was forked from [`tui-rs`](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/) in Fe
 [blessing of the original author](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/654), Florian Dehau
 ([@fdehau](https://github.com/fdehau)).
 
-The original repository contains all the issues, PRs and discussion that were raised originally, and
+The original repository contains all the issues, PRs, and discussion that were raised originally, and
 it is useful to refer to when contributing code, documentation, or issues with Ratatui.
 
-We imported all the PRs from the original repository and implemented many of the smaller ones and
+We imported all the PRs from the original repository, implemented many of the smaller ones, and
 made notes on the leftovers. These are marked as draft PRs and labelled as [imported from
-tui](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22imported+from+tui%22).
+tui](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22imported+from+tui%22).
 We have documented the current state of those PRs, and anyone is welcome to pick them up and
 continue the work on them.
 

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,373 +1,55 @@
-[package]
-name = "ratatui"
-version = "0.27.0" # crate version
+[workspace]
+resolver = "2"
+members = ["ratatui", "ratatui-*", "xtask"]
+default-members = [
+    "ratatui",
+    "ratatui-core",
+    "ratatui-crossterm",
+    # this is not included as it doesn't compile on windows
+    # "ratatui-termion",
+    "ratatui-termwiz",
+    "ratatui-widgets",
+]
+
+[workspace.package]
 authors = ["Florian Dehau <work@fdehau.com>", "The Ratatui Developers"]
-description = "A library that's all about cooking up terminal user interfaces"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/"
-repository = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui"
+repository = "https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui"
 homepage = "https://ratatui.rs"
 keywords = ["tui", "terminal", "dashboard"]
 categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
-exclude = [
-  "assets/*",
-  ".github",
-  "Makefile.toml",
-  "CONTRIBUTING.md",
-  "*.log",
-  "tags",
-]
-autoexamples = true
+exclude = ["assets/*", ".github", "Makefile.toml", "CONTRIBUTING.md", "*.log", "tags"]
 edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.74.0"
 
-[badges]
-
-[dependencies]
-bitflags = "2.3"
-cassowary = "0.3"
-compact_str = "0.8.0"
-crossterm = { version = "0.27", optional = true }
-document-features = { version = "0.2.7", optional = true }
-instability = "0.3.1"
-itertools = "0.13"
-lru = "0.12.0"
-paste = "1.0.2"
-palette = { version = "0.7.6", optional = true }
-serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["derive"] }
-strum = { version = "0.26", features = ["derive"] }
-strum_macros = { version = "0.26.3" }
-termion = { version = "4.0.0", optional = true }
-termwiz = { version = "0.22.0", optional = true }
-time = { version = "0.3.11", optional = true, features = ["local-offset"] }
-unicode-segmentation = "1.10"
-unicode-truncate = "1"
-unicode-width = "0.1.13"
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-anyhow = "1.0.71"
-argh = "0.1.12"
-color-eyre = "0.6.2"
-criterion = { version = "0.5.1", features = ["html_reports"] }
-derive_builder = "0.20.0"
-fakeit = "1.1"
-font8x8 = "0.3.1"
-indoc = "2"
-pretty_assertions = "1.4.0"
-rand = "0.8.5"
-rand_chacha = "0.3.1"
-rstest = "0.21.0"
-serde_json = "1.0.109"
-tracing = "0.1.40"
-tracing-appender = "0.2.3"
-tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.18", features = ["env-filter"] }
-
-[lints.rust]
-unsafe_code = "forbid"
-
-[lints.clippy]
-cargo = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
-pedantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
-cast_possible_truncation = "allow"
-cast_possible_wrap = "allow"
-cast_precision_loss = "allow"
-cast_sign_loss = "allow"
-missing_errors_doc = "allow"
-missing_panics_doc = "allow"
-module_name_repetitions = "allow"
-must_use_candidate = "allow"
-
-# we often split up a module into multiple files with the main type in a file named after the
-# module, so we want to allow this pattern
-module_inception = "allow"
-
-# nursery or restricted
-as_underscore = "warn"
-deref_by_slicing = "warn"
-else_if_without_else = "warn"
-empty_line_after_doc_comments = "warn"
-equatable_if_let = "warn"
-fn_to_numeric_cast_any = "warn"
-format_push_string = "warn"
-map_err_ignore = "warn"
-missing_const_for_fn = "warn"
-mixed_read_write_in_expression = "warn"
-mod_module_files = "warn"
-needless_pass_by_ref_mut = "warn"
-needless_raw_strings = "warn"
-or_fun_call = "warn"
-redundant_type_annotations = "warn"
-rest_pat_in_fully_bound_structs = "warn"
-string_lit_chars_any = "warn"
-string_slice = "warn"
-string_to_string = "warn"
-unnecessary_self_imports = "warn"
-use_self = "warn"
-
-[features]
-#! The crate provides a set of optional features that can be enabled in your `cargo.toml` file.
-#!
-## By default, we enable the crossterm backend as this is a reasonable choice for most applications
-## as it is supported on Linux/Mac/Windows systems. We also enable the `underline-color` feature
-## which allows you to set the underline color of text.
-default = ["crossterm", "underline-color"]
-#! Generally an application will only use one backend, so you should only enable one of the following features:
-## enables the [`CrosstermBackend`](backend::CrosstermBackend) backend and adds a dependency on [`crossterm`].
-crossterm = ["dep:crossterm"]
-## enables the [`TermionBackend`](backend::TermionBackend) backend and adds a dependency on [`termion`].
-termion = ["dep:termion"]
-## enables the [`TermwizBackend`](backend::TermwizBackend) backend and adds a dependency on [`termwiz`].
-termwiz = ["dep:termwiz"]
-
-#! The following optional features are available for all backends:
-## enables serialization and deserialization of style and color types using the [`serde`] crate.
-## This is useful if you want to save themes to a file.
-serde = ["dep:serde", "bitflags/serde", "compact_str/serde"]
-
-## enables the [`border!`] macro.
-macros = []
-
-## enables conversions from colors in the [`palette`] crate to [`Color`](crate::style::Color).
-palette = ["dep:palette"]
-
-## enables all widgets.
-all-widgets = ["widget-calendar"]
-
-#! Widgets that add dependencies are gated behind feature flags to prevent unused transitive
-#! dependencies. The available features are:
-## enables the [`calendar`](widgets::calendar) widget module and adds a dependency on [`time`].
-widget-calendar = ["dep:time"]
-
-#! The following optional features are only available for some backends:
-
-## enables the backend code that sets the underline color.
-## Underline color is only supported by the [`CrosstermBackend`](backend::CrosstermBackend) backend,
-## and is not supported on Windows 7.
-underline-color = ["dep:crossterm"]
-
-#! The following features are unstable and may change in the future:
-
-## Enable all unstable features.
-unstable = ["unstable-rendered-line-info", "unstable-widget-ref"]
-
-## Enables the [`Paragraph::line_count`](widgets::Paragraph::line_count)
-## [`Paragraph::line_width`](widgets::Paragraph::line_width) methods
-## which are experimental and may change in the future.
-## See [Issue 293](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/293) for more details.
-unstable-rendered-line-info = []
-
-## Enables the [`WidgetRef`](widgets::WidgetRef) and [`StatefulWidgetRef`](widgets::StatefulWidgetRef) traits which are experimental and may change in
-## the future.
-unstable-widget-ref = []
-
-[package.metadata.docs.rs]
-all-features = true
-# see https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustdoc/scraped-examples.html
-cargo-args = ["-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples"]
-rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
+[workspace.dependencies]
+bitflags = "2.6.0"
+color-eyre = "0.6.3"
+crossterm = "0.28.1"
+document-features = "0.2.7"
+indoc = "2.0.5"
+instability = "0.3.3"
+itertools = "0.13.0"
+pretty_assertions = "1.4.1"
+ratatui = { path = "ratatui", version = "0.30.0-alpha.0" }
+ratatui-core = { path = "ratatui-core", version = "0.1.0-alpha.0" }
+ratatui-crossterm = { path = "ratatui-crossterm", version = "0.1.0-alpha.0" }
+ratatui-termion = { path = "ratatui-termion", version = "0.1.0-alpha.0" }
+ratatui-termwiz = { path = "ratatui-termwiz", version = "0.1.0-alpha.0" }
+ratatui-widgets = { path = "ratatui-widgets", version = "0.3.0-alpha.0" }
+rstest = "0.23.0"
+serde = { version = "1.0.215", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1.0.133"
+strum = { version = "0.26.3", features = ["derive"] }
+termwiz = { version = "0.22.0" }
+unicode-segmentation = "1.12.0"
+# See <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1271> for information about why we pin unicode-width
+unicode-width = "=0.2.0"
+termion = "4.0.0"
 
 # Improve benchmark consistency
 [profile.bench]
 codegen-units = 1
 lto = true
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "barchart"
-harness = false
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "block"
-harness = false
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "line"
-harness = false
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "list"
-harness = false
-
-[lib]
-bench = false
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "paragraph"
-harness = false
-
-[[bench]]
-name = "sparkline"
-harness = false
-
-
-[[example]]
-name = "barchart"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "block"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "calendar"
-required-features = ["crossterm", "widget-calendar"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "canvas"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "chart"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "colors"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-# this example is a bit verbose, so we don't want to include it in the docs
-doc-scrape-examples = false
-
-[[example]]
-name = "colors_rgb"
-required-features = ["crossterm", "palette"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "constraint-explorer"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "constraints"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = false
-
-[[example]]
-name = "custom_widget"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "demo"
-# this runs for all of the terminal backends, so it can't be built using --all-features or scraped
-doc-scrape-examples = false
-
-[[example]]
-name = "demo2"
-required-features = ["crossterm", "palette", "widget-calendar"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "docsrs"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = false
-
-[[example]]
-name = "flex"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "gauge"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "hello_world"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "inline"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "layout"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "line_gauge"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "hyperlink"
-required-features = ["crossterm", "unstable-widget-ref"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "list"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "minimal"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-# prefer to show the more featureful examples in the docs
-doc-scrape-examples = false
-
-[[example]]
-name = "modifiers"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-# this example is a bit verbose, so we don't want to include it in the docs
-doc-scrape-examples = false
-
-[[example]]
-name = "panic"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "paragraph"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "popup"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "ratatui-logo"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "scrollbar"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "sparkline"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "table"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "tabs"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "tracing"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[example]]
-name = "user_input"
-required-features = ["crossterm"]
-doc-scrape-examples = true
-
-[[test]]
-name = "state_serde"
-required-features = ["serde"]

MAINTAINERS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Maintainers
+
+This file documents current and past maintainers.
+
+- [orhun](https://github.com/orhun)
+- [joshka](https://github.com/joshka)
+- [kdheepak](https://github.com/kdheepak)
+- [Valentin271](https://github.com/Valentin271)
+
+## Past Maintainers
+
+- [fdehau](https://github.com/fdehau)
+- [mindoodoo](https://github.com/mindoodoo)
+- [sayanarijit](https://github.com/sayanarijit)
+- [EdJoPaTo](https://github.com/EdJoPaTo)

Makefile.toml

@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
-# configuration for https://github.com/sagiegurari/cargo-make
-
-[config]
-skip_core_tasks = true
-
-[env]
-# all features except the backend ones
-ALL_FEATURES = "all-widgets,macros,serde"
-
-[env.ALL_FEATURES_FLAG]
-# Windows does not support building termion, so this avoids the build failure by providing two
-# sets of flags, one for Windows and one for other platforms.
-source = "${CARGO_MAKE_RUST_TARGET_OS}"
-default_value = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termion,termwiz,underline-color,unstable"
-mapping = { "windows" = "--features=all-widgets,macros,serde,crossterm,termwiz,underline-color,unstable" }
-
-[tasks.default]
-alias = "ci"
-
-[tasks.ci]
-description = "Run continuous integration tasks"
-dependencies = ["lint-style", "clippy", "check", "test"]
-
-[tasks.lint-style]
-description = "Lint code style (formatting, typos, docs)"
-dependencies = ["lint-format", "lint-typos", "lint-docs"]
-
-[tasks.lint-format]
-description = "Lint code formatting"
-toolchain = "nightly"
-command = "cargo"
-args = ["fmt", "--all", "--check"]
-
-[tasks.format]
-description = "Fix code formatting"
-toolchain = "nightly"
-command = "cargo"
-args = ["fmt", "--all"]
-
-[tasks.lint-typos]
-description = "Run typo checks"
-install_crate = { crate_name = "typos-cli", binary = "typos", test_arg = "--version" }
-command = "typos"
-
-[tasks.lint-docs]
-description = "Check documentation for errors and warnings"
-toolchain = "nightly"
-command = "cargo"
-args = [
-  "rustdoc",
-  "--no-default-features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
-  "--",
-  "-Zunstable-options",
-  "--check",
-  "-Dwarnings",
-]
-
-[tasks.check]
-description = "Check code for errors and warnings"
-command = "cargo"
-args = [
-  "check",
-  "--all-targets",
-  "--no-default-features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
-]
-
-[tasks.build]
-description = "Compile the project"
-command = "cargo"
-args = [
-  "build",
-  "--all-targets",
-  "--no-default-features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
-]
-
-[tasks.clippy]
-description = "Run Clippy for linting"
-command = "cargo"
-args = [
-  "clippy",
-  "--all-targets",
-  "--tests",
-  "--benches",
-  "--no-default-features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
-  "--",
-  "-D",
-  "warnings",
-]
-
-[tasks.install-nextest]
-description = "Install cargo-nextest"
-install_crate = { crate_name = "cargo-nextest", binary = "cargo-nextest", test_arg = "--help" }
-
-[tasks.test]
-description = "Run tests"
-run_task = { name = ["test-lib", "test-doc"] }
-
-[tasks.test-lib]
-description = "Run default tests"
-dependencies = ["install-nextest"]
-command = "cargo"
-args = [
-  "nextest",
-  "run",
-  "--all-targets",
-  "--no-default-features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
-]
-
-[tasks.test-doc]
-description = "Run documentation tests"
-command = "cargo"
-args = ["test", "--doc", "--no-default-features", "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}"]
-
-[tasks.test-backend]
-# takes a command line parameter to specify the backend to test (e.g. "crossterm")
-description = "Run backend-specific tests"
-dependencies = ["install-nextest"]
-command = "cargo"
-args = [
-  "nextest",
-  "run",
-  "--all-targets",
-  "--no-default-features",
-  "--features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES},${@}",
-]
-
-[tasks.coverage]
-description = "Generate code coverage report"
-command = "cargo"
-args = [
-  "llvm-cov",
-  "--lcov",
-  "--output-path",
-  "target/lcov.info",
-  "--no-default-features",
-  "${ALL_FEATURES_FLAG}",
-]
-
-[tasks.run-example]
-private = true
-condition = { env_set = ["TUI_EXAMPLE_NAME"] }
-command = "cargo"
-args = [
-  "run",
-  "--release",
-  "--example",
-  "${TUI_EXAMPLE_NAME}",
-  "--features",
-  "all-widgets",
-]
-
-[tasks.build-examples]
-description = "Compile project examples"
-command = "cargo"
-args = ["build", "--examples", "--release", "--features", "all-widgets"]
-
-[tasks.run-examples]
-description = "Run project examples"
-dependencies = ["build-examples"]
-script = '''
-#!@duckscript
-files = glob_array ./examples/*.rs
-for file in ${files}
-  name = basename ${file}
-  name = substring ${name} -3
-  set_env TUI_EXAMPLE_NAME ${name}
-  cm_run_task run-example
-end
-'''

README.md

@@ -2,16 +2,19 @@
 <summary>Table of Contents</summary>
 
 - [Ratatui](#ratatui)
-  - [Installation](#installation)
+  - [Quick Start](#quickstart)
+  - [Other documentation](#other-documentation)
   - [Introduction](#introduction)
-  - [Other Documentation](#other-documentation)
   - [Quickstart](#quickstart)
+    - [Initialize and restore the terminal](#initialize-and-restore-the-terminal)
+    - [Drawing the UI](#drawing-the-ui)
+    - [Handling events](#handling-events)
+  - [Layout](#layout)
+  - [Text and styling](#text-and-styling)
   - [Status of this fork](#status-of-this-fork)
-  - [Rust version requirements](#rust-version-requirements)
   - [Widgets](#widgets)
     - [Built in](#built-in)
-    - [Third\-party libraries, bootstrapping templates and
-      widgets](#third-party-libraries-bootstrapping-templates-and-widgets)
+    - [Third-party libraries, bootstrapping templates and widgets](#third-party-libraries-bootstrapping-templates-and-widgets)
   - [Apps](#apps)
   - [Alternatives](#alternatives)
   - [Acknowledgments](#acknowledgments)
@@ -21,7 +24,7 @@
 
 <!-- cargo-rdme start -->
 
-![Demo](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/1d39444e3dea6f309cf9035be2417ac711c1abc9/examples/demo2-destroy.gif?raw=true)
+![Demo](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/87ae72dbc756067c97f6400d3e2a58eeb383776e/examples/demo2-destroy.gif?raw=true)
 
 <div align="center">
 
@@ -41,28 +44,42 @@ Badge]][GitHub Sponsors]<br> [![Discord Badge]][Discord Server] [![Matrix Badge]
 lightweight library that provides a set of widgets and utilities to build complex Rust TUIs.
 Ratatui was forked from the [tui-rs] crate in 2023 in order to continue its development.
 
-## Installation
+## Quickstart
 
-Add `ratatui` as a dependency to your cargo.toml:
+Add `ratatui` and `crossterm` as dependencies to your cargo.toml:
 
 ```shell
-cargo add ratatui
+cargo add ratatui crossterm
 ```
 
-Ratatui uses [Crossterm] by default as it works on most platforms. See the [Installation]
-section of the [Ratatui Website] for more details on how to use other backends ([Termion] /
-[Termwiz]).
+Then you can create a simple "Hello World" application:
 
-## Introduction
+```rust
+use crossterm::event::{self, Event};
+use ratatui::{text::Text, Frame};
 
-Ratatui is based on the principle of immediate rendering with intermediate buffers. This means
-that for each frame, your app must render all widgets that are supposed to be part of the UI.
-This is in contrast to the retained mode style of rendering where widgets are updated and then
-automatically redrawn on the next frame. See the [Rendering] section of the [Ratatui Website]
-for more info.
+fn main() {
+    let mut terminal = ratatui::init();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(draw).expect("failed to draw frame");
+        if matches!(event::read().expect("failed to read event"), Event::Key(_)) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    ratatui::restore();
+}
 
-You can also watch the [FOSDEM 2024 talk] about Ratatui which gives a brief introduction to
-terminal user interfaces and showcases the features of Ratatui, along with a hello world demo.
+fn draw(frame: &mut Frame) {
+    let text = Text::raw("Hello World!");
+    frame.render_widget(text, frame.area());
+}
+```
+
+The full code for this example which contains a little more detail is in the [Examples]
+directory. For more guidance on different ways to structure your application see the
+[Application Patterns] and [Hello World tutorial] sections in the [Ratatui Website] and the
+various [Examples]. There are also several starter templates available in the [templates]
+repository.
 
 ## Other documentation
 
@@ -74,46 +91,82 @@ terminal user interfaces and showcases the features of Ratatui, along with a hel
 - [Changelog] - generated by [git-cliff] utilizing [Conventional Commits].
 - [Breaking Changes] - a list of breaking changes in the library.
 
-## Quickstart
+You can also watch the [FOSDEM 2024 talk] about Ratatui which gives a brief introduction to
+terminal user interfaces and showcases the features of Ratatui, along with a hello world demo.
 
-The following example demonstrates the minimal amount of code necessary to setup a terminal and
-render "Hello World!". The full code for this example which contains a little more detail is in
-the [Examples] directory. For more guidance on different ways to structure your application see
-the [Application Patterns] and [Hello World tutorial] sections in the [Ratatui Website] and the
-various [Examples]. There are also several starter templates available in the [templates]
-repository.
+## Introduction
+
+Ratatui is based on the principle of immediate rendering with intermediate buffers. This means
+that for each frame, your app must render all widgets that are supposed to be part of the UI.
+This is in contrast to the retained mode style of rendering where widgets are updated and then
+automatically redrawn on the next frame. See the [Rendering] section of the [Ratatui Website]
+for more info.
+
+Ratatui uses [Crossterm] by default as it works on most platforms. See the [Installation]
+section of the [Ratatui Website] for more details on how to use other backends ([Termion] /
+[Termwiz]).
 
 Every application built with `ratatui` needs to implement the following steps:
 
 - Initialize the terminal
-- A main loop to:
-  - Handle input events
-  - Draw the UI
+- A main loop that:
+  - Draws the UI
+  - Handles input events
 - Restore the terminal state
 
-The library contains a [`prelude`] module that re-exports the most commonly used traits and
-types for convenience. Most examples in the documentation will use this instead of showing the
-full path of each type.
-
 ### Initialize and restore the terminal
 
-The [`Terminal`] type is the main entry point for any Ratatui application. It is a light
-abstraction over a choice of [`Backend`] implementations that provides functionality to draw
-each frame, clear the screen, hide the cursor, etc. It is parametrized over any type that
-implements the [`Backend`] trait which has implementations for [Crossterm], [Termion] and
-[Termwiz].
+The [`Terminal`] type is the main entry point for any Ratatui application. It is generic over a
+a choice of [`Backend`] implementations that each provide functionality to draw frames, clear
+the screen, hide the cursor, etc. There are backend implementations for [Crossterm], [Termion]
+and [Termwiz].
 
-Most applications should enter the Alternate Screen when starting and leave it when exiting and
-also enable raw mode to disable line buffering and enable reading key events. See the [`backend`
-module] and the [Backends] section of the [Ratatui Website] for more info.
+The simplest way to initialize the terminal is to use the [`init`] function which returns a
+[`DefaultTerminal`] instance with the default options, enters the Alternate Screen and Raw mode
+and sets up a panic hook that restores the terminal in case of panic. This instance can then be
+used to draw frames and interact with the terminal state. (The [`DefaultTerminal`] instance is a
+type alias for a terminal with the [`crossterm`] backend.) The [`restore`] function restores the
+terminal to its original state.
+
+```rust
+fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = ratatui::init();
+    let result = run(&mut terminal);
+    ratatui::restore();
+    result
+}
+```
+
+See the [`backend` module] and the [Backends] section of the [Ratatui Website] for more info on
+the alternate screen and raw mode.
 
 ### Drawing the UI
 
-The drawing logic is delegated to a closure that takes a [`Frame`] instance as argument. The
-[`Frame`] provides the size of the area to draw to and allows the app to render any [`Widget`]
-using the provided [`render_widget`] method. After this closure returns, a diff is performed and
-only the changes are drawn to the terminal. See the [Widgets] section of the [Ratatui Website]
-for more info.
+Drawing the UI is done by calling the [`Terminal::draw`] method on the terminal instance. This
+method takes a closure that is called with a [`Frame`] instance. The [`Frame`] provides the size
+of the area to draw to and allows the app to render any [`Widget`] using the provided
+[`render_widget`] method. After this closure returns, a diff is performed and only the changes
+are drawn to the terminal. See the [Widgets] section of the [Ratatui Website] for more info.
+
+The closure passed to the [`Terminal::draw`] method should handle the rendering of a full frame.
+
+```rust
+use ratatui::{widgets::Paragraph, Frame};
+
+fn run(terminal: &mut ratatui::DefaultTerminal) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|frame| draw(frame))?;
+        if handle_events()? {
+            break Ok(());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn draw(frame: &mut Frame) {
+    let text = Paragraph::new("Hello World!");
+    frame.render_widget(text, frame.area());
+}
+```
 
 ### Handling events
 
@@ -122,62 +175,23 @@ calling backend library methods directly. See the [Handling Events] section of t
 Website] for more info. For example, if you are using [Crossterm], you can use the
 [`crossterm::event`] module to handle events.
 
-### Example
-
 ```rust
-use std::io::{self, stdout};
+use crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind};
 
-use ratatui::{
-    crossterm::{
-        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-        terminal::{
-            disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+fn handle_events() -> std::io::Result<bool> {
+    match event::read()? {
+        Event::Key(key) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match key.code {
+            KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(true),
+            // handle other key events
+            _ => {}
         },
-        ExecutableCommand,
-    },
-    prelude::*,
-    widgets::*,
-};
-
-fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))?;
-
-    let mut should_quit = false;
-    while !should_quit {
-        terminal.draw(ui)?;
-        should_quit = handle_events()?;
-    }
-
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn handle_events() -> io::Result<bool> {
-    if event::poll(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50))? {
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.kind == event::KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                return Ok(true);
-            }
-        }
+        // handle other events
+        _ => {}
     }
     Ok(false)
 }
-
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!").block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
-        frame.size(),
-    );
-}
 ```
 
-Running this example produces the following output:
-
-![docsrs-hello]
-
 ## Layout
 
 The library comes with a basic yet useful layout management object called [`Layout`] which
@@ -186,40 +200,36 @@ area. This lets you describe a responsive terminal UI by nesting layouts. See th
 section of the [Ratatui Website] for more info.
 
 ```rust
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    widgets::Block,
+    Frame,
+};
 
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let main_layout = Layout::new(
-        Direction::Vertical,
-        [
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Min(0),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-        ],
-    )
-    .split(frame.size());
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::new().borders(Borders::TOP).title("Title Bar"),
-        main_layout[0],
-    );
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::new().borders(Borders::TOP).title("Status Bar"),
-        main_layout[2],
-    );
+fn draw(frame: &mut Frame) {
+    use Constraint::{Fill, Length, Min};
 
-    let inner_layout = Layout::new(
-        Direction::Horizontal,
-        [Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)],
-    )
-    .split(main_layout[1]);
-    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Left"), inner_layout[0]);
-    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Right"), inner_layout[1]);
+    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Length(1), Min(0), Length(1)]);
+    let [title_area, main_area, status_area] = vertical.areas(frame.area());
+    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Fill(1); 2]);
+    let [left_area, right_area] = horizontal.areas(main_area);
+
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Title Bar"), title_area);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Status Bar"), status_area);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Left"), left_area);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Right"), right_area);
 }
 ```
 
 Running this example produces the following output:
 
-![docsrs-layout]
+```text
+Title Bar───────────────────────────────────
+┌Left────────────────┐┌Right───────────────┐
+│                    ││                    │
+└────────────────────┘└────────────────────┘
+Status Bar──────────────────────────────────
+```
 
 ## Text and styling
 
@@ -234,55 +244,44 @@ short-hand syntax to apply a style to widgets and text. See the [Styling Text] s
 [Ratatui Website] for more info.
 
 ```rust
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+    Frame,
+};
 
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let areas = Layout::new(
-        Direction::Vertical,
-        [
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Min(0),
-        ],
-    )
-    .split(frame.size());
+fn draw(frame: &mut Frame) {
+    let areas = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1); 4]).split(frame.area());
 
-    let span1 = Span::raw("Hello ");
-    let span2 = Span::styled(
-        "World",
-        Style::new()
-            .fg(Color::Green)
-            .bg(Color::White)
-            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
-    );
-    let span3 = "!".red().on_light_yellow().italic();
+    let line = Line::from(vec![
+        Span::raw("Hello "),
+        Span::styled(
+            "World",
+            Style::new()
+                .fg(Color::Green)
+                .bg(Color::White)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+        ),
+        "!".red().on_light_yellow().italic(),
+    ]);
+    frame.render_widget(line, areas[0]);
 
-    let line = Line::from(vec![span1, span2, span3]);
-    let text: Text = Text::from(vec![line]);
+    // using the short-hand syntax and implicit conversions
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new("Hello World!".red().on_white().bold());
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph, areas[1]);
 
-    frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new(text), areas[0]);
-    // or using the short-hand syntax and implicit conversions
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!".red().on_white().bold()),
-        areas[1],
-    );
+    // style the whole widget instead of just the text
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new("Hello World!").style(Style::new().red().on_white());
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph, areas[2]);
 
-    // to style the whole widget instead of just the text
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!").style(Style::new().red().on_white()),
-        areas[2],
-    );
-    // or using the short-hand syntax
-    frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new("Hello World!").blue().on_yellow(), areas[3]);
+    // use the simpler short-hand syntax
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new("Hello World!").blue().on_yellow();
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph, areas[3]);
 }
 ```
 
-Running this example produces the following output:
-
-![docsrs-styling]
-
 [Ratatui Website]: https://ratatui.rs/
 [Installation]: https://ratatui.rs/installation/
 [Rendering]: https://ratatui.rs/concepts/rendering/
@@ -293,21 +292,18 @@ Running this example produces the following output:
 [Handling Events]: https://ratatui.rs/concepts/event-handling/
 [Layout]: https://ratatui.rs/how-to/layout/
 [Styling Text]: https://ratatui.rs/how-to/render/style-text/
-[templates]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/templates/
-[Examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/main/examples/README.md
-[Report a bug]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/new?labels=bug&projects=&template=bug_report.md
-[Request a Feature]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/new?labels=enhancement&projects=&template=feature_request.md
-[Create a Pull Request]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/compare
+[templates]: https://github.com/ratatui/templates/
+[Examples]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/main/ratatui/examples/README.md
+[Report a bug]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/new?labels=bug&projects=&template=bug_report.md
+[Request a Feature]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/new?labels=enhancement&projects=&template=feature_request.md
+[Create a Pull Request]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/compare
 [git-cliff]: https://git-cliff.org
 [Conventional Commits]: https://www.conventionalcommits.org
 [API Docs]: https://docs.rs/ratatui
-[Changelog]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md
-[Contributing]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md
-[Breaking Changes]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/BREAKING-CHANGES.md
+[Changelog]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md
+[Contributing]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md
+[Breaking Changes]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/BREAKING-CHANGES.md
 [FOSDEM 2024 talk]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU0q6NOLJ20
-[docsrs-hello]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/c3c3c289b1eb8d562afb1931adb4dc719cd48490/examples/docsrs-hello.png?raw=true
-[docsrs-layout]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/c3c3c289b1eb8d562afb1931adb4dc719cd48490/examples/docsrs-layout.png?raw=true
-[docsrs-styling]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/c3c3c289b1eb8d562afb1931adb4dc719cd48490/examples/docsrs-styling.png?raw=true
 [`Frame`]: terminal::Frame
 [`render_widget`]: terminal::Frame::render_widget
 [`Widget`]: widgets::Widget
@@ -326,15 +322,15 @@ Running this example produces the following output:
 [Termion]: https://crates.io/crates/termion
 [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
 [tui-rs]: https://crates.io/crates/tui
-[GitHub Sponsors]: https://github.com/sponsors/ratatui-org
+[GitHub Sponsors]: https://github.com/sponsors/ratatui
 [Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44&color=E05D44
 [License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square&color=1370D3
-[CI Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
-[CI Workflow]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions/workflows/ci.yml
-[Codecov Badge]: https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST&color=C43AC3&logoColor=C43AC3
-[Codecov]: https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui
-[Deps.rs Badge]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui/status.svg?style=flat-square
-[Deps.rs]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui
+[CI Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
+[CI Workflow]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/actions/workflows/ci.yml
+[Codecov Badge]: https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST&color=C43AC3&logoColor=C43AC3
+[Codecov]: https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui/ratatui
+[Deps.rs Badge]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui/ratatui/status.svg?style=flat-square
+[Deps.rs]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui/ratatui
 [Discord Badge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square&color=1370D3&logoColor=1370D3
 [Discord Server]: https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj
 [Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44
@@ -342,104 +338,42 @@ Running this example produces the following output:
 [Matrix]: https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org
 [Forum Badge]: https://img.shields.io/discourse/likes?server=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.ratatui.rs&style=flat-square&logo=discourse&label=forum&color=C43AC3
 [Forum]: https://forum.ratatui.rs
-[Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square&color=1370D3
+[Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui?logo=github&style=flat-square&color=1370D3
 
 <!-- cargo-rdme end -->
 
-## Status of this fork
-
-In response to the original maintainer [**Florian Dehau**](https://github.com/fdehau)'s issue
-regarding the [future of `tui-rs`](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/654), several members of
-the community forked the project and created this crate. We look forward to continuing the work
-started by Florian 🚀
+## Contributing
 
 In order to organize ourselves, we currently use a [Discord server](https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj),
 feel free to join and come chat! There is also a [Matrix](https://matrix.org/) bridge available at
 [#ratatui:matrix.org](https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org).
 
-While we do utilize Discord for coordinating, it's not essential for contributing. We have recently
-launched the [Ratatui Forum][Forum], and our primary open-source workflow is centered around GitHub.
-For bugs and features, we rely on GitHub. Please [Report a bug], [Request a Feature] or [Create a
-Pull Request].
+We have also recently launched the [Ratatui Forum][Forum], For bugs and features, we rely on GitHub.
+Please [Report a bug], [Request a Feature] or [Create a Pull Request].
 
-Please make sure you read the updated [contributing](./CONTRIBUTING.md) guidelines, especially if
-you are interested in working on a PR or issue opened in the previous repository.
+Please make sure you read the [contributing](./CONTRIBUTING.md) guidelines, especially if you are
+interested in working on a PR or issue opened in the previous repository.
 
-## Rust version requirements
+## Built with Ratatui
 
-Since version 0.23.0, The Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) of `ratatui` is 1.67.0.
-
-## Widgets
-
-### Built in
-
-The library comes with the following
-[widgets](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/index.html):
-
-- [BarChart](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.BarChart.html)
-- [Block](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/block/struct.Block.html)
-- [Calendar](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/calendar/index.html)
-- [Canvas](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/canvas/struct.Canvas.html) which allows
-  rendering [points, lines, shapes and a world
-  map](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/canvas/index.html)
-- [Chart](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Chart.html)
-- [Clear](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Clear.html)
-- [Gauge](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Gauge.html)
-- [List](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.List.html)
-- [Paragraph](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Paragraph.html)
-- [Scrollbar](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/scrollbar/struct.Scrollbar.html)
-- [Sparkline](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Sparkline.html)
-- [Table](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Table.html)
-- [Tabs](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.Tabs.html)
-
-Each widget has an associated example which can be found in the [Examples] folder. Run each example
-with cargo (e.g. to run the gauge example `cargo run --example gauge`), and quit by pressing `q`.
-
-You can also run all examples by running `cargo make run-examples` (requires `cargo-make` that can
-be installed with `cargo install cargo-make`).
-
-### Third-party libraries, bootstrapping templates and widgets
-
-- [ansi-to-tui](https://github.com/uttarayan21/ansi-to-tui) — Convert ansi colored text to
-  `ratatui::text::Text`
-- [color-to-tui](https://github.com/uttarayan21/color-to-tui) — Parse hex colors to
-  `ratatui::style::Color`
-- [templates](https://github.com/ratatui-org/templates) — Starter templates for
-  bootstrapping a Rust TUI application with Ratatui & crossterm
-- [tui-builder](https://github.com/jkelleyrtp/tui-builder) — Batteries-included MVC framework for
-  Tui-rs + Crossterm apps
-- [tui-clap](https://github.com/kegesch/tui-clap-rs) — Use clap-rs together with Tui-rs
-- [tui-log](https://github.com/kegesch/tui-log-rs) — Example of how to use logging with Tui-rs
-- [tui-logger](https://github.com/gin66/tui-logger) — Logger and Widget for Tui-rs
-- [tui-realm](https://github.com/veeso/tui-realm) — Tui-rs framework to build stateful applications
-  with a React/Elm inspired approach
-- [tui-realm-treeview](https://github.com/veeso/tui-realm-treeview) — Treeview component for
-  Tui-realm
-- [tui-rs-tree-widgets](https://github.com/EdJoPaTo/tui-rs-tree-widget) — Widget for tree data
-  structures.
-- [tui-windows](https://github.com/markatk/tui-windows-rs) — Tui-rs abstraction to handle multiple
-  windows and their rendering
-- [tui-textarea](https://github.com/rhysd/tui-textarea) — Simple yet powerful multi-line text editor
-  widget supporting several key shortcuts, undo/redo, text search, etc.
-- [tui-input](https://github.com/sayanarijit/tui-input) — TUI input library supporting multiple
-  backends and tui-rs.
-- [tui-term](https://github.com/a-kenji/tui-term) — A pseudoterminal widget library
-  that enables the rendering of terminal applications as ratatui widgets.
-
-## Apps
-
-Check out [awesome-ratatui](https://github.com/ratatui-org/awesome-ratatui) for a curated list of
-awesome apps/libraries built with `ratatui`!
+Ratatui has a number of built-in [widgets](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/), as well
+as many contributed by external contributors. Check out the [Showcase](https://ratatui.rs/showcase/)
+section of the website, or the [awesome-ratatui](https://github.com/ratatui/awesome-ratatui) repo
+for a curated list of awesome apps/libraries built with `ratatui`!
 
 ## Alternatives
 
-You might want to checkout [Cursive](https://github.com/gyscos/Cursive) for an alternative solution
+You might want to checkout [Cursive](https://github.com/gyscos/Cursive) or 
+[iocraft](https://github.com/ccbrown/iocraft/) for an alternative solutions
 to build text user interfaces in Rust.
 
 ## Acknowledgments
 
+None of this could be possible without [**Florian Dehau**](https://github.com/fdehau) who originally
+created [tui-rs] which inspired many Rust TUIs.
+
 Special thanks to [**Pavel Fomchenkov**](https://github.com/nawok) for his work in designing **an
-awesome logo** for the ratatui project and ratatui-org organization.
+awesome logo** for the ratatui project and ratatui organization.
 
 ## License
 

RELEASE.md

@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 # Creating a Release
 
+Our release strategy is:
+
+> Release major versions with detailed summaries when necessary, while releasing minor versions
+> weekly or as needed without extensive announcements.
+>
+> Versioning scheme being `0.x.y`, where `x` is the major version and `y` is the minor version.
+
 [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/ratatui) releases are automated via [GitHub
 actions](.github/workflows/cd.yml) and triggered by pushing a tag.
 
@@ -12,7 +19,7 @@ actions](.github/workflows/cd.yml) and triggered by pushing a tag.
    ```
 
 1. Switch branches to the images branch and copy demo2.gif to examples/, commit, and push.
-1. Grab the permalink from <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo2.gif> and
+1. Grab the permalink from <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo2.gif> and
    append `?raw=true` to redirect to the actual image url. Then update the link in the main README.
    Avoid adding the gif to the git repo as binary files tend to bloat repositories.
 
@@ -21,16 +28,16 @@ actions](.github/workflows/cd.yml) and triggered by pushing a tag.
    can be used for generating the entries.
 1. Ensure that any breaking changes are documented in [BREAKING-CHANGES.md](./BREAKING-CHANGES.md)
 1. Commit and push the changes.
-1. Create a new tag: `git tag -a v[X.Y.Z]`
+1. Create a new tag: `git tag -a v[0.x.y]`
 1. Push the tag: `git push --tags`
-1. Wait for [Continuous Deployment](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions) workflow to
+1. Wait for [Continuous Deployment](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/actions) workflow to
    finish.
 
 ## Alpha Releases
 
 Alpha releases are automatically released every Saturday via [cd.yml](./.github/workflows/cd.yml)
 and can be manually be created when necessary by triggering the [Continuous
-Deployment](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions/workflows/cd.yml) workflow.
+Deployment](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/actions/workflows/cd.yml) workflow.
 
 We automatically release an alpha release with a patch level bump + alpha.num weekly (and when we
 need to manually). E.g. the last release was 0.22.0, and the most recent alpha release is
@@ -40,5 +47,5 @@ These releases will have whatever happened to be in main at the time of release,
 for apps that need to get releases from crates.io, but may contain more bugs and be generally less
 tested than normal releases.
 
-See [#147](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/147) and
-[#359](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/359) for more info on the alpha release process.
+See [#147](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/147) and
+[#359](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/359) for more info on the alpha release process.

SECURITY.md

@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ We only support the latest version of this crate.
 
 ## Reporting a Vulnerability
 
-To report secuirity vulnerability, please use the form at https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/security/advisories/new
+To report secuirity vulnerability, please use the form at <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/security/advisories/new>

bacon.toml

@@ -8,58 +8,66 @@
 default_job = "check"
 
 [jobs.check]
-command = ["cargo", "check", "--all-features", "--color", "always"]
+command = ["cargo", "check", "--all-features"]
 need_stdout = false
 
 [jobs.check-all]
-command = ["cargo", "check", "--all-targets", "--all-features", "--color", "always"]
+command = ["cargo", "check", "--all-targets", "--all-features"]
 need_stdout = false
 
 [jobs.check-crossterm]
-command = ["cargo", "check", "--color", "always", "--all-targets", "--no-default-features", "--features", "crossterm"]
+command = [
+    "cargo",
+    "check",
+    "--all-targets",
+    "--no-default-features",
+    "--features",
+    "crossterm",
+]
 need_stdout = false
 
 [jobs.check-termion]
-command = ["cargo", "check", "--color", "always", "--all-targets", "--no-default-features", "--features", "termion"]
+command = [
+    "cargo",
+    "check",
+    "--all-targets",
+    "--no-default-features",
+    "--features",
+    "termion",
+]
 need_stdout = false
 
 [jobs.check-termwiz]
-command = ["cargo", "check", "--color", "always", "--all-targets", "--no-default-features", "--features", "termwiz"]
+command = [
+    "cargo",
+    "check",
+    "--all-targets",
+    "--no-default-features",
+    "--features",
+    "termwiz",
+]
 need_stdout = false
 
 [jobs.clippy]
-command = [
-    "cargo", "clippy",
-    "--all-targets",
-    "--color", "always",
-]
+command = ["cargo", "clippy", "--all-targets"]
 need_stdout = false
 
 [jobs.test]
-command = [
-    "cargo", "test",
-    "--all-features",
-    "--color", "always",
-    "--", "--color", "always", # see https://github.com/Canop/bacon/issues/124
-]
+command = ["cargo", "test", "--all-features"]
 need_stdout = true
 
 [jobs.test-unit]
-command = [
-    "cargo", "test",
-    "--lib",
-    "--all-features",
-    "--color", "always",
-    "--", "--color", "always", # see https://github.com/Canop/bacon/issues/124
-]
+command = ["cargo", "test", "--lib", "--all-features"]
 need_stdout = true
 
 [jobs.doc]
 command = [
-    "cargo", "+nightly", "doc",
-    "-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples",
+    "cargo",
+    "+nightly",
+    "doc",
+    "-Zunstable-options",
+    "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples",
     "--all-features",
-    "--color", "always",
     "--no-deps",
 ]
 env.RUSTDOCFLAGS = "--cfg docsrs"
@@ -69,10 +77,12 @@ need_stdout = false
 # to the previous job
 [jobs.doc-open]
 command = [
-    "cargo", "+nightly", "doc",
-    "-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples",
+    "cargo",
+    "+nightly",
+    "doc",
+    "-Zunstable-options",
+    "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples",
     "--all-features",
-    "--color", "always",
     "--no-deps",
     "--open",
 ]
@@ -82,19 +92,34 @@ on_success = "job:doc" # so that we don't open the browser at each change
 
 [jobs.coverage]
 command = [
-    "cargo", "llvm-cov",
-    "--lcov", "--output-path", "target/lcov.info",
+    "cargo",
+    "llvm-cov",
+    "--lcov",
+    "--output-path",
+    "target/lcov.info",
     "--all-features",
-    "--color", "always",
 ]
 
 [jobs.coverage-unit-tests-only]
 command = [
-    "cargo", "llvm-cov",
-    "--lcov", "--output-path", "target/lcov.info",
+    "cargo",
+    "llvm-cov",
+    "--lcov",
+    "--output-path",
+    "target/lcov.info",
     "--lib",
     "--all-features",
-    "--color", "always",
+]
+
+[jobs.hack]
+command = [
+    "cargo",
+    "hack",
+    "test",
+    "--lib",
+    "--each-feature",
+    # "--all-targets",
+    "--workspace",
 ]
 
 # You may define here keybindings that would be specific to
@@ -102,7 +127,7 @@ command = [
 # Shortcuts to internal functions (scrolling, toggling, etc.)
 # should go in your personal global prefs.toml file instead.
 [keybindings]
-# alt-m = "job:my-job"
+ctrl-h = "job:hack"
 ctrl-c = "job:check-crossterm"
 ctrl-t = "job:check-termion"
 ctrl-w = "job:check-termwiz"

cliff.toml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # https://git-cliff.org/docs/configuration
 
 [remote.github]
-owner = "ratatui-org"
+owner = "ratatui"
 repo = "ratatui"
 
 [changelog]
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ header = """
 # Changelog
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+<!-- ignore lint rules that are often triggered by content generated from commits / git-cliff -->
+<!-- markdownlint-disable line-length no-bare-urls ul-style emphasis-style -->
 """
 # template for the changelog body
 # https://keats.github.io/tera/docs/#introduction
@@ -22,25 +24,15 @@ body = """
 {%- if not version %}
 ## [unreleased]
 {% else -%}
-## [{{ version }}](https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/releases/tag/{{ version }}) - {{ timestamp | date(format="%Y-%m-%d") }}
+## [{{ version }}](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/releases/tag/{{ version }}) - {{ timestamp | date(format="%Y-%m-%d") }}
 {% endif -%}
 
 {% macro commit(commit) -%}
-- [{{ commit.id | truncate(length=7, end="") }}]({{ "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/commit/" ~ commit.id }}) \
+- [{{ commit.id | truncate(length=7, end="") }}]({{ "https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/commit/" ~ commit.id }}) \
   *({{commit.scope | default(value = "uncategorized") | lower }})* {{ commit.message | upper_first | trim }}\
-  {% if commit.github.username %} by @{{ commit.github.username }}{%- endif -%}\
-  {% if commit.github.pr_number %} in [#{{ commit.github.pr_number }}]({{ self::remote_url() }}/pull/{{ commit.github.pr_number }}){%- endif %}\
+  {% if commit.remote.username %} by @{{ commit.remote.username }}{%- endif -%}\
+  {% if commit.remote.pr_number %} in [#{{ commit.remote.pr_number }}]({{ self::remote_url() }}/pull/{{ commit.remote.pr_number }}){%- endif %}\
 {%- if commit.breaking %} [**breaking**]{% endif %}
-{%- if commit.body %}\n\n{{ commit.body | indent(prefix="  > ", first=true, blank=true) }}
-{%- endif %}
-{%- for footer in commit.footers %}\n
-{%- if footer.token != "Signed-off-by" and footer.token != "Co-authored-by" %}
-  >
-{{ footer.token | indent(prefix="  > ", first=true, blank=true) }}
-{{- footer.separator }}
-{{- footer.value| indent(prefix="  > ", first=false, blank=true)  }}
-{%- endif %}
-{%- endfor %}
 {% endmacro -%}
 
 {% for group, commits in commits | group_by(attribute="group") %}

clippy.toml

@@ -3,9 +3,15 @@ avoid-breaking-exported-api = false
 # https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#/multiple_crate_versions
 # ratatui -> bitflags v2.3
 # termwiz -> wezterm-blob-leases -> mac_address -> nix -> bitflags v1.3.2
-# crossterm -> all the windows- deps https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/1064#issuecomment-2078848980
+# (also, memoffset, syn, nix, strsim, windows-sys
+# crossterm -> all the windows- deps https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1064#issuecomment-2078848980
 allowed-duplicate-crates = [
     "bitflags",
+    "memoffset",
+    "nix",
+    "strsim",
+    "syn",
+    "windows-sys",
     "windows-targets",
     "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
     "windows_aarch64_msvc",
@@ -14,4 +20,5 @@ allowed-duplicate-crates = [
     "windows_x86_64_gnu",
     "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
     "windows_x86_64_msvc",
+    "unicode-width",
 ]

deny.toml

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ allow = [
     "MIT",
     "Unicode-DFS-2016",
     "WTFPL",
+    "Zlib",
 ]
 
 [advisories]

examples/barchart.rs

@@ -1,302 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] `BarChart` example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    crossterm::{
-        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-        execute,
-        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    },
-    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    text::{Line, Span},
-    widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block, Paragraph},
-    Frame, Terminal,
-};
-
-struct Company<'a> {
-    revenue: [u64; 4],
-    label: &'a str,
-    bar_style: Style,
-}
-
-struct App<'a> {
-    data: Vec<(&'a str, u64)>,
-    months: [&'a str; 4],
-    companies: [Company<'a>; 3],
-}
-
-const TOTAL_REVENUE: &str = "Total Revenue";
-
-impl<'a> App<'a> {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        App {
-            data: vec![
-                ("B1", 9),
-                ("B2", 12),
-                ("B3", 5),
-                ("B4", 8),
-                ("B5", 2),
-                ("B6", 4),
-                ("B7", 5),
-                ("B8", 9),
-                ("B9", 14),
-                ("B10", 15),
-                ("B11", 1),
-                ("B12", 0),
-                ("B13", 4),
-                ("B14", 6),
-                ("B15", 4),
-                ("B16", 6),
-                ("B17", 4),
-                ("B18", 7),
-                ("B19", 13),
-                ("B20", 8),
-                ("B21", 11),
-                ("B22", 9),
-                ("B23", 3),
-                ("B24", 5),
-            ],
-            companies: [
-                Company {
-                    label: "Comp.A",
-                    revenue: [9500, 12500, 5300, 8500],
-                    bar_style: Style::default().fg(Color::Green),
-                },
-                Company {
-                    label: "Comp.B",
-                    revenue: [1500, 2500, 3000, 500],
-                    bar_style: Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
-                },
-                Company {
-                    label: "Comp.C",
-                    revenue: [10500, 10600, 9000, 4200],
-                    bar_style: Style::default().fg(Color::White),
-                },
-            ],
-            months: ["Mars", "Apr", "May", "Jun"],
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
-        let value = self.data.pop().unwrap();
-        self.data.insert(0, value);
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
-    let app = App::new();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
-    mut app: App,
-    tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
-    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
-
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
-        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
-            app.on_tick();
-            last_tick = Instant::now();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Ratio(1, 3), Constraint::Ratio(2, 3)]);
-    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]);
-    let [top, bottom] = vertical.areas(frame.size());
-    let [left, right] = horizontal.areas(bottom);
-
-    let barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::bordered().title("Data1"))
-        .data(&app.data)
-        .bar_width(9)
-        .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-        .value_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Black).bg(Color::Yellow));
-
-    frame.render_widget(barchart, top);
-    draw_bar_with_group_labels(frame, app, left);
-    draw_horizontal_bars(frame, app, right);
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
-fn create_groups<'a>(app: &'a App, combine_values_and_labels: bool) -> Vec<BarGroup<'a>> {
-    app.months
-        .iter()
-        .enumerate()
-        .map(|(i, &month)| {
-            let bars: Vec<Bar> = app
-                .companies
-                .iter()
-                .map(|c| {
-                    let mut bar = Bar::default()
-                        .value(c.revenue[i])
-                        .style(c.bar_style)
-                        .value_style(
-                            Style::default()
-                                .bg(c.bar_style.fg.unwrap())
-                                .fg(Color::Black),
-                        );
-
-                    if combine_values_and_labels {
-                        bar = bar.text_value(format!(
-                            "{} ({:.1} M)",
-                            c.label,
-                            (c.revenue[i] as f64) / 1000.
-                        ));
-                    } else {
-                        bar = bar
-                            .text_value(format!("{:.1}", (c.revenue[i] as f64) / 1000.))
-                            .label(c.label.into());
-                    }
-                    bar
-                })
-                .collect();
-            BarGroup::default()
-                .label(Line::from(month).centered())
-                .bars(&bars)
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-fn draw_bar_with_group_labels(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
-    const LEGEND_HEIGHT: u16 = 6;
-
-    let groups = create_groups(app, false);
-
-    let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::bordered().title("Data1"))
-        .bar_width(7)
-        .group_gap(3);
-
-    for group in groups {
-        barchart = barchart.data(group);
-    }
-
-    f.render_widget(barchart, area);
-
-    if area.height >= LEGEND_HEIGHT && area.width >= TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2 {
-        let legend_width = TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2;
-        let legend_area = Rect {
-            height: LEGEND_HEIGHT,
-            width: legend_width,
-            y: area.y,
-            x: area.right() - legend_width,
-        };
-        draw_legend(f, legend_area);
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-fn draw_horizontal_bars(f: &mut Frame, app: &App, area: Rect) {
-    const LEGEND_HEIGHT: u16 = 6;
-
-    let groups = create_groups(app, true);
-
-    let mut barchart = BarChart::default()
-        .block(Block::bordered().title("Data1"))
-        .bar_width(1)
-        .group_gap(1)
-        .bar_gap(0)
-        .direction(Direction::Horizontal);
-
-    for group in groups {
-        barchart = barchart.data(group);
-    }
-
-    f.render_widget(barchart, area);
-
-    if area.height >= LEGEND_HEIGHT && area.width >= TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2 {
-        let legend_width = TOTAL_REVENUE.len() as u16 + 2;
-        let legend_area = Rect {
-            height: LEGEND_HEIGHT,
-            width: legend_width,
-            y: area.y,
-            x: area.right() - legend_width,
-        };
-        draw_legend(f, legend_area);
-    }
-}
-
-fn draw_legend(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let text = vec![
-        Line::from(Span::styled(
-            TOTAL_REVENUE,
-            Style::default()
-                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
-                .fg(Color::White),
-        )),
-        Line::from(Span::styled(
-            "- Company A",
-            Style::default().fg(Color::Green),
-        )),
-        Line::from(Span::styled(
-            "- Company B",
-            Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
-        )),
-        Line::from(Span::styled(
-            "- Company C",
-            Style::default().fg(Color::White),
-        )),
-    ];
-
-    let block = Block::bordered().style(Style::default().fg(Color::White));
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text).block(block);
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, area);
-}

examples/block.rs

@@ -1,258 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Block example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io::{stdout, Stdout},
-    ops::ControlFlow,
-    time::Duration,
-};
-
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::CrosstermBackend,
-    crossterm::{
-        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-        execute,
-        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    },
-    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{Style, Stylize},
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::{
-        block::{Position, Title},
-        Block, BorderType, Borders, Padding, Paragraph, Wrap,
-    },
-    Frame,
-};
-
-// These type aliases are used to make the code more readable by reducing repetition of the generic
-// types. They are not necessary for the functionality of the code.
-type Terminal = ratatui::Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>;
-type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = setup_terminal()?;
-    let result = run(&mut terminal);
-    restore_terminal(terminal)?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = result {
-        eprintln!("{err:?}");
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-fn restore_terminal(mut terminal: Terminal) -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal) -> Result<()> {
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(ui)?;
-        if handle_events()?.is_break() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn handle_events() -> Result<ControlFlow<()>> {
-    if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(100))? {
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                return Ok(ControlFlow::Break(()));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(ControlFlow::Continue(()))
-}
-
-fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let (title_area, layout) = calculate_layout(frame.size());
-
-    render_title(frame, title_area);
-
-    let paragraph = placeholder_paragraph();
-
-    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::ALL, frame, layout[0][0]);
-    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::NONE, frame, layout[0][1]);
-    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::LEFT, frame, layout[1][0]);
-    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::RIGHT, frame, layout[1][1]);
-    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::TOP, frame, layout[2][0]);
-    render_borders(&paragraph, Borders::BOTTOM, frame, layout[2][1]);
-
-    render_border_type(&paragraph, BorderType::Plain, frame, layout[3][0]);
-    render_border_type(&paragraph, BorderType::Rounded, frame, layout[3][1]);
-    render_border_type(&paragraph, BorderType::Double, frame, layout[4][0]);
-    render_border_type(&paragraph, BorderType::Thick, frame, layout[4][1]);
-
-    render_styled_block(&paragraph, frame, layout[5][0]);
-    render_styled_borders(&paragraph, frame, layout[5][1]);
-    render_styled_title(&paragraph, frame, layout[6][0]);
-    render_styled_title_content(&paragraph, frame, layout[6][1]);
-    render_multiple_titles(&paragraph, frame, layout[7][0]);
-    render_multiple_title_positions(&paragraph, frame, layout[7][1]);
-    render_padding(&paragraph, frame, layout[8][0]);
-    render_nested_blocks(&paragraph, frame, layout[8][1]);
-}
-
-/// Calculate the layout of the UI elements.
-///
-/// Returns a tuple of the title area and the main areas.
-fn calculate_layout(area: Rect) -> (Rect, Vec<Vec<Rect>>) {
-    let main_layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Min(0)]);
-    let block_layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Max(4); 9]);
-    let [title_area, main_area] = main_layout.areas(area);
-    let main_areas = block_layout
-        .split(main_area)
-        .iter()
-        .map(|&area| {
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)])
-                .split(area)
-                .to_vec()
-        })
-        .collect_vec();
-    (title_area, main_areas)
-}
-
-fn render_title(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Block example. Press q to quit")
-            .dark_gray()
-            .alignment(Alignment::Center),
-        area,
-    );
-}
-
-fn placeholder_paragraph() -> Paragraph<'static> {
-    let text = "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.";
-    Paragraph::new(text.dark_gray()).wrap(Wrap { trim: true })
-}
-
-fn render_borders(paragraph: &Paragraph, border: Borders, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::new()
-        .borders(border)
-        .title(format!("Borders::{border:#?}"));
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_border_type(
-    paragraph: &Paragraph,
-    border_type: BorderType,
-    frame: &mut Frame,
-    area: Rect,
-) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .border_type(border_type)
-        .title(format!("BorderType::{border_type:#?}"));
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-fn render_styled_borders(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .border_style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic())
-        .title("Styled borders");
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_styled_block(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic())
-        .title("Styled block");
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-// Note: this currently renders incorrectly, see https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/349
-fn render_styled_title(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .title("Styled title")
-        .title_style(Style::new().blue().on_white().bold().italic());
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_styled_title_content(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let title = Line::from(vec![
-        "Styled ".blue().on_white().bold().italic(),
-        "title content".red().on_white().bold().italic(),
-    ]);
-    let block = Block::bordered().title(title);
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_multiple_titles(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .title("Multiple".blue().on_white().bold().italic())
-        .title("Titles".red().on_white().bold().italic());
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_multiple_title_positions(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .title(
-            Title::from("top left")
-                .position(Position::Top)
-                .alignment(Alignment::Left),
-        )
-        .title(
-            Title::from("top center")
-                .position(Position::Top)
-                .alignment(Alignment::Center),
-        )
-        .title(
-            Title::from("top right")
-                .position(Position::Top)
-                .alignment(Alignment::Right),
-        )
-        .title(
-            Title::from("bottom left")
-                .position(Position::Bottom)
-                .alignment(Alignment::Left),
-        )
-        .title(
-            Title::from("bottom center")
-                .position(Position::Bottom)
-                .alignment(Alignment::Center),
-        )
-        .title(
-            Title::from("bottom right")
-                .position(Position::Bottom)
-                .alignment(Alignment::Right),
-        );
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_padding(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let block = Block::bordered()
-        .padding(Padding::new(5, 10, 1, 2))
-        .title("Padding");
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(block), area);
-}
-
-fn render_nested_blocks(paragraph: &Paragraph, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let outer_block = Block::bordered().title("Outer block");
-    let inner_block = Block::bordered().title("Inner block");
-    let inner = outer_block.inner(area);
-    frame.render_widget(outer_block, area);
-    frame.render_widget(paragraph.clone().block(inner_block), inner);
-}

examples/demo2/big_text.rs

@@ -1,841 +0,0 @@
-//! [tui-big-text] is a rust crate that renders large pixel text as a [Ratatui] widget using the
-//! glyphs from the [font8x8] crate.
-//!
-//! ![Hello World example](https://vhs.charm.sh/vhs-2UxNc2SJgiNqHoowbsXAMW.gif)
-//!
-//! # Installation
-//!
-//! ```shell
-//! cargo add ratatui tui-big-text
-//! ```
-//!
-//! # Usage
-//!
-//! Create a [`BigText`] widget using `BigTextBuilder` and pass it to [`Frame::render_widget`] to
-//! render be rendered. The builder allows you to customize the [`Style`] of the widget and the
-//! [`PixelSize`] of the glyphs. The [`PixelSize`] can be used to control how many character cells
-//! are used to represent a single pixel of the 8x8 font.
-//!
-//! # Example
-//!
-//! ```rust
-//! use anyhow::Result;
-//! use ratatui::{
-//!     backend::{self, Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-//!     buffer::{self, Buffer},
-//!     layout::{self, Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect},
-//!     style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Styled, Stylize},
-//!     symbols::{self, Marker},
-//!     text::{self, Line, Masked, Span, Text},
-//!     widgets::{block::BlockExt, StatefulWidget, Widget},
-//!     CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport,
-//! };
-//! use tui_big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
-//!
-//! fn render(frame: &mut Frame) -> Result<()> {
-//!     let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-//!         .pixel_size(PixelSize::Full)
-//!         .style(Style::new().blue())
-//!         .lines(vec![
-//!             "Hello".red().into(),
-//!             "World".white().into(),
-//!             "~~~~~".into(),
-//!         ])
-//!         .build()?;
-//!     frame.render_widget(big_text, frame.size());
-//!     Ok(())
-//! }
-//! ```
-//!
-//! [tui-big-text]: https://crates.io/crates/tui-big-text
-//! [Ratatui]: https://crates.io/crates/ratatui
-//! [font8x8]: https://crates.io/crates/font8x8
-//! [`BigText`]: crate::BigText
-//! [`PixelSize`]: crate::PixelSize
-//! [`Frame::render_widget`]: ratatui::Frame::render_widget
-//! [`Style`]: ratatui::style::Style
-
-use std::cmp::min;
-
-use derive_builder::Builder;
-use font8x8::UnicodeFonts;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::Rect,
-    style::Style,
-    text::{Line, StyledGrapheme},
-    widgets::Widget,
-};
-
-#[allow(unused)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Default)]
-pub enum PixelSize {
-    #[default]
-    /// A pixel from the 8x8 font is represented by a full character cell in the terminal.
-    Full,
-    /// A pixel from the 8x8 font is represented by a half (upper/lower) character cell in the
-    /// terminal.
-    HalfHeight,
-    /// A pixel from the 8x8 font is represented by a half (left/right) character cell in the
-    /// terminal.
-    HalfWidth,
-    /// A pixel from the 8x8 font is represented by a quadrant of a character cell in the terminal.
-    Quadrant,
-}
-
-/// Displays one or more lines of text using 8x8 pixel characters.
-///
-/// The text is rendered using the [font8x8](https://crates.io/crates/font8x8) crate.
-///
-/// Using the `pixel_size` method, you can also chose, how 'big' a pixel should be.
-/// Currently a pixel of the 8x8 font can be represented by one full or half
-/// (horizontal/vertical/both) character cell of the terminal.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```rust
-/// use ratatui::{
-///     backend::{self, Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-///     buffer::{self, Buffer},
-///     layout::{self, Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect},
-///     style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Styled, Stylize},
-///     symbols::{self, Marker},
-///     text::{self, Line, Masked, Span, Text},
-///     widgets::{block::BlockExt, StatefulWidget, Widget},
-///     CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport,
-/// };
-/// use tui_big_text::{BigTextBuilder, PixelSize};
-///
-/// BigText::builder()
-///     .pixel_size(PixelSize::Full)
-///     .style(Style::new().white())
-///     .lines(vec![
-///         "Hello".red().into(),
-///         "World".blue().into(),
-///         "=====".into(),
-///     ])
-///     .build();
-/// ```
-///
-/// Renders:
-///
-/// ```plain
-/// ██  ██           ███     ███
-/// ██  ██            ██      ██
-/// ██  ██   ████     ██      ██     ████
-/// ██████  ██  ██    ██      ██    ██  ██
-/// ██  ██  ██████    ██      ██    ██  ██
-/// ██  ██  ██        ██      ██    ██  ██
-/// ██  ██   ████    ████    ████    ████
-///
-/// ██   ██                  ███       ███
-/// ██   ██                   ██        ██
-/// ██   ██  ████   ██ ███    ██        ██
-/// ██ █ ██ ██  ██   ███ ██   ██     █████
-/// ███████ ██  ██   ██  ██   ██    ██  ██
-/// ███ ███ ██  ██   ██       ██    ██  ██
-/// ██   ██  ████   ████     ████    ███ ██
-///
-///  ███ ██  ███ ██  ███ ██  ███ ██  ███ ██
-/// ██ ███  ██ ███  ██ ███  ██ ███  ██ ███
-/// ```
-#[derive(Debug, Builder, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct BigText<'a> {
-    /// The text to display
-    #[builder(setter(into))]
-    lines: Vec<Line<'a>>,
-
-    /// The style of the widget
-    ///
-    /// Defaults to `Style::default()`
-    #[builder(default)]
-    style: Style,
-
-    /// The size of single glyphs
-    ///
-    /// Defaults to `BigTextSize::default()` (=> `BigTextSize::Full`)
-    #[builder(default)]
-    pixel_size: PixelSize,
-}
-
-impl Widget for BigText<'_> {
-    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let layout = layout(area, self.pixel_size);
-        for (line, line_layout) in self.lines.iter().zip(layout) {
-            for (g, cell) in line.styled_graphemes(self.style).zip(line_layout) {
-                render_symbol(&g, cell, buf, self.pixel_size);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Returns how many cells are needed to display a full 8x8 glyphe using the given font size
-const fn cells_per_glyph(size: PixelSize) -> (u16, u16) {
-    match size {
-        PixelSize::Full => (8, 8),
-        PixelSize::HalfHeight => (8, 4),
-        PixelSize::HalfWidth => (4, 8),
-        PixelSize::Quadrant => (4, 4),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Chunk the area into as many x*y cells as possible returned as a 2D iterator of `Rect`s
-/// representing the rows of cells.
-/// The size of each cell depends on given font size
-fn layout(
-    area: Rect,
-    pixel_size: PixelSize,
-) -> impl IntoIterator<Item = impl IntoIterator<Item = Rect>> {
-    let (width, height) = cells_per_glyph(pixel_size);
-    (area.top()..area.bottom())
-        .step_by(height as usize)
-        .map(move |y| {
-            (area.left()..area.right())
-                .step_by(width as usize)
-                .map(move |x| {
-                    let width = min(area.right() - x, width);
-                    let height = min(area.bottom() - y, height);
-                    Rect::new(x, y, width, height)
-                })
-        })
-}
-
-/// Render a single grapheme into a cell by looking up the corresponding 8x8 bitmap in the
-/// `BITMAPS` array and setting the corresponding cells in the buffer.
-fn render_symbol(grapheme: &StyledGrapheme, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_size: PixelSize) {
-    buf.set_style(area, grapheme.style);
-    let c = grapheme.symbol.chars().next().unwrap(); // TODO: handle multi-char graphemes
-    if let Some(glyph) = font8x8::BASIC_FONTS.get(c) {
-        render_glyph(glyph, area, buf, pixel_size);
-    }
-}
-
-/// Get the correct unicode symbol for two vertical "pixels"
-const fn get_symbol_half_height(top: u8, bottom: u8) -> char {
-    match top {
-        0 => match bottom {
-            0 => ' ',
-            _ => '▄',
-        },
-        _ => match bottom {
-            0 => '▀',
-            _ => '█',
-        },
-    }
-}
-
-/// Get the correct unicode symbol for two horizontal "pixels"
-const fn get_symbol_half_width(left: u8, right: u8) -> char {
-    match left {
-        0 => match right {
-            0 => ' ',
-            _ => '▐',
-        },
-        _ => match right {
-            0 => '▌',
-            _ => '█',
-        },
-    }
-}
-
-/// Get the correct unicode symbol for 2x2 "pixels"
-const fn get_symbol_half_size(
-    top_left: u8,
-    top_right: u8,
-    bottom_left: u8,
-    bottom_right: u8,
-) -> char {
-    const QUADRANT_SYMBOLS: [char; 16] = [
-        ' ', '▘', '▝', '▀', '▖', '▌', '▞', '▛', '▗', '▚', '▐', '▜', '▄', '▙', '▟', '█',
-    ];
-
-    let top_left = if top_left > 0 { 1 } else { 0 };
-    let top_right = if top_right > 0 { 1 << 1 } else { 0 };
-    let bottom_left = if bottom_left > 0 { 1 << 2 } else { 0 };
-    let bottom_right = if bottom_right > 0 { 1 << 3 } else { 0 };
-
-    QUADRANT_SYMBOLS[top_left + top_right + bottom_left + bottom_right]
-}
-
-/// Render a single 8x8 glyph into a cell by setting the corresponding cells in the buffer.
-fn render_glyph(glyph: [u8; 8], area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, pixel_size: PixelSize) {
-    let (width, height) = cells_per_glyph(pixel_size);
-
-    let glyph_vertical_index = (0..glyph.len()).step_by(8 / height as usize);
-    let glyph_horizontal_bit_selector = (0..8).step_by(8 / width as usize);
-
-    for (row, y) in glyph_vertical_index.zip(area.top()..area.bottom()) {
-        for (col, x) in glyph_horizontal_bit_selector
-            .clone()
-            .zip(area.left()..area.right())
-        {
-            let cell = buf.get_mut(x, y);
-            let symbol_character = match pixel_size {
-                PixelSize::Full => match glyph[row] & (1 << col) {
-                    0 => ' ',
-                    _ => '█',
-                },
-                PixelSize::HalfHeight => {
-                    let top = glyph[row] & (1 << col);
-                    let bottom = glyph[row + 1] & (1 << col);
-                    get_symbol_half_height(top, bottom)
-                }
-                PixelSize::HalfWidth => {
-                    let left = glyph[row] & (1 << col);
-                    let right = glyph[row] & (1 << (col + 1));
-                    get_symbol_half_width(left, right)
-                }
-                PixelSize::Quadrant => {
-                    let top_left = glyph[row] & (1 << col);
-                    let top_right = glyph[row] & (1 << (col + 1));
-                    let bottom_left = glyph[row + 1] & (1 << col);
-                    let bottom_right = glyph[row + 1] & (1 << (col + 1));
-                    get_symbol_half_size(top_left, top_right, bottom_left, bottom_right)
-                }
-            };
-            cell.set_char(symbol_character);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use ratatui::style::Stylize;
-
-    use super::*;
-
-    type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn build() -> Result<()> {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["Hello".red(), "World".blue()])];
-        let style = Style::new().green();
-        let pixel_size = PixelSize::default();
-        assert_eq!(
-            BigTextBuilder::default()
-                .lines(lines.clone())
-                .style(style)
-                .build()?,
-            BigText {
-                lines,
-                style,
-                pixel_size
-            }
-        );
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_single_line() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("SingleLine")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 80, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            " ████     ██                     ███            ████      ██                    ",
-            "██  ██                            ██             ██                             ",
-            "███      ███    █████    ███ ██   ██     ████    ██      ███    █████    ████   ",
-            " ███      ██    ██  ██  ██  ██    ██    ██  ██   ██       ██    ██  ██  ██  ██  ",
-            "   ███    ██    ██  ██  ██  ██    ██    ██████   ██   █   ██    ██  ██  ██████  ",
-            "██  ██    ██    ██  ██   █████    ██    ██       ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██      ",
-            " ████    ████   ██  ██      ██   ████    ████   ███████  ████   ██  ██   ████   ",
-            "                        █████                                                   ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_truncated() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Truncated")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 70, 6));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "██████                                             █               ███",
-            "█ ██ █                                            ██                ██",
-            "  ██    ██ ███  ██  ██  █████    ████    ████    █████   ████       ██",
-            "  ██     ███ ██ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██      ██    ██    ██  ██   █████",
-            "  ██     ██  ██ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██       █████    ██    ██████  ██  ██",
-            "  ██     ██     ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██    ██ █  ██      ██  ██",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_multiple_lines() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Multi"), Line::from("Lines")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 16));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "██   ██          ███       █      ██    ",
-            "███ ███           ██      ██            ",
-            "███████ ██  ██    ██     █████   ███    ",
-            "███████ ██  ██    ██      ██      ██    ",
-            "██ █ ██ ██  ██    ██      ██      ██    ",
-            "██   ██ ██  ██    ██      ██ █    ██    ",
-            "██   ██  ███ ██  ████      ██    ████   ",
-            "                                        ",
-            "████      ██                            ",
-            " ██                                     ",
-            " ██      ███    █████    ████    █████  ",
-            " ██       ██    ██  ██  ██  ██  ██      ",
-            " ██   █   ██    ██  ██  ██████   ████   ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██          ██  ",
-            "███████  ████   ██  ██   ████   █████   ",
-            "                                        ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_widget_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Styled")])
-            .style(Style::new().bold())
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            " ████      █             ███               ███  ".bold(),
-            "██  ██    ██              ██                ██  ".bold(),
-            "███      █████  ██  ██    ██     ████       ██  ".bold(),
-            " ███      ██    ██  ██    ██    ██  ██   █████  ".bold(),
-            "   ███    ██    ██  ██    ██    ██████  ██  ██  ".bold(),
-            "██  ██    ██ █   █████    ██    ██      ██  ██  ".bold(),
-            " ████      ██       ██   ████    ████    ███ ██ ".bold(),
-            "                █████                           ".bold(),
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_line_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .lines(vec![
-                Line::from("Red".red()),
-                Line::from("Green".green()),
-                Line::from("Blue".blue()),
-            ])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 24));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "██████             ███                  ",
-            " ██  ██             ██                  ",
-            " ██  ██  ████       ██                  ",
-            " █████  ██  ██   █████                  ",
-            " ██ ██  ██████  ██  ██                  ",
-            " ██  ██ ██      ██  ██                  ",
-            "███  ██  ████    ███ ██                 ",
-            "                                        ",
-            "  ████                                  ",
-            " ██  ██                                 ",
-            "██      ██ ███   ████    ████   █████   ",
-            "██       ███ ██ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ",
-            "██  ███  ██  ██ ██████  ██████  ██  ██  ",
-            " ██  ██  ██     ██      ██      ██  ██  ",
-            "  █████ ████     ████    ████   ██  ██  ",
-            "                                        ",
-            "██████   ███                            ",
-            " ██  ██   ██                            ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██   ████           ",
-            " █████    ██    ██  ██  ██  ██          ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██████          ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██              ",
-            "██████   ████    ███ ██  ████           ",
-            "                                        ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 8), Style::new().red());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 40, 8), Style::new().green());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 16, 32, 8), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_single_line() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("SingleLine")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 80, 4));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▄█▀▀█▄    ▀▀                     ▀██            ▀██▀      ▀▀                    ",
-            "▀██▄     ▀██    ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀▄█▀   ██    ▄█▀▀█▄   ██      ▀██    ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄  ",
-            "▄▄ ▀██    ██    ██  ██  ▀█▄▄██    ██    ██▀▀▀▀   ██  ▄█   ██    ██  ██  ██▀▀▀▀  ",
-            " ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀  ▄▄▄▄█▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀  ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀   ▀▀▀▀   ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_truncated() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Truncated")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 70, 3));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "█▀██▀█                                            ▄█               ▀██",
-            "  ██    ▀█▄█▀█▄ ██  ██  ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄   ▀▀▀█▄   ▀██▀▀  ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██",
-            "  ██     ██  ▀▀ ██  ██  ██  ██  ██  ▄▄  ▄█▀▀██    ██ ▄  ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_multiple_lines() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Multi"), Line::from("Lines")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "██▄ ▄██          ▀██      ▄█      ▀▀    ",
-            "███████ ██  ██    ██     ▀██▀▀   ▀██    ",
-            "██ ▀ ██ ██  ██    ██      ██ ▄    ██    ",
-            "▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀▀ ▀▀  ▀▀▀▀      ▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ",
-            "▀██▀      ▀▀                            ",
-            " ██      ▀██    ██▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀▀▀  ",
-            " ██  ▄█   ██    ██  ██  ██▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀█▄  ",
-            "▀▀▀▀▀▀▀  ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀   ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀▀▀   ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_widget_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Styled")])
-            .style(Style::new().bold())
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 4));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▄█▀▀█▄    ▄█             ▀██               ▀██  ".bold(),
-            "▀██▄     ▀██▀▀  ██  ██    ██    ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██  ".bold(),
-            "▄▄ ▀██    ██ ▄  ▀█▄▄██    ██    ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██  ".bold(),
-            " ▀▀▀▀      ▀▀   ▄▄▄▄█▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀ ▀▀ ".bold(),
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_height_line_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfHeight)
-            .lines(vec![
-                Line::from("Red".red()),
-                Line::from("Green".green()),
-                Line::from("Blue".blue()),
-            ])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 12));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▀██▀▀█▄            ▀██                  ",
-            " ██▄▄█▀ ▄█▀▀█▄   ▄▄▄██                  ",
-            " ██ ▀█▄ ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██                  ",
-            "▀▀▀  ▀▀  ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀ ▀▀                 ",
-            " ▄█▀▀█▄                                 ",
-            "██      ▀█▄█▀█▄ ▄█▀▀█▄  ▄█▀▀█▄  ██▀▀█▄  ",
-            "▀█▄ ▀██  ██  ▀▀ ██▀▀▀▀  ██▀▀▀▀  ██  ██  ",
-            "  ▀▀▀▀▀ ▀▀▀▀     ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀▀   ▀▀  ▀▀  ",
-            "▀██▀▀█▄  ▀██                            ",
-            " ██▄▄█▀   ██    ██  ██  ▄█▀▀█▄          ",
-            " ██  ██   ██    ██  ██  ██▀▀▀▀          ",
-            "▀▀▀▀▀▀   ▀▀▀▀    ▀▀▀ ▀▀  ▀▀▀▀           ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 4), Style::new().red());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 4, 40, 4), Style::new().green());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 32, 4), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_single_line() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("SingleLine")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▐█▌  █          ▐█      ██   █          ",
-            "█ █              █      ▐▌              ",
-            "█▌  ▐█  ██▌ ▐█▐▌ █  ▐█▌ ▐▌  ▐█  ██▌ ▐█▌ ",
-            "▐█   █  █ █ █ █  █  █ █ ▐▌   █  █ █ █ █ ",
-            " ▐█  █  █ █ █ █  █  ███ ▐▌ ▌ █  █ █ ███ ",
-            "█ █  █  █ █ ▐██  █  █   ▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ █   ",
-            "▐█▌ ▐█▌ █ █   █ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ███▌▐█▌ █ █ ▐█▌ ",
-            "            ██▌                         ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_truncated() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Truncated")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 35, 6));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "███                      ▐       ▐█",
-            "▌█▐                      █        █",
-            " █  █▐█ █ █ ██▌ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ▐██ ▐█▌   █",
-            " █  ▐█▐▌█ █ █ █ █ █   █  █  █ █ ▐██",
-            " █  ▐▌▐▌█ █ █ █ █   ▐██  █  ███ █ █",
-            " █  ▐▌  █ █ █ █ █ █ █ █  █▐ █   █ █",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_multiple_lines() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Multi"), Line::from("Lines")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 16));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "█ ▐▌    ▐█   ▐   █  ",
-            "█▌█▌     █   █      ",
-            "███▌█ █  █  ▐██ ▐█  ",
-            "███▌█ █  █   █   █  ",
-            "█▐▐▌█ █  █   █   █  ",
-            "█ ▐▌█ █  █   █▐  █  ",
-            "█ ▐▌▐█▐▌▐█▌  ▐▌ ▐█▌ ",
-            "                    ",
-            "██   █              ",
-            "▐▌                  ",
-            "▐▌  ▐█  ██▌ ▐█▌ ▐██ ",
-            "▐▌   █  █ █ █ █ █   ",
-            "▐▌ ▌ █  █ █ ███ ▐█▌ ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ █     █ ",
-            "███▌▐█▌ █ █ ▐█▌ ██▌ ",
-            "                    ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_widget_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Styled")])
-            .style(Style::new().bold())
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▐█▌  ▐      ▐█       ▐█ ".bold(),
-            "█ █  █       █        █ ".bold(),
-            "█▌  ▐██ █ █  █  ▐█▌   █ ".bold(),
-            "▐█   █  █ █  █  █ █ ▐██ ".bold(),
-            " ▐█  █  █ █  █  ███ █ █ ".bold(),
-            "█ █  █▐ ▐██  █  █   █ █ ".bold(),
-            "▐█▌  ▐▌   █ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ▐█▐▌".bold(),
-            "        ██▌             ".bold(),
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_width_line_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::HalfWidth)
-            .lines(vec![
-                Line::from("Red".red()),
-                Line::from("Green".green()),
-                Line::from("Blue".blue()),
-            ])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 24));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "███      ▐█         ",
-            "▐▌▐▌      █         ",
-            "▐▌▐▌▐█▌   █         ",
-            "▐██ █ █ ▐██         ",
-            "▐▌█ ███ █ █         ",
-            "▐▌▐▌█   █ █         ",
-            "█▌▐▌▐█▌ ▐█▐▌        ",
-            "                    ",
-            " ██                 ",
-            "▐▌▐▌                ",
-            "█   █▐█ ▐█▌ ▐█▌ ██▌ ",
-            "█   ▐█▐▌█ █ █ █ █ █ ",
-            "█ █▌▐▌▐▌███ ███ █ █ ",
-            "▐▌▐▌▐▌  █   █   █ █ ",
-            " ██▌██  ▐█▌ ▐█▌ █ █ ",
-            "                    ",
-            "███ ▐█              ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █              ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ ▐█▌     ",
-            "▐██  █  █ █ █ █     ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ ███     ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ █       ",
-            "███ ▐█▌ ▐█▐▌▐█▌     ",
-            "                    ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 8), Style::new().red());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 20, 8), Style::new().green());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 16, 16, 8), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn check_half_size_symbols() -> Result<()> {
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 0, 0, 0), ' ');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 0, 0, 0), '▘');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 1, 0, 0), '▝');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 1, 0, 0), '▀');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 0, 1, 0), '▖');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 0, 1, 0), '▌');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 1, 1, 0), '▞');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 1, 1, 0), '▛');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 0, 0, 1), '▗');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 0, 0, 1), '▚');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 1, 0, 1), '▐');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 1, 0, 1), '▜');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 0, 1, 1), '▄');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 0, 1, 1), '▙');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(0, 1, 1, 1), '▟');
-        assert_eq!(get_symbol_half_size(1, 1, 1, 1), '█');
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_single_line() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("SingleLine")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 4));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▟▀▙  ▀          ▝█      ▜▛   ▀          ",
-            "▜▙  ▝█  █▀▙ ▟▀▟▘ █  ▟▀▙ ▐▌  ▝█  █▀▙ ▟▀▙ ",
-            "▄▝█  █  █ █ ▜▄█  █  █▀▀ ▐▌▗▌ █  █ █ █▀▀ ",
-            "▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▄▄▛ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▀▀▀▘▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▝▀▘ ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_truncated() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Truncated")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 35, 3));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▛█▜                      ▟       ▝█",
-            " █  ▜▟▜▖█ █ █▀▙ ▟▀▙ ▝▀▙ ▝█▀ ▟▀▙ ▗▄█",
-            " █  ▐▌▝▘█ █ █ █ █ ▄ ▟▀█  █▗ █▀▀ █ █",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_multiple_lines() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Multi"), Line::from("Lines")])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 8));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "█▖▟▌    ▝█   ▟   ▀  ",
-            "███▌█ █  █  ▝█▀ ▝█  ",
-            "█▝▐▌█ █  █   █▗  █  ",
-            "▀ ▝▘▝▀▝▘▝▀▘  ▝▘ ▝▀▘ ",
-            "▜▛   ▀              ",
-            "▐▌  ▝█  █▀▙ ▟▀▙ ▟▀▀ ",
-            "▐▌▗▌ █  █ █ █▀▀ ▝▀▙ ",
-            "▀▀▀▘▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ▝▀▘ ▀▀▘ ",
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_widget_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![Line::from("Styled")])
-            .style(Style::new().bold())
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 24, 4));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▟▀▙  ▟      ▝█       ▝█ ".bold(),
-            "▜▙  ▝█▀ █ █  █  ▟▀▙ ▗▄█ ".bold(),
-            "▄▝█  █▗ ▜▄█  █  █▀▀ █ █ ".bold(),
-            "▝▀▘  ▝▘ ▄▄▛ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▝▘".bold(),
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_half_size_line_style() -> Result<()> {
-        let big_text = BigTextBuilder::default()
-            .pixel_size(PixelSize::Quadrant)
-            .lines(vec![
-                Line::from("Red".red()),
-                Line::from("Green".green()),
-                Line::from("Blue".blue()),
-            ])
-            .build()?;
-        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 12));
-        big_text.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
-        let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "▜▛▜▖     ▝█         ",
-            "▐▙▟▘▟▀▙ ▗▄█         ",
-            "▐▌▜▖█▀▀ █ █         ",
-            "▀▘▝▘▝▀▘ ▝▀▝▘        ",
-            "▗▛▜▖                ",
-            "█   ▜▟▜▖▟▀▙ ▟▀▙ █▀▙ ",
-            "▜▖▜▌▐▌▝▘█▀▀ █▀▀ █ █ ",
-            " ▀▀▘▀▀  ▝▀▘ ▝▀▘ ▀ ▀ ",
-            "▜▛▜▖▝█              ",
-            "▐▙▟▘ █  █ █ ▟▀▙     ",
-            "▐▌▐▌ █  █ █ █▀▀     ",
-            "▀▀▀ ▝▀▘ ▝▀▝▘▝▀▘     ",
-        ]);
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 4), Style::new().red());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 4, 20, 4), Style::new().green());
-        expected.set_style(Rect::new(0, 8, 16, 4), Style::new().blue());
-        assert_eq!(buf, expected);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}

examples/demo2/errors.rs

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-
-use crate::term;
-
-pub fn init_hooks() -> Result<()> {
-    let (panic, error) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    let panic = panic.into_panic_hook();
-    let error = error.into_eyre_hook();
-    color_eyre::eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |e| {
-        let _ = term::restore();
-        error(e)
-    }))?;
-    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info| {
-        let _ = term::restore();
-        panic(info);
-    }));
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/demo2/main.rs

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Demo2 example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-#![allow(
-    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
-    clippy::module_name_repetitions,
-    clippy::must_use_candidate
-)]
-
-mod app;
-mod big_text;
-mod colors;
-mod destroy;
-mod errors;
-mod tabs;
-mod term;
-mod theme;
-
-use color_eyre::Result;
-
-pub use self::{
-    colors::{color_from_oklab, RgbSwatch},
-    theme::THEME,
-};
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    errors::init_hooks()?;
-    let terminal = &mut term::init()?;
-    app::run(terminal)?;
-    term::restore()?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/demo2/term.rs

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    io::{self, stdout},
-    time::Duration,
-};
-
-use color_eyre::{eyre::WrapErr, Result};
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    crossterm::{
-        event::{self, Event},
-        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-        ExecutableCommand,
-    },
-    layout::Rect,
-    Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport,
-};
-
-pub fn init() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    // this size is to match the size of the terminal when running the demo
-    // using vhs in a 1280x640 sized window (github social preview size)
-    let options = TerminalOptions {
-        viewport: Viewport::Fixed(Rect::new(0, 0, 81, 18)),
-    };
-    let terminal = Terminal::with_options(CrosstermBackend::new(io::stdout()), options)?;
-    enable_raw_mode().context("enable raw mode")?;
-    stdout()
-        .execute(EnterAlternateScreen)
-        .wrap_err("enter alternate screen")?;
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-pub fn restore() -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode().context("disable raw mode")?;
-    stdout()
-        .execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)
-        .wrap_err("leave alternate screen")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn next_event(timeout: Duration) -> Result<Option<Event>> {
-    if !event::poll(timeout)? {
-        return Ok(None);
-    }
-    let event = event::read()?;
-    Ok(Some(event))
-}

examples/hello_world.rs

@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Hello World example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-use std::{
-    io::{self, Stdout},
-    time::Duration,
-};
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::CrosstermBackend,
-    crossterm::{
-        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-        execute,
-        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    },
-    widgets::Paragraph,
-    Frame, Terminal,
-};
-
-/// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
-/// this is not meant to be prescriptive. It is only meant to demonstrate the basic setup and
-/// teardown of a terminal application.
-///
-/// A more robust application would probably want to handle errors and ensure that the terminal is
-/// restored to a sane state before exiting. This example does not do that. It also does not handle
-/// events or update the application state. It just draws a greeting and exits when the user
-/// presses 'q'.
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = setup_terminal().context("setup failed")?;
-    run(&mut terminal).context("app loop failed")?;
-    restore_terminal(&mut terminal).context("restore terminal failed")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Setup the terminal. This is where you would enable raw mode, enter the alternate screen, and
-/// hide the cursor. This example does not handle errors. A more robust application would probably
-/// want to handle errors and ensure that the terminal is restored to a sane state before exiting.
-fn setup_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    enable_raw_mode().context("failed to enable raw mode")?;
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen).context("unable to enter alternate screen")?;
-    Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout)).context("creating terminal failed")
-}
-
-/// Restore the terminal. This is where you disable raw mode, leave the alternate screen, and show
-/// the cursor.
-fn restore_terminal(terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode().context("failed to disable raw mode")?;
-    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)
-        .context("unable to switch to main screen")?;
-    terminal.show_cursor().context("unable to show cursor")
-}
-
-/// Run the application loop. This is where you would handle events and update the application
-/// state. This example exits when the user presses 'q'. Other styles of application loops are
-/// possible, for example, you could have multiple application states and switch between them based
-/// on events, or you could have a single application state and update it based on events.
-fn run(terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> Result<()> {
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(crate::render_app)?;
-        if should_quit()? {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Render the application. This is where you would draw the application UI. This example just
-/// draws a greeting.
-fn render_app(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let greeting = Paragraph::new("Hello World! (press 'q' to quit)");
-    frame.render_widget(greeting, frame.size());
-}
-
-/// Check if the user has pressed 'q'. This is where you would handle events. This example just
-/// checks if the user has pressed 'q' and returns true if they have. It does not handle any other
-/// events. There is a 250ms timeout on the event poll so that the application can exit in a timely
-/// manner, and to ensure that the terminal is rendered at least once every 250ms.
-fn should_quit() -> Result<bool> {
-    if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250)).context("event poll failed")? {
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read().context("event read failed")? {
-            return Ok(KeyCode::Char('q') == key.code);
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(false)
-}

examples/hyperlink.rs

@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Hyperlink examplew
-//!
-//! Shows how to use [OSC 8] to create hyperlinks in the terminal.
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [OSC 8]: https://gist.github.com/egmontkob/eb114294efbcd5adb1944c9f3cb5feda
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-use std::{
-    io::{self, stdout, Stdout},
-    panic,
-};
-
-use color_eyre::{
-    config::{EyreHook, HookBuilder, PanicHook},
-    eyre, Result,
-};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::WidgetRef};
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    init_error_handling()?;
-    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
-    let app = App::new();
-    app.run(&mut terminal)?;
-    restore_terminal()?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-struct App {
-    hyperlink: Hyperlink<'static>,
-}
-
-impl App {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        let text = Line::from(vec!["Example ".into(), "hyperlink".blue()]);
-        let hyperlink = Hyperlink::new(text, "https://example.com");
-        Self { hyperlink }
-    }
-
-    fn run(self, terminal: &mut Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>) -> io::Result<()> {
-        loop {
-            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(&self.hyperlink, frame.size()))?;
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if matches!(key.code, KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc) {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// A hyperlink widget that renders a hyperlink in the terminal using [OSC 8].
-///
-/// [OSC 8]: https://gist.github.com/egmontkob/eb114294efbcd5adb1944c9f3cb5feda
-struct Hyperlink<'content> {
-    text: Text<'content>,
-    url: String,
-}
-
-impl<'content> Hyperlink<'content> {
-    fn new(text: impl Into<Text<'content>>, url: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            text: text.into(),
-            url: url.into(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl WidgetRef for Hyperlink<'_> {
-    fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buffer: &mut Buffer) {
-        self.text.render_ref(area, buffer);
-
-        // this is a hacky workaround for https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/902, a bug
-        // in the terminal code that incorrectly calculates the width of ANSI escape sequences. It
-        // works by rendering the hyperlink as a series of 2-character chunks, which is the
-        // calculated width of the hyperlink text.
-        for (i, two_chars) in self
-            .text
-            .to_string()
-            .chars()
-            .chunks(2)
-            .into_iter()
-            .enumerate()
-        {
-            let text = two_chars.collect::<String>();
-            let hyperlink = format!("\x1B]8;;{}\x07{}\x1B]8;;\x07", self.url, text);
-            buffer
-                .get_mut(area.x + i as u16 * 2, area.y)
-                .set_symbol(hyperlink.as_str());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Initialize the terminal with raw mode and alternate screen.
-fn init_terminal() -> io::Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<Stdout>>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()))
-}
-
-/// Restore the terminal to its original state.
-fn restore_terminal() -> io::Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(stdout(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Initialize error handling with color-eyre.
-pub fn init_error_handling() -> Result<()> {
-    let (panic_hook, eyre_hook) = HookBuilder::default().into_hooks();
-    set_panic_hook(panic_hook);
-    set_error_hook(eyre_hook)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Install a panic hook that restores the terminal before printing the panic.
-fn set_panic_hook(panic_hook: PanicHook) {
-    let panic_hook = panic_hook.into_panic_hook();
-    panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |panic_info| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        panic_hook(panic_info);
-    }));
-}
-
-/// Install an error hook that restores the terminal before printing the error.
-fn set_error_hook(eyre_hook: EyreHook) -> Result<()> {
-    let eyre_hook = eyre_hook.into_eyre_hook();
-    eyre::set_hook(Box::new(move |error| {
-        let _ = restore_terminal();
-        eyre_hook(error)
-    }))?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/minimal.rs

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Minimal example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::CrosstermBackend,
-    crossterm::{
-        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-        execute,
-        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    },
-    text::Text,
-    Terminal,
-};
-
-/// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
-/// this is not meant to be prescriptive. See the [examples] folder for more complete examples.
-/// In particular, the [hello-world] example is a good starting point.
-///
-/// [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-/// [hello-world]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/hello_world.rs
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(CrosstermBackend::new(std::io::stdout()))?;
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(Text::raw("Hello World!"), frame.size()))?;
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/panic.rs

@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Panic Hook example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-//! How to use a panic hook to reset the terminal before printing the panic to
-//! the terminal.
-//!
-//! When exiting normally or when handling `Result::Err`, we can reset the
-//! terminal manually at the end of `main` just before we print the error.
-//!
-//! Because a panic interrupts the normal control flow, manually resetting the
-//! terminal at the end of `main` won't do us any good. Instead, we need to
-//! make sure to set up a panic hook that first resets the terminal before
-//! handling the panic. This both reuses the standard panic hook to ensure a
-//! consistent panic handling UX and properly resets the terminal to not
-//! distort the output.
-//!
-//! That's why this example is set up to show both situations, with and without
-//! the chained panic hook, to see the difference.
-
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    crossterm::{
-        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    },
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
-    Frame, Terminal,
-};
-
-type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct App {
-    hook_enabled: bool,
-}
-
-impl App {
-    fn chain_hook(&mut self) {
-        let original_hook = std::panic::take_hook();
-
-        std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |panic| {
-            reset_terminal().unwrap();
-            original_hook(panic);
-        }));
-
-        self.hook_enabled = true;
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
-
-    let mut app = App::default();
-    let res = run_tui(&mut terminal, &mut app);
-
-    reset_terminal()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Initializes the terminal.
-fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<io::Stdout>>> {
-    crossterm::execute!(io::stdout(), EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(io::stdout());
-
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
-
-    Ok(terminal)
-}
-
-/// Resets the terminal.
-fn reset_terminal() -> Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    crossterm::execute!(io::stdout(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Runs the TUI loop.
-fn run_tui<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, app: &mut App) -> io::Result<()> {
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, app))?;
-
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            match key.code {
-                KeyCode::Char('p') => {
-                    panic!("intentional demo panic");
-                }
-
-                KeyCode::Char('e') => {
-                    app.chain_hook();
-                }
-
-                _ => {
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Render the TUI.
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let text = vec![
-        if app.hook_enabled {
-            Line::from("HOOK IS CURRENTLY **ENABLED**")
-        } else {
-            Line::from("HOOK IS CURRENTLY **DISABLED**")
-        },
-        Line::from(""),
-        Line::from("press `p` to panic"),
-        Line::from("press `e` to enable the terminal-resetting panic hook"),
-        Line::from("press any other key to quit without panic"),
-        Line::from(""),
-        Line::from("when you panic without the chained hook,"),
-        Line::from("you will likely have to reset your terminal afterwards"),
-        Line::from("with the `reset` command"),
-        Line::from(""),
-        Line::from("with the chained panic hook enabled,"),
-        Line::from("you should see the panic report as you would without ratatui"),
-        Line::from(""),
-        Line::from("try first without the panic handler to see the difference"),
-    ];
-
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
-        .block(Block::bordered().title("Panic Handler Demo"))
-        .centered();
-
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, f.size());
-}

examples/popup.rs

@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Popup example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-// See also https://github.com/joshka/tui-popup and
-// https://github.com/sephiroth74/tui-confirm-dialog
-
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    crossterm::{
-        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-        execute,
-        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    },
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
-    style::Stylize,
-    widgets::{Block, Clear, Paragraph, Wrap},
-    Frame, Terminal,
-};
-
-struct App {
-    show_popup: bool,
-}
-
-impl App {
-    const fn new() -> Self {
-        Self { show_popup: false }
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    let app = App::new();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<()> {
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
-
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                match key.code {
-                    KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
-                    KeyCode::Char('p') => app.show_popup = !app.show_popup,
-                    _ => {}
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let area = f.size();
-
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(20), Constraint::Percentage(80)]);
-    let [instructions, content] = vertical.areas(area);
-
-    let text = if app.show_popup {
-        "Press p to close the popup"
-    } else {
-        "Press p to show the popup"
-    };
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.slow_blink())
-        .centered()
-        .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, instructions);
-
-    let block = Block::bordered().title("Content").on_blue();
-    f.render_widget(block, content);
-
-    if app.show_popup {
-        let block = Block::bordered().title("Popup");
-        let area = centered_rect(60, 20, area);
-        f.render_widget(Clear, area); //this clears out the background
-        f.render_widget(block, area);
-    }
-}
-
-/// helper function to create a centered rect using up certain percentage of the available rect `r`
-fn centered_rect(percent_x: u16, percent_y: u16, r: Rect) -> Rect {
-    let popup_layout = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_y) / 2),
-        Constraint::Percentage(percent_y),
-        Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_y) / 2),
-    ])
-    .split(r);
-
-    Layout::horizontal([
-        Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_x) / 2),
-        Constraint::Percentage(percent_x),
-        Constraint::Percentage((100 - percent_x) / 2),
-    ])
-    .split(popup_layout[1])[1]
-}

examples/ratatui-logo.rs

@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Logo example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-use std::{
-    io::{self, stdout},
-    thread::sleep,
-    time::Duration,
-};
-
-use indoc::indoc;
-use itertools::izip;
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    crossterm::terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode},
-    widgets::Paragraph,
-    Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport,
-};
-
-/// A fun example of using half block characters to draw a logo
-#[allow(clippy::many_single_char_names)]
-fn logo() -> String {
-    let r = indoc! {"
-            ▄▄▄
-            █▄▄▀
-            █  █
-        "};
-    let a = indoc! {"
-             ▄▄
-            █▄▄█
-            █  █
-        "};
-    let t = indoc! {"
-            ▄▄▄
-             █
-             █
-        "};
-    let u = indoc! {"
-            ▄  ▄
-            █  █
-            ▀▄▄▀
-        "};
-    let i = indoc! {"
-            ▄
-            █
-            █
-        "};
-    izip!(r.lines(), a.lines(), t.lines(), u.lines(), i.lines())
-        .map(|(r, a, t, u, i)| format!("{r:5}{a:5}{t:4}{a:5}{t:4}{u:5}{i:5}"))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-        .join("\n")
-}
-
-fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
-    let mut terminal = init()?;
-    terminal.draw(|frame| {
-        frame.render_widget(Paragraph::new(logo()), frame.size());
-    })?;
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(5));
-    restore()?;
-    println!();
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn init() -> io::Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let options = TerminalOptions {
-        viewport: Viewport::Inline(3),
-    };
-    Terminal::with_options(CrosstermBackend::new(stdout()), options)
-}
-
-fn restore() -> io::Result<()> {
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/scrollbar.rs

@@ -1,238 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Scrollbar example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
-
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    crossterm::{
-        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-        execute,
-        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    },
-    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin},
-    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
-    symbols::scrollbar,
-    text::{Line, Masked, Span},
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState},
-    Frame, Terminal,
-};
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct App {
-    pub vertical_scroll_state: ScrollbarState,
-    pub horizontal_scroll_state: ScrollbarState,
-    pub vertical_scroll: usize,
-    pub horizontal_scroll: usize,
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
-    let app = App::default();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
-    mut app: App,
-    tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
-    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &mut app))?;
-
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
-        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                match key.code {
-                    KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
-                    KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => {
-                        app.vertical_scroll = app.vertical_scroll.saturating_add(1);
-                        app.vertical_scroll_state =
-                            app.vertical_scroll_state.position(app.vertical_scroll);
-                    }
-                    KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => {
-                        app.vertical_scroll = app.vertical_scroll.saturating_sub(1);
-                        app.vertical_scroll_state =
-                            app.vertical_scroll_state.position(app.vertical_scroll);
-                    }
-                    KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => {
-                        app.horizontal_scroll = app.horizontal_scroll.saturating_sub(1);
-                        app.horizontal_scroll_state =
-                            app.horizontal_scroll_state.position(app.horizontal_scroll);
-                    }
-                    KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => {
-                        app.horizontal_scroll = app.horizontal_scroll.saturating_add(1);
-                        app.horizontal_scroll_state =
-                            app.horizontal_scroll_state.position(app.horizontal_scroll);
-                    }
-                    _ => {}
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
-            last_tick = Instant::now();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines, clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
-    let size = f.size();
-
-    // Words made "loooong" to demonstrate line breaking.
-    let s = "Veeeeeeeeeeeeeeeery    loooooooooooooooooong   striiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiing.   ";
-    let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(size.width) / s.len() + 4);
-    long_line.push('\n');
-
-    let chunks = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Min(1),
-        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-    ])
-    .split(size);
-
-    let text = vec![
-        Line::from("This is a line "),
-        Line::from("This is a line   ".red()),
-        Line::from("This is a line".on_dark_gray()),
-        Line::from("This is a longer line".crossed_out()),
-        Line::from(long_line.clone()),
-        Line::from("This is a line".reset()),
-        Line::from(vec![
-            Span::raw("Masked text: "),
-            Span::styled(Masked::new("password", '*'), Style::new().fg(Color::Red)),
-        ]),
-        Line::from("This is a line "),
-        Line::from("This is a line   ".red()),
-        Line::from("This is a line".on_dark_gray()),
-        Line::from("This is a longer line".crossed_out()),
-        Line::from(long_line.clone()),
-        Line::from("This is a line".reset()),
-        Line::from(vec![
-            Span::raw("Masked text: "),
-            Span::styled(Masked::new("password", '*'), Style::new().fg(Color::Red)),
-        ]),
-    ];
-    app.vertical_scroll_state = app.vertical_scroll_state.content_length(text.len());
-    app.horizontal_scroll_state = app.horizontal_scroll_state.content_length(long_line.len());
-
-    let create_block = |title: &'static str| Block::bordered().gray().title(title.bold());
-
-    let title = Block::new()
-        .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
-        .title("Use h j k l or ◄ ▲ ▼ ► to scroll ".bold());
-    f.render_widget(title, chunks[0]);
-
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .gray()
-        .block(create_block("Vertical scrollbar with arrows"))
-        .scroll((app.vertical_scroll as u16, 0));
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[1]);
-    f.render_stateful_widget(
-        Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalRight)
-            .begin_symbol(Some("↑"))
-            .end_symbol(Some("↓")),
-        chunks[1],
-        &mut app.vertical_scroll_state,
-    );
-
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .gray()
-        .block(create_block(
-            "Vertical scrollbar without arrows, without track symbol and mirrored",
-        ))
-        .scroll((app.vertical_scroll as u16, 0));
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[2]);
-    f.render_stateful_widget(
-        Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::VerticalLeft)
-            .symbols(scrollbar::VERTICAL)
-            .begin_symbol(None)
-            .track_symbol(None)
-            .end_symbol(None),
-        chunks[2].inner(Margin {
-            vertical: 1,
-            horizontal: 0,
-        }),
-        &mut app.vertical_scroll_state,
-    );
-
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .gray()
-        .block(create_block(
-            "Horizontal scrollbar with only begin arrow & custom thumb symbol",
-        ))
-        .scroll((0, app.horizontal_scroll as u16));
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[3]);
-    f.render_stateful_widget(
-        Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
-            .thumb_symbol("🬋")
-            .end_symbol(None),
-        chunks[3].inner(Margin {
-            vertical: 0,
-            horizontal: 1,
-        }),
-        &mut app.horizontal_scroll_state,
-    );
-
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
-        .gray()
-        .block(create_block(
-            "Horizontal scrollbar without arrows & custom thumb and track symbol",
-        ))
-        .scroll((0, app.horizontal_scroll as u16));
-    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[4]);
-    f.render_stateful_widget(
-        Scrollbar::new(ScrollbarOrientation::HorizontalBottom)
-            .thumb_symbol("░")
-            .track_symbol(Some("─")),
-        chunks[4].inner(Margin {
-            vertical: 0,
-            horizontal: 1,
-        }),
-        &mut app.horizontal_scroll_state,
-    );
-}

examples/sparkline.rs

@@ -1,183 +0,0 @@
-//! # [Ratatui] Sparkline example
-//!
-//! The latest version of this example is available in the [examples] folder in the repository.
-//!
-//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
-//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
-//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
-//!
-//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
-//! library you are using.
-//!
-//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-
-use rand::{
-    distributions::{Distribution, Uniform},
-    rngs::ThreadRng,
-};
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    crossterm::{
-        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-        execute,
-        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    },
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Style},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Sparkline},
-    Frame, Terminal,
-};
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-struct RandomSignal {
-    distribution: Uniform<u64>,
-    rng: ThreadRng,
-}
-
-impl RandomSignal {
-    fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            distribution: Uniform::new(lower, upper),
-            rng: rand::thread_rng(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Iterator for RandomSignal {
-    type Item = u64;
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<u64> {
-        Some(self.distribution.sample(&mut self.rng))
-    }
-}
-
-struct App {
-    signal: RandomSignal,
-    data1: Vec<u64>,
-    data2: Vec<u64>,
-    data3: Vec<u64>,
-}
-
-impl App {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        let mut signal = RandomSignal::new(0, 100);
-        let data1 = signal.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
-        let data2 = signal.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
-        let data3 = signal.by_ref().take(200).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
-        Self {
-            signal,
-            data1,
-            data2,
-            data3,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
-        let value = self.signal.next().unwrap();
-        self.data1.pop();
-        self.data1.insert(0, value);
-        let value = self.signal.next().unwrap();
-        self.data2.pop();
-        self.data2.insert(0, value);
-        let value = self.signal.next().unwrap();
-        self.data3.pop();
-        self.data3.insert(0, value);
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-
-    // create app and run it
-    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
-    let app = App::new();
-    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(
-        terminal.backend_mut(),
-        LeaveAlternateScreen,
-        DisableMouseCapture
-    )?;
-    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = res {
-        println!("{err:?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn run_app<B: Backend>(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
-    mut app: App,
-    tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
-    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
-
-        let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
-        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
-            app.on_tick();
-            last_tick = Instant::now();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn ui(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
-    let chunks = Layout::vertical([
-        Constraint::Length(3),
-        Constraint::Length(3),
-        Constraint::Min(0),
-    ])
-    .split(f.size());
-    let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
-        .block(
-            Block::new()
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
-                .title("Data1"),
-        )
-        .data(&app.data1)
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow));
-    f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[0]);
-    let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
-        .block(
-            Block::new()
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
-                .title("Data2"),
-        )
-        .data(&app.data2)
-        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Green));
-    f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[1]);
-    // Multiline
-    let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
-        .block(
-            Block::new()
-                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
-                .title("Data3"),
-        )
-        .data(&app.data3)
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red));
-    f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[2]);
-}

ratatui-core/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+[package]
+name = "ratatui-core"
+description = """
+    Core types and traits for the Ratatui Terminal UI library.
+    Widget libraries should use this crate. Applications should use the main Ratatui crate.
+"""
+version = "0.1.0-alpha.0"
+readme = "README.md"
+authors.workspace = true
+documentation.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+keywords.workspace = true
+categories.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+exclude.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+all-features = true
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
+
+[features]
+default = []
+
+## enables conversions from colors in the [`palette`] crate to [`Color`](crate::style::Color).
+palette = ["dep:palette"]
+
+## enables the backend code that sets the underline color. Underline color is only supported by
+## the Crossterm backend, and is not supported on Windows 7.
+underline-color = []
+
+## Use terminal scrolling regions to make some operations less prone to
+## flickering. (i.e. Terminal::insert_before).
+scrolling-regions = []
+
+## enables serialization and deserialization of style and color types using the [`serde`] crate.
+## This is useful if you want to save themes to a file.
+serde = ["dep:serde", "bitflags/serde", "compact_str/serde"]
+
+[dependencies]
+bitflags = "2.3"
+cassowary = "0.3"
+compact_str = "0.8.0"
+document-features = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+indoc.workspace = true
+itertools.workspace = true
+lru = "0.12.0"
+palette = { version = "0.7.6", optional = true }
+paste = "1.0.2"
+serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+strum.workspace = true
+unicode-segmentation.workspace = true
+unicode-truncate = "2"
+unicode-width.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+pretty_assertions.workspace = true
+ratatui = { workspace = true, features = ["crossterm", "termwiz"] }
+rstest.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+
+[target.'cfg(not(windows))'.dev-dependencies]
+ratatui = { workspace = true, features = ["termion"] }
+
+[lints.clippy]
+# we often split up a module into multiple files with the main type in a file named after the
+# module, so we want to allow this pattern
+module_inception = "allow"

ratatui-core/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Ratatui Core
+
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui-core)](https://crates.io/crates/ratatui-core)
+[![Documentation](https://docs.rs/ratatui-core/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/ratatui-core)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui-core)](../LICENSE)
+
+<!-- ⚠️ DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE DIRECTLY, EDIT lib.rs AND THEN RUN `cargo rdme` to update this file. -->
+<!-- cargo-rdme start -->
+
+**ratatui-core** is the core library of the [ratatui] project,
+providing the essential building blocks for creating rich terminal user interfaces in Rust.
+
+[ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui
+
+### Why `ratatui-core`?
+
+The `ratatui-core` crate is split from the main [`ratatui`](https://crates.io/crates/ratatui) crate
+to offer better stability for widget library authors. Widget libraries should generally depend
+on `ratatui-core`, benefiting from a stable API and reducing the need for frequent updates.
+
+Applications, on the other hand, should depend on the main `ratatui` crate, which includes
+built-in widgets and additional features.
+
+## Installation
+
+Add `ratatui-core` to your `Cargo.toml`:
+
+```shell
+cargo add ratatui-core
+```
+
+## Contributing
+
+We welcome contributions from the community! Please see our [CONTRIBUTING](../CONTRIBUTING.md)
+guide for more details on how to get involved.
+
+### License
+
+This project is licensed under the MIT License. See the [LICENSE](../LICENSE) file for details.
+
+<!-- cargo-rdme end -->

ratatui-core/src/backend.rs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 //! ```rust,no_run
 //! use std::io::stdout;
 //!
-//! use ratatui::prelude::*;
+//! use ratatui::{backend::CrosstermBackend, Terminal};
 //!
 //! let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
 //! let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
 //! Each backend handles raw mode differently, so the behavior may vary depending on the backend
 //! being used. Be sure to consult the backend's specific documentation for exact details on how it
 //! implements raw mode.
-
+//!
 //! # Alternate Screen
 //!
 //! The alternate screen is a separate buffer that some terminals provide, distinct from the main
@@ -90,36 +90,24 @@
 //! backend being used, and developers should consult the specific backend's documentation to
 //! understand how it implements mouse capture.
 //!
-//! [`TermionBackend`]: termion/struct.TermionBackend.html
-//! [`Terminal`]: crate::terminal::Terminal
-//! [`TermionBackend`]: termion/struct.TermionBackend.html
+//! [`CrosstermBackend`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/backend/struct.CrosstermBackend.html
+//! [`TermionBackend`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/backend/struct.TermionBackend.html
+//! [`TermwizBackend`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/backend/struct.TermwizBackend.html
+//! [`Terminal`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/struct.Terminal.html
 //! [Crossterm]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
 //! [Termion]: https://crates.io/crates/termion
 //! [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
-//! [Examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/tree/main/examples/README.md
-//! [Backend Comparison]:
-//!     https://ratatui.rs/concepts/backends/comparison/
-//! [Ratatui Website]: https://ratatui-org.github.io/ratatui-book
+//! [Examples]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/main/ratatui/examples/README.md
+//! [Backend Comparison]: https://ratatui.rs/concepts/backends/comparison/
+//! [Ratatui Website]: https://ratatui.rs
 use std::io;
 
 use strum::{Display, EnumString};
 
-use crate::{buffer::Cell, layout::Size, prelude::Rect};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
-mod termion;
-#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
-pub use self::termion::TermionBackend;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
-mod crossterm;
-#[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
-pub use self::crossterm::CrosstermBackend;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "termwiz")]
-mod termwiz;
-#[cfg(feature = "termwiz")]
-pub use self::termwiz::TermwizBackend;
+use crate::{
+    buffer::Cell,
+    layout::{Position, Size},
+};
 
 mod test;
 pub use self::test::TestBackend;
@@ -159,7 +147,7 @@ pub struct WindowSize {
 /// Most applications should not need to interact with the `Backend` trait directly as the
 /// [`Terminal`] struct provides a higher level interface for interacting with the terminal.
 ///
-/// [`Terminal`]: crate::terminal::Terminal
+/// [`Terminal`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/struct.Terminal.html
 pub trait Backend {
     /// Draw the given content to the terminal screen.
     ///
@@ -184,33 +172,35 @@ pub trait Backend {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::backend::{Backend, TestBackend};
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::{TestBackend};
     /// # let mut backend = TestBackend::new(80, 25);
+    /// use ratatui::backend::Backend;
+    ///
     /// backend.hide_cursor()?;
     /// // do something with hidden cursor
     /// backend.show_cursor()?;
     /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`show_cursor`]: Backend::show_cursor
+    /// [`show_cursor`]: Self::show_cursor
     fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()>;
 
     /// Show the cursor on the terminal screen.
     ///
     /// See [`hide_cursor`] for an example.
     ///
-    /// [`hide_cursor`]: Backend::hide_cursor
+    /// [`hide_cursor`]: Self::hide_cursor
     fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()>;
 
     /// Get the current cursor position on the terminal screen.
     ///
-    /// The returned tuple contains the x and y coordinates of the cursor. The origin
-    /// (0, 0) is at the top left corner of the screen.
+    /// The returned tuple contains the x and y coordinates of the cursor.
+    /// The origin (0, 0) is at the top left corner of the screen.
     ///
-    /// See [`set_cursor`] for an example.
+    /// See [`set_cursor_position`] for an example.
     ///
-    /// [`set_cursor`]: Backend::set_cursor
-    fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<(u16, u16)>;
+    /// [`set_cursor_position`]: Self::set_cursor_position
+    fn get_cursor_position(&mut self) -> io::Result<Position>;
 
     /// Set the cursor position on the terminal screen to the given x and y coordinates.
     ///
@@ -219,23 +209,43 @@ pub trait Backend {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::backend::{Backend, TestBackend};
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::{TestBackend};
     /// # let mut backend = TestBackend::new(80, 25);
-    /// backend.set_cursor(10, 20)?;
-    /// assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor()?, (10, 20));
+    /// use ratatui::{backend::Backend, layout::Position};
+    ///
+    /// backend.set_cursor_position(Position { x: 10, y: 20 })?;
+    /// assert_eq!(backend.get_cursor_position()?, Position { x: 10, y: 20 });
     /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
     /// ```
+    fn set_cursor_position<P: Into<Position>>(&mut self, position: P) -> io::Result<()>;
+
+    /// Get the current cursor position on the terminal screen.
     ///
-    /// [`get_cursor`]: Backend::get_cursor
-    fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> io::Result<()>;
+    /// The returned tuple contains the x and y coordinates of the cursor. The origin
+    /// (0, 0) is at the top left corner of the screen.
+    #[deprecated = "the method get_cursor_position indicates more clearly what about the cursor to get"]
+    fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<(u16, u16)> {
+        let Position { x, y } = self.get_cursor_position()?;
+        Ok((x, y))
+    }
+
+    /// Set the cursor position on the terminal screen to the given x and y coordinates.
+    ///
+    /// The origin (0, 0) is at the top left corner of the screen.
+    #[deprecated = "the method set_cursor_position indicates more clearly what about the cursor to set"]
+    fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.set_cursor_position(Position { x, y })
+    }
 
     /// Clears the whole terminal screen
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// # use ratatui::backend::{Backend, TestBackend};
+    /// # use ratatui::backend::{TestBackend};
     /// # let mut backend = TestBackend::new(80, 25);
+    /// use ratatui::backend::Backend;
+    ///
     /// backend.clear()?;
     /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
     /// ```
@@ -250,8 +260,10 @@ pub trait Backend {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, backend::{TestBackend, ClearType}};
+    /// # use ratatui::{backend::{TestBackend}};
     /// # let mut backend = TestBackend::new(80, 25);
+    /// use ratatui::backend::{Backend, ClearType};
+    ///
     /// backend.clear_region(ClearType::All)?;
     /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
     /// ```
@@ -261,7 +273,7 @@ pub trait Backend {
     /// This method will return an error if the terminal screen could not be cleared. It will also
     /// return an error if the `clear_type` is not supported by the backend.
     ///
-    /// [`clear`]: Backend::clear
+    /// [`clear`]: Self::clear
     fn clear_region(&mut self, clear_type: ClearType) -> io::Result<()> {
         match clear_type {
             ClearType::All => self.clear(),
@@ -275,19 +287,21 @@ pub trait Backend {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Get the size of the terminal screen in columns/rows as a [`Rect`].
+    /// Get the size of the terminal screen in columns/rows as a [`Size`].
     ///
-    /// The returned [`Rect`] contains the width and height of the terminal screen.
+    /// The returned [`Size`] contains the width and height of the terminal screen.
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
-    /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, backend::TestBackend};
-    /// let backend = TestBackend::new(80, 25);
-    /// assert_eq!(backend.size()?, Rect::new(0, 0, 80, 25));
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use ratatui::{backend::{TestBackend}};
+    /// # let backend = TestBackend::new(80, 25);
+    /// use ratatui::{backend::Backend, layout::Size};
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(backend.size()?, Size::new(80, 25));
     /// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
     /// ```
-    fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Rect>;
+    fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Size>;
 
     /// Get the size of the terminal screen in columns/rows and pixels as a [`WindowSize`].
     ///
@@ -298,6 +312,64 @@ pub trait Backend {
 
     /// Flush any buffered content to the terminal screen.
     fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()>;
+
+    /// Scroll a region of the screen upwards, where a region is specified by a (half-open) range
+    /// of rows.
+    ///
+    /// Each row in the region is replaced by the row `line_count` rows below it, except the bottom
+    /// `line_count` rows, which are replaced by empty rows. If `line_count` is equal to or larger
+    /// than the number of rows in the region, then all rows are replaced with empty rows.
+    ///
+    /// If the region includes row 0, then `line_count` rows are copied into the bottom of the
+    /// scrollback buffer. These rows are first taken from the old contents of the region, starting
+    /// from the top. If there aren't sufficient rows in the region, then the remainder are empty
+    /// rows.
+    ///
+    /// The position of the cursor afterwards is undefined.
+    ///
+    /// The behavior is designed to match what ANSI terminals do when scrolling regions are
+    /// established. With ANSI terminals, a scrolling region can be established with the "^[[X;Yr"
+    /// sequence, where X and Y define the lines of the region. The scrolling region can be reset
+    /// to be the whole screen with the "^[[r" sequence.
+    ///
+    /// When a scrolling region is established in an ANSI terminal, various operations' behaviors
+    /// are changed in such a way that the scrolling region acts like a "virtual screen". In
+    /// particular, the scrolling sequence "^[[NS", which scrolls lines up by a count of N.
+    ///
+    /// On an ANSI terminal, this method will probably translate to something like:
+    /// "^[[X;Yr^[[NS^[[r". That is, set the scrolling region, scroll up, then reset the scrolling
+    /// region.
+    ///
+    /// For examples of how this function is expected to work, refer to the tests for
+    /// [`TestBackend::scroll_region_up`].
+    #[cfg(feature = "scrolling-regions")]
+    fn scroll_region_up(&mut self, region: std::ops::Range<u16>, line_count: u16)
+        -> io::Result<()>;
+
+    /// Scroll a region of the screen downwards, where a region is specified by a (half-open) range
+    /// of rows.
+    ///
+    /// Each row in the region is replaced by the row `line_count` rows above it, except the top
+    /// `line_count` rows, which are replaced by empty rows. If `line_count` is equal to or larger
+    /// than the number of rows in the region, then all rows are replaced with empty rows.
+    ///
+    /// The position of the cursor afterwards is undefined.
+    ///
+    /// See the documentation for [`Self::scroll_region_down`] for more information about how this
+    /// is expected to be implemented for ANSI terminals. All of that applies, except the ANSI
+    /// sequence to scroll down is "^[[NT".
+    ///
+    /// This function is asymmetrical with regards to the scrollback buffer. The reason is that
+    /// this how terminals seem to implement things.
+    ///
+    /// For examples of how this function is expected to work, refer to the tests for
+    /// [`TestBackend::scroll_region_down`].
+    #[cfg(feature = "scrolling-regions")]
+    fn scroll_region_down(
+        &mut self,
+        region: std::ops::Range<u16>,
+        line_count: u16,
+    ) -> io::Result<()>;
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]

ratatui-core/src/buffer/assert.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ macro_rules! assert_buffer_eq {
                     .into_iter()
                     .enumerate()
                     .map(|(i, (x, y, cell))| {
-                        let expected_cell = expected.get(x, y);
+                        let expected_cell = &expected[(x, y)];
                         format!("{i}: at ({x}, {y})\n  expected: {expected_cell:?}\n  actual:   {cell:?}")
                     })
                     .collect::<Vec<String>>()
@@ -41,7 +41,11 @@ macro_rules! assert_buffer_eq {
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::prelude::*;
+    use crate::{
+        buffer::Buffer,
+        layout::Rect,
+        style::{Color, Style},
+    };
 
     #[test]
     fn assert_buffer_eq_does_not_panic_on_equal_buffers() {

ratatui-core/src/buffer/buffer.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,17 @@
-use std::fmt;
+use std::{
+    fmt,
+    ops::{Index, IndexMut},
+};
 
 use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
-use crate::{buffer::Cell, prelude::*};
+use crate::{
+    buffer::Cell,
+    layout::{Position, Rect},
+    style::Style,
+    text::{Line, Span},
+};
 
 /// A buffer that maps to the desired content of the terminal after the draw call
 ///
@@ -15,16 +23,34 @@ use crate::{buffer::Cell, prelude::*};
 /// # Examples:
 ///
 /// ```
-/// use ratatui::{buffer::Cell, prelude::*};
+/// use ratatui_core::{
+///     buffer::{Buffer, Cell},
+///     layout::{Position, Rect},
+///     style::{Color, Style},
+/// };
 ///
+/// # fn foo() -> Option<()> {
 /// let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect {
 ///     x: 0,
 ///     y: 0,
 ///     width: 10,
 ///     height: 5,
 /// });
-/// buf.get_mut(0, 2).set_symbol("x");
-/// assert_eq!(buf.get(0, 2).symbol(), "x");
+///
+/// // indexing using Position
+/// buf[Position { x: 0, y: 0 }].set_symbol("A");
+/// assert_eq!(buf[Position { x: 0, y: 0 }].symbol(), "A");
+///
+/// // indexing using (x, y) tuple (which is converted to Position)
+/// buf[(0, 1)].set_symbol("B");
+/// assert_eq!(buf[(0, 1)].symbol(), "x");
+///
+/// // getting an Option instead of panicking if the position is outside the buffer
+/// let cell = buf.cell_mut(Position { x: 0, y: 2 })?;
+/// cell.set_symbol("C");
+///
+/// let cell = buf.cell(Position { x: 0, y: 2 })?;
+/// assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), "C");
 ///
 /// buf.set_string(
 ///     3,
@@ -32,13 +58,12 @@ use crate::{buffer::Cell, prelude::*};
 ///     "string",
 ///     Style::default().fg(Color::Red).bg(Color::White),
 /// );
-/// let cell = buf.get(5, 0);
+/// let cell = &buf[(5, 0)]; // cannot move out of buf, so we borrow it
 /// assert_eq!(cell.symbol(), "r");
 /// assert_eq!(cell.fg, Color::Red);
 /// assert_eq!(cell.bg, Color::White);
-///
-/// buf.get_mut(5, 0).set_char('x');
-/// assert_eq!(buf.get(5, 0).symbol(), "x");
+/// # Some(())
+/// # }
 /// ```
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
@@ -92,20 +117,109 @@ impl Buffer {
         &self.area
     }
 
-    /// Returns a reference to Cell at the given coordinates
+    /// Returns a reference to the [`Cell`] at the given coordinates
+    ///
+    /// Callers should use [`Buffer[]`](Self::index) or [`Buffer::cell`] instead of this method.
+    ///
+    /// Note: idiomatically methods named `get` usually return `Option<&T>`, but this method panics
+    /// instead. This is kept for backwards compatibility. See [`cell`](Self::cell) for a safe
+    /// alternative.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the index is out of bounds.
     #[track_caller]
+    #[deprecated(note = "Use Buffer[] or Buffer::cell instead")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn get(&self, x: u16, y: u16) -> &Cell {
         let i = self.index_of(x, y);
         &self.content[i]
     }
 
-    /// Returns a mutable reference to Cell at the given coordinates
+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the [`Cell`] at the given coordinates.
+    ///
+    /// Callers should use [`Buffer[]`](Self::index_mut) or [`Buffer::cell_mut`] instead of this
+    /// method.
+    ///
+    /// Note: idiomatically methods named `get_mut` usually return `Option<&mut T>`, but this method
+    /// panics instead. This is kept for backwards compatibility. See [`cell_mut`](Self::cell_mut)
+    /// for a safe alternative.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the position is outside the `Buffer`'s area.
     #[track_caller]
+    #[deprecated(note = "Use Buffer[] or Buffer::cell_mut instead")]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn get_mut(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> &mut Cell {
         let i = self.index_of(x, y);
         &mut self.content[i]
     }
 
+    /// Returns a reference to the [`Cell`] at the given position or [`None`] if the position is
+    /// outside the `Buffer`'s area.
+    ///
+    /// This method accepts any value that can be converted to [`Position`] (e.g. `(x, y)` or
+    /// `Position::new(x, y)`).
+    ///
+    /// For a method that panics when the position is outside the buffer instead of returning
+    /// `None`, use [`Buffer[]`](Self::index).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     buffer::{Buffer, Cell},
+    ///     layout::{Position, Rect},
+    /// };
+    ///
+    /// let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 10));
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(buffer.cell(Position::new(0, 0)), Some(&Cell::default()));
+    /// assert_eq!(buffer.cell(Position::new(10, 10)), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(buffer.cell((0, 0)), Some(&Cell::default()));
+    /// assert_eq!(buffer.cell((10, 10)), None);
+    /// ```
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn cell<P: Into<Position>>(&self, position: P) -> Option<&Cell> {
+        let position = position.into();
+        let index = self.index_of_opt(position)?;
+        self.content.get(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the [`Cell`] at the given position or [`None`] if the
+    /// position is outside the `Buffer`'s area.
+    ///
+    /// This method accepts any value that can be converted to [`Position`] (e.g. `(x, y)` or
+    /// `Position::new(x, y)`).
+    ///
+    /// For a method that panics when the position is outside the buffer instead of returning
+    /// `None`, use [`Buffer[]`](Self::index_mut).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     buffer::{Buffer, Cell},
+    ///     layout::{Position, Rect},
+    ///     style::{Color, Style},
+    /// };
+    /// let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 10));
+    ///
+    /// if let Some(cell) = buffer.cell_mut(Position::new(0, 0)) {
+    ///     cell.set_symbol("A");
+    /// }
+    /// if let Some(cell) = buffer.cell_mut((0, 0)) {
+    ///     cell.set_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red));
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn cell_mut<P: Into<Position>>(&mut self, position: P) -> Option<&mut Cell> {
+        let position = position.into();
+        let index = self.index_of_opt(position)?;
+        self.content.get_mut(index)
+    }
+
     /// Returns the index in the `Vec<Cell>` for the given global (x, y) coordinates.
     ///
     /// Global coordinates are offset by the Buffer's area offset (`x`/`y`).
@@ -113,9 +227,9 @@ impl Buffer {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
-    /// let rect = Rect::new(200, 100, 10, 10);
-    /// let buffer = Buffer::empty(rect);
+    /// use ratatui_core::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect};
+    ///
+    /// let buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(200, 100, 10, 10));
     /// // Global coordinates to the top corner of this buffer's area
     /// assert_eq!(buffer.index_of(200, 100), 0);
     /// ```
@@ -125,24 +239,40 @@ impl Buffer {
     /// Panics when given an coordinate that is outside of this Buffer's area.
     ///
     /// ```should_panic
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
-    /// let rect = Rect::new(200, 100, 10, 10);
-    /// let buffer = Buffer::empty(rect);
+    /// use ratatui_core::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect};
+    ///
+    /// let buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(200, 100, 10, 10));
     /// // Top coordinate is outside of the buffer in global coordinate space, as the Buffer's area
     /// // starts at (200, 100).
     /// buffer.index_of(0, 0); // Panics
     /// ```
     #[track_caller]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn index_of(&self, x: u16, y: u16) -> usize {
-        debug_assert!(
-            x >= self.area.left()
-                && x < self.area.right()
-                && y >= self.area.top()
-                && y < self.area.bottom(),
-            "Trying to access position outside the buffer: x={x}, y={y}, area={:?}",
-            self.area
-        );
-        ((y - self.area.y) * self.area.width + (x - self.area.x)) as usize
+        self.index_of_opt(Position { x, y }).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!(
+                "index outside of buffer: the area is {area:?} but index is ({x}, {y})",
+                area = self.area,
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the index in the `Vec<Cell>` for the given global (x, y) coordinates.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the given coordinates are outside of the Buffer's area.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this is private because of <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1122>
+    #[must_use]
+    const fn index_of_opt(&self, position: Position) -> Option<usize> {
+        let area = self.area;
+        if !area.contains(position) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        // remove offset
+        let y = (position.y - self.area.y) as usize;
+        let x = (position.x - self.area.x) as usize;
+        let width = self.area.width as usize;
+        Some(y * width + x)
     }
 
     /// Returns the (global) coordinates of a cell given its index
@@ -152,7 +282,8 @@ impl Buffer {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect};
+    ///
     /// let rect = Rect::new(200, 100, 10, 10);
     /// let buffer = Buffer::empty(rect);
     /// assert_eq!(buffer.pos_of(0), (200, 100));
@@ -164,21 +295,25 @@ impl Buffer {
     /// Panics when given an index that is outside the Buffer's content.
     ///
     /// ```should_panic
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect};
+    ///
     /// let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 10); // 100 cells in total
     /// let buffer = Buffer::empty(rect);
     /// // Index 100 is the 101th cell, which lies outside of the area of this Buffer.
     /// buffer.pos_of(100); // Panics
     /// ```
-    pub fn pos_of(&self, i: usize) -> (u16, u16) {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn pos_of(&self, index: usize) -> (u16, u16) {
         debug_assert!(
-            i < self.content.len(),
-            "Trying to get the coords of a cell outside the buffer: i={i} len={}",
+            index < self.content.len(),
+            "Trying to get the coords of a cell outside the buffer: i={index} len={}",
             self.content.len()
         );
+        let x = index % self.area.width as usize + self.area.x as usize;
+        let y = index / self.area.width as usize + self.area.y as usize;
         (
-            self.area.x + (i as u16) % self.area.width,
-            self.area.y + (i as u16) / self.area.width,
+            u16::try_from(x).expect("x overflow. This should never happen as area.width is u16"),
+            u16::try_from(y).expect("y overflow. This should never happen as area.height is u16"),
         )
     }
 
@@ -219,12 +354,12 @@ impl Buffer {
             });
         let style = style.into();
         for (symbol, width) in graphemes {
-            self.get_mut(x, y).set_symbol(symbol).set_style(style);
+            self[(x, y)].set_symbol(symbol).set_style(style);
             let next_symbol = x + width;
             x += 1;
             // Reset following cells if multi-width (they would be hidden by the grapheme),
             while x < next_symbol {
-                self.get_mut(x, y).reset();
+                self[(x, y)].reset();
                 x += 1;
             }
         }
@@ -262,12 +397,14 @@ impl Buffer {
     ///
     /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
     /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: crate::style::Color
     pub fn set_style<S: Into<Style>>(&mut self, area: Rect, style: S) {
         let style = style.into();
         let area = self.area.intersection(area);
         for y in area.top()..area.bottom() {
             for x in area.left()..area.right() {
-                self.get_mut(x, y).set_style(style);
+                self[(x, y)].set_style(style);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -373,6 +510,68 @@ impl Buffer {
     }
 }
 
+impl<P: Into<Position>> Index<P> for Buffer {
+    type Output = Cell;
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the [`Cell`] at the given position.
+    ///
+    /// This method accepts any value that can be converted to [`Position`] (e.g. `(x, y)` or
+    /// `Position::new(x, y)`).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// May panic if the given position is outside the buffer's area. For a method that returns
+    /// `None` instead of panicking, use [`Buffer::cell`](Self::cell).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     buffer::{Buffer, Cell},
+    ///     layout::{Position, Rect},
+    /// };
+    ///
+    /// let buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 10));
+    /// let cell = &buf[(0, 0)];
+    /// let cell = &buf[Position::new(0, 0)];
+    /// ```
+    fn index(&self, position: P) -> &Self::Output {
+        let position = position.into();
+        let index = self.index_of(position.x, position.y);
+        &self.content[index]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Into<Position>> IndexMut<P> for Buffer {
+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the [`Cell`] at the given position.
+    ///
+    /// This method accepts any value that can be converted to [`Position`] (e.g. `(x, y)` or
+    /// `Position::new(x, y)`).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// May panic if the given position is outside the buffer's area. For a method that returns
+    /// `None` instead of panicking, use [`Buffer::cell_mut`](Self::cell_mut).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     buffer::{Buffer, Cell},
+    ///     layout::{Position, Rect},
+    /// };
+    ///
+    /// let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 10));
+    /// buf[(0, 0)].set_symbol("A");
+    /// buf[Position::new(0, 0)].set_symbol("B");
+    /// ```
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, position: P) -> &mut Self::Output {
+        let position = position.into();
+        let index = self.index_of(position.x, position.y);
+        &mut self.content[index]
+    }
+}
+
 impl fmt::Debug for Buffer {
     /// Writes a debug representation of the buffer to the given formatter.
     ///
@@ -453,6 +652,7 @@ mod tests {
     use rstest::{fixture, rstest};
 
     use super::*;
+    use crate::style::{Color, Modifier, Stylize};
 
     #[test]
     fn debug_empty_buffer() {
@@ -554,17 +754,90 @@ mod tests {
         let buf = Buffer::empty(rect);
 
         // There are a total of 100 cells; zero-indexed means that 100 would be the 101st cell.
-        buf.pos_of(100);
+        let _ = buf.pos_of(100);
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case::left(9, 10)]
+    #[case::top(10, 9)]
+    #[case::right(20, 10)]
+    #[case::bottom(10, 20)]
+    #[should_panic(
+        expected = "index outside of buffer: the area is Rect { x: 10, y: 10, width: 10, height: 10 } but index is"
+    )]
+    fn index_of_panics_on_out_of_bounds(#[case] x: u16, #[case] y: u16) {
+        let _ = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(10, 10, 10, 10)).index_of(x, y);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    #[should_panic(expected = "outside the buffer")]
-    fn index_of_panics_on_out_of_bounds() {
-        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 10);
-        let buf = Buffer::empty(rect);
+    fn test_cell() {
+        let buf = Buffer::with_lines(["Hello", "World"]);
 
-        // width is 10; zero-indexed means that 10 would be the 11th cell.
-        buf.index_of(10, 0);
+        let mut expected = Cell::default();
+        expected.set_symbol("H");
+
+        assert_eq!(buf.cell((0, 0)), Some(&expected));
+        assert_eq!(buf.cell((10, 10)), None);
+        assert_eq!(buf.cell(Position::new(0, 0)), Some(&expected));
+        assert_eq!(buf.cell(Position::new(10, 10)), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_cell_mut() {
+        let mut buf = Buffer::with_lines(["Hello", "World"]);
+
+        let mut expected = Cell::default();
+        expected.set_symbol("H");
+
+        assert_eq!(buf.cell_mut((0, 0)), Some(&mut expected));
+        assert_eq!(buf.cell_mut((10, 10)), None);
+        assert_eq!(buf.cell_mut(Position::new(0, 0)), Some(&mut expected));
+        assert_eq!(buf.cell_mut(Position::new(10, 10)), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn index() {
+        let buf = Buffer::with_lines(["Hello", "World"]);
+
+        let mut expected = Cell::default();
+        expected.set_symbol("H");
+
+        assert_eq!(buf[(0, 0)], expected);
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case::left(9, 10)]
+    #[case::top(10, 9)]
+    #[case::right(20, 10)]
+    #[case::bottom(10, 20)]
+    #[should_panic(
+        expected = "index outside of buffer: the area is Rect { x: 10, y: 10, width: 10, height: 10 } but index is"
+    )]
+    fn index_out_of_bounds_panics(#[case] x: u16, #[case] y: u16) {
+        let rect = Rect::new(10, 10, 10, 10);
+        let buf = Buffer::empty(rect);
+        let _ = buf[(x, y)];
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn index_mut() {
+        let mut buf = Buffer::with_lines(["Cat", "Dog"]);
+        buf[(0, 0)].set_symbol("B");
+        buf[Position::new(0, 1)].set_symbol("L");
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Bat", "Log"]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case::left(9, 10)]
+    #[case::top(10, 9)]
+    #[case::right(20, 10)]
+    #[case::bottom(10, 20)]
+    #[should_panic(
+        expected = "index outside of buffer: the area is Rect { x: 10, y: 10, width: 10, height: 10 } but index is"
+    )]
+    fn index_mut_out_of_bounds_panics(#[case] x: u16, #[case] y: u16) {
+        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(10, 10, 10, 10));
+        buf[(x, y)].set_symbol("A");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -972,11 +1245,12 @@ mod tests {
     #[case::shrug("🤷", "🤷xxxxx")]
     // Technically this is a (brown) bear, a zero-width joiner and a snowflake
     // As it is joined its a single emoji and should therefore have a width of 2.
-    // It's correctly detected as a single grapheme but it's width is 4 for some reason
-    #[case::polarbear("🐻‍❄️", "🐻‍❄️xxx")]
+    // Prior to unicode-width 0.2, this was incorrectly detected as width 4 for some reason
+    #[case::polarbear("🐻‍❄️", "🐻‍❄️xxxxx")]
     // Technically this is an eye, a zero-width joiner and a speech bubble
     // Both eye and speech bubble include a 'display as emoji' variation selector
-    #[case::eye_speechbubble("👁️‍🗨️", "👁️‍🗨️xxx")]
+    // Prior to unicode-width 0.2, this was incorrectly detected as width 4 for some reason
+    #[case::eye_speechbubble("👁️‍🗨️", "👁️‍🗨️xxxxx")]
     fn renders_emoji(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
         use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthChar;
 
@@ -1002,4 +1276,24 @@ mod tests {
         let expected = Buffer::with_lines([expected]);
         assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
+
+    /// Regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1441>
+    ///
+    /// Previously the `pos_of` function would incorrectly cast the index to a u16 value instead of
+    /// using the index as is. This caused incorrect rendering of any buffer with an length > 65535.
+    #[test]
+    fn index_pos_of_u16_max() {
+        let buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 256, 256 + 1));
+        assert_eq!(buffer.index_of(255, 255), 65535);
+        assert_eq!(buffer.pos_of(65535), (255, 255));
+
+        assert_eq!(buffer.index_of(0, 256), 65536);
+        assert_eq!(buffer.pos_of(65536), (0, 256)); // previously (0, 0)
+
+        assert_eq!(buffer.index_of(1, 256), 65537);
+        assert_eq!(buffer.pos_of(65537), (1, 256)); // previously (1, 0)
+
+        assert_eq!(buffer.index_of(255, 256), 65791);
+        assert_eq!(buffer.pos_of(65791), (255, 256)); // previously (255, 0)
+    }
 }

ratatui-core/src/buffer/cell.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use compact_str::CompactString;
 
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
 
 /// A buffer cell
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub struct Cell {
     /// This is a [`CompactString`] which is a wrapper around [`String`] that uses a small inline
     /// buffer for short strings.
     ///
-    /// See <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/601> for more information.
+    /// See <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/601> for more information.
     symbol: CompactString,
 
     /// The foreground color of the cell.
@@ -157,6 +157,14 @@ impl Default for Cell {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<char> for Cell {
+    fn from(ch: char) -> Self {
+        let mut cell = Self::EMPTY;
+        cell.set_char(ch);
+        cell
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;

ratatui-core/src/layout.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #![warn(clippy::missing_const_for_fn)]
+//! Provides types and traits for working with layout and positioning in the terminal.
 
 mod alignment;
 mod constraint;
@@ -14,8 +15,8 @@ pub use alignment::Alignment;
 pub use constraint::Constraint;
 pub use direction::Direction;
 pub use flex::Flex;
-pub use layout::Layout;
+pub use layout::{Layout, Spacing};
 pub use margin::Margin;
 pub use position::Position;
-pub use rect::*;
+pub use rect::{Columns, Offset, Positions, Rect, Rows};
 pub use size::Size;

ratatui-core/src/layout/constraint.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::fmt;
 
-use itertools::Itertools;
 use strum::EnumIs;
 
 /// A constraint that defines the size of a layout element.
@@ -27,7 +26,8 @@ use strum::EnumIs;
 /// `Constraint` provides helper methods to create lists of constraints from various input formats.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::layout::Constraint;
+///
 /// // Create a layout with specified lengths for each element
 /// let constraints = Constraint::from_lengths([10, 20, 10]);
 ///
@@ -117,8 +117,12 @@ pub enum Constraint {
 
     /// Applies a percentage of the available space to the element
     ///
-    /// Converts the given percentage to a floating-point value and multiplies that with area.
-    /// This value is rounded back to a integer as part of the layout split calculation.
+    /// Converts the given percentage to a floating-point value and multiplies that with area. This
+    /// value is rounded back to a integer as part of the layout split calculation.
+    ///
+    /// **Note**: As this value only accepts a `u16`, certain percentages that cannot be
+    /// represented exactly (e.g. 1/3) are not possible. You might want to use
+    /// [`Constraint::Ratio`] or [`Constraint::Fill`] in such cases.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -220,7 +224,8 @@ impl Constraint {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+    ///
     /// # let area = Rect::default();
     /// let constraints = Constraint::from_lengths([1, 2, 3]);
     /// let layout = Layout::default().constraints(constraints).split(area);
@@ -229,7 +234,7 @@ impl Constraint {
     where
         T: IntoIterator<Item = u16>,
     {
-        lengths.into_iter().map(Self::Length).collect_vec()
+        lengths.into_iter().map(Self::Length).collect()
     }
 
     /// Convert an iterator of ratios into a vector of constraints
@@ -237,7 +242,8 @@ impl Constraint {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+    ///
     /// # let area = Rect::default();
     /// let constraints = Constraint::from_ratios([(1, 4), (1, 2), (1, 4)]);
     /// let layout = Layout::default().constraints(constraints).split(area);
@@ -246,10 +252,7 @@ impl Constraint {
     where
         T: IntoIterator<Item = (u32, u32)>,
     {
-        ratios
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|(n, d)| Self::Ratio(n, d))
-            .collect_vec()
+        ratios.into_iter().map(|(n, d)| Self::Ratio(n, d)).collect()
     }
 
     /// Convert an iterator of percentages into a vector of constraints
@@ -257,7 +260,8 @@ impl Constraint {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+    ///
     /// # let area = Rect::default();
     /// let constraints = Constraint::from_percentages([25, 50, 25]);
     /// let layout = Layout::default().constraints(constraints).split(area);
@@ -266,7 +270,7 @@ impl Constraint {
     where
         T: IntoIterator<Item = u16>,
     {
-        percentages.into_iter().map(Self::Percentage).collect_vec()
+        percentages.into_iter().map(Self::Percentage).collect()
     }
 
     /// Convert an iterator of maxes into a vector of constraints
@@ -274,7 +278,8 @@ impl Constraint {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+    ///
     /// # let area = Rect::default();
     /// let constraints = Constraint::from_maxes([1, 2, 3]);
     /// let layout = Layout::default().constraints(constraints).split(area);
@@ -283,7 +288,7 @@ impl Constraint {
     where
         T: IntoIterator<Item = u16>,
     {
-        maxes.into_iter().map(Self::Max).collect_vec()
+        maxes.into_iter().map(Self::Max).collect()
     }
 
     /// Convert an iterator of mins into a vector of constraints
@@ -291,7 +296,8 @@ impl Constraint {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+    ///
     /// # let area = Rect::default();
     /// let constraints = Constraint::from_mins([1, 2, 3]);
     /// let layout = Layout::default().constraints(constraints).split(area);
@@ -300,7 +306,7 @@ impl Constraint {
     where
         T: IntoIterator<Item = u16>,
     {
-        mins.into_iter().map(Self::Min).collect_vec()
+        mins.into_iter().map(Self::Min).collect()
     }
 
     /// Convert an iterator of proportional factors into a vector of constraints
@@ -308,7 +314,8 @@ impl Constraint {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+    ///
     /// # let area = Rect::default();
     /// let constraints = Constraint::from_fills([1, 2, 3]);
     /// let layout = Layout::default().constraints(constraints).split(area);
@@ -317,10 +324,7 @@ impl Constraint {
     where
         T: IntoIterator<Item = u16>,
     {
-        proportional_factors
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(Self::Fill)
-            .collect_vec()
+        proportional_factors.into_iter().map(Self::Fill).collect()
     }
 }
 
@@ -333,7 +337,8 @@ impl From<u16> for Constraint {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect};
+    ///
     /// # let area = Rect::default();
     /// let layout = Layout::new(Direction::Vertical, [1, 2, 3]).split(area);
     /// let layout = Layout::horizontal([1, 2, 3]).split(area);

ratatui-core/src/layout/flex.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use strum::{Display, EnumIs, EnumString};
 
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
-use super::constraint::Constraint;
+use crate::layout::Constraint;
 
 /// Defines the options for layout flex justify content in a container.
 ///

ratatui-core/src/layout/position.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::layout::Rect;
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
-/// use ratatui::layout::{Position, Rect};
+/// use ratatui_core::layout::{Position, Rect};
 ///
 /// // the following are all equivalent
 /// let position = Position { x: 1, y: 2 };

ratatui-core/src/layout/rect.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ use std::{
     fmt,
 };
 
-use super::{Position, Size};
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::layout::{Margin, Position, Size};
 
 mod iter;
 pub use iter::*;
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ pub struct Rect {
     pub height: u16,
 }
 
-/// Amounts by which to move a [`Rect`](super::Rect).
+/// Amounts by which to move a [`Rect`](crate::layout::Rect).
 ///
 /// Positive numbers move to the right/bottom and negative to the left/top.
 ///
@@ -56,32 +55,41 @@ impl Rect {
         height: 0,
     };
 
-    /// Creates a new `Rect`, with width and height limited to keep the area under max `u16`. If
-    /// clipped, aspect ratio will be preserved.
-    pub fn new(x: u16, y: u16, width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
-        let max_area = u16::MAX;
-        let (clipped_width, clipped_height) =
-            if u32::from(width) * u32::from(height) > u32::from(max_area) {
-                let aspect_ratio = f64::from(width) / f64::from(height);
-                let max_area_f = f64::from(max_area);
-                let height_f = (max_area_f / aspect_ratio).sqrt();
-                let width_f = height_f * aspect_ratio;
-                (width_f as u16, height_f as u16)
-            } else {
-                (width, height)
-            };
+    /// Creates a new `Rect`, with width and height limited to keep both bounds within `u16`.
+    ///
+    /// If the width or height would cause the right or bottom coordinate to be larger than the
+    /// maximum value of `u16`, the width or height will be clamped to keep the right or bottom
+    /// coordinate within `u16`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use ratatui_core::layout::Rect;
+    ///
+    /// let rect = Rect::new(1, 2, 3, 4);
+    /// ```
+    pub const fn new(x: u16, y: u16, width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
+        // these calculations avoid using min so that this function can be const
+        let max_width = u16::MAX - x;
+        let max_height = u16::MAX - y;
+        let width = if width > max_width { max_width } else { width };
+        let height = if height > max_height {
+            max_height
+        } else {
+            height
+        };
         Self {
             x,
             y,
-            width: clipped_width,
-            height: clipped_height,
+            width,
+            height,
         }
     }
 
     /// The area of the `Rect`. If the area is larger than the maximum value of `u16`, it will be
     /// clamped to `u16::MAX`.
-    pub const fn area(self) -> u16 {
-        self.width.saturating_mul(self.height)
+    pub const fn area(self) -> u32 {
+        (self.width as u32) * (self.height as u32)
     }
 
     /// Returns true if the `Rect` has no area.
@@ -205,7 +213,8 @@ impl Rect {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, layout::Position};
+    /// use ratatui_core::layout::{Position, Rect};
+    ///
     /// let rect = Rect::new(1, 2, 3, 4);
     /// assert!(rect.contains(Position { x: 1, y: 2 }));
     /// ````
@@ -234,11 +243,11 @@ impl Rect {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
-    /// # fn render(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    /// let area = frame.size();
-    /// let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 100).clamp(area);
-    /// # }
+    /// use ratatui_core::layout::Rect;
+    ///
+    /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 100);
+    /// let rect = Rect::new(80, 80, 30, 30).clamp(area);
+    /// assert_eq!(rect, Rect::new(70, 70, 30, 30));
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method returns the modified value"]
     pub fn clamp(self, other: Self) -> Self {
@@ -254,7 +263,8 @@ impl Rect {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, text::Line, widgets::Widget};
+    ///
     /// fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     ///     for row in area.rows() {
     ///         Line::raw("Hello, world!").render(row, buf);
@@ -270,10 +280,11 @@ impl Rect {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// use ratatui_core::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, text::Text, widgets::Widget};
+    ///
     /// fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    ///     if let Some(left) = area.columns().next() {
-    ///         Block::new().borders(Borders::LEFT).render(left, buf);
+    ///     for (i, column) in area.columns().enumerate() {
+    ///         Text::from(format!("{}", i)).render(column, buf);
     ///     }
     /// }
     /// ```
@@ -288,10 +299,11 @@ impl Rect {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect};
+    ///
     /// fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     ///     for position in area.positions() {
-    ///         buf.get_mut(position.x, position.y).set_symbol("x");
+    ///         buf[(position.x, position.y)].set_symbol("x");
     ///     }
     /// }
     /// ```
@@ -304,7 +316,8 @@ impl Rect {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::layout::Rect;
+    ///
     /// let rect = Rect::new(1, 2, 3, 4);
     /// let position = rect.as_position();
     /// ````
@@ -352,6 +365,7 @@ mod tests {
     use rstest::rstest;
 
     use super::*;
+    use crate::layout::{Constraint, Layout};
 
     #[test]
     fn to_string() {
@@ -496,46 +510,28 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn size_truncation() {
-        for width in 256u16..300u16 {
-            for height in 256u16..300u16 {
-                let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, width, height);
-                rect.area(); // Should not panic.
-                assert!(rect.width < width || rect.height < height);
-                // The target dimensions are rounded down so the math will not be too precise
-                // but let's make sure the ratios don't diverge crazily.
-                assert!(
-                    (f64::from(rect.width) / f64::from(rect.height)
-                        - f64::from(width) / f64::from(height))
-                    .abs()
-                        < 1.0
-                );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Rect::new(u16::MAX - 100, u16::MAX - 1000, 200, 2000),
+            Rect {
+                x: u16::MAX - 100,
+                y: u16::MAX - 1000,
+                width: 100,
+                height: 1000
             }
-        }
-
-        // One dimension below 255, one above. Area above max u16.
-        let width = 900;
-        let height = 100;
-        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, width, height);
-        assert_ne!(rect.width, 900);
-        assert_ne!(rect.height, 100);
-        assert!(rect.width < width || rect.height < height);
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn size_preservation() {
-        for width in 0..256u16 {
-            for height in 0..256u16 {
-                let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, width, height);
-                rect.area(); // Should not panic.
-                assert_eq!(rect.width, width);
-                assert_eq!(rect.height, height);
+        assert_eq!(
+            Rect::new(u16::MAX - 100, u16::MAX - 1000, 100, 1000),
+            Rect {
+                x: u16::MAX - 100,
+                y: u16::MAX - 1000,
+                width: 100,
+                height: 1000
             }
-        }
-
-        // One dimension below 255, one above. Area below max u16.
-        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 300, 100);
-        assert_eq!(rect.width, 300);
-        assert_eq!(rect.height, 100);
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -546,7 +542,7 @@ mod tests {
             width: 10,
             height: 10,
         };
-        const _AREA: u16 = RECT.area();
+        const _AREA: u32 = RECT.area();
         const _LEFT: u16 = RECT.left();
         const _RIGHT: u16 = RECT.right();
         const _TOP: u16 = RECT.top();

ratatui-core/src/layout/rect/iter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+use crate::layout::{Position, Rect};
+
+/// An iterator over rows within a `Rect`.
+pub struct Rows {
+    /// The `Rect` associated with the rows.
+    rect: Rect,
+    /// The y coordinate of the row within the `Rect` when iterating forwards.
+    current_row_fwd: u16,
+    /// The y coordinate of the row within the `Rect` when iterating backwards.
+    current_row_back: u16,
+}
+
+impl Rows {
+    /// Creates a new `Rows` iterator.
+    pub const fn new(rect: Rect) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            rect,
+            current_row_fwd: rect.y,
+            current_row_back: rect.bottom(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for Rows {
+    type Item = Rect;
+
+    /// Retrieves the next row within the `Rect`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when there are no more rows to iterate through.
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.current_row_fwd >= self.current_row_back {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let row = Rect::new(self.rect.x, self.current_row_fwd, self.rect.width, 1);
+        self.current_row_fwd += 1;
+        Some(row)
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let start_count = self.current_row_fwd.saturating_sub(self.rect.top());
+        let end_count = self.rect.bottom().saturating_sub(self.current_row_back);
+        let count = self
+            .rect
+            .height
+            .saturating_sub(start_count)
+            .saturating_sub(end_count) as usize;
+        (count, Some(count))
+    }
+}
+
+impl DoubleEndedIterator for Rows {
+    /// Retrieves the previous row within the `Rect`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when there are no more rows to iterate through.
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.current_row_back <= self.current_row_fwd {
+            return None;
+        }
+        self.current_row_back -= 1;
+        let row = Rect::new(self.rect.x, self.current_row_back, self.rect.width, 1);
+        Some(row)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator over columns within a `Rect`.
+pub struct Columns {
+    /// The `Rect` associated with the columns.
+    rect: Rect,
+    /// The x coordinate of the column within the `Rect` when iterating forwards.
+    current_column_fwd: u16,
+    /// The x coordinate of the column within the `Rect` when iterating backwards.
+    current_column_back: u16,
+}
+
+impl Columns {
+    /// Creates a new `Columns` iterator.
+    pub const fn new(rect: Rect) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            rect,
+            current_column_fwd: rect.x,
+            current_column_back: rect.right(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for Columns {
+    type Item = Rect;
+
+    /// Retrieves the next column within the `Rect`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when there are no more columns to iterate through.
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.current_column_fwd >= self.current_column_back {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let column = Rect::new(self.current_column_fwd, self.rect.y, 1, self.rect.height);
+        self.current_column_fwd += 1;
+        Some(column)
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let start_count = self.current_column_fwd.saturating_sub(self.rect.left());
+        let end_count = self.rect.right().saturating_sub(self.current_column_back);
+        let count = self
+            .rect
+            .width
+            .saturating_sub(start_count)
+            .saturating_sub(end_count) as usize;
+        (count, Some(count))
+    }
+}
+
+impl DoubleEndedIterator for Columns {
+    /// Retrieves the previous column within the `Rect`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when there are no more columns to iterate through.
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.current_column_back <= self.current_column_fwd {
+            return None;
+        }
+        self.current_column_back -= 1;
+        let column = Rect::new(self.current_column_back, self.rect.y, 1, self.rect.height);
+        Some(column)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator over positions within a `Rect`.
+///
+/// The iterator will yield all positions within the `Rect` in a row-major order.
+pub struct Positions {
+    /// The `Rect` associated with the positions.
+    rect: Rect,
+    /// The current position within the `Rect`.
+    current_position: Position,
+}
+
+impl Positions {
+    /// Creates a new `Positions` iterator.
+    pub const fn new(rect: Rect) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            rect,
+            current_position: Position::new(rect.x, rect.y),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for Positions {
+    type Item = Position;
+
+    /// Retrieves the next position within the `Rect`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when there are no more positions to iterate through.
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.current_position.y >= self.rect.bottom() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let position = self.current_position;
+        self.current_position.x += 1;
+        if self.current_position.x >= self.rect.right() {
+            self.current_position.x = self.rect.x;
+            self.current_position.y += 1;
+        }
+        Some(position)
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let row_count = self.rect.bottom().saturating_sub(self.current_position.y);
+        if row_count == 0 {
+            return (0, Some(0));
+        }
+        let column_count = self.rect.right().saturating_sub(self.current_position.x);
+        // subtract 1 from the row count to account for the current row
+        let count = (row_count - 1)
+            .saturating_mul(self.rect.width)
+            .saturating_add(column_count) as usize;
+        (count, Some(count))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rows() {
+        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 3);
+        let mut rows = Rows::new(rect);
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (3, Some(3)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next(), Some(Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (2, Some(2)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next(), Some(Rect::new(0, 1, 2, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (1, Some(1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next(), Some(Rect::new(0, 2, 2, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next(), None);
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next_back(), None);
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rows_back() {
+        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 3);
+        let mut rows = Rows::new(rect);
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (3, Some(3)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next_back(), Some(Rect::new(0, 2, 2, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (2, Some(2)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next_back(), Some(Rect::new(0, 1, 2, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (1, Some(1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next_back(), Some(Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next_back(), None);
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next(), None);
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rows_meet_in_the_middle() {
+        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 4);
+        let mut rows = Rows::new(rect);
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (4, Some(4)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next(), Some(Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (3, Some(3)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next_back(), Some(Rect::new(0, 3, 2, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (2, Some(2)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next(), Some(Rect::new(0, 1, 2, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (1, Some(1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next_back(), Some(Rect::new(0, 2, 2, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next(), None);
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+        assert_eq!(rows.next_back(), None);
+        assert_eq!(rows.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn columns() {
+        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 2);
+        let mut columns = Columns::new(rect);
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (3, Some(3)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), Some(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (2, Some(2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), Some(Rect::new(1, 0, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (1, Some(1)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), Some(Rect::new(2, 0, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), None);
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next_back(), None);
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn columns_back() {
+        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 2);
+        let mut columns = Columns::new(rect);
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (3, Some(3)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next_back(), Some(Rect::new(2, 0, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (2, Some(2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next_back(), Some(Rect::new(1, 0, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (1, Some(1)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next_back(), Some(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next_back(), None);
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), None);
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn columns_meet_in_the_middle() {
+        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 2);
+        let mut columns = Columns::new(rect);
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (4, Some(4)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), Some(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (3, Some(3)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next_back(), Some(Rect::new(3, 0, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (2, Some(2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), Some(Rect::new(1, 0, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (1, Some(1)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next_back(), Some(Rect::new(2, 0, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), None);
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next_back(), None);
+        assert_eq!(columns.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+    }
+
+    /// We allow a total of `65536` columns in the range `(0..=65535)`.  In this test we iterate
+    /// forward and skip the first `65534` columns, and expect the next column to be `65535` and
+    /// the subsequent columns to be `None`.
+    #[test]
+    fn columns_max() {
+        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, u16::MAX, 1);
+        let mut columns = Columns::new(rect).skip(usize::from(u16::MAX - 1));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), Some(Rect::new(u16::MAX - 1, 0, 1, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), None);
+    }
+
+    /// We allow a total of `65536` columns in the range `(0..=65535)`.  In this test we iterate
+    /// backward and skip the last `65534` columns, and expect the next column to be `0` and the
+    /// subsequent columns to be `None`.
+    #[test]
+    fn columns_min() {
+        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, u16::MAX, 1);
+        let mut columns = Columns::new(rect).rev().skip(usize::from(u16::MAX - 1));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), Some(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), None);
+        assert_eq!(columns.next(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn positions() {
+        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 2);
+        let mut positions = Positions::new(rect);
+        assert_eq!(positions.size_hint(), (4, Some(4)));
+        assert_eq!(positions.next(), Some(Position::new(0, 0)));
+        assert_eq!(positions.size_hint(), (3, Some(3)));
+        assert_eq!(positions.next(), Some(Position::new(1, 0)));
+        assert_eq!(positions.size_hint(), (2, Some(2)));
+        assert_eq!(positions.next(), Some(Position::new(0, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(positions.size_hint(), (1, Some(1)));
+        assert_eq!(positions.next(), Some(Position::new(1, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(positions.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+        assert_eq!(positions.next(), None);
+        assert_eq!(positions.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+    }
+}

ratatui-core/src/layout/size.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #![warn(missing_docs)]
 use std::fmt;
 
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::layout::Rect;
 
 /// A simple size struct
 ///

ratatui-core/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// show the feature flags in the generated documentation
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
+#![doc(
+    html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ratatui/ratatui/main/assets/logo.png",
+    html_favicon_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ratatui/ratatui/main/assets/favicon.ico"
+)]
+//! **ratatui-core** is the core library of the [ratatui] project,
+//! providing the essential building blocks for creating rich terminal user interfaces in Rust.
+//!
+//! [ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui
+//!
+//! ## Why `ratatui-core`?
+//!
+//! The `ratatui-core` crate is split from the main [`ratatui`](https://crates.io/crates/ratatui) crate
+//! to offer better stability for widget library authors. Widget libraries should generally depend
+//! on `ratatui-core`, benefiting from a stable API and reducing the need for frequent updates.
+//!
+//! Applications, on the other hand, should depend on the main `ratatui` crate, which includes
+//! built-in widgets and additional features.
+//!
+//! # Installation
+//!
+//! Add `ratatui-core` to your `Cargo.toml`:
+//!
+//! ```shell
+//! cargo add ratatui-core
+//! ```
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "document-features", doc = "\n## Features")]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "document-features", doc = document_features::document_features!())]
+//!
+//! # Contributing
+//!
+//! We welcome contributions from the community! Please see our [CONTRIBUTING](../CONTRIBUTING.md)
+//! guide for more details on how to get involved.
+//!
+//! ## License
+//!
+//! This project is licensed under the MIT License. See the [LICENSE](../LICENSE) file for details.
+
+pub mod backend;
+pub mod buffer;
+pub mod layout;
+pub mod style;
+pub mod symbols;
+pub mod text;
+pub mod widgets;

ratatui-core/src/style.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,10 @@
 //! ## Example
 //!
 //! ```
-//! use ratatui::prelude::*;
+//! use ratatui_core::{
+//!     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+//!     text::Span,
+//! };
 //!
 //! let heading_style = Style::new()
 //!     .fg(Color::Black)
@@ -35,13 +38,15 @@
 //! - [`Span`]s can be styled again, which will merge the styles.
 //! - Many widget types can be styled directly rather than calling their `style()` method.
 //!
-//! See the [`Stylize`] and [`Styled`] traits for more information. These traits are re-exported in
-//! the [`prelude`] module for convenience.
+//! See the [`Stylize`] and [`Styled`] traits for more information.
 //!
 //! ## Example
 //!
 //! ```
-//! use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+//! use ratatui_core::{
+//!     style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+//!     text::{Span, Text},
+//! };
 //!
 //! assert_eq!(
 //!     "hello".red().on_blue().bold(),
@@ -55,8 +60,8 @@
 //! );
 //!
 //! assert_eq!(
-//!     Paragraph::new("hello").red().on_blue().bold(),
-//!     Paragraph::new("hello").style(
+//!     Text::from("hello").red().on_blue().bold(),
+//!     Text::from("hello").style(
 //!         Style::default()
 //!             .fg(Color::Red)
 //!             .bg(Color::Blue)
@@ -65,13 +70,13 @@
 //! );
 //! ```
 //!
-//! [`prelude`]: crate::prelude
 //! [`Span`]: crate::text::Span
 
 use std::fmt;
 
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 pub use color::{Color, ParseColorError};
+use stylize::ColorDebugKind;
 pub use stylize::{Styled, Stylize};
 
 mod color;
@@ -91,7 +96,7 @@ bitflags! {
     /// ## Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// use ratatui::{prelude::*};
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::Modifier;
     ///
     /// let m = Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC;
     /// ```
@@ -127,7 +132,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
 /// Style lets you control the main characteristics of the displayed elements.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
 ///
 /// Style::default()
 ///     .fg(Color::Black)
@@ -138,7 +143,8 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
 /// Styles can also be created with a [shorthand notation](crate::style#using-style-shorthands).
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::style::{Style, Stylize};
+///
 /// Style::new().black().on_green().italic().bold();
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -148,7 +154,11 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
 /// anywhere that accepts `Into<Style>`.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::{
+///     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+///     text::Line,
+/// };
+///
 /// Line::styled("hello", Style::new().fg(Color::Red));
 /// // simplifies to
 /// Line::styled("hello", Color::Red);
@@ -163,7 +173,11 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
 /// just S3.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::{
+///     buffer::Buffer,
+///     layout::Rect,
+///     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+/// };
 ///
 /// let styles = [
 ///     Style::default()
@@ -180,7 +194,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
 /// ];
 /// let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1));
 /// for style in &styles {
-///     buffer.get_mut(0, 0).set_style(*style);
+///     buffer[(0, 0)].set_style(*style);
 /// }
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     Style {
@@ -191,7 +205,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
 ///         add_modifier: Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::UNDERLINED,
 ///         sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
 ///     },
-///     buffer.get(0, 0).style(),
+///     buffer[(0, 0)].style(),
 /// );
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -199,7 +213,11 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
 /// reset all properties until that point use [`Style::reset`].
 ///
 /// ```
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::{
+///     buffer::Buffer,
+///     layout::Rect,
+///     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+/// };
 ///
 /// let styles = [
 ///     Style::default()
@@ -209,7 +227,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
 /// ];
 /// let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1));
 /// for style in &styles {
-///     buffer.get_mut(0, 0).set_style(*style);
+///     buffer[(0, 0)].set_style(*style);
 /// }
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     Style {
@@ -220,20 +238,35 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Modifier {
 ///         add_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
 ///         sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
 ///     },
-///     buffer.get(0, 0).style(),
+///     buffer[(0, 0)].style(),
 /// );
 /// ```
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub struct Style {
+    /// The foreground color.
     pub fg: Option<Color>,
+    /// The background color.
     pub bg: Option<Color>,
+    /// The underline color.
     #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
     pub underline_color: Option<Color>,
+    /// The modifiers to add.
     pub add_modifier: Modifier,
+    /// The modifiers to remove.
     pub sub_modifier: Modifier,
 }
 
+/// A custom debug implementation that prints only the fields that are not the default, and unwraps
+/// the `Option`s.
+impl fmt::Debug for Style {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str("Style::new()")?;
+        self.fmt_stylize(f)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
 impl Styled for Style {
     type Item = Self;
 
@@ -247,6 +280,7 @@ impl Styled for Style {
 }
 
 impl Style {
+    /// Returns a `Style` with default properties.
     pub const fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
             fg: None,
@@ -275,7 +309,8 @@ impl Style {
     /// ## Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::{Color, Style};
+    ///
     /// let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Blue);
     /// let diff = Style::default().fg(Color::Red);
     /// assert_eq!(style.patch(diff), Style::default().fg(Color::Red));
@@ -291,7 +326,8 @@ impl Style {
     /// ## Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::{Color, Style};
+    ///
     /// let style = Style::default().bg(Color::Blue);
     /// let diff = Style::default().bg(Color::Red);
     /// assert_eq!(style.patch(diff), Style::default().bg(Color::Red));
@@ -315,7 +351,8 @@ impl Style {
     /// ## Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    ///
     /// let style = Style::default()
     ///     .underline_color(Color::Blue)
     ///     .add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED);
@@ -343,7 +380,8 @@ impl Style {
     /// ## Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::{Modifier, Style};
+    ///
     /// let style = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD);
     /// let diff = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
     /// let patched = style.patch(diff);
@@ -364,7 +402,8 @@ impl Style {
     /// ## Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::{Modifier, Style};
+    ///
     /// let style = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC);
     /// let diff = Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
     /// let patched = style.patch(diff);
@@ -386,7 +425,8 @@ impl Style {
     ///
     /// ## Examples
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    ///
     /// let style_1 = Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow);
     /// let style_2 = Style::default().bg(Color::Red);
     /// let combined = style_1.patch(style_2);
@@ -413,6 +453,54 @@ impl Style {
 
         self
     }
+
+    /// Formats the style in a way that can be copy-pasted into code using the style shorthands.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful for debugging and for generating code snippets.
+    pub(crate) fn fmt_stylize(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        use fmt::Debug;
+        if let Some(fg) = self.fg {
+            fg.stylize_debug(ColorDebugKind::Foreground).fmt(f)?;
+        }
+        if let Some(bg) = self.bg {
+            bg.stylize_debug(ColorDebugKind::Background).fmt(f)?;
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+        if let Some(underline_color) = self.underline_color {
+            underline_color
+                .stylize_debug(ColorDebugKind::Underline)
+                .fmt(f)?;
+        }
+        for modifier in self.add_modifier.iter() {
+            match modifier {
+                Modifier::BOLD => f.write_str(".bold()")?,
+                Modifier::DIM => f.write_str(".dim()")?,
+                Modifier::ITALIC => f.write_str(".italic()")?,
+                Modifier::UNDERLINED => f.write_str(".underlined()")?,
+                Modifier::SLOW_BLINK => f.write_str(".slow_blink()")?,
+                Modifier::RAPID_BLINK => f.write_str(".rapid_blink()")?,
+                Modifier::REVERSED => f.write_str(".reversed()")?,
+                Modifier::HIDDEN => f.write_str(".hidden()")?,
+                Modifier::CROSSED_OUT => f.write_str(".crossed_out()")?,
+                _ => f.write_fmt(format_args!(".add_modifier(Modifier::{modifier:?})"))?,
+            }
+        }
+        for modifier in self.sub_modifier.iter() {
+            match modifier {
+                Modifier::BOLD => f.write_str(".not_bold()")?,
+                Modifier::DIM => f.write_str(".not_dim()")?,
+                Modifier::ITALIC => f.write_str(".not_italic()")?,
+                Modifier::UNDERLINED => f.write_str(".not_underlined()")?,
+                Modifier::SLOW_BLINK => f.write_str(".not_slow_blink()")?,
+                Modifier::RAPID_BLINK => f.write_str(".not_rapid_blink()")?,
+                Modifier::REVERSED => f.write_str(".not_reversed()")?,
+                Modifier::HIDDEN => f.write_str(".not_hidden()")?,
+                Modifier::CROSSED_OUT => f.write_str(".not_crossed_out()")?,
+                _ => f.write_fmt(format_args!(".remove_modifier(Modifier::{modifier:?})"))?,
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<Color> for Style {
@@ -423,7 +511,8 @@ impl From<Color> for Style {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::{Color, Style};
+    ///
     /// let style = Style::from(Color::Red);
     /// ```
     fn from(color: Color) -> Self {
@@ -437,7 +526,8 @@ impl From<(Color, Color)> for Style {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::{Color, Style};
+    ///
     /// // red foreground, blue background
     /// let style = Style::from((Color::Red, Color::Blue));
     /// // default foreground, blue background
@@ -459,7 +549,8 @@ impl From<Modifier> for Style {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::{Style, Modifier};
+    ///
     /// // add bold and italic
     /// let style = Style::from(Modifier::BOLD|Modifier::ITALIC);
     fn from(modifier: Modifier) -> Self {
@@ -473,7 +564,8 @@ impl From<(Modifier, Modifier)> for Style {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::{Modifier, Style};
+    ///
     /// // add bold and italic, remove dim
     /// let style = Style::from((Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC, Modifier::DIM));
     /// ```
@@ -492,7 +584,8 @@ impl From<(Color, Modifier)> for Style {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    ///
     /// // red foreground, add bold and italic
     /// let style = Style::from((Color::Red, Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC));
     /// ```
@@ -509,7 +602,8 @@ impl From<(Color, Color, Modifier)> for Style {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    ///
     /// // red foreground, blue background, add bold and italic
     /// let style = Style::from((Color::Red, Color::Blue, Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC));
     /// ```
@@ -525,7 +619,8 @@ impl From<(Color, Color, Modifier, Modifier)> for Style {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    ///
     /// // red foreground, blue background, add bold and italic, remove dim
     /// let style = Style::from((
     ///     Color::Red,
@@ -549,6 +644,20 @@ mod tests {
 
     use super::*;
 
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Style::new(), "Style::new()")]
+    #[case(Style::new().red(), "Style::new().red()")]
+    #[case(Style::new().on_blue(), "Style::new().on_blue()")]
+    #[case(Style::new().bold(), "Style::new().bold()")]
+    #[case(Style::new().not_italic(), "Style::new().not_italic()")]
+    #[case(
+        Style::new().red().on_blue().bold().italic().not_dim().not_hidden(),
+        "Style::new().red().on_blue().bold().italic().not_dim().not_hidden()"
+    )]
+    fn debug(#[case] style: Style, #[case] expected: &'static str) {
+        assert_eq!(format!("{style:?}"), expected);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn combined_patch_gives_same_result_as_individual_patch() {
         let styles = [
@@ -595,9 +704,9 @@ mod tests {
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1));
 
         for m in mods {
-            buffer.get_mut(0, 0).set_style(Style::reset());
-            buffer.get_mut(0, 0).set_style(Style::new().add_modifier(m));
-            let style = buffer.get(0, 0).style();
+            buffer[(0, 0)].set_style(Style::reset());
+            buffer[(0, 0)].set_style(Style::new().add_modifier(m));
+            let style = buffer[(0, 0)].style();
             assert!(style.add_modifier.contains(m));
             assert!(!style.sub_modifier.contains(m));
         }

ratatui-core/src/style/color.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 use std::{fmt, str::FromStr};
 
+use crate::style::stylize::{ColorDebug, ColorDebugKind};
+
 /// ANSI Color
 ///
 /// All colors from the [ANSI color table] are supported (though some names are not exactly the
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ use std::{fmt, str::FromStr};
 /// ```
 /// use std::str::FromStr;
 ///
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::style::Color;
 ///
 /// assert_eq!(Color::from_str("red"), Ok(Color::Red));
 /// assert_eq!("red".parse(), Ok(Color::Red));
@@ -110,14 +112,12 @@ pub enum Color {
     /// Notably versions of Windows Terminal prior to Windows 10 and macOS Terminal.app do not
     /// support this.
     ///
-    /// If the terminal does not support true color, code using the  [`TermwizBackend`] will
+    /// If the terminal does not support true color, code using the  `TermwizBackend` will
     /// fallback to the default text color. Crossterm and Termion do not have this capability and
     /// the display will be unpredictable (e.g. Terminal.app may display glitched blinking text).
-    /// See <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/475> for an example of this problem.
+    /// See <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/475> for an example of this problem.
     ///
     /// See also: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#24-bit>
-    ///
-    /// [`TermwizBackend`]: crate::backend::TermwizBackend
     Rgb(u8, u8, u8),
     /// An 8-bit 256 color.
     ///
@@ -166,7 +166,9 @@ impl<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de> for Color {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use std::str::FromStr;
+    ///
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::Color;
     ///
     /// #[derive(Debug, serde::Deserialize)]
     /// struct Theme {
@@ -261,7 +263,7 @@ impl std::error::Error for ParseColorError {}
 /// ```
 /// use std::str::FromStr;
 ///
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::style::Color;
 ///
 /// let color: Color = Color::from_str("blue").unwrap();
 /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Blue);
@@ -361,111 +363,114 @@ impl fmt::Display for Color {
 }
 
 impl Color {
+    pub(crate) const fn stylize_debug(self, kind: ColorDebugKind) -> ColorDebug {
+        ColorDebug { kind, color: self }
+    }
+
     /// Converts a HSL representation to a `Color::Rgb` instance.
     ///
-    /// The `from_hsl` function converts the Hue, Saturation and Lightness values to a
-    /// corresponding `Color` RGB equivalent.
+    /// The `from_hsl` function converts the Hue, Saturation and Lightness values to a corresponding
+    /// `Color` RGB equivalent.
     ///
-    /// Hue values should be in the range [0, 360].
-    /// Saturation and L values should be in the range [0, 100].
-    /// Values that are not in the range are clamped to be within the range.
+    /// Hue values should be in the range [-180..180]. Values outside this range are normalized by
+    /// wrapping.
+    ///
+    /// Saturation and L values should be in the range [0.0..1.0]. Values outside this range are
+    /// clamped.
+    ///
+    /// Clamping to valid ranges happens before conversion to RGB.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use palette::Hsl;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::Color;
     ///
-    /// let color: Color = Color::from_hsl(360.0, 100.0, 100.0);
+    /// // Minimum Lightness is black
+    /// let color: Color = Color::from_hsl(Hsl::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0));
+    ///
+    /// // Maximum Lightness is white
+    /// let color: Color = Color::from_hsl(Hsl::new(0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
     /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255));
     ///
-    /// let color: Color = Color::from_hsl(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-    /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0));
+    /// // Minimum Saturation is fully desaturated red = gray
+    /// let color: Color = Color::from_hsl(Hsl::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.5));
+    /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(128, 128, 128));
+    ///
+    /// // Bright red
+    /// let color: Color = Color::from_hsl(Hsl::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.5));
+    /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0));
+    ///
+    /// // Bright blue
+    /// let color: Color = Color::from_hsl(Hsl::new(-120.0, 1.0, 0.5));
+    /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(0, 0, 255));
     /// ```
-    pub fn from_hsl(h: f64, s: f64, l: f64) -> Self {
-        // Clamp input values to valid ranges
-        let h = h.clamp(0.0, 360.0);
-        let s = s.clamp(0.0, 100.0);
-        let l = l.clamp(0.0, 100.0);
+    #[cfg(feature = "palette")]
+    pub fn from_hsl(hsl: palette::Hsl) -> Self {
+        use palette::{Clamp, FromColor, Srgb};
+        let hsl = hsl.clamp();
+        let Srgb {
+            red,
+            green,
+            blue,
+            standard: _,
+        }: Srgb<u8> = Srgb::from_color(hsl).into();
 
-        // Delegate to the function for normalized HSL to RGB conversion
-        normalized_hsl_to_rgb(h / 360.0, s / 100.0, l / 100.0)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Converts normalized HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness) values to RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color
-/// representation. H, S, and L values should be in the range [0, 1].
-///
-/// Based on <https://github.com/killercup/hsl-rs/blob/b8a30e11afd75f262e0550725333293805f4ead0/src/lib.rs>
-fn normalized_hsl_to_rgb(hue: f64, saturation: f64, lightness: f64) -> Color {
-    // This function can be made into `const` in the future.
-    // This comment contains the relevant information for making it `const`.
-    //
-    // If it is `const` and made public, users can write the following:
-    //
-    // ```rust
-    // const SLATE_50: Color = normalized_hsl_to_rgb(0.210, 0.40, 0.98);
-    // ```
-    //
-    // For it to be const now, we need `#![feature(const_fn_floating_point_arithmetic)]`
-    // Tracking issue: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/57241
-    //
-    // We would also need to remove the use of `.round()` in this function, i.e.:
-    //
-    // ```rust
-    // Color::Rgb((r * 255.0) as u8, (g * 255.0) as u8, (b * 255.0) as u8)
-    // ```
-
-    // Initialize RGB components
-    let red: f64;
-    let green: f64;
-    let blue: f64;
-
-    // Check if the color is achromatic (grayscale)
-    if saturation == 0.0 {
-        red = lightness;
-        green = lightness;
-        blue = lightness;
-    } else {
-        // Calculate RGB components for colored cases
-        let q = if lightness < 0.5 {
-            lightness * (1.0 + saturation)
-        } else {
-            lightness + saturation - lightness * saturation
-        };
-        let p = 2.0 * lightness - q;
-        red = hue_to_rgb(p, q, hue + 1.0 / 3.0);
-        green = hue_to_rgb(p, q, hue);
-        blue = hue_to_rgb(p, q, hue - 1.0 / 3.0);
+        Self::Rgb(red, green, blue)
     }
 
-    // Scale RGB components to the range [0, 255] and create a Color::Rgb instance
-    Color::Rgb(
-        (red * 255.0).round() as u8,
-        (green * 255.0).round() as u8,
-        (blue * 255.0).round() as u8,
-    )
-}
+    /// Converts a `HSLuv` representation to a `Color::Rgb` instance.
+    ///
+    /// The `from_hsluv` function converts the Hue, Saturation and Lightness values to a
+    /// corresponding `Color` RGB equivalent.
+    ///
+    /// Hue values should be in the range [-180.0..180.0]. Values outside this range are normalized
+    /// by wrapping.
+    ///
+    /// Saturation and L values should be in the range [0.0..100.0]. Values outside this range are
+    /// clamped.
+    ///
+    /// Clamping to valid ranges happens before conversion to RGB.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use palette::Hsluv;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::Color;
+    ///
+    /// // Minimum Lightness is black
+    /// let color: Color = Color::from_hsluv(Hsluv::new(0.0, 100.0, 0.0));
+    /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0));
+    ///
+    /// // Maximum Lightness is white
+    /// let color: Color = Color::from_hsluv(Hsluv::new(0.0, 0.0, 100.0));
+    /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255));
+    ///
+    /// // Minimum Saturation is fully desaturated red = gray
+    /// let color = Color::from_hsluv(Hsluv::new(0.0, 0.0, 50.0));
+    /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(119, 119, 119));
+    ///
+    /// // Bright Red
+    /// let color = Color::from_hsluv(Hsluv::new(12.18, 100.0, 53.2));
+    /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0));
+    ///
+    /// // Bright Blue
+    /// let color = Color::from_hsluv(Hsluv::new(-94.13, 100.0, 32.3));
+    /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(0, 0, 255));
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "palette")]
+    pub fn from_hsluv(hsluv: palette::Hsluv) -> Self {
+        use palette::{Clamp, FromColor, Srgb};
+        let hsluv = hsluv.clamp();
+        let Srgb {
+            red,
+            green,
+            blue,
+            standard: _,
+        }: Srgb<u8> = Srgb::from_color(hsluv).into();
 
-/// Helper function to calculate RGB component for a specific hue value.
-fn hue_to_rgb(p: f64, q: f64, t: f64) -> f64 {
-    // Adjust the hue value to be within the valid range [0, 1]
-    let mut t = t;
-    if t < 0.0 {
-        t += 1.0;
-    }
-    if t > 1.0 {
-        t -= 1.0;
-    }
-
-    // Calculate the RGB component based on the hue value
-    if t < 1.0 / 6.0 {
-        p + (q - p) * 6.0 * t
-    } else if t < 1.0 / 2.0 {
-        q
-    } else if t < 2.0 / 3.0 {
-        p + (q - p) * (2.0 / 3.0 - t) * 6.0
-    } else {
-        p
+        Self::Rgb(red, green, blue)
     }
 }
 
@@ -473,36 +478,62 @@ fn hue_to_rgb(p: f64, q: f64, t: f64) -> f64 {
 mod tests {
     use std::error::Error;
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "palette")]
+    use palette::{Hsl, Hsluv};
+    #[cfg(feature = "palette")]
+    use rstest::rstest;
     #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
     use serde::de::{Deserialize, IntoDeserializer};
 
     use super::*;
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_hsl_to_rgb() {
-        // Test with valid HSL values
-        let color = Color::from_hsl(120.0, 50.0, 75.0);
-        assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(159, 223, 159));
+    #[cfg(feature = "palette")]
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case::black(Hsl::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0))]
+    #[case::white(Hsl::new(0.0, 0.0, 1.0), Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255))]
+    #[case::valid(Hsl::new(120.0, 0.5, 0.75), Color::Rgb(159, 223, 159))]
+    #[case::min_hue(Hsl::new(-180.0, 0.5, 0.75), Color::Rgb(159, 223, 223))]
+    #[case::max_hue(Hsl::new(180.0, 0.5, 0.75), Color::Rgb(159, 223, 223))]
+    #[case::min_saturation(Hsl::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.5), Color::Rgb(128, 128, 128))]
+    #[case::max_saturation(Hsl::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.5), Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0))]
+    #[case::min_lightness(Hsl::new(0.0, 0.5, 0.0), Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0))]
+    #[case::max_lightness(Hsl::new(0.0, 0.5, 1.0), Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255))]
+    #[case::under_hue_wraps(Hsl::new(-240.0, 0.5, 0.75), Color::Rgb(159, 223, 159))]
+    #[case::over_hue_wraps(Hsl::new(480.0, 0.5, 0.75), Color::Rgb(159, 223, 159))]
+    #[case::under_saturation_clamps(Hsl::new(0.0, -0.5, 0.75), Color::Rgb(191, 191, 191))]
+    #[case::over_saturation_clamps(Hsl::new(0.0, 1.2, 0.75), Color::Rgb(255, 128, 128))]
+    #[case::under_lightness_clamps(Hsl::new(0.0, 0.5, -0.20), Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0))]
+    #[case::over_lightness_clamps(Hsl::new(0.0, 0.5, 1.5), Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255))]
+    #[case::under_saturation_lightness_clamps(Hsl::new(0.0, -0.5, -0.20), Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0))]
+    #[case::over_saturation_lightness_clamps(Hsl::new(0.0, 1.2, 1.5), Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255))]
+    fn test_hsl_to_rgb(#[case] hsl: palette::Hsl, #[case] expected: Color) {
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_hsl(hsl), expected);
+    }
 
-        // Test with H value at upper bound
-        let color = Color::from_hsl(360.0, 50.0, 75.0);
-        assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(223, 159, 159));
-
-        // Test with H value exceeding the upper bound
-        let color = Color::from_hsl(400.0, 50.0, 75.0);
-        assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(223, 159, 159));
-
-        // Test with S and L values exceeding the upper bound
-        let color = Color::from_hsl(240.0, 120.0, 150.0);
-        assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255));
-
-        // Test with H, S, and L values below the lower bound
-        let color = Color::from_hsl(-20.0, -50.0, -20.0);
-        assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0));
-
-        // Test with S and L values below the lower bound
-        let color = Color::from_hsl(60.0, -20.0, -10.0);
-        assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0));
+    #[cfg(feature = "palette")]
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case::black(Hsluv::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0))]
+    #[case::white(Hsluv::new(0.0, 0.0, 100.0), Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255))]
+    #[case::valid(Hsluv::new(120.0, 50.0, 75.0), Color::Rgb(147, 198, 129))]
+    #[case::min_hue(Hsluv::new(-180.0, 50.0, 75.0), Color::Rgb(135,196, 188))]
+    #[case::max_hue(Hsluv::new(180.0, 50.0, 75.0), Color::Rgb(135, 196, 188))]
+    #[case::min_saturation(Hsluv::new(0.0, 0.0, 75.0), Color::Rgb(185, 185, 185))]
+    #[case::max_saturation(Hsluv::new(0.0, 100.0, 75.0), Color::Rgb(255, 156, 177))]
+    #[case::min_lightness(Hsluv::new(0.0, 50.0, 0.0), Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0))]
+    #[case::max_lightness(Hsluv::new(0.0, 50.0, 100.0), Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255))]
+    #[case::under_hue_wraps(Hsluv::new(-240.0, 50.0, 75.0), Color::Rgb(147, 198, 129))]
+    #[case::over_hue_wraps(Hsluv::new(480.0, 50.0, 75.0), Color::Rgb(147, 198, 129))]
+    #[case::under_saturation_clamps(Hsluv::new(0.0, -50.0, 75.0), Color::Rgb(185, 185, 185))]
+    #[case::over_saturation_clamps(Hsluv::new(0.0, 150.0, 75.0), Color::Rgb(255, 156, 177))]
+    #[case::under_lightness_clamps(Hsluv::new(0.0, 50.0, -20.0), Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0))]
+    #[case::over_lightness_clamps(Hsluv::new(0.0, 50.0, 150.0), Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255))]
+    #[case::under_saturation_lightness_clamps(Hsluv::new(0.0, -50.0, -20.0), Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0))]
+    #[case::over_saturation_lightness_clamps(
+        Hsluv::new(0.0, 150.0, 150.0),
+        Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255)
+    )]
+    fn test_hsluv_to_rgb(#[case] hsluv: palette::Hsluv, #[case] expected: Color) {
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_hsluv(hsluv), expected);
     }
 
     #[test]

ratatui-core/src/style/palette/material.rs

@@ -403,8 +403,10 @@
 //! # Example
 //!
 //! ```rust
-//! # use ratatui::prelude::*;
-//! use ratatui::style::palette::material::{BLUE, RED};
+//! use ratatui_core::style::{
+//!     palette::material::{BLUE, RED},
+//!     Color,
+//! };
 //!
 //! assert_eq!(RED.c500, Color::Rgb(244, 67, 54));
 //! assert_eq!(BLUE.c500, Color::Rgb(33, 150, 243));
@@ -412,7 +414,7 @@
 //!
 //! [`matdesign-color` crate]: https://crates.io/crates/matdesign-color
 
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::style::Color;
 
 /// A palette of colors for use in Material design with accent colors
 ///

ratatui-core/src/style/palette/tailwind.rs

@@ -268,14 +268,16 @@
 //! # Example
 //!
 //! ```rust
-//! # use ratatui::prelude::*;
-//! use ratatui::style::palette::tailwind::{BLUE, RED};
+//! use ratatui_core::style::{
+//!     palette::tailwind::{BLUE, RED},
+//!     Color,
+//! };
 //!
 //! assert_eq!(RED.c500, Color::Rgb(239, 68, 68));
 //! assert_eq!(BLUE.c500, Color::Rgb(59, 130, 246));
 //! ```
 
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::style::Color;
 
 pub struct Palette {
     pub c50: Color,

ratatui-core/src/style/palette_conversion.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use ::palette::{
 };
 use palette::{stimulus::IntoStimulus, Srgb};
 
-use super::Color;
+use crate::style::Color;
 
 /// Convert an [`palette::Srgb`] color to a [`Color`].
 ///
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use super::Color;
 ///
 /// ```
 /// use palette::Srgb;
-/// use ratatui::style::Color;
+/// use ratatui_core::style::Color;
 ///
 /// let color = Color::from(Srgb::new(1.0f32, 0.0, 0.0));
 /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0));
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ impl<T: IntoStimulus<u8>> From<Srgb<T>> for Color {
 ///
 /// ```
 /// use palette::LinSrgb;
-/// use ratatui::style::Color;
+/// use ratatui_core::style::Color;
 ///
 /// let color = Color::from(LinSrgb::new(1.0f32, 0.0, 0.0));
 /// assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0));

ratatui-core/src/style/stylize.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::fmt;
+
 use paste::paste;
 
 use crate::{
@@ -23,6 +25,75 @@ pub trait Styled {
     fn set_style<S: Into<Style>>(self, style: S) -> Self::Item;
 }
 
+/// A helper struct to make it easy to debug using the `Stylize` method names
+pub(crate) struct ColorDebug {
+    pub kind: ColorDebugKind,
+    pub color: Color,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub(crate) enum ColorDebugKind {
+    Foreground,
+    Background,
+    #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+    Underline,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for ColorDebug {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+        let is_underline = self.kind == ColorDebugKind::Underline;
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "underline-color"))]
+        let is_underline = false;
+        if is_underline
+            || matches!(
+                self.color,
+                Color::Reset | Color::Indexed(_) | Color::Rgb(_, _, _)
+            )
+        {
+            match self.kind {
+                ColorDebugKind::Foreground => write!(f, ".fg(")?,
+                ColorDebugKind::Background => write!(f, ".bg(")?,
+                #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+                ColorDebugKind::Underline => write!(f, ".underline_color(")?,
+            }
+            write!(f, "Color::{:?}", self.color)?;
+            write!(f, ")")?;
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        match self.kind {
+            ColorDebugKind::Foreground => write!(f, ".")?,
+            ColorDebugKind::Background => write!(f, ".on_")?,
+            // TODO: .underline_color_xxx is not implemented on Stylize yet, but it should be
+            #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+            ColorDebugKind::Underline => {
+                unreachable!("covered by the first part of the if statement")
+            }
+        }
+        match self.color {
+            Color::Black => write!(f, "black")?,
+            Color::Red => write!(f, "red")?,
+            Color::Green => write!(f, "green")?,
+            Color::Yellow => write!(f, "yellow")?,
+            Color::Blue => write!(f, "blue")?,
+            Color::Magenta => write!(f, "magenta")?,
+            Color::Cyan => write!(f, "cyan")?,
+            Color::Gray => write!(f, "gray")?,
+            Color::DarkGray => write!(f, "dark_gray")?,
+            Color::LightRed => write!(f, "light_red")?,
+            Color::LightGreen => write!(f, "light_green")?,
+            Color::LightYellow => write!(f, "light_yellow")?,
+            Color::LightBlue => write!(f, "light_blue")?,
+            Color::LightMagenta => write!(f, "light_magenta")?,
+            Color::LightCyan => write!(f, "light_cyan")?,
+            Color::White => write!(f, "white")?,
+            _ => unreachable!("covered by the first part of the if statement"),
+        }
+        write!(f, "()")
+    }
+}
+
 /// Generates two methods for each color, one for setting the foreground color (`red()`, `blue()`,
 /// etc) and one for setting the background color (`on_red()`, `on_blue()`, etc.). Each method sets
 /// the color of the style to the corresponding color.
@@ -124,8 +195,12 @@ macro_rules! modifier {
 /// by `not_`). The `reset()` method is also provided to reset the style.
 ///
 /// # Examples
-/// ```
-/// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// ```ignore
+/// use ratatui_core::{
+///     style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+///     text::Line,
+///     widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+/// };
 ///
 /// let span = "hello".red().on_blue().bold();
 /// let line = Line::from(vec![
@@ -231,6 +306,7 @@ impl Styled for String {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use itertools::Itertools;
+    use rstest::rstest;
 
     use super::*;
 
@@ -346,7 +422,7 @@ mod tests {
         // issue as above without the `Styled` trait impl for `String`
         let items = [String::from("a"), String::from("b")];
         let sss = items.iter().map(|s| format!("{s}{s}").red()).collect_vec();
-        assert_eq!(sss, vec![Span::from("aa").red(), Span::from("bb").red()]);
+        assert_eq!(sss, [Span::from("aa").red(), Span::from("bb").red()]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -423,4 +499,77 @@ mod tests {
             Span::styled("hello", all_modifier_black)
         );
     }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Color::Black, ".black()")]
+    #[case(Color::Red, ".red()")]
+    #[case(Color::Green, ".green()")]
+    #[case(Color::Yellow, ".yellow()")]
+    #[case(Color::Blue, ".blue()")]
+    #[case(Color::Magenta, ".magenta()")]
+    #[case(Color::Cyan, ".cyan()")]
+    #[case(Color::Gray, ".gray()")]
+    #[case(Color::DarkGray, ".dark_gray()")]
+    #[case(Color::LightRed, ".light_red()")]
+    #[case(Color::LightGreen, ".light_green()")]
+    #[case(Color::LightYellow, ".light_yellow()")]
+    #[case(Color::LightBlue, ".light_blue()")]
+    #[case(Color::LightMagenta, ".light_magenta()")]
+    #[case(Color::LightCyan, ".light_cyan()")]
+    #[case(Color::White, ".white()")]
+    #[case(Color::Indexed(10), ".fg(Color::Indexed(10))")]
+    #[case(Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0), ".fg(Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0))")]
+    fn stylize_debug_foreground(#[case] color: Color, #[case] expected: &str) {
+        let debug = color.stylize_debug(ColorDebugKind::Foreground);
+        assert_eq!(format!("{debug:?}"), expected);
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Color::Black, ".on_black()")]
+    #[case(Color::Red, ".on_red()")]
+    #[case(Color::Green, ".on_green()")]
+    #[case(Color::Yellow, ".on_yellow()")]
+    #[case(Color::Blue, ".on_blue()")]
+    #[case(Color::Magenta, ".on_magenta()")]
+    #[case(Color::Cyan, ".on_cyan()")]
+    #[case(Color::Gray, ".on_gray()")]
+    #[case(Color::DarkGray, ".on_dark_gray()")]
+    #[case(Color::LightRed, ".on_light_red()")]
+    #[case(Color::LightGreen, ".on_light_green()")]
+    #[case(Color::LightYellow, ".on_light_yellow()")]
+    #[case(Color::LightBlue, ".on_light_blue()")]
+    #[case(Color::LightMagenta, ".on_light_magenta()")]
+    #[case(Color::LightCyan, ".on_light_cyan()")]
+    #[case(Color::White, ".on_white()")]
+    #[case(Color::Indexed(10), ".bg(Color::Indexed(10))")]
+    #[case(Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0), ".bg(Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0))")]
+    fn stylize_debug_background(#[case] color: Color, #[case] expected: &str) {
+        let debug = color.stylize_debug(ColorDebugKind::Background);
+        assert_eq!(format!("{debug:?}"), expected);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(Color::Black, ".underline_color(Color::Black)")]
+    #[case(Color::Red, ".underline_color(Color::Red)")]
+    #[case(Color::Green, ".underline_color(Color::Green)")]
+    #[case(Color::Yellow, ".underline_color(Color::Yellow)")]
+    #[case(Color::Blue, ".underline_color(Color::Blue)")]
+    #[case(Color::Magenta, ".underline_color(Color::Magenta)")]
+    #[case(Color::Cyan, ".underline_color(Color::Cyan)")]
+    #[case(Color::Gray, ".underline_color(Color::Gray)")]
+    #[case(Color::DarkGray, ".underline_color(Color::DarkGray)")]
+    #[case(Color::LightRed, ".underline_color(Color::LightRed)")]
+    #[case(Color::LightGreen, ".underline_color(Color::LightGreen)")]
+    #[case(Color::LightYellow, ".underline_color(Color::LightYellow)")]
+    #[case(Color::LightBlue, ".underline_color(Color::LightBlue)")]
+    #[case(Color::LightMagenta, ".underline_color(Color::LightMagenta)")]
+    #[case(Color::LightCyan, ".underline_color(Color::LightCyan)")]
+    #[case(Color::White, ".underline_color(Color::White)")]
+    #[case(Color::Indexed(10), ".underline_color(Color::Indexed(10))")]
+    #[case(Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0), ".underline_color(Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0))")]
+    fn stylize_debug_underline(#[case] color: Color, #[case] expected: &str) {
+        let debug = color.stylize_debug(ColorDebugKind::Underline);
+        assert_eq!(format!("{debug:?}"), expected);
+    }
 }

ratatui-core/src/symbols.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//! Symbols and markers for drawing various widgets.
+
 use strum::{Display, EnumString};
 
 pub mod border;
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ pub enum Marker {
 }
 
 pub mod scrollbar {
-    use super::{block, line};
+    use crate::symbols::{block, line};
 
     /// Scrollbar Set
     /// ```text
@@ -203,6 +205,14 @@ pub mod scrollbar {
     };
 }
 
+pub mod shade {
+    pub const EMPTY: &str = " ";
+    pub const LIGHT: &str = "░";
+    pub const MEDIUM: &str = "▒";
+    pub const DARK: &str = "▓";
+    pub const FULL: &str = "█";
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use strum::ParseError;

ratatui-core/src/symbols/border.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::{block, line};
+use crate::symbols::{block, line};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Set {

ratatui-core/src/text.rs

@@ -1,25 +1,29 @@
 //! Primitives for styled text.
 //!
-//! A terminal UI is at its root a lot of strings. In order to make it accessible and stylish,
-//! those strings may be associated to a set of styles. `ratatui` has three ways to represent them:
+//! A terminal UI is at its root a lot of strings. In order to make it accessible and stylish, those
+//! strings may be associated to a set of styles. `ratatui` has three ways to represent them:
 //! - A single line string where all graphemes have the same style is represented by a [`Span`].
 //! - A single line string where each grapheme may have its own style is represented by [`Line`].
 //! - A multiple line string where each grapheme may have its own style is represented by a
 //!   [`Text`].
 //!
-//! These types form a hierarchy: [`Line`] is a collection of [`Span`] and each line of [`Text`]
-//! is a [`Line`].
+//! These types form a hierarchy: [`Line`] is a collection of [`Span`] and each line of [`Text`] is
+//! a [`Line`].
 //!
 //! Keep it mind that a lot of widgets will use those types to advertise what kind of string is
 //! supported for their properties. Moreover, `ratatui` provides convenient `From` implementations
 //! so that you can start by using simple `String` or `&str` and then promote them to the previous
 //! primitives when you need additional styling capabilities.
 //!
-//! For example, for the [`crate::widgets::Block`] widget, all the following calls are valid to set
-//! its `title` property (which is a [`Line`] under the hood):
+//! For example, for the `Block` widget, all the following calls are valid to set its `title`
+//! property (which is a [`Line`] under the hood):
 //!
-//! ```rust
-//! use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+//! ```rust,ignore
+//! use ratatui_core::{
+//!     style::{Color, Style},
+//!     text::{Line, Span},
+//!     widgets::Block,
+//! };
 //!
 //! // A simple string with no styling.
 //! // Converted to Line(vec![

ratatui-core/src/text/grapheme.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
+use crate::style::{Style, Styled};
 
 const NBSP: &str = "\u{00a0}";
 const ZWSP: &str = "\u{200b}";
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ impl<'a> StyledGrapheme<'a> {
     ///
     /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
     /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: crate::style::Color
     pub fn new<S: Into<Style>>(symbol: &'a str, style: S) -> Self {
         Self {
             symbol,
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ impl<'a> StyledGrapheme<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn is_whitespace(&self) -> bool {
+    pub fn is_whitespace(&self) -> bool {
         let symbol = self.symbol;
         symbol == ZWSP || symbol.chars().all(char::is_whitespace) && symbol != NBSP
     }
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ impl<'a> Styled for StyledGrapheme<'a> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use crate::style::Stylize;
 
     #[test]
     fn new() {

ratatui-core/src/text/line.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,13 @@ use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 
 use unicode_truncate::UnicodeTruncateStr;
 
-use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
+use crate::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
+    style::{Style, Styled},
+    text::{Span, StyledGrapheme, Text},
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
 
 /// A line of text, consisting of one or more [`Span`]s.
 ///
@@ -69,7 +75,10 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
 /// [`Style`].
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::{
+///     style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+///     text::{Line, Span},
+/// };
 ///
 /// let style = Style::new().yellow();
 /// let line = Line::raw("Hello, world!").style(style);
@@ -93,7 +102,11 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
 /// methods of the [`Stylize`] trait.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::{
+///     style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+///     text::Line,
+/// };
+///
 /// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").style(Style::new().yellow().italic());
 /// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").style(Color::Yellow);
 /// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").style((Color::Yellow, Color::Black));
@@ -108,7 +121,8 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
 /// ignored and the line is truncated.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::{layout::Alignment, text::Line};
+///
 /// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").alignment(Alignment::Right);
 /// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").centered();
 /// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").left_aligned();
@@ -120,26 +134,44 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
 /// `Line` implements the [`Widget`] trait, which means it can be rendered to a [`Buffer`].
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::{
+///     buffer::Buffer,
+///     layout::Rect,
+///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+///     text::Line,
+///     widgets::Widget,
+/// };
+///
 /// # fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
 /// // in another widget's render method
 /// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").style(Style::new().yellow().italic());
 /// line.render(area, buf);
 /// # }
+/// ```
 ///
+/// Or you can use the `render_widget` method on the `Frame` in a `Terminal::draw` closure.
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// # use ratatui::{Frame, layout::Rect, text::Line};
 /// # fn draw(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-/// // in a terminal.draw closure
-/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").style(Style::new().yellow().italic());
+/// let line = Line::from("Hello world!");
 /// frame.render_widget(line, area);
 /// # }
 /// ```
 /// ## Rendering Lines with a Paragraph widget
 ///
-/// Usually apps will use the [`Paragraph`] widget instead of rendering a [`Line`] directly as it
+/// Usually apps will use the `Paragraph` widget instead of rendering a [`Line`] directly as it
 /// provides more functionality.
 ///
-/// ```rust
-/// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     buffer::Buffer,
+///     layout::Rect,
+///     style::Stylize,
+///     text::Line,
+///     widgets::{Paragraph, Widget, Wrap},
+/// };
+///
 /// # fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
 /// let line = Line::from("Hello world!").yellow().italic();
 /// Paragraph::new(line)
@@ -148,17 +180,44 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
 /// # }
 /// ```
 ///
-/// [`Paragraph`]: crate::widgets::Paragraph
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+/// [`Stylize`]: crate::style::Stylize
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Line<'a> {
-    /// The spans that make up this line of text.
-    pub spans: Vec<Span<'a>>,
-
     /// The style of this line of text.
     pub style: Style,
 
     /// The alignment of this line of text.
     pub alignment: Option<Alignment>,
+
+    /// The spans that make up this line of text.
+    pub spans: Vec<Span<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Line<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        if self.spans.is_empty() {
+            f.write_str("Line::default()")?;
+        } else if self.spans.len() == 1 && self.spans[0].style == Style::default() {
+            f.write_str(r#"Line::from(""#)?;
+            f.write_str(&self.spans[0].content)?;
+            f.write_str(r#"")"#)?;
+        } else if self.spans.len() == 1 {
+            f.write_str("Line::from(")?;
+            self.spans[0].fmt(f)?;
+            f.write_str(")")?;
+        } else {
+            f.write_str("Line::from_iter(")?;
+            f.debug_list().entries(&self.spans).finish()?;
+            f.write_str(")")?;
+        }
+        self.style.fmt_stylize(f)?;
+        match self.alignment {
+            Some(Alignment::Left) => write!(f, ".left_aligned()"),
+            Some(Alignment::Center) => write!(f, ".centered()"),
+            Some(Alignment::Right) => write!(f, ".right_aligned()"),
+            None => Ok(()),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 fn cow_to_spans<'a>(content: impl Into<Cow<'a, str>>) -> Vec<Span<'a>> {
@@ -182,8 +241,10 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
-    /// # use std::borrow::Cow;
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::Line;
+    ///
     /// Line::raw("test content");
     /// Line::raw(String::from("test content"));
     /// Line::raw(Cow::from("test content"));
@@ -211,13 +272,20 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// Any newlines in the content are removed.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
-    /// # use std::borrow::Cow;
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+    ///     text::Line,
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let style = Style::new().yellow().italic();
     /// Line::styled("My text", style);
     /// Line::styled(String::from("My text"), style);
     /// Line::styled(Cow::from("test content"), style);
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: crate::style::Color
     pub fn styled<T, S>(content: T, style: S) -> Self
     where
         T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
@@ -238,7 +306,8 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{style::Stylize, text::Line};
+    ///
     /// let line = Line::default().spans(vec!["Hello".blue(), " world!".green()]);
     /// let line = Line::default().spans([1, 2, 3].iter().map(|i| format!("Item {}", i)));
     /// ```
@@ -265,9 +334,15 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+    ///     text::Line,
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let mut line = Line::from("foo").style(Style::new().red());
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: crate::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.style = style.into();
@@ -283,7 +358,8 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{layout::Alignment, text::Line};
+    ///
     /// let mut line = Line::from("Hi, what's up?");
     /// assert_eq!(None, line.alignment);
     /// assert_eq!(
@@ -308,7 +384,8 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::Line;
+    ///
     /// let line = Line::from("Hi, what's up?").left_aligned();
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
@@ -325,7 +402,8 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::Line;
+    ///
     /// let line = Line::from("Hi, what's up?").centered();
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
@@ -342,7 +420,8 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::Line;
+    ///
     /// let line = Line::from("Hi, what's up?").right_aligned();
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
@@ -355,7 +434,8 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{style::Stylize, text::Line};
+    ///
     /// let line = Line::from(vec!["Hello".blue(), " world!".green()]);
     /// assert_eq!(12, line.width());
     /// ```
@@ -376,7 +456,10 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// ```rust
     /// use std::iter::Iterator;
     ///
-    /// use ratatui::{prelude::*, text::StyledGrapheme};
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Color, Style},
+    ///     text::{Line, StyledGrapheme},
+    /// };
     ///
     /// let line = Line::styled("Text", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow));
     /// let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Green).bg(Color::Black);
@@ -391,6 +474,8 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     ///     ]
     /// );
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: crate::style::Color
     pub fn styled_graphemes<S: Into<Style>>(
         &'a self,
         base_style: S,
@@ -415,13 +500,19 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Color, Modifier},
+    ///     text::Line,
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let line = Line::styled("My text", Modifier::ITALIC);
     ///
     /// let styled_line = Line::styled("My text", (Color::Yellow, Modifier::ITALIC));
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(styled_line, line.patch_style(Color::Yellow));
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: crate::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn patch_style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.style = self.style.patch(style);
@@ -437,8 +528,12 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
     /// # let style = Style::default().yellow();
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+    ///     text::Line,
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let line = Line::styled("My text", style);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(Style::reset(), line.reset_style().style);
@@ -466,7 +561,8 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::{Line, Span};
+    ///
     /// let mut line = Line::from("Hello, ");
     /// line.push_span(Span::raw("world!"));
     /// line.push_span(" How are you?");
@@ -515,6 +611,12 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a str> for Line<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for Line<'a> {
+    fn from(s: Cow<'a, str>) -> Self {
+        Self::raw(s)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a> From<Vec<Span<'a>>> for Line<'a> {
     fn from(spans: Vec<Span<'a>>) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -581,12 +683,25 @@ impl<'a> Extend<Span<'a>> for Line<'a> {
 
 impl Widget for Line<'_> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        self.render_ref(area, buf);
+        Widget::render(&self, area, buf);
     }
 }
 
-impl WidgetRef for Line<'_> {
-    fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+impl Widget for &Line<'_> {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        self.render_with_alignment(area, buf, None);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Line<'_> {
+    /// An internal implementation method for `Widget::render` that allows the parent widget to
+    /// define a default alignment, to be used if `Line::alignment` is `None`.
+    pub(crate) fn render_with_alignment(
+        &self,
+        area: Rect,
+        buf: &mut Buffer,
+        parent_alignment: Option<Alignment>,
+    ) {
         let area = area.intersection(buf.area);
         if area.is_empty() {
             return;
@@ -599,10 +714,12 @@ impl WidgetRef for Line<'_> {
 
         buf.set_style(area, self.style);
 
+        let alignment = self.alignment.or(parent_alignment);
+
         let area_width = usize::from(area.width);
         let can_render_complete_line = line_width <= area_width;
         if can_render_complete_line {
-            let indent_width = match self.alignment {
+            let indent_width = match alignment {
                 Some(Alignment::Center) => (area_width.saturating_sub(line_width)) / 2,
                 Some(Alignment::Right) => area_width.saturating_sub(line_width),
                 Some(Alignment::Left) | None => 0,
@@ -613,7 +730,7 @@ impl WidgetRef for Line<'_> {
         } else {
             // There is not enough space to render the whole line. As the right side is truncated by
             // the area width, only truncate the left.
-            let skip_width = match self.alignment {
+            let skip_width = match alignment {
                 Some(Alignment::Center) => (line_width.saturating_sub(area_width)) / 2,
                 Some(Alignment::Right) => line_width.saturating_sub(area_width),
                 Some(Alignment::Left) | None => 0,
@@ -630,7 +747,7 @@ fn render_spans(spans: &[Span], mut area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, span_skip_widt
         if area.is_empty() {
             break;
         }
-        span.render_ref(area, buf);
+        span.render(area, buf);
         let span_width = u16::try_from(span_width).unwrap_or(u16::MAX);
         area = area.indent_x(span_width);
     }
@@ -732,6 +849,7 @@ mod tests {
     use rstest::{fixture, rstest};
 
     use super::*;
+    use crate::style::{Color, Modifier, Stylize};
 
     #[fixture]
     fn small_buf() -> Buffer {
@@ -741,11 +859,11 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn raw_str() {
         let line = Line::raw("test content");
-        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::raw("test content")]);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, [Span::raw("test content")]);
         assert_eq!(line.alignment, None);
 
         let line = Line::raw("a\nb");
-        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::raw("a"), Span::raw("b")]);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, [Span::raw("a"), Span::raw("b")]);
         assert_eq!(line.alignment, None);
     }
 
@@ -754,7 +872,7 @@ mod tests {
         let style = Style::new().yellow();
         let content = "Hello, world!";
         let line = Line::styled(content, style);
-        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::raw(content)]);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, [Span::raw(content)]);
         assert_eq!(line.style, style);
     }
 
@@ -763,7 +881,7 @@ mod tests {
         let style = Style::new().yellow();
         let content = String::from("Hello, world!");
         let line = Line::styled(content.clone(), style);
-        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::raw(content)]);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, [Span::raw(content)]);
         assert_eq!(line.style, style);
     }
 
@@ -772,7 +890,7 @@ mod tests {
         let style = Style::new().yellow();
         let content = Cow::from("Hello, world!");
         let line = Line::styled(content.clone(), style);
-        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::raw(content)]);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, [Span::raw(content)]);
         assert_eq!(line.style, style);
     }
 
@@ -861,28 +979,28 @@ mod tests {
     fn from_string() {
         let s = String::from("Hello, world!");
         let line = Line::from(s);
-        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::from("Hello, world!")]);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, [Span::from("Hello, world!")]);
 
         let s = String::from("Hello\nworld!");
         let line = Line::from(s);
-        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::from("Hello"), Span::from("world!")]);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, [Span::from("Hello"), Span::from("world!")]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn from_str() {
         let s = "Hello, world!";
         let line = Line::from(s);
-        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::from("Hello, world!")]);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, [Span::from("Hello, world!")]);
 
         let s = "Hello\nworld!";
         let line = Line::from(s);
-        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::from("Hello"), Span::from("world!")]);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, [Span::from("Hello"), Span::from("world!")]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn to_line() {
         let line = 42.to_line();
-        assert_eq!(vec![Span::from("42")], line.spans);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, [Span::from("42")]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -925,7 +1043,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn from_span() {
         let span = Span::styled("Hello, world!", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow));
         let line = Line::from(span.clone());
-        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![span],);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, [span]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -969,14 +1087,14 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn extend() {
         let mut line = Line::from("Hello, ");
-        line.extend(vec![Span::raw("world!")]);
-        assert_eq!(line.spans, vec![Span::raw("Hello, "), Span::raw("world!")]);
+        line.extend([Span::raw("world!")]);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans, [Span::raw("Hello, "), Span::raw("world!")]);
 
         let mut line = Line::from("Hello, ");
-        line.extend(vec![Span::raw("world! "), Span::raw("How are you?")]);
+        line.extend([Span::raw("world! "), Span::raw("How are you?")]);
         assert_eq!(
             line.spans,
-            vec![
+            [
                 Span::raw("Hello, "),
                 Span::raw("world! "),
                 Span::raw("How are you?")
@@ -1193,7 +1311,7 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["lo wo"]));
         }
 
-        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1032> which
         /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
         #[test]
         fn regression_1032() {
@@ -1201,7 +1319,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "🦀 RFC8628 OAuth 2.0 Device Authorization GrantでCLIからGithubのaccess tokenを取得する"
             );
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 83, 1));
-            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            line.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
             assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([
                 "🦀 RFC8628 OAuth 2.0 Device Authorization GrantでCLIからGithubのaccess tokenを取得 "
             ]));
@@ -1209,7 +1327,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         /// Documentary test to highlight the crab emoji width / length discrepancy
         ///
-        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1032> which
         /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
         #[test]
         fn crab_emoji_width() {
@@ -1220,7 +1338,7 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(crab.width(), 2); // display width
         }
 
-        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1032> which
         /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
         #[rstest]
         #[case::left_4(Alignment::Left, 4, "1234")]
@@ -1238,11 +1356,11 @@ mod tests {
         ) {
             let line = Line::from("1234🦀7890").alignment(alignment);
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, buf_width, 1));
-            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            line.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
             assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
         }
 
-        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1032> which
         /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
         ///
         /// centering is tricky because there's an ambiguity about whether to take one more char
@@ -1291,7 +1409,7 @@ mod tests {
             };
             let line = Line::from(value).centered();
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, buf_width, 1));
-            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            line.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
             assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
         }
 
@@ -1309,7 +1427,7 @@ mod tests {
             // Fill buffer with stuff to ensure the output is indeed padded
             let mut buf = Buffer::filled(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 1), Cell::new("X"));
             let area = Rect::new(2, 0, 6, 1);
-            line.render_ref(area, &mut buf);
+            line.render(area, &mut buf);
             assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
         }
 
@@ -1327,11 +1445,11 @@ mod tests {
             let area = Rect::new(0, 0, buf_width, 1);
             // Fill buffer with stuff to ensure the output is indeed padded
             let mut buf = Buffer::filled(area, Cell::new("X"));
-            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            line.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
             assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
         }
 
-        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1032> which
         /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
         ///
         /// Flag emoji are actually two independent characters, so they can be truncated in the
@@ -1345,7 +1463,7 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(str.width(), 6); // flag is 2 display width
         }
 
-        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1032> which
+        /// Part of a regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1032> which
         /// found panics with truncating lines that contained multi-byte characters.
         #[rstest]
         #[case::flag_1(1, " ")]
@@ -1358,7 +1476,7 @@ mod tests {
         fn render_truncates_flag(#[case] buf_width: u16, #[case] expected: &str) {
             let line = Line::from("🇺🇸1234");
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, buf_width, 1));
-            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            line.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
             assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
         }
 
@@ -1382,7 +1500,7 @@ mod tests {
             assert!(line.width() >= min_width);
 
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 32, 1));
-            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            line.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
             assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
         }
 
@@ -1406,9 +1524,16 @@ mod tests {
             assert!(line.width() >= min_width);
 
             let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 32, 1));
-            line.render_ref(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            line.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
             assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
         }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_with_newlines() {
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 11, 1));
+            Line::from("Hello\nworld!").render(Rect::new(0, 0, 11, 1), &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Helloworld!"]));
+        }
     }
 
     mod iterators {
@@ -1498,4 +1623,49 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(result, "Hello world!");
         }
     }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case::empty(Line::default(), "Line::default()")]
+    #[case::raw(Line::raw("Hello, world!"), r#"Line::from("Hello, world!")"#)]
+    #[case::styled(
+        Line::styled("Hello, world!", Color::Yellow),
+        r#"Line::from("Hello, world!").yellow()"#
+    )]
+    #[case::styled_complex(
+        Line::from(String::from("Hello, world!")).green().on_blue().bold().italic().not_dim(),
+        r#"Line::from("Hello, world!").green().on_blue().bold().italic().not_dim()"#
+    )]
+    #[case::styled_span(
+        Line::from(Span::styled("Hello, world!", Color::Yellow)),
+        r#"Line::from(Span::from("Hello, world!").yellow())"#
+    )]
+    #[case::styled_line_and_span(
+        Line::from(vec![
+            Span::styled("Hello", Color::Yellow),
+            Span::styled(" world!", Color::Green),
+        ]).italic(),
+        r#"Line::from_iter([Span::from("Hello").yellow(), Span::from(" world!").green()]).italic()"#
+    )]
+    #[case::spans_vec(
+        Line::from(vec![
+            Span::styled("Hello", Color::Blue),
+            Span::styled(" world!", Color::Green),
+        ]),
+        r#"Line::from_iter([Span::from("Hello").blue(), Span::from(" world!").green()])"#,
+    )]
+    #[case::left_aligned(
+        Line::from("Hello, world!").left_aligned(),
+        r#"Line::from("Hello, world!").left_aligned()"#
+    )]
+    #[case::centered(
+        Line::from("Hello, world!").centered(),
+        r#"Line::from("Hello, world!").centered()"#
+    )]
+    #[case::right_aligned(
+        Line::from("Hello, world!").right_aligned(),
+        r#"Line::from("Hello, world!").right_aligned()"#
+    )]
+    fn debug(#[case] line: Line, #[case] expected: &str) {
+        assert_eq!(format!("{line:?}"), expected);
+    }
 }

ratatui-core/src/text/masked.rs

@@ -1,21 +1,26 @@
 use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 
-use super::Text;
+use crate::text::Text;
 
 /// A wrapper around a string that is masked when displayed.
 ///
-/// The masked string is displayed as a series of the same character.
-/// This might be used to display a password field or similar secure data.
+/// The masked string is displayed as a series of the same character. This might be used to display
+/// a password field or similar secure data.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// use ratatui_core::{
+///     buffer::Buffer,
+///     layout::Rect,
+///     text::{Masked, Text},
+///     widgets::Widget,
+/// };
 ///
 /// let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1));
 /// let password = Masked::new("12345", 'x');
 ///
-/// Paragraph::new(password).render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
+/// Text::from(password).render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines(["xxxxx"]));
 /// ```
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
@@ -125,10 +130,10 @@ mod tests {
         let masked = Masked::new("12345", 'x');
 
         let text: Text = (&masked).into();
-        assert_eq!(text.lines, vec![Line::from("xxxxx")]);
+        assert_eq!(text.lines, [Line::from("xxxxx")]);
 
         let text: Text = masked.into();
-        assert_eq!(text.lines, vec![Line::from("xxxxx")]);
+        assert_eq!(text.lines, [Line::from("xxxxx")]);
     }
 
     #[test]

ratatui-core/src/text/span.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,13 @@ use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
-use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
+use crate::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::{Style, Styled},
+    text::{Line, StyledGrapheme},
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
 
 /// Represents a part of a line that is contiguous and where all characters share the same style.
 ///
@@ -36,7 +42,7 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
 /// any type convertible to [`Cow<str>`].
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::text::Span;
 ///
 /// let span = Span::raw("test content");
 /// let span = Span::raw(String::from("test content"));
@@ -50,7 +56,10 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
 /// the [`Stylize`] trait.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::{
+///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+///     text::Span,
+/// };
 ///
 /// let span = Span::styled("test content", Style::new().green());
 /// let span = Span::styled(String::from("test content"), Style::new().green());
@@ -64,7 +73,7 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
 /// defined in the [`Stylize`] trait.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::{style::Stylize, text::Span};
 ///
 /// let span = Span::raw("test content").green().on_yellow().italic();
 /// let span = Span::raw(String::from("test content"))
@@ -73,27 +82,40 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, text::StyledGrapheme};
 ///     .italic();
 /// ```
 ///
-/// `Span` implements the [`Widget`] trait, which allows it to be rendered to a [`Buffer`]. Usually
-/// apps will use the [`Paragraph`] widget instead of rendering `Span` directly, as it handles text
+/// `Span` implements the [`Widget`] trait, which allows it to be rendered to a [`Buffer`]. Often
+/// apps will use the `Paragraph` widget instead of rendering `Span` directly, as it handles text
 /// wrapping and alignment for you.
 ///
-/// ```rust
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// use ratatui::{style::Stylize, Frame};
 ///
 /// # fn render_frame(frame: &mut Frame) {
-/// frame.render_widget("test content".green().on_yellow().italic(), frame.size());
+/// frame.render_widget("test content".green().on_yellow().italic(), frame.area());
 /// # }
 /// ```
 /// [`Line`]: crate::text::Line
-/// [`Paragraph`]: crate::widgets::Paragraph
 /// [`Stylize`]: crate::style::Stylize
 /// [`Cow<str>`]: std::borrow::Cow
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Span<'a> {
-    /// The content of the span as a Clone-on-write string.
-    pub content: Cow<'a, str>,
     /// The style of the span.
     pub style: Style,
+    /// The content of the span as a Clone-on-write string.
+    pub content: Cow<'a, str>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Span<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        if self.content.is_empty() {
+            write!(f, "Span::default()")?;
+        } else {
+            write!(f, "Span::from({:?})", self.content)?;
+        }
+        if self.style != Style::default() {
+            self.style.fmt_stylize(f)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a> Span<'a> {
@@ -102,7 +124,8 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::Span;
+    ///
     /// Span::raw("test content");
     /// Span::raw(String::from("test content"));
     /// ```
@@ -127,11 +150,17 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+    ///     text::Span,
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let style = Style::new().yellow().on_green().italic();
     /// Span::styled("test content", style);
     /// Span::styled(String::from("test content"), style);
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: crate::style::Color
     pub fn styled<T, S>(content: T, style: S) -> Self
     where
         T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
@@ -153,7 +182,8 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::Span;
+    ///
     /// let mut span = Span::default().content("content");
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
@@ -178,9 +208,15 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+    ///     text::Span,
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let mut span = Span::default().style(Style::new().green());
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: crate::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.style = style.into();
@@ -197,11 +233,17 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+    ///     text::Span,
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let span = Span::styled("test content", Style::new().green().italic())
     ///     .patch_style(Style::new().red().on_yellow().bold());
     /// assert_eq!(span.style, Style::new().red().on_yellow().italic().bold());
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: crate::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn patch_style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.style = self.style.patch(style);
@@ -217,7 +259,11 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+    ///     text::Span,
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let span = Span::styled(
     ///     "Test Content",
     ///     Style::new().dark_gray().on_yellow().italic(),
@@ -248,7 +294,10 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     /// ```rust
     /// use std::iter::Iterator;
     ///
-    /// use ratatui::{prelude::*, text::StyledGrapheme};
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+    ///     text::{Span, StyledGrapheme},
+    /// };
     ///
     /// let span = Span::styled("Test", Style::new().green().italic());
     /// let style = Style::new().red().on_yellow();
@@ -263,6 +312,8 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     ///     ],
     /// );
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: crate::style::Color
     pub fn styled_graphemes<S: Into<Style>>(
         &'a self,
         base_style: S,
@@ -280,7 +331,8 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::Stylize;
+    ///
     /// let line = "Test Content".green().italic().into_left_aligned_line();
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
@@ -299,7 +351,8 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::Stylize;
+    ///
     /// let line = "Test Content".green().italic().into_centered_line();
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
@@ -318,7 +371,8 @@ impl<'a> Span<'a> {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::style::Stylize;
+    ///
     /// let line = "Test Content".green().italic().into_right_aligned_line();
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
@@ -364,12 +418,12 @@ impl<'a> Styled for Span<'a> {
 
 impl Widget for Span<'_> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        self.render_ref(area, buf);
+        Widget::render(&self, area, buf);
     }
 }
 
-impl WidgetRef for Span<'_> {
-    fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+impl Widget for &Span<'_> {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let area = area.intersection(buf.area);
         if area.is_empty() {
             return;
@@ -384,23 +438,23 @@ impl WidgetRef for Span<'_> {
 
             if i == 0 {
                 // the first grapheme is always set on the cell
-                buf.get_mut(x, y)
+                buf[(x, y)]
                     .set_symbol(grapheme.symbol)
                     .set_style(grapheme.style);
             } else if x == area.x {
                 // there is one or more zero-width graphemes in the first cell, so the first cell
                 // must be appended to.
-                buf.get_mut(x, y)
+                buf[(x, y)]
                     .append_symbol(grapheme.symbol)
                     .set_style(grapheme.style);
             } else if symbol_width == 0 {
                 // append zero-width graphemes to the previous cell
-                buf.get_mut(x - 1, y)
+                buf[(x - 1, y)]
                     .append_symbol(grapheme.symbol)
                     .set_style(grapheme.style);
             } else {
                 // just a normal grapheme (not first, not zero-width, not overflowing the area)
-                buf.get_mut(x, y)
+                buf[(x, y)]
                     .set_symbol(grapheme.symbol)
                     .set_style(grapheme.style);
             }
@@ -411,7 +465,7 @@ impl WidgetRef for Span<'_> {
             for x_hidden in (x + 1)..next_x {
                 // it may seem odd that the style of the hidden cells are not set to the style of
                 // the grapheme, but this is how the existing buffer.set_span() method works.
-                buf.get_mut(x_hidden, y).reset();
+                buf[(x_hidden, y)].reset();
             }
             x = next_x;
         }
@@ -443,16 +497,19 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display> ToSpan for T {
 
 impl fmt::Display for Span<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.content, f)
+        for line in self.content.lines() {
+            fmt::Display::fmt(line, f)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use buffer::Cell;
-    use rstest::fixture;
+    use rstest::{fixture, rstest};
 
     use super::*;
+    use crate::{buffer::Cell, layout::Alignment, style::Stylize};
 
     #[fixture]
     fn small_buf() -> Buffer {
@@ -566,6 +623,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(Span::raw("").width(), 0);
         assert_eq!(Span::raw("test").width(), 4);
         assert_eq!(Span::raw("test content").width(), 12);
+        // Needs reconsideration: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1271
+        assert_eq!(Span::raw("test\ncontent").width(), 12);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -579,6 +638,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(stylized.content, Cow::Borrowed("test content"));
         assert_eq!(stylized.style, Style::new().green().on_yellow().bold());
     }
+
     #[test]
     fn display_span() {
         let span = Span::raw("test content");
@@ -586,6 +646,12 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(format!("{span:.4}"), "test");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn display_newline_span() {
+        let span = Span::raw("test\ncontent");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{span}"), "testcontent");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn display_styled_span() {
         let stylized_span = Span::styled("stylized test content", Style::new().green());
@@ -764,9 +830,17 @@ mod tests {
                 [Cell::new("a"), Cell::new("b"), Cell::new("c\u{200B}")]
             );
         }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_with_newlines() {
+            let span = Span::raw("a\nb");
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 1));
+            span.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf.content(), [Cell::new("a"), Cell::new("b")]);
+        }
     }
 
-    /// Regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/1160> One line contains
+    /// Regression test for <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1160> One line contains
     /// some Unicode Left-Right-Marks (U+200E)
     ///
     /// The issue was that a zero-width character at the end of the buffer causes the buffer bounds
@@ -811,4 +885,16 @@ mod tests {
             Line::from(vec![Span::raw("test"), Span::raw("content")])
         );
     }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case::default(Span::default(), "Span::default()")]
+    #[case::raw(Span::raw("test"), r#"Span::from("test")"#)]
+    #[case::styled(Span::styled("test", Style::new().green()), r#"Span::from("test").green()"#)]
+    #[case::styled_italic(
+        Span::styled("test", Style::new().green().italic()),
+        r#"Span::from("test").green().italic()"#
+    )]
+    fn debug(#[case] span: Span, #[case] expected: &str) {
+        assert_eq!(format!("{span:?}"), expected);
+    }
 }

ratatui-core/src/text/text.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #![warn(missing_docs)]
 use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 
-use itertools::{Itertools, Position};
-
-use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
+use crate::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
+    style::{Style, Styled},
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
 
 /// A string split over one or more lines.
 ///
@@ -64,7 +68,10 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
 /// ```rust
 /// use std::{borrow::Cow, iter};
 ///
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::{
+///     style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+///     text::{Line, Span, Text},
+/// };
 ///
 /// let style = Style::new().yellow().italic();
 /// let text = Text::raw("The first line\nThe second line").style(style);
@@ -101,7 +108,11 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
 /// [`Stylize`] trait.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::{
+///     style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
+///     text::{Line, Text},
+/// };
+///
 /// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line").style(Style::new().yellow().italic());
 /// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line")
 ///     .yellow()
@@ -118,7 +129,11 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
 /// Lines composing the text can also be individually aligned with [`Line::alignment`].
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui_core::{
+///     layout::Alignment,
+///     text::{Line, Text},
+/// };
+///
 /// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line").alignment(Alignment::Right);
 /// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line").right_aligned();
 /// let text = Text::from(vec![
@@ -131,17 +146,23 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
 ///
 /// ## Rendering Text
 /// `Text` implements the [`Widget`] trait, which means it can be rendered to a [`Buffer`] or to a
-/// [`Frame`].
+/// `Frame`.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// # use ratatui_core::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect};
+/// use ratatui_core::{text::Text, widgets::Widget};
+///
 /// // within another widget's `render` method:
 /// # fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
 /// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
 /// text.render(area, buf);
 /// # }
+/// ```
 ///
-/// // within a terminal.draw closure:
+/// Or you can use the `render_widget` method on a `Frame` within a `Terminal::draw` closure.
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// # use ratatui::{Frame, layout::Rect, text::Text};
 /// # fn draw(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
 /// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
 /// frame.render_widget(text, area);
@@ -150,11 +171,17 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
 ///
 /// ## Rendering Text with a Paragraph Widget
 ///
-/// Usually apps will use the [`Paragraph`] widget instead of rendering a `Text` directly as it
+/// Usually apps will use the `Paragraph` widget instead of rendering a `Text` directly as it
 /// provides more functionality.
 ///
-/// ```rust
-/// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     buffer::Buffer,
+///     layout::Rect,
+///     text::Text,
+///     widgets::{Paragraph, Widget, Wrap},
+/// };
+///
 /// # fn render(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
 /// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
 /// let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
@@ -165,14 +192,37 @@ use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled};
 /// ```
 ///
 /// [`Paragraph`]: crate::widgets::Paragraph
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+/// [`Stylize`]: crate::style::Stylize
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Text<'a> {
-    /// The lines that make up this piece of text.
-    pub lines: Vec<Line<'a>>,
-    /// The style of this text.
-    pub style: Style,
     /// The alignment of this text.
     pub alignment: Option<Alignment>,
+    /// The style of this text.
+    pub style: Style,
+    /// The lines that make up this piece of text.
+    pub lines: Vec<Line<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Text<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        if self.lines.is_empty() {
+            f.write_str("Text::default()")?;
+        } else if self.lines.len() == 1 {
+            write!(f, "Text::from({:?})", self.lines[0])?;
+        } else {
+            f.write_str("Text::from_iter(")?;
+            f.debug_list().entries(self.lines.iter()).finish()?;
+            f.write_str(")")?;
+        }
+        self.style.fmt_stylize(f)?;
+        match self.alignment {
+            Some(Alignment::Left) => f.write_str(".left_aligned()")?,
+            Some(Alignment::Center) => f.write_str(".centered()")?,
+            Some(Alignment::Right) => f.write_str(".right_aligned()")?,
+            _ => (),
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a> Text<'a> {
@@ -181,7 +231,8 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::Text;
+    ///
     /// Text::raw("The first line\nThe second line");
     /// Text::raw(String::from("The first line\nThe second line"));
     /// ```
@@ -206,13 +257,19 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    ///     text::Text,
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let style = Style::default()
     ///     .fg(Color::Yellow)
     ///     .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
     /// Text::styled("The first line\nThe second line", style);
     /// Text::styled(String::from("The first line\nThe second line"), style);
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: crate::style::Color
     pub fn styled<T, S>(content: T, style: S) -> Self
     where
         T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
@@ -226,7 +283,8 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::Text;
+    ///
     /// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
     /// assert_eq!(15, text.width());
     /// ```
@@ -239,7 +297,8 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::Text;
+    ///
     /// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
     /// assert_eq!(2, text.height());
     /// ```
@@ -260,9 +319,15 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     ///
     /// # Examples
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+    ///     text::Text,
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let mut line = Text::from("foo").style(Style::new().red());
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: crate::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.style = style.into();
@@ -286,7 +351,11 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Color, Modifier},
+    ///     text::Text,
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let raw_text = Text::styled("The first line\nThe second line", Modifier::ITALIC);
     /// let styled_text = Text::styled(
     ///     String::from("The first line\nThe second line"),
@@ -297,6 +366,9 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// let raw_text = raw_text.patch_style(Color::Yellow);
     /// assert_eq!(raw_text, styled_text);
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: crate::style::Color
+    /// [`Stylize`]: crate::style::Stylize
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn patch_style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.style = self.style.patch(style);
@@ -312,7 +384,11 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    ///     text::Text,
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let text = Text::styled(
     ///     "The first line\nThe second line",
     ///     (Color::Yellow, Modifier::ITALIC),
@@ -339,7 +415,8 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// Set alignment to the whole text.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{layout::Alignment, text::Text};
+    ///
     /// let mut text = Text::from("Hi, what's up?");
     /// assert_eq!(None, text.alignment);
     /// assert_eq!(
@@ -351,7 +428,11 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// Set a default alignment and override it on a per line basis.
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::{
+    ///     layout::Alignment,
+    ///     text::{Line, Text},
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let text = Text::from(vec![
     ///     Line::from("left").alignment(Alignment::Left),
     ///     Line::from("default"),
@@ -388,7 +469,8 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::Text;
+    ///
     /// let text = Text::from("Hi, what's up?").left_aligned();
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
@@ -407,7 +489,8 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::Text;
+    ///
     /// let text = Text::from("Hi, what's up?").centered();
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
@@ -426,7 +509,8 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::Text;
+    ///
     /// let text = Text::from("Hi, what's up?").right_aligned();
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
@@ -452,7 +536,8 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::{Line, Span, Text};
+    ///
     /// let mut text = Text::from("Hello, world!");
     /// text.push_line(Line::from("How are you?"));
     /// text.push_line(Span::from("How are you?"));
@@ -470,7 +555,8 @@ impl<'a> Text<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use ratatui_core::text::{Span, Text};
+    ///
     /// let mut text = Text::from("Hello, world!");
     /// text.push_span(Span::from("How are you?"));
     /// text.push_span("How are you?");
@@ -632,12 +718,11 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display> ToText for T {
 
 impl fmt::Display for Text<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        for (position, line) in self.iter().with_position() {
-            if position == Position::Last {
-                write!(f, "{line}")?;
-            } else {
+        if let Some((last, rest)) = self.lines.split_last() {
+            for line in rest {
                 writeln!(f, "{line}")?;
             }
+            write!(f, "{last}")?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -645,31 +730,16 @@ impl fmt::Display for Text<'_> {
 
 impl Widget for Text<'_> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        self.render_ref(area, buf);
+        Widget::render(&self, area, buf)
     }
 }
 
-impl WidgetRef for Text<'_> {
-    fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+impl Widget for &Text<'_> {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let area = area.intersection(buf.area);
         buf.set_style(area, self.style);
-        for (line, row) in self.iter().zip(area.rows()) {
-            let line_width = line.width() as u16;
-
-            let x_offset = match (self.alignment, line.alignment) {
-                (Some(Alignment::Center), None) => area.width.saturating_sub(line_width) / 2,
-                (Some(Alignment::Right), None) => area.width.saturating_sub(line_width),
-                _ => 0,
-            };
-
-            let line_area = Rect {
-                x: area.x + x_offset,
-                y: row.y,
-                width: area.width - x_offset,
-                height: 1,
-            };
-
-            line.render(line_area, buf);
+        for (line, line_area) in self.iter().zip(area.rows()) {
+            line.render_with_alignment(line_area, buf, self.alignment);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -693,6 +763,7 @@ mod tests {
     use rstest::{fixture, rstest};
 
     use super::*;
+    use crate::style::{Color, Modifier, Stylize};
 
     #[fixture]
     fn small_buf() -> Buffer {
@@ -794,7 +865,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn from_line() {
         let text = Text::from(Line::from("The first line"));
-        assert_eq!(text.lines, vec![Line::from("The first line")]);
+        assert_eq!(text.lines, [Line::from("The first line")]);
     }
 
     #[rstest]
@@ -945,11 +1016,12 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn display_raw_text() {
-        let text = Text::raw("The first line\nThe second line");
-
-        assert_eq!(format!("{text}"), "The first line\nThe second line");
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case::one_line("The first line")]
+    #[case::multiple_lines("The first line\nThe second line")]
+    fn display_raw_text(#[case] value: &str) {
+        let text = Text::raw(value);
+        assert_eq!(format!("{text}"), value);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1041,7 +1113,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn push_line_empty() {
         let mut text = Text::default();
         text.push_line(Line::from("Hello, world!"));
-        assert_eq!(text.lines, vec![Line::from("Hello, world!")]);
+        assert_eq!(text.lines, [Line::from("Hello, world!")]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1063,7 +1135,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn push_span_empty() {
         let mut text = Text::default();
         text.push_span(Span::raw("Hello, world!"));
-        assert_eq!(text.lines, vec![Line::from(Span::raw("Hello, world!"))],);
+        assert_eq!(text.lines, [Line::from(Span::raw("Hello, world!"))]);
     }
 
     mod widget {
@@ -1112,6 +1184,33 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines([" foo  "]));
         }
 
+        #[test]
+        fn render_right_aligned_with_truncation() {
+            let text = Text::from("123456789").alignment(Alignment::Right);
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
+            text.render(area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["56789"]));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_centered_odd_with_truncation() {
+            let text = Text::from("123456789").alignment(Alignment::Center);
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 1);
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
+            text.render(area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["34567"]));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn render_centered_even_with_truncation() {
+            let text = Text::from("123456789").alignment(Alignment::Center);
+            let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 1);
+            let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
+            text.render(area, &mut buf);
+            assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["234567"]));
+        }
+
         #[test]
         fn render_one_line_right() {
             let text = Text::from(vec![
@@ -1234,4 +1333,69 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(result, "Hello world!");
         }
     }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case::default(Text::default(), "Text::default()")]
+    // TODO jm: these could be improved to inspect the line / span if there's only one. e.g.
+    // Text::from("Hello, world!") and Text::from("Hello, world!".blue()) but the current
+    // implementation is good enough for now.
+    #[case::raw(
+        Text::raw("Hello, world!"),
+        r#"Text::from(Line::from("Hello, world!"))"#
+    )]
+    #[case::styled(
+        Text::styled("Hello, world!", Color::Yellow),
+        r#"Text::from(Line::from("Hello, world!")).yellow()"#
+    )]
+    #[case::complex_styled(
+        Text::from("Hello, world!").yellow().on_blue().bold().italic().not_dim().not_hidden(),
+        r#"Text::from(Line::from("Hello, world!")).yellow().on_blue().bold().italic().not_dim().not_hidden()"#
+    )]
+    #[case::alignment(
+        Text::from("Hello, world!").centered(),
+        r#"Text::from(Line::from("Hello, world!")).centered()"#
+    )]
+    #[case::styled_alignment(
+        Text::styled("Hello, world!", Color::Yellow).centered(),
+        r#"Text::from(Line::from("Hello, world!")).yellow().centered()"#
+    )]
+    #[case::multiple_lines(
+        Text::from(vec![
+            Line::from("Hello, world!"),
+            Line::from("How are you?")
+        ]),
+        r#"Text::from_iter([Line::from("Hello, world!"), Line::from("How are you?")])"#
+    )]
+    fn debug(#[case] text: Text, #[case] expected: &str) {
+        assert_eq!(format!("{text:?}"), expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn debug_alternate() {
+        let text = Text::from_iter([
+            Line::from("Hello, world!"),
+            Line::from("How are you?").bold().left_aligned(),
+            Line::from_iter([
+                Span::from("I'm "),
+                Span::from("doing ").italic(),
+                Span::from("great!").bold(),
+            ]),
+        ])
+        .on_blue()
+        .italic()
+        .centered();
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{text:#?}"),
+            indoc::indoc! {r#"
+            Text::from_iter([
+                Line::from("Hello, world!"),
+                Line::from("How are you?").bold().left_aligned(),
+                Line::from_iter([
+                    Span::from("I'm "),
+                    Span::from("doing ").italic(),
+                    Span::from("great!").bold(),
+                ]),
+            ]).on_blue().italic().centered()"#}
+        );
+    }
 }

ratatui-core/src/widgets.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#![warn(missing_docs)]
+//! The `widgets` module contains the `Widget` and `StatefulWidget` traits, which are used to
+//! render UI elements on the screen.
+
+pub use self::{stateful_widget::StatefulWidget, widget::Widget};
+
+mod stateful_widget;
+mod widget;

ratatui-core/src/widgets/stateful_widget.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+use crate::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect};
+
+/// A `StatefulWidget` is a widget that can take advantage of some local state to remember things
+/// between two draw calls.
+///
+/// Most widgets can be drawn directly based on the input parameters. However, some features may
+/// require some kind of associated state to be implemented.
+///
+/// For example, the `List` widget can highlight the item currently selected. This can be translated
+/// in an offset, which is the number of elements to skip in order to have the selected item within
+/// the viewport currently allocated to this widget. The widget can therefore only provide the
+/// following behavior: whenever the selected item is out of the viewport scroll to a predefined
+/// position (making the selected item the last viewable item or the one in the middle for example).
+/// Nonetheless, if the widget has access to the last computed offset then it can implement a
+/// natural scrolling experience where the last offset is reused until the selected item is out of
+/// the viewport.
+///
+/// ## Examples
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// use std::io;
+///
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     backend::TestBackend,
+///     widgets::{List, ListItem, ListState, StatefulWidget, Widget},
+///     Terminal,
+/// };
+///
+/// // Let's say we have some events to display.
+/// struct Events {
+///     // `items` is the state managed by your application.
+///     items: Vec<String>,
+///     // `state` is the state that can be modified by the UI. It stores the index of the selected
+///     // item as well as the offset computed during the previous draw call (used to implement
+///     // natural scrolling).
+///     state: ListState,
+/// }
+///
+/// impl Events {
+///     fn new(items: Vec<String>) -> Events {
+///         Events {
+///             items,
+///             state: ListState::default(),
+///         }
+///     }
+///
+///     pub fn set_items(&mut self, items: Vec<String>) {
+///         self.items = items;
+///         // We reset the state as the associated items have changed. This effectively reset
+///         // the selection as well as the stored offset.
+///         self.state = ListState::default();
+///     }
+///
+///     // Select the next item. This will not be reflected until the widget is drawn in the
+///     // `Terminal::draw` callback using `Frame::render_stateful_widget`.
+///     pub fn next(&mut self) {
+///         let i = match self.state.selected() {
+///             Some(i) => {
+///                 if i >= self.items.len() - 1 {
+///                     0
+///                 } else {
+///                     i + 1
+///                 }
+///             }
+///             None => 0,
+///         };
+///         self.state.select(Some(i));
+///     }
+///
+///     // Select the previous item. This will not be reflected until the widget is drawn in the
+///     // `Terminal::draw` callback using `Frame::render_stateful_widget`.
+///     pub fn previous(&mut self) {
+///         let i = match self.state.selected() {
+///             Some(i) => {
+///                 if i == 0 {
+///                     self.items.len() - 1
+///                 } else {
+///                     i - 1
+///                 }
+///             }
+///             None => 0,
+///         };
+///         self.state.select(Some(i));
+///     }
+///
+///     // Unselect the currently selected item if any. The implementation of `ListState` makes
+///     // sure that the stored offset is also reset.
+///     pub fn unselect(&mut self) {
+///         self.state.select(None);
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
+/// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+///
+/// let mut events = Events::new(vec![String::from("Item 1"), String::from("Item 2")]);
+///
+/// loop {
+///     terminal.draw(|f| {
+///         // The items managed by the application are transformed to something
+///         // that is understood by ratatui.
+///         let items: Vec<ListItem> = events
+///             .items
+///             .iter()
+///             .map(|i| ListItem::new(i.as_str()))
+///             .collect();
+///         // The `List` widget is then built with those items.
+///         let list = List::new(items);
+///         // Finally the widget is rendered using the associated state. `events.state` is
+///         // effectively the only thing that we will "remember" from this draw call.
+///         f.render_stateful_widget(list, f.size(), &mut events.state);
+///     });
+///
+///     // In response to some input events or an external http request or whatever:
+///     events.next();
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub trait StatefulWidget {
+    /// State associated with the stateful widget.
+    ///
+    /// If you don't need this then you probably want to implement [`Widget`] instead.
+    ///
+    /// [`Widget`]: super::Widget
+    type State: ?Sized;
+    /// Draws the current state of the widget in the given buffer. That is the only method required
+    /// to implement a custom stateful widget.
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State);
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use rstest::{fixture, rstest};
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, text::Line, widgets::Widget};
+
+    #[fixture]
+    fn buf() -> Buffer {
+        Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 1))
+    }
+
+    #[fixture]
+    fn state() -> String {
+        "world".to_string()
+    }
+
+    struct PersonalGreeting;
+
+    impl StatefulWidget for PersonalGreeting {
+        type State = String;
+        fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State) {
+            Line::from(format!("Hello {state}")).render(area, buf);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn render(mut buf: Buffer, mut state: String) {
+        let widget = PersonalGreeting;
+        widget.render(buf.area, &mut buf, &mut state);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello world         "]));
+    }
+
+    struct Bytes;
+
+    /// A widget with an unsized state type.
+    impl StatefulWidget for Bytes {
+        type State = [u8];
+        fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State) {
+            let slice = std::str::from_utf8(state).unwrap();
+            Line::from(format!("Bytes: {slice}")).render(area, buf);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn render_unsized_state_type(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        let widget = Bytes;
+        let state = b"hello";
+        widget.render(buf.area, &mut buf, &mut state.clone());
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Bytes: hello        "]));
+    }
+}

ratatui-core/src/widgets/widget.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+use crate::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, style::Style};
+
+/// A `Widget` is a type that can be drawn on a [`Buffer`] in a given [`Rect`].
+///
+/// Prior to Ratatui 0.26.0, widgets generally were created for each frame as they were consumed
+/// during rendering. This meant that they were not meant to be stored but used as *commands* to
+/// draw common figures in the UI.
+///
+/// Starting with Ratatui 0.26.0, all the internal widgets implement Widget for a reference to
+/// themselves. This allows you to store a reference to a widget and render it later. Widget crates
+/// should consider also doing this to allow for more flexibility in how widgets are used.
+///
+/// In Ratatui 0.26.0, we also added an unstable `WidgetRef` trait and implemented this on all the
+/// internal widgets. In addition to the above benefit of rendering references to widgets, this also
+/// allows you to render boxed widgets. This is useful when you want to store a collection of
+/// widgets with different types. You can then iterate over the collection and render each widget.
+/// See <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1287> for more information.
+///
+/// In general where you expect a widget to immutably work on its data, we recommended to implement
+/// `Widget` for a reference to the widget (`impl Widget for &MyWidget`). If you need to store state
+/// between draw calls, implement `StatefulWidget` if you want the Widget to be immutable, or
+/// implement `Widget` for a mutable reference to the widget (`impl Widget for &mut MyWidget`) if
+/// you want the widget to be mutable. The mutable widget pattern is used infrequently in apps, but
+/// can be quite useful.
+///
+/// A blanket implementation of `Widget` for `&W` where `W` implements `WidgetRef` is provided.
+/// Widget is also implemented for `&str` and `String` types.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     backend::TestBackend,
+///     widgets::{Clear, Widget},
+///     Terminal,
+/// };
+/// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
+/// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+///
+/// terminal.draw(|frame| {
+///     frame.render_widget(Clear, frame.area());
+/// });
+/// ```
+///
+/// It's common to render widgets inside other widgets:
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use ratatui_core::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, text::Line, widgets::Widget};
+///
+/// struct MyWidget;
+///
+/// impl Widget for MyWidget {
+///     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+///         Line::raw("Hello").render(area, buf);
+///     }
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub trait Widget {
+    /// Draws the current state of the widget in the given buffer. That is the only method required
+    /// to implement a custom widget.
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer)
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+}
+
+/// Renders a string slice as a widget.
+///
+/// This implementation allows a string slice (`&str`) to act as a widget, meaning it can be drawn
+/// onto a [`Buffer`] in a specified [`Rect`]. The slice represents a static string which can be
+/// rendered by reference, thereby avoiding the need for string cloning or ownership transfer when
+/// drawing the text to the screen.
+impl Widget for &str {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        buf.set_stringn(area.x, area.y, self, area.width as usize, Style::new());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Renders a `String` object as a widget.
+///
+/// This implementation enables an owned `String` to be treated as a widget, which can be rendered
+/// on a [`Buffer`] within the bounds of a given [`Rect`].
+impl Widget for String {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        buf.set_stringn(area.x, area.y, self, area.width as usize, Style::new());
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W: Widget> Widget for Option<W> {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        if let Some(widget) = self {
+            widget.render(area, buf);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use rstest::{fixture, rstest};
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, text::Line};
+
+    #[fixture]
+    fn buf() -> Buffer {
+        Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 1))
+    }
+
+    struct Greeting;
+
+    impl Widget for Greeting {
+        fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+            Line::from("Hello").render(area, buf);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn render(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        let widget = Greeting;
+        widget.render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["Hello               "]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn render_str(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        "hello world".render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn render_str_truncate(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        let area = Rect::new(buf.area.x, buf.area.y, 11, buf.area.height);
+        "hello world, just hello".render(area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn render_option_str(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        Some("hello world").render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn render_string(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        String::from("hello world").render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn render_string_truncate(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        let area = Rect::new(buf.area.x, buf.area.y, 11, buf.area.height);
+        String::from("hello world, just hello").render(area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn render_option_string(mut buf: Buffer) {
+        Some(String::from("hello world")).render(buf.area, &mut buf);
+        assert_eq!(buf, Buffer::with_lines(["hello world         "]));
+    }
+}

ratatui-crossterm/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+[package]
+name = "ratatui-crossterm"
+version = "0.1.0-alpha.0"
+description = "Crossterm backend for the Ratatui Terminal UI library."
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/ratatui-crossterm/"
+readme = "README.md"
+authors.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+keywords.workspace = true
+categories.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+exclude.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+
+[features]
+default = ["underline-color"]
+
+## enables the backend code that sets the underline color.
+## Underline color is only supported by the [`CrosstermBackend`](backend::CrosstermBackend) backend,
+## and is not supported on Windows 7.
+underline-color = ["ratatui-core/underline-color"]
+
+## Use terminal scrolling regions to make Terminal::insert_before less prone to flickering.
+scrolling-regions = ["ratatui-core/scrolling-regions"]
+
+#! The following features are unstable and may change in the future:
+
+## Enable all unstable features.
+unstable = ["unstable-backend-writer"]
+
+## Enables getting access to backends' writers.
+unstable-backend-writer = []
+
+
+[dependencies]
+crossterm.workspace = true
+document-features = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+instability.workspace = true
+ratatui-core = { workspace = true }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+ratatui = { path = "../ratatui", features = ["crossterm"] }
+rstest.workspace = true

ratatui-crossterm/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Ratatui-crossterm
+
+<!-- cargo-rdme start -->
+
+This module provides the [`CrosstermBackend`] implementation for the [`Backend`] trait. It uses
+the [Crossterm] crate to interact with the terminal.
+
+[Crossterm]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
+
+<!-- cargo-rdme end -->

ratatui-crossterm/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+// show the feature flags in the generated documentation
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
+#![doc(
+    html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ratatui/ratatui/main/assets/logo.png",
+    html_favicon_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ratatui/ratatui/main/assets/favicon.ico"
+)]
+#![warn(missing_docs)]
+//! This module provides the [`CrosstermBackend`] implementation for the [`Backend`] trait. It uses
+//! the [Crossterm] crate to interact with the terminal.
+//!
+//! [Crossterm]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "document-features", doc = "\n## Features")]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "document-features", doc = document_features::document_features!())]
+
+use std::io::{self, Write};
+
+pub use crossterm;
+#[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+use crossterm::style::SetUnderlineColor;
+use crossterm::{
+    cursor::{Hide, MoveTo, Show},
+    execute, queue,
+    style::{
+        Attribute as CrosstermAttribute, Attributes as CrosstermAttributes,
+        Color as CrosstermColor, Colors as CrosstermColors, ContentStyle, Print, SetAttribute,
+        SetBackgroundColor, SetColors, SetForegroundColor,
+    },
+    terminal::{self, Clear},
+};
+use ratatui_core::{
+    backend::{Backend, ClearType, WindowSize},
+    buffer::Cell,
+    layout::{Position, Size},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+};
+
+/// A [`Backend`] implementation that uses [Crossterm] to render to the terminal.
+///
+/// The `CrosstermBackend` struct is a wrapper around a writer implementing [`Write`], which is
+/// used to send commands to the terminal. It provides methods for drawing content, manipulating
+/// the cursor, and clearing the terminal screen.
+///
+/// Most applications should not call the methods on `CrosstermBackend` directly, but will instead
+/// use the [`Terminal`] struct, which provides a more ergonomic interface.
+///
+/// Usually applications will enable raw mode and switch to alternate screen mode after creating
+/// a `CrosstermBackend`. This is done by calling [`crossterm::terminal::enable_raw_mode`] and
+/// [`crossterm::terminal::EnterAlternateScreen`] (and the corresponding disable/leave functions
+/// when the application exits). This is not done automatically by the backend because it is
+/// possible that the application may want to use the terminal for other purposes (like showing
+/// help text) before entering alternate screen mode.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run
+/// use std::io::{stderr, stdout};
+///
+/// use crossterm::{
+///     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+///     ExecutableCommand,
+/// };
+/// use ratatui::{backend::CrosstermBackend, Terminal};
+///
+/// let mut backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+/// // or
+/// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stderr());
+/// let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+///
+/// enable_raw_mode()?;
+/// stdout().execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+///
+/// terminal.clear()?;
+/// terminal.draw(|frame| {
+///     // -- snip --
+/// })?;
+///
+/// stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+/// disable_raw_mode()?;
+///
+/// # std::io::Result::Ok(())
+/// ```
+///
+/// See the the [Examples] directory for more examples. See the [`backend`] module documentation
+/// for more details on raw mode and alternate screen.
+///
+/// [`Write`]: std::io::Write
+/// [`Terminal`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/struct.Terminal.html
+/// [`backend`]: ratatui_core::backend
+/// [Crossterm]: https://crates.io/crates/crossterm
+/// [Examples]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/main/ratatui/examples/README.md
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct CrosstermBackend<W: Write> {
+    /// The writer used to send commands to the terminal.
+    writer: W,
+}
+
+impl<W> CrosstermBackend<W>
+where
+    W: Write,
+{
+    /// Creates a new `CrosstermBackend` with the given writer.
+    ///
+    /// Most applications will use either [`stdout`](std::io::stdout) or
+    /// [`stderr`](std::io::stderr) as writer. See the [FAQ] to determine which one to use.
+    ///
+    /// [FAQ]: https://ratatui.rs/faq/#should-i-use-stdout-or-stderr
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// use std::io::stdout;
+    ///
+    /// use ratatui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+    ///
+    /// let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
+    /// ```
+    pub const fn new(writer: W) -> Self {
+        Self { writer }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the writer.
+    #[instability::unstable(
+        feature = "backend-writer",
+        issue = "https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/991"
+    )]
+    pub const fn writer(&self) -> &W {
+        &self.writer
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the writer as a mutable reference.
+    ///
+    /// Note: writing to the writer may cause incorrect output after the write. This is due to the
+    /// way that the Terminal implements diffing Buffers.
+    #[instability::unstable(
+        feature = "backend-writer",
+        issue = "https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/991"
+    )]
+    pub fn writer_mut(&mut self) -> &mut W {
+        &mut self.writer
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W> Write for CrosstermBackend<W>
+where
+    W: Write,
+{
+    /// Writes a buffer of bytes to the underlying buffer.
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        self.writer.write(buf)
+    }
+
+    /// Flushes the underlying buffer.
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.writer.flush()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W> Backend for CrosstermBackend<W>
+where
+    W: Write,
+{
+    fn draw<'a, I>(&mut self, content: I) -> io::Result<()>
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = (u16, u16, &'a Cell)>,
+    {
+        let mut fg = Color::Reset;
+        let mut bg = Color::Reset;
+        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+        let mut underline_color = Color::Reset;
+        let mut modifier = Modifier::empty();
+        let mut last_pos: Option<Position> = None;
+        for (x, y, cell) in content {
+            // Move the cursor if the previous location was not (x - 1, y)
+            if !matches!(last_pos, Some(p) if x == p.x + 1 && y == p.y) {
+                queue!(self.writer, MoveTo(x, y))?;
+            }
+            last_pos = Some(Position { x, y });
+            if cell.modifier != modifier {
+                let diff = ModifierDiff {
+                    from: modifier,
+                    to: cell.modifier,
+                };
+                diff.queue(&mut self.writer)?;
+                modifier = cell.modifier;
+            }
+            if cell.fg != fg || cell.bg != bg {
+                queue!(
+                    self.writer,
+                    SetColors(CrosstermColors::new(
+                        cell.fg.into_crossterm(),
+                        cell.bg.into_crossterm(),
+                    ))
+                )?;
+                fg = cell.fg;
+                bg = cell.bg;
+            }
+            #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+            if cell.underline_color != underline_color {
+                let color = cell.underline_color.into_crossterm();
+                queue!(self.writer, SetUnderlineColor(color))?;
+                underline_color = cell.underline_color;
+            }
+
+            queue!(self.writer, Print(cell.symbol()))?;
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+        return queue!(
+            self.writer,
+            SetForegroundColor(CrosstermColor::Reset),
+            SetBackgroundColor(CrosstermColor::Reset),
+            SetUnderlineColor(CrosstermColor::Reset),
+            SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::Reset),
+        );
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "underline-color"))]
+        return queue!(
+            self.writer,
+            SetForegroundColor(CrosstermColor::Reset),
+            SetBackgroundColor(CrosstermColor::Reset),
+            SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::Reset),
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        execute!(self.writer, Hide)
+    }
+
+    fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        execute!(self.writer, Show)
+    }
+
+    fn get_cursor_position(&mut self) -> io::Result<Position> {
+        crossterm::cursor::position()
+            .map(|(x, y)| Position { x, y })
+            .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_position<P: Into<Position>>(&mut self, position: P) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let Position { x, y } = position.into();
+        execute!(self.writer, MoveTo(x, y))
+    }
+
+    fn clear(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.clear_region(ClearType::All)
+    }
+
+    fn clear_region(&mut self, clear_type: ClearType) -> io::Result<()> {
+        execute!(
+            self.writer,
+            Clear(match clear_type {
+                ClearType::All => crossterm::terminal::ClearType::All,
+                ClearType::AfterCursor => crossterm::terminal::ClearType::FromCursorDown,
+                ClearType::BeforeCursor => crossterm::terminal::ClearType::FromCursorUp,
+                ClearType::CurrentLine => crossterm::terminal::ClearType::CurrentLine,
+                ClearType::UntilNewLine => crossterm::terminal::ClearType::UntilNewLine,
+            })
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn append_lines(&mut self, n: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
+        for _ in 0..n {
+            queue!(self.writer, Print("\n"))?;
+        }
+        self.writer.flush()
+    }
+
+    fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Size> {
+        let (width, height) = terminal::size()?;
+        Ok(Size { width, height })
+    }
+
+    fn window_size(&mut self) -> io::Result<WindowSize> {
+        let crossterm::terminal::WindowSize {
+            columns,
+            rows,
+            width,
+            height,
+        } = terminal::window_size()?;
+        Ok(WindowSize {
+            columns_rows: Size {
+                width: columns,
+                height: rows,
+            },
+            pixels: Size { width, height },
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.writer.flush()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "scrolling-regions")]
+    fn scroll_region_up(&mut self, region: std::ops::Range<u16>, amount: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
+        queue!(
+            self.writer,
+            ScrollUpInRegion {
+                first_row: region.start,
+                last_row: region.end.saturating_sub(1),
+                lines_to_scroll: amount,
+            }
+        )?;
+        self.writer.flush()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "scrolling-regions")]
+    fn scroll_region_down(&mut self, region: std::ops::Range<u16>, amount: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
+        queue!(
+            self.writer,
+            ScrollDownInRegion {
+                first_row: region.start,
+                last_row: region.end.saturating_sub(1),
+                lines_to_scroll: amount,
+            }
+        )?;
+        self.writer.flush()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A trait for converting a Ratatui type to a Crossterm type.
+///
+/// This trait is needed for avoiding the orphan rule when implementing `From` for crossterm types
+/// once these are moved to a separate crate.
+pub trait IntoCrossterm<C> {
+    /// Converts the ratatui type to a crossterm type.
+    fn into_crossterm(self) -> C;
+}
+
+/// A trait for converting a Crossterm type to a Ratatui type.
+///
+/// This trait is needed for avoiding the orphan rule when implementing `From` for crossterm types
+/// once these are moved to a separate crate.
+pub trait FromCrossterm<C> {
+    /// Converts the crossterm type to a ratatui type.
+    fn from_crossterm(value: C) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl IntoCrossterm<CrosstermColor> for Color {
+    fn into_crossterm(self) -> CrosstermColor {
+        match self {
+            Self::Reset => CrosstermColor::Reset,
+            Self::Black => CrosstermColor::Black,
+            Self::Red => CrosstermColor::DarkRed,
+            Self::Green => CrosstermColor::DarkGreen,
+            Self::Yellow => CrosstermColor::DarkYellow,
+            Self::Blue => CrosstermColor::DarkBlue,
+            Self::Magenta => CrosstermColor::DarkMagenta,
+            Self::Cyan => CrosstermColor::DarkCyan,
+            Self::Gray => CrosstermColor::Grey,
+            Self::DarkGray => CrosstermColor::DarkGrey,
+            Self::LightRed => CrosstermColor::Red,
+            Self::LightGreen => CrosstermColor::Green,
+            Self::LightBlue => CrosstermColor::Blue,
+            Self::LightYellow => CrosstermColor::Yellow,
+            Self::LightMagenta => CrosstermColor::Magenta,
+            Self::LightCyan => CrosstermColor::Cyan,
+            Self::White => CrosstermColor::White,
+            Self::Indexed(i) => CrosstermColor::AnsiValue(i),
+            Self::Rgb(r, g, b) => CrosstermColor::Rgb { r, g, b },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromCrossterm<CrosstermColor> for Color {
+    fn from_crossterm(value: CrosstermColor) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            CrosstermColor::Reset => Self::Reset,
+            CrosstermColor::Black => Self::Black,
+            CrosstermColor::DarkRed => Self::Red,
+            CrosstermColor::DarkGreen => Self::Green,
+            CrosstermColor::DarkYellow => Self::Yellow,
+            CrosstermColor::DarkBlue => Self::Blue,
+            CrosstermColor::DarkMagenta => Self::Magenta,
+            CrosstermColor::DarkCyan => Self::Cyan,
+            CrosstermColor::Grey => Self::Gray,
+            CrosstermColor::DarkGrey => Self::DarkGray,
+            CrosstermColor::Red => Self::LightRed,
+            CrosstermColor::Green => Self::LightGreen,
+            CrosstermColor::Blue => Self::LightBlue,
+            CrosstermColor::Yellow => Self::LightYellow,
+            CrosstermColor::Magenta => Self::LightMagenta,
+            CrosstermColor::Cyan => Self::LightCyan,
+            CrosstermColor::White => Self::White,
+            CrosstermColor::Rgb { r, g, b } => Self::Rgb(r, g, b),
+            CrosstermColor::AnsiValue(v) => Self::Indexed(v),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The `ModifierDiff` struct is used to calculate the difference between two `Modifier`
+/// values. This is useful when updating the terminal display, as it allows for more
+/// efficient updates by only sending the necessary changes.
+struct ModifierDiff {
+    pub from: Modifier,
+    pub to: Modifier,
+}
+
+impl ModifierDiff {
+    fn queue<W>(self, mut w: W) -> io::Result<()>
+    where
+        W: io::Write,
+    {
+        //use crossterm::Attribute;
+        let removed = self.from - self.to;
+        if removed.contains(Modifier::REVERSED) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::NoReverse))?;
+        }
+        if removed.contains(Modifier::BOLD) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::NormalIntensity))?;
+            if self.to.contains(Modifier::DIM) {
+                queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::Dim))?;
+            }
+        }
+        if removed.contains(Modifier::ITALIC) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::NoItalic))?;
+        }
+        if removed.contains(Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::NoUnderline))?;
+        }
+        if removed.contains(Modifier::DIM) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::NormalIntensity))?;
+        }
+        if removed.contains(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::NotCrossedOut))?;
+        }
+        if removed.contains(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK) || removed.contains(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::NoBlink))?;
+        }
+
+        let added = self.to - self.from;
+        if added.contains(Modifier::REVERSED) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::Reverse))?;
+        }
+        if added.contains(Modifier::BOLD) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::Bold))?;
+        }
+        if added.contains(Modifier::ITALIC) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::Italic))?;
+        }
+        if added.contains(Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::Underlined))?;
+        }
+        if added.contains(Modifier::DIM) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::Dim))?;
+        }
+        if added.contains(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::CrossedOut))?;
+        }
+        if added.contains(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::SlowBlink))?;
+        }
+        if added.contains(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK) {
+            queue!(w, SetAttribute(CrosstermAttribute::RapidBlink))?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromCrossterm<CrosstermAttribute> for Modifier {
+    fn from_crossterm(value: CrosstermAttribute) -> Self {
+        // `Attribute*s*` (note the *s*) contains multiple `Attribute` We convert `Attribute` to
+        // `Attribute*s*` (containing only 1 value) to avoid implementing the conversion again
+        Self::from_crossterm(CrosstermAttributes::from(value))
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromCrossterm<CrosstermAttributes> for Modifier {
+    fn from_crossterm(value: CrosstermAttributes) -> Self {
+        let mut res = Self::empty();
+        if value.has(CrosstermAttribute::Bold) {
+            res |= Self::BOLD;
+        }
+        if value.has(CrosstermAttribute::Dim) {
+            res |= Self::DIM;
+        }
+        if value.has(CrosstermAttribute::Italic) {
+            res |= Self::ITALIC;
+        }
+        if value.has(CrosstermAttribute::Underlined)
+            || value.has(CrosstermAttribute::DoubleUnderlined)
+            || value.has(CrosstermAttribute::Undercurled)
+            || value.has(CrosstermAttribute::Underdotted)
+            || value.has(CrosstermAttribute::Underdashed)
+        {
+            res |= Self::UNDERLINED;
+        }
+        if value.has(CrosstermAttribute::SlowBlink) {
+            res |= Self::SLOW_BLINK;
+        }
+        if value.has(CrosstermAttribute::RapidBlink) {
+            res |= Self::RAPID_BLINK;
+        }
+        if value.has(CrosstermAttribute::Reverse) {
+            res |= Self::REVERSED;
+        }
+        if value.has(CrosstermAttribute::Hidden) {
+            res |= Self::HIDDEN;
+        }
+        if value.has(CrosstermAttribute::CrossedOut) {
+            res |= Self::CROSSED_OUT;
+        }
+        res
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromCrossterm<ContentStyle> for Style {
+    fn from_crossterm(value: ContentStyle) -> Self {
+        let mut sub_modifier = Modifier::empty();
+        if value.attributes.has(CrosstermAttribute::NoBold) {
+            sub_modifier |= Modifier::BOLD;
+        }
+        if value.attributes.has(CrosstermAttribute::NoItalic) {
+            sub_modifier |= Modifier::ITALIC;
+        }
+        if value.attributes.has(CrosstermAttribute::NotCrossedOut) {
+            sub_modifier |= Modifier::CROSSED_OUT;
+        }
+        if value.attributes.has(CrosstermAttribute::NoUnderline) {
+            sub_modifier |= Modifier::UNDERLINED;
+        }
+        if value.attributes.has(CrosstermAttribute::NoHidden) {
+            sub_modifier |= Modifier::HIDDEN;
+        }
+        if value.attributes.has(CrosstermAttribute::NoBlink) {
+            sub_modifier |= Modifier::RAPID_BLINK | Modifier::SLOW_BLINK;
+        }
+        if value.attributes.has(CrosstermAttribute::NoReverse) {
+            sub_modifier |= Modifier::REVERSED;
+        }
+
+        Self {
+            fg: value.foreground_color.map(FromCrossterm::from_crossterm),
+            bg: value.background_color.map(FromCrossterm::from_crossterm),
+            #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+            underline_color: value.underline_color.map(FromCrossterm::from_crossterm),
+            add_modifier: Modifier::from_crossterm(value.attributes),
+            sub_modifier,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A command that scrolls the terminal screen a given number of rows up in a specific scrolling
+/// region.
+///
+/// This will hopefully be replaced by a struct in crossterm proper. There are two outstanding
+/// crossterm PRs that will address this:
+///   - [918](https://github.com/crossterm-rs/crossterm/pull/918)
+///   - [923](https://github.com/crossterm-rs/crossterm/pull/923)
+#[cfg(feature = "scrolling-regions")]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct ScrollUpInRegion {
+    /// The first row of the scrolling region.
+    pub first_row: u16,
+
+    /// The last row of the scrolling region.
+    pub last_row: u16,
+
+    /// The number of lines to scroll up by.
+    pub lines_to_scroll: u16,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "scrolling-regions")]
+impl crate::crossterm::Command for ScrollUpInRegion {
+    fn write_ansi(&self, f: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        if self.lines_to_scroll != 0 {
+            // Set a scrolling region that contains just the desired lines.
+            write!(
+                f,
+                crate::crossterm::csi!("{};{}r"),
+                self.first_row.saturating_add(1),
+                self.last_row.saturating_add(1)
+            )?;
+            // Scroll the region by the desired count.
+            write!(f, crate::crossterm::csi!("{}S"), self.lines_to_scroll)?;
+            // Reset the scrolling region to be the whole screen.
+            write!(f, crate::crossterm::csi!("r"))?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    fn execute_winapi(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        Err(io::Error::new(
+            io::ErrorKind::Unsupported,
+            "ScrollUpInRegion command not supported for winapi",
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A command that scrolls the terminal screen a given number of rows down in a specific scrolling
+/// region.
+///
+/// This will hopefully be replaced by a struct in crossterm proper. There are two outstanding
+/// crossterm PRs that will address this:
+///   - [918](https://github.com/crossterm-rs/crossterm/pull/918)
+///   - [923](https://github.com/crossterm-rs/crossterm/pull/923)
+#[cfg(feature = "scrolling-regions")]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct ScrollDownInRegion {
+    /// The first row of the scrolling region.
+    pub first_row: u16,
+
+    /// The last row of the scrolling region.
+    pub last_row: u16,
+
+    /// The number of lines to scroll down by.
+    pub lines_to_scroll: u16,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "scrolling-regions")]
+impl crate::crossterm::Command for ScrollDownInRegion {
+    fn write_ansi(&self, f: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        if self.lines_to_scroll != 0 {
+            // Set a scrolling region that contains just the desired lines.
+            write!(
+                f,
+                crate::crossterm::csi!("{};{}r"),
+                self.first_row.saturating_add(1),
+                self.last_row.saturating_add(1)
+            )?;
+            // Scroll the region by the desired count.
+            write!(f, crate::crossterm::csi!("{}T"), self.lines_to_scroll)?;
+            // Reset the scrolling region to be the whole screen.
+            write!(f, crate::crossterm::csi!("r"))?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    fn execute_winapi(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        Err(io::Error::new(
+            io::ErrorKind::Unsupported,
+            "ScrollDownInRegion command not supported for winapi",
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use rstest::rstest;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::Reset, Color::Reset)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::Black, Color::Black)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::DarkGrey, Color::DarkGray)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::Red, Color::LightRed)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::DarkRed, Color::Red)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::Green, Color::LightGreen)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::DarkGreen, Color::Green)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::Yellow, Color::LightYellow)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::DarkYellow, Color::Yellow)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::Blue, Color::LightBlue)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::DarkBlue, Color::Blue)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::Magenta, Color::LightMagenta)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::DarkMagenta, Color::Magenta)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::Cyan, Color::LightCyan)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::DarkCyan, Color::Cyan)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::White, Color::White)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::Grey, Color::Gray)]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::Rgb { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0 }, Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0) )]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::Rgb { r: 10, g: 20, b: 30 }, Color::Rgb(10, 20, 30) )]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::AnsiValue(32), Color::Indexed(32))]
+    #[case(CrosstermColor::AnsiValue(37), Color::Indexed(37))]
+    fn from_crossterm_color(#[case] crossterm_color: CrosstermColor, #[case] color: Color) {
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_crossterm(crossterm_color), color);
+    }
+
+    mod modifier {
+        use super::*;
+
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::Reset, Modifier::empty())]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::Bold, Modifier::BOLD)]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::NoBold, Modifier::empty())]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::Italic, Modifier::ITALIC)]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::NoItalic, Modifier::empty())]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::Underlined, Modifier::UNDERLINED)]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::NoUnderline, Modifier::empty())]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::OverLined, Modifier::empty())]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::NotOverLined, Modifier::empty())]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::DoubleUnderlined, Modifier::UNDERLINED)]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::Undercurled, Modifier::UNDERLINED)]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::Underdotted, Modifier::UNDERLINED)]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::Underdashed, Modifier::UNDERLINED)]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::Dim, Modifier::DIM)]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::NormalIntensity, Modifier::empty())]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::CrossedOut, Modifier::CROSSED_OUT)]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::NotCrossedOut, Modifier::empty())]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::NoUnderline, Modifier::empty())]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::SlowBlink, Modifier::SLOW_BLINK)]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::RapidBlink, Modifier::RAPID_BLINK)]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::Hidden, Modifier::HIDDEN)]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::NoHidden, Modifier::empty())]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::Reverse, Modifier::REVERSED)]
+        #[case(CrosstermAttribute::NoReverse, Modifier::empty())]
+        fn from_crossterm_attribute(
+            #[case] crossterm_attribute: CrosstermAttribute,
+            #[case] ratatui_modifier: Modifier,
+        ) {
+            assert_eq!(
+                Modifier::from_crossterm(crossterm_attribute),
+                ratatui_modifier
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[rstest]
+        #[case(&[CrosstermAttribute::Bold], Modifier::BOLD)]
+        #[case(&[CrosstermAttribute::Bold, CrosstermAttribute::Italic], Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC)]
+        #[case(&[CrosstermAttribute::Bold, CrosstermAttribute::NotCrossedOut], Modifier::BOLD)]
+        #[case(&[CrosstermAttribute::Dim, CrosstermAttribute::Underdotted], Modifier::DIM | Modifier::UNDERLINED)]
+        #[case(&[CrosstermAttribute::Dim, CrosstermAttribute::SlowBlink, CrosstermAttribute::Italic], Modifier::DIM | Modifier::SLOW_BLINK | Modifier::ITALIC)]
+        #[case(&[CrosstermAttribute::Hidden, CrosstermAttribute::NoUnderline, CrosstermAttribute::NotCrossedOut], Modifier::HIDDEN)]
+        #[case(&[CrosstermAttribute::Reverse], Modifier::REVERSED)]
+        #[case(&[CrosstermAttribute::Reset], Modifier::empty())]
+        #[case(&[CrosstermAttribute::RapidBlink, CrosstermAttribute::CrossedOut], Modifier::RAPID_BLINK | Modifier::CROSSED_OUT)]
+        fn from_crossterm_attributes(
+            #[case] crossterm_attributes: &[CrosstermAttribute],
+            #[case] ratatui_modifier: Modifier,
+        ) {
+            assert_eq!(
+                Modifier::from_crossterm(CrosstermAttributes::from(crossterm_attributes)),
+                ratatui_modifier
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case(ContentStyle::default(), Style::default())]
+    #[case(
+        ContentStyle {
+            foreground_color: Some(CrosstermColor::DarkYellow),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+        Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)
+    )]
+    #[case(
+        ContentStyle {
+            background_color: Some(CrosstermColor::DarkYellow),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+        Style::default().bg(Color::Yellow)
+    )]
+    #[case(
+        ContentStyle {
+            attributes: CrosstermAttributes::from(CrosstermAttribute::Bold),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+        Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+    )]
+    #[case(
+        ContentStyle {
+            attributes: CrosstermAttributes::from(CrosstermAttribute::NoBold),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+        Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+    )]
+    #[case(
+        ContentStyle {
+            attributes: CrosstermAttributes::from(CrosstermAttribute::Italic),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+        Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)
+    )]
+    #[case(
+        ContentStyle {
+            attributes: CrosstermAttributes::from(CrosstermAttribute::NoItalic),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+        Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)
+    )]
+    #[case(
+        ContentStyle {
+            attributes: CrosstermAttributes::from(
+                [CrosstermAttribute::Bold, CrosstermAttribute::Italic].as_ref()
+            ),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+        Style::default()
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)
+    )]
+    #[case(
+        ContentStyle {
+            attributes: CrosstermAttributes::from(
+                [CrosstermAttribute::NoBold, CrosstermAttribute::NoItalic].as_ref()
+            ),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+        Style::default()
+            .remove_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+            .remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)
+    )]
+    fn from_crossterm_content_style(#[case] content_style: ContentStyle, #[case] style: Style) {
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_crossterm(content_style), style);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+    fn from_crossterm_content_style_underline() {
+        let content_style = ContentStyle {
+            underline_color: Some(CrosstermColor::DarkRed),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_crossterm(content_style),
+            Style::default().underline_color(Color::Red)
+        );
+    }
+}

ratatui-termion/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+[package]
+name = "ratatui-termion"
+version = "0.1.0-alpha.0"
+description = "Termion backend for the Ratatui Terminal UI library."
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/ratatui-termion/"
+readme = "README.md"
+authors.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+keywords.workspace = true
+categories.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+exclude.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+all-features = true
+cargo-args = ["-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples"]
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
+
+[features]
+default = []
+
+## Use terminal scrolling regions to make Terminal::insert_before less prone to flickering.
+scrolling-regions = ["ratatui-core/scrolling-regions"]
+
+[dependencies]
+document-features = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+ratatui-core = { workspace = true }
+termion.workspace = true
+instability.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+rstest.workspace = true

ratatui-termion/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Ratatui-termion
+
+<!-- cargo-rdme start -->
+
+This module provides the [`TermionBackend`] implementation for the [`Backend`] trait. It uses
+the [Termion] crate to interact with the terminal.
+
+[`Backend`]: ratatui_core::backend::Backend
+[Termion]: https://docs.rs/termion
+
+<!-- cargo-rdme end -->

ratatui-termion/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,21 +1,32 @@
+// show the feature flags in the generated documentation
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
+#![doc(
+    html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ratatui/ratatui/main/assets/logo.png",
+    html_favicon_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ratatui/ratatui/main/assets/favicon.ico"
+)]
+#![warn(missing_docs)]
 //! This module provides the [`TermionBackend`] implementation for the [`Backend`] trait. It uses
 //! the [Termion] crate to interact with the terminal.
 //!
-//! [`Backend`]: crate::backend::Backend
-//! [`TermionBackend`]: crate::backend::TermionBackend
+//! [`Backend`]: ratatui_core::backend::Backend
 //! [Termion]: https://docs.rs/termion
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "document-features", doc = "\n## Features")]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "document-features", doc = document_features::document_features!())]
+
 use std::{
     fmt,
     io::{self, Write},
 };
 
-use crate::{
+use ratatui_core::{
     backend::{Backend, ClearType, WindowSize},
     buffer::Cell,
-    layout::{Position, Rect},
+    layout::{Position, Size},
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    termion::{self, color as tcolor, color::Color as _, style as tstyle},
 };
+pub use termion;
+use termion::{color as tcolor, color::Color as _, style as tstyle};
 
 /// A [`Backend`] implementation that uses [Termion] to render to the terminal.
 ///
@@ -40,8 +51,9 @@ use crate::{
 /// use std::io::{stderr, stdout};
 ///
 /// use ratatui::{
-///     prelude::*,
+///     backend::TermionBackend,
 ///     termion::{raw::IntoRawMode, screen::IntoAlternateScreen},
+///     Terminal,
 /// };
 ///
 /// let writer = stdout().into_raw_mode()?.into_alternate_screen()?;
@@ -60,7 +72,7 @@ use crate::{
 ///
 /// [`IntoRawMode::into_raw_mode()`]: termion::raw::IntoRawMode
 /// [`IntoAlternateScreen::into_alternate_screen()`]: termion::screen::IntoAlternateScreen
-/// [`Terminal`]: crate::terminal::Terminal
+/// [`Terminal`]: ratatui::terminal::Terminal
 /// [Termion]: https://docs.rs/termion
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct TermionBackend<W>
@@ -76,11 +88,18 @@ where
 {
     /// Creates a new Termion backend with the given writer.
     ///
+    /// Most applications will use either [`stdout`](std::io::stdout) or
+    /// [`stderr`](std::io::stderr) as writer. See the [FAQ] to determine which one to use.
+    ///
+    /// [FAQ]: https://ratatui.rs/faq/#should-i-use-stdout-or-stderr
+    ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// # use std::io::stdout;
-    /// # use ratatui::prelude::*;
+    /// use std::io::stdout;
+    ///
+    /// use ratatui::backend::TermionBackend;
+    ///
     /// let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout());
     /// ```
     pub const fn new(writer: W) -> Self {
@@ -90,7 +109,7 @@ where
     /// Gets the writer.
     #[instability::unstable(
         feature = "backend-writer",
-        issue = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/991"
+        issue = "https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/991"
     )]
     pub const fn writer(&self) -> &W {
         &self.writer
@@ -101,7 +120,7 @@ where
     /// way that the Terminal implements diffing Buffers.
     #[instability::unstable(
         feature = "backend-writer",
-        issue = "https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/pull/991"
+        issue = "https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/991"
     )]
     pub fn writer_mut(&mut self) -> &mut W {
         &mut self.writer
@@ -157,11 +176,13 @@ where
         self.writer.flush()
     }
 
-    fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<(u16, u16)> {
-        termion::cursor::DetectCursorPos::cursor_pos(&mut self.writer).map(|(x, y)| (x - 1, y - 1))
+    fn get_cursor_position(&mut self) -> io::Result<Position> {
+        termion::cursor::DetectCursorPos::cursor_pos(&mut self.writer)
+            .map(|(x, y)| Position { x: x - 1, y: y - 1 })
     }
 
-    fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn set_cursor_position<P: Into<Position>>(&mut self, position: P) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let Position { x, y } = position.into();
         write!(self.writer, "{}", termion::cursor::Goto(x + 1, y + 1))?;
         self.writer.flush()
     }
@@ -214,9 +235,9 @@ where
         )
     }
 
-    fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Rect> {
+    fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Size> {
         let terminal = termion::terminal_size()?;
-        Ok(Rect::new(0, 0, terminal.0, terminal.1))
+        Ok(Size::new(terminal.0, terminal.1))
     }
 
     fn window_size(&mut self) -> io::Result<WindowSize> {
@@ -229,6 +250,30 @@ where
     fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.writer.flush()
     }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "scrolling-regions")]
+    fn scroll_region_up(&mut self, region: std::ops::Range<u16>, amount: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
+        write!(
+            self.writer,
+            "{}{}{}",
+            SetRegion(region.start.saturating_add(1), region.end),
+            termion::scroll::Up(amount),
+            ResetRegion,
+        )?;
+        self.writer.flush()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "scrolling-regions")]
+    fn scroll_region_down(&mut self, region: std::ops::Range<u16>, amount: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
+        write!(
+            self.writer,
+            "{}{}{}",
+            SetRegion(region.start.saturating_add(1), region.end),
+            termion::scroll::Down(amount),
+            ResetRegion,
+        )?;
+        self.writer.flush()
+    }
 }
 struct Fg(Color);
 
@@ -293,22 +338,40 @@ impl fmt::Display for Bg {
     }
 }
 
+/// A trait for converting a Termion type to a Ratatui type.
+///
+/// This trait is necessary to avoid the orphan rule, as we cannot implement a trait for a type
+/// defined in another crate.
+pub trait FromTermion<T> {
+    /// Convert the Termion type to the Ratatui type.
+    fn from_termion(termion: T) -> Self;
+}
+
+/// A trait for converting a Ratatui type to a Termion type.
+///
+/// This trait is necessary to avoid the orphan rule, as we cannot implement a trait for a type
+/// defined in another crate.
+pub trait IntoTermion<T> {
+    /// Convert the Ratatui type to the Termion type.
+    fn into_termion(self) -> T;
+}
+
 macro_rules! from_termion_for_color {
     ($termion_color:ident, $color:ident) => {
-        impl From<tcolor::$termion_color> for Color {
-            fn from(_: tcolor::$termion_color) -> Self {
+        impl FromTermion<tcolor::$termion_color> for Color {
+            fn from_termion(_: tcolor::$termion_color) -> Self {
                 Color::$color
             }
         }
 
-        impl From<tcolor::Bg<tcolor::$termion_color>> for Style {
-            fn from(_: tcolor::Bg<tcolor::$termion_color>) -> Self {
+        impl FromTermion<tcolor::Bg<tcolor::$termion_color>> for Style {
+            fn from_termion(_: tcolor::Bg<tcolor::$termion_color>) -> Self {
                 Style::default().bg(Color::$color)
             }
         }
 
-        impl From<tcolor::Fg<tcolor::$termion_color>> for Style {
-            fn from(_: tcolor::Fg<tcolor::$termion_color>) -> Self {
+        impl FromTermion<tcolor::Fg<tcolor::$termion_color>> for Style {
+            fn from_termion(_: tcolor::Fg<tcolor::$termion_color>) -> Self {
                 Style::default().fg(Color::$color)
             }
         }
@@ -333,38 +396,38 @@ from_termion_for_color!(LightMagenta, LightMagenta);
 from_termion_for_color!(LightCyan, LightCyan);
 from_termion_for_color!(LightWhite, White);
 
-impl From<tcolor::AnsiValue> for Color {
-    fn from(value: tcolor::AnsiValue) -> Self {
+impl FromTermion<tcolor::AnsiValue> for Color {
+    fn from_termion(value: tcolor::AnsiValue) -> Self {
         Self::Indexed(value.0)
     }
 }
 
-impl From<tcolor::Bg<tcolor::AnsiValue>> for Style {
-    fn from(value: tcolor::Bg<tcolor::AnsiValue>) -> Self {
+impl FromTermion<tcolor::Bg<tcolor::AnsiValue>> for Style {
+    fn from_termion(value: tcolor::Bg<tcolor::AnsiValue>) -> Self {
         Self::default().bg(Color::Indexed(value.0 .0))
     }
 }
 
-impl From<tcolor::Fg<tcolor::AnsiValue>> for Style {
-    fn from(value: tcolor::Fg<tcolor::AnsiValue>) -> Self {
+impl FromTermion<tcolor::Fg<tcolor::AnsiValue>> for Style {
+    fn from_termion(value: tcolor::Fg<tcolor::AnsiValue>) -> Self {
         Self::default().fg(Color::Indexed(value.0 .0))
     }
 }
 
-impl From<tcolor::Rgb> for Color {
-    fn from(value: tcolor::Rgb) -> Self {
+impl FromTermion<tcolor::Rgb> for Color {
+    fn from_termion(value: tcolor::Rgb) -> Self {
         Self::Rgb(value.0, value.1, value.2)
     }
 }
 
-impl From<tcolor::Bg<tcolor::Rgb>> for Style {
-    fn from(value: tcolor::Bg<tcolor::Rgb>) -> Self {
+impl FromTermion<tcolor::Bg<tcolor::Rgb>> for Style {
+    fn from_termion(value: tcolor::Bg<tcolor::Rgb>) -> Self {
         Self::default().bg(Color::Rgb(value.0 .0, value.0 .1, value.0 .2))
     }
 }
 
-impl From<tcolor::Fg<tcolor::Rgb>> for Style {
-    fn from(value: tcolor::Fg<tcolor::Rgb>) -> Self {
+impl FromTermion<tcolor::Fg<tcolor::Rgb>> for Style {
+    fn from_termion(value: tcolor::Fg<tcolor::Rgb>) -> Self {
         Self::default().fg(Color::Rgb(value.0 .0, value.0 .1, value.0 .2))
     }
 }
@@ -436,8 +499,8 @@ impl fmt::Display for ModifierDiff {
 
 macro_rules! from_termion_for_modifier {
     ($termion_modifier:ident, $modifier:ident) => {
-        impl From<tstyle::$termion_modifier> for Modifier {
-            fn from(_: tstyle::$termion_modifier) -> Self {
+        impl FromTermion<tstyle::$termion_modifier> for Modifier {
+            fn from_termion(_: tstyle::$termion_modifier) -> Self {
                 Modifier::$modifier
             }
         }
@@ -452,38 +515,68 @@ from_termion_for_modifier!(Faint, DIM);
 from_termion_for_modifier!(CrossedOut, CROSSED_OUT);
 from_termion_for_modifier!(Blink, SLOW_BLINK);
 
-impl From<termion::style::Reset> for Modifier {
-    fn from(_: termion::style::Reset) -> Self {
+impl FromTermion<termion::style::Reset> for Modifier {
+    fn from_termion(_: termion::style::Reset) -> Self {
         Self::empty()
     }
 }
 
+/// Set scrolling region.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SetRegion(pub u16, pub u16);
+
+impl fmt::Display for SetRegion {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "\x1B[{};{}r", self.0, self.1)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reset scrolling region.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ResetRegion;
+
+impl fmt::Display for ResetRegion {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "\x1B[r")
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use ratatui_core::style::Stylize;
+
     use super::*;
-    use crate::style::Stylize;
 
     #[test]
     fn from_termion_color() {
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::Reset), Color::Reset);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::Black), Color::Black);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::Red), Color::Red);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::Green), Color::Green);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::Yellow), Color::Yellow);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::Blue), Color::Blue);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::Magenta), Color::Magenta);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::Cyan), Color::Cyan);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::White), Color::Gray);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::LightBlack), Color::DarkGray);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::LightRed), Color::LightRed);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::LightGreen), Color::LightGreen);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::LightBlue), Color::LightBlue);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::LightYellow), Color::LightYellow);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::LightMagenta), Color::LightMagenta);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::LightCyan), Color::LightCyan);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::LightWhite), Color::White);
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::AnsiValue(31)), Color::Indexed(31));
-        assert_eq!(Color::from(tcolor::Rgb(1, 2, 3)), Color::Rgb(1, 2, 3));
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::Reset), Color::Reset);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::Black), Color::Black);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::Red), Color::Red);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::Green), Color::Green);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::Yellow), Color::Yellow);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::Blue), Color::Blue);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::Magenta), Color::Magenta);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::Cyan), Color::Cyan);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::White), Color::Gray);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::LightBlack), Color::DarkGray);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::LightRed), Color::LightRed);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::LightGreen), Color::LightGreen);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::LightBlue), Color::LightBlue);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::LightYellow), Color::LightYellow);
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::from_termion(tcolor::LightMagenta),
+            Color::LightMagenta
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::LightCyan), Color::LightCyan);
+        assert_eq!(Color::from_termion(tcolor::LightWhite), Color::White);
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::from_termion(tcolor::AnsiValue(31)),
+            Color::Indexed(31)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::from_termion(tcolor::Rgb(1, 2, 3)),
+            Color::Rgb(1, 2, 3)
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -491,38 +584,62 @@ mod tests {
         use tc::Bg;
         use tcolor as tc;
 
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::Reset)), Style::new().bg(Color::Reset));
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::Black)), Style::new().on_black());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::Red)), Style::new().on_red());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::Green)), Style::new().on_green());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::Yellow)), Style::new().on_yellow());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::Blue)), Style::new().on_blue());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::Magenta)), Style::new().on_magenta());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::Cyan)), Style::new().on_cyan());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::White)), Style::new().on_gray());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::LightBlack)), Style::new().on_dark_gray());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::LightRed)), Style::new().on_light_red());
         assert_eq!(
-            Style::from(Bg(tc::LightGreen)),
+            Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::Reset)),
+            Style::new().bg(Color::Reset)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::Black)), Style::new().on_black());
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::Red)), Style::new().on_red());
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::Green)), Style::new().on_green());
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::Yellow)),
+            Style::new().on_yellow()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::Blue)), Style::new().on_blue());
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::Magenta)),
+            Style::new().on_magenta()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::Cyan)), Style::new().on_cyan());
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::White)), Style::new().on_gray());
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::LightBlack)),
+            Style::new().on_dark_gray()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::LightRed)),
+            Style::new().on_light_red()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::LightGreen)),
             Style::new().on_light_green()
         );
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::LightBlue)), Style::new().on_light_blue());
         assert_eq!(
-            Style::from(Bg(tc::LightYellow)),
+            Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::LightBlue)),
+            Style::new().on_light_blue()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::LightYellow)),
             Style::new().on_light_yellow()
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            Style::from(Bg(tc::LightMagenta)),
+            Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::LightMagenta)),
             Style::new().on_light_magenta()
         );
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::LightCyan)), Style::new().on_light_cyan());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Bg(tc::LightWhite)), Style::new().on_white());
         assert_eq!(
-            Style::from(Bg(tc::AnsiValue(31))),
+            Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::LightCyan)),
+            Style::new().on_light_cyan()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::LightWhite)),
+            Style::new().on_white()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::AnsiValue(31))),
             Style::new().bg(Color::Indexed(31))
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            Style::from(Bg(tc::Rgb(1, 2, 3))),
+            Style::from_termion(Bg(tc::Rgb(1, 2, 3))),
             Style::new().bg(Color::Rgb(1, 2, 3))
         );
     }
@@ -532,48 +649,78 @@ mod tests {
         use tc::Fg;
         use tcolor as tc;
 
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::Reset)), Style::new().fg(Color::Reset));
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::Black)), Style::new().black());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::Red)), Style::new().red());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::Green)), Style::new().green());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::Yellow)), Style::new().yellow());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::Blue)), Style::default().blue());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::Magenta)), Style::default().magenta());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::Cyan)), Style::default().cyan());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::White)), Style::default().gray());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::LightBlack)), Style::new().dark_gray());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::LightRed)), Style::new().light_red());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::LightGreen)), Style::new().light_green());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::LightBlue)), Style::new().light_blue());
         assert_eq!(
-            Style::from(Fg(tc::LightYellow)),
+            Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::Reset)),
+            Style::new().fg(Color::Reset)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::Black)), Style::new().black());
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::Red)), Style::new().red());
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::Green)), Style::new().green());
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::Yellow)), Style::new().yellow());
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::Blue)), Style::default().blue());
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::Magenta)),
+            Style::default().magenta()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::Cyan)), Style::default().cyan());
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::White)), Style::default().gray());
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::LightBlack)),
+            Style::new().dark_gray()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::LightRed)),
+            Style::new().light_red()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::LightGreen)),
+            Style::new().light_green()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::LightBlue)),
+            Style::new().light_blue()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::LightYellow)),
             Style::new().light_yellow()
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            Style::from(Fg(tc::LightMagenta)),
+            Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::LightMagenta)),
             Style::new().light_magenta()
         );
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::LightCyan)), Style::new().light_cyan());
-        assert_eq!(Style::from(Fg(tc::LightWhite)), Style::new().white());
         assert_eq!(
-            Style::from(Fg(tc::AnsiValue(31))),
+            Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::LightCyan)),
+            Style::new().light_cyan()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::LightWhite)),
+            Style::new().white()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::AnsiValue(31))),
             Style::default().fg(Color::Indexed(31))
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            Style::from(Fg(tc::Rgb(1, 2, 3))),
+            Style::from_termion(Fg(tc::Rgb(1, 2, 3))),
             Style::default().fg(Color::Rgb(1, 2, 3))
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn from_termion_style() {
-        assert_eq!(Modifier::from(tstyle::Invert), Modifier::REVERSED);
-        assert_eq!(Modifier::from(tstyle::Bold), Modifier::BOLD);
-        assert_eq!(Modifier::from(tstyle::Italic), Modifier::ITALIC);
-        assert_eq!(Modifier::from(tstyle::Underline), Modifier::UNDERLINED);
-        assert_eq!(Modifier::from(tstyle::Faint), Modifier::DIM);
-        assert_eq!(Modifier::from(tstyle::CrossedOut), Modifier::CROSSED_OUT);
-        assert_eq!(Modifier::from(tstyle::Blink), Modifier::SLOW_BLINK);
-        assert_eq!(Modifier::from(tstyle::Reset), Modifier::empty());
+        assert_eq!(Modifier::from_termion(tstyle::Invert), Modifier::REVERSED);
+        assert_eq!(Modifier::from_termion(tstyle::Bold), Modifier::BOLD);
+        assert_eq!(Modifier::from_termion(tstyle::Italic), Modifier::ITALIC);
+        assert_eq!(
+            Modifier::from_termion(tstyle::Underline),
+            Modifier::UNDERLINED
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Modifier::from_termion(tstyle::Faint), Modifier::DIM);
+        assert_eq!(
+            Modifier::from_termion(tstyle::CrossedOut),
+            Modifier::CROSSED_OUT
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Modifier::from_termion(tstyle::Blink), Modifier::SLOW_BLINK);
+        assert_eq!(Modifier::from_termion(tstyle::Reset), Modifier::empty());
     }
 }

ratatui-termwiz/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+[package]
+name = "ratatui-termwiz"
+version = "0.1.0-alpha.0"
+description = "Termwiz backend for the Ratatui Terminal UI library."
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/ratatui-termwiz/"
+readme = "README.md"
+authors.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+keywords.workspace = true
+categories.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+exclude.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+all-features = true
+cargo-args = ["-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples"]
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
+
+[features]
+default = []
+
+## Enables the backend code that sets the underline color.
+## Underline color is not supported on Windows 7.
+underline-color = []
+
+## Use terminal scrolling regions to make Terminal::insert_before less prone to flickering.
+scrolling-regions = ["ratatui-core/scrolling-regions"]
+
+[dependencies]
+document-features = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+ratatui-core = { workspace = true }
+termwiz.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+ratatui = { path = "../ratatui", features = ["termwiz"] }
+rstest.workspace = true

ratatui-termwiz/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Ratatui-termwiz
+
+<!-- cargo-rdme start -->
+
+This module provides the [`TermwizBackend`] implementation for the [`Backend`] trait. It uses
+the [Termwiz] crate to interact with the terminal.
+
+[`Backend`]: trait.Backend.html
+[Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
+
+<!-- cargo-rdme end -->

ratatui-termwiz/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,858 @@
+// show the feature flags in the generated documentation
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
+#![doc(
+    html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ratatui/ratatui/main/assets/logo.png",
+    html_favicon_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ratatui/ratatui/main/assets/favicon.ico"
+)]
+#![warn(missing_docs)]
+//! This module provides the [`TermwizBackend`] implementation for the [`Backend`] trait. It uses
+//! the [Termwiz] crate to interact with the terminal.
+//!
+//! [`Backend`]: trait.Backend.html
+//! [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "document-features", doc = "\n## Features")]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "document-features", doc = document_features::document_features!())]
+
+use std::{error::Error, io};
+
+use ratatui_core::{
+    backend::{Backend, WindowSize},
+    buffer::Cell,
+    layout::{Position, Size},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+};
+pub use termwiz;
+use termwiz::{
+    caps::Capabilities,
+    cell::{AttributeChange, Blink, CellAttributes, Intensity, Underline},
+    color::{AnsiColor, ColorAttribute, ColorSpec, LinearRgba, RgbColor, SrgbaTuple},
+    surface::{Change, CursorVisibility, Position as TermwizPosition},
+    terminal::{buffered::BufferedTerminal, ScreenSize, SystemTerminal, Terminal},
+};
+
+/// A [`Backend`] implementation that uses [Termwiz] to render to the terminal.
+///
+/// The `TermwizBackend` struct is a wrapper around a [`BufferedTerminal`], which is used to send
+/// commands to the terminal. It provides methods for drawing content, manipulating the cursor, and
+/// clearing the terminal screen.
+///
+/// Most applications should not call the methods on `TermwizBackend` directly, but will instead
+/// use the [`Terminal`] struct, which provides a more ergonomic interface.
+///
+/// This backend automatically enables raw mode and switches to the alternate screen when it is
+/// created using the [`TermwizBackend::new`] method (and disables raw mode and returns to the main
+/// screen when dropped). Use the [`TermwizBackend::with_buffered_terminal`] to create a new
+/// instance with a custom [`BufferedTerminal`] if this is not desired.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust,no_run
+/// use ratatui::{backend::TermwizBackend, Terminal};
+///
+/// let backend = TermwizBackend::new()?;
+/// let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+///
+/// terminal.clear()?;
+/// terminal.draw(|frame| {
+///     // -- snip --
+/// })?;
+/// # std::result::Result::Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
+/// ```
+///
+/// See the the [Examples] directory for more examples. See the [`backend`] module documentation
+/// for more details on raw mode and alternate screen.
+///
+/// [`backend`]: ratatui_core::backend
+/// [`Terminal`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/struct.Terminal.html
+/// [`BufferedTerminal`]: termwiz::terminal::buffered::BufferedTerminal
+/// [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
+/// [Examples]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/main/ratatui/examples/README.md
+pub struct TermwizBackend {
+    buffered_terminal: BufferedTerminal<SystemTerminal>,
+}
+
+impl TermwizBackend {
+    /// Creates a new Termwiz backend instance.
+    ///
+    /// The backend will automatically enable raw mode and enter the alternate screen.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if unable to do any of the following:
+    /// - query the terminal capabilities.
+    /// - enter raw mode.
+    /// - enter the alternate screen.
+    /// - create the system or buffered terminal.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// use ratatui::backend::TermwizBackend;
+    ///
+    /// let backend = TermwizBackend::new()?;
+    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new() -> Result<Self, Box<dyn Error>> {
+        let mut buffered_terminal =
+            BufferedTerminal::new(SystemTerminal::new(Capabilities::new_from_env()?)?)?;
+        buffered_terminal.terminal().set_raw_mode()?;
+        buffered_terminal.terminal().enter_alternate_screen()?;
+        Ok(Self { buffered_terminal })
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new Termwiz backend instance with the given buffered terminal.
+    pub const fn with_buffered_terminal(instance: BufferedTerminal<SystemTerminal>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            buffered_terminal: instance,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the buffered terminal used by the backend.
+    pub const fn buffered_terminal(&self) -> &BufferedTerminal<SystemTerminal> {
+        &self.buffered_terminal
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the buffered terminal used by the backend.
+    pub fn buffered_terminal_mut(&mut self) -> &mut BufferedTerminal<SystemTerminal> {
+        &mut self.buffered_terminal
+    }
+}
+
+impl Backend for TermwizBackend {
+    fn draw<'a, I>(&mut self, content: I) -> io::Result<()>
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = (u16, u16, &'a Cell)>,
+    {
+        for (x, y, cell) in content {
+            self.buffered_terminal.add_changes(vec![
+                Change::CursorPosition {
+                    x: TermwizPosition::Absolute(x as usize),
+                    y: TermwizPosition::Absolute(y as usize),
+                },
+                Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Foreground(cell.fg.into_termwiz())),
+                Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Background(cell.bg.into_termwiz())),
+            ]);
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Intensity(
+                    if cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::BOLD) {
+                        Intensity::Bold
+                    } else if cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::DIM) {
+                        Intensity::Half
+                    } else {
+                        Intensity::Normal
+                    },
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Italic(
+                    cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::ITALIC),
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Underline(
+                    if cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
+                        Underline::Single
+                    } else {
+                        Underline::None
+                    },
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Reverse(
+                    cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::REVERSED),
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Invisible(
+                    cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::HIDDEN),
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::StrikeThrough(
+                    cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT),
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal
+                .add_change(Change::Attribute(AttributeChange::Blink(
+                    if cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK) {
+                        Blink::Slow
+                    } else if cell.modifier.contains(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK) {
+                        Blink::Rapid
+                    } else {
+                        Blink::None
+                    },
+                )));
+
+            self.buffered_terminal.add_change(cell.symbol());
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.buffered_terminal
+            .add_change(Change::CursorVisibility(CursorVisibility::Hidden));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.buffered_terminal
+            .add_change(Change::CursorVisibility(CursorVisibility::Visible));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn get_cursor_position(&mut self) -> io::Result<Position> {
+        let (x, y) = self.buffered_terminal.cursor_position();
+        Ok(Position::new(x as u16, y as u16))
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_position<P: Into<Position>>(&mut self, position: P) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let Position { x, y } = position.into();
+        self.buffered_terminal.add_change(Change::CursorPosition {
+            x: TermwizPosition::Absolute(x as usize),
+            y: TermwizPosition::Absolute(y as usize),
+        });
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn clear(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.buffered_terminal
+            .add_change(Change::ClearScreen(termwiz::color::ColorAttribute::Default));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Size> {
+        let (cols, rows) = self.buffered_terminal.dimensions();
+        Ok(Size::new(u16_max(cols), u16_max(rows)))
+    }
+
+    fn window_size(&mut self) -> io::Result<WindowSize> {
+        let ScreenSize {
+            cols,
+            rows,
+            xpixel,
+            ypixel,
+        } = self
+            .buffered_terminal
+            .terminal()
+            .get_screen_size()
+            .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e))?;
+        Ok(WindowSize {
+            columns_rows: Size {
+                width: u16_max(cols),
+                height: u16_max(rows),
+            },
+            pixels: Size {
+                width: u16_max(xpixel),
+                height: u16_max(ypixel),
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.buffered_terminal
+            .flush()
+            .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "scrolling-regions")]
+    fn scroll_region_up(&mut self, region: std::ops::Range<u16>, amount: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
+        // termwiz doesn't have a command to just set the scrolling region. Instead, setting the
+        // scrolling region and scrolling are combined. However, this has the side-effect of
+        // leaving the scrolling region set. To reset the scrolling region, termwiz advises one to
+        // make a scrolling-region scroll command that contains the entire screen, but scrolls by 0
+        // lines. See [`Change::ScrollRegionUp`] for more details.
+        let (_, rows) = self.buffered_terminal.dimensions();
+        self.buffered_terminal.add_changes(vec![
+            Change::ScrollRegionUp {
+                first_row: region.start as usize,
+                region_size: region.len(),
+                scroll_count: amount as usize,
+            },
+            Change::ScrollRegionUp {
+                first_row: 0,
+                region_size: rows,
+                scroll_count: 0,
+            },
+        ]);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "scrolling-regions")]
+    fn scroll_region_down(&mut self, region: std::ops::Range<u16>, amount: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
+        // termwiz doesn't have a command to just set the scrolling region. Instead, setting the
+        // scrolling region and scrolling are combined. However, this has the side-effect of
+        // leaving the scrolling region set. To reset the scrolling region, termwiz advises one to
+        // make a scrolling-region scroll command that contains the entire screen, but scrolls by 0
+        // lines. See [`Change::ScrollRegionDown`] for more details.
+        let (_, rows) = self.buffered_terminal.dimensions();
+        self.buffered_terminal.add_changes(vec![
+            Change::ScrollRegionDown {
+                first_row: region.start as usize,
+                region_size: region.len(),
+                scroll_count: amount as usize,
+            },
+            Change::ScrollRegionDown {
+                first_row: 0,
+                region_size: rows,
+                scroll_count: 0,
+            },
+        ]);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A trait for converting types from Termwiz to Ratatui.
+///
+/// This trait replaces the `From` trait for converting types from Termwiz to Ratatui. It is
+/// necessary because the `From` trait is not implemented for types defined in external crates.
+pub trait FromTermwiz<T> {
+    /// Converts the given Termwiz type to the Ratatui type.
+    fn from_termwiz(termwiz: T) -> Self;
+}
+
+/// A trait for converting types from Ratatui to Termwiz.
+///
+/// This trait replaces the `Into` trait for converting types from Ratatui to Termwiz. It is
+/// necessary because the `Into` trait is not implemented for types defined in external crates.
+pub trait IntoTermwiz<T> {
+    /// Converts the given Ratatui type to the Termwiz type.
+    fn into_termwiz(self) -> T;
+}
+
+/// A replacement for the `Into` trait for converting types from Ratatui to Termwiz.
+///
+/// This trait is necessary because the `Into` trait is not implemented for types defined in
+/// external crates.
+///
+/// A blanket implementation is provided for all types that implement `FromTermwiz`.
+///
+/// This trait is private to the module as it would otherwise conflict with the other backend
+/// modules. It is mainly used to avoid rewriting all the `.into()` calls in this module.
+trait IntoRatatui<R> {
+    fn into_ratatui(self) -> R;
+}
+
+impl<C, R: FromTermwiz<C>> IntoRatatui<R> for C {
+    fn into_ratatui(self) -> R {
+        R::from_termwiz(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromTermwiz<CellAttributes> for Style {
+    fn from_termwiz(value: CellAttributes) -> Self {
+        let mut style = Self::new()
+            .add_modifier(value.intensity().into_ratatui())
+            .add_modifier(value.underline().into_ratatui())
+            .add_modifier(value.blink().into_ratatui());
+
+        if value.italic() {
+            style.add_modifier |= Modifier::ITALIC;
+        }
+        if value.reverse() {
+            style.add_modifier |= Modifier::REVERSED;
+        }
+        if value.strikethrough() {
+            style.add_modifier |= Modifier::CROSSED_OUT;
+        }
+        if value.invisible() {
+            style.add_modifier |= Modifier::HIDDEN;
+        }
+
+        style.fg = Some(value.foreground().into_ratatui());
+        style.bg = Some(value.background().into_ratatui());
+        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+        {
+            style.underline_color = Some(value.underline_color().into_ratatui());
+        }
+
+        style
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromTermwiz<Intensity> for Modifier {
+    fn from_termwiz(value: Intensity) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            Intensity::Normal => Self::empty(),
+            Intensity::Bold => Self::BOLD,
+            Intensity::Half => Self::DIM,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromTermwiz<Underline> for Modifier {
+    fn from_termwiz(value: Underline) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            Underline::None => Self::empty(),
+            _ => Self::UNDERLINED,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromTermwiz<Blink> for Modifier {
+    fn from_termwiz(value: Blink) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            Blink::None => Self::empty(),
+            Blink::Slow => Self::SLOW_BLINK,
+            Blink::Rapid => Self::RAPID_BLINK,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntoTermwiz<ColorAttribute> for Color {
+    fn into_termwiz(self) -> ColorAttribute {
+        match self {
+            Self::Reset => ColorAttribute::Default,
+            Self::Black => AnsiColor::Black.into(),
+            Self::DarkGray => AnsiColor::Grey.into(),
+            Self::Gray => AnsiColor::Silver.into(),
+            Self::Red => AnsiColor::Maroon.into(),
+            Self::LightRed => AnsiColor::Red.into(),
+            Self::Green => AnsiColor::Green.into(),
+            Self::LightGreen => AnsiColor::Lime.into(),
+            Self::Yellow => AnsiColor::Olive.into(),
+            Self::LightYellow => AnsiColor::Yellow.into(),
+            Self::Magenta => AnsiColor::Purple.into(),
+            Self::LightMagenta => AnsiColor::Fuchsia.into(),
+            Self::Cyan => AnsiColor::Teal.into(),
+            Self::LightCyan => AnsiColor::Aqua.into(),
+            Self::White => AnsiColor::White.into(),
+            Self::Blue => AnsiColor::Navy.into(),
+            Self::LightBlue => AnsiColor::Blue.into(),
+            Self::Indexed(i) => ColorAttribute::PaletteIndex(i),
+            Self::Rgb(r, g, b) => {
+                ColorAttribute::TrueColorWithDefaultFallback(SrgbaTuple::from((r, g, b)))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromTermwiz<AnsiColor> for Color {
+    fn from_termwiz(value: AnsiColor) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            AnsiColor::Black => Self::Black,
+            AnsiColor::Grey => Self::DarkGray,
+            AnsiColor::Silver => Self::Gray,
+            AnsiColor::Maroon => Self::Red,
+            AnsiColor::Red => Self::LightRed,
+            AnsiColor::Green => Self::Green,
+            AnsiColor::Lime => Self::LightGreen,
+            AnsiColor::Olive => Self::Yellow,
+            AnsiColor::Yellow => Self::LightYellow,
+            AnsiColor::Purple => Self::Magenta,
+            AnsiColor::Fuchsia => Self::LightMagenta,
+            AnsiColor::Teal => Self::Cyan,
+            AnsiColor::Aqua => Self::LightCyan,
+            AnsiColor::White => Self::White,
+            AnsiColor::Navy => Self::Blue,
+            AnsiColor::Blue => Self::LightBlue,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromTermwiz<ColorAttribute> for Color {
+    fn from_termwiz(value: ColorAttribute) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            ColorAttribute::TrueColorWithDefaultFallback(srgba)
+            | ColorAttribute::TrueColorWithPaletteFallback(srgba, _) => srgba.into_ratatui(),
+            ColorAttribute::PaletteIndex(i) => Self::Indexed(i),
+            ColorAttribute::Default => Self::Reset,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromTermwiz<ColorSpec> for Color {
+    fn from_termwiz(value: ColorSpec) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            ColorSpec::Default => Self::Reset,
+            ColorSpec::PaletteIndex(i) => Self::Indexed(i),
+            ColorSpec::TrueColor(srgba) => srgba.into_ratatui(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromTermwiz<SrgbaTuple> for Color {
+    fn from_termwiz(value: SrgbaTuple) -> Self {
+        let (r, g, b, _) = value.to_srgb_u8();
+        Self::Rgb(r, g, b)
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromTermwiz<RgbColor> for Color {
+    fn from_termwiz(value: RgbColor) -> Self {
+        let (r, g, b) = value.to_tuple_rgb8();
+        Self::Rgb(r, g, b)
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromTermwiz<LinearRgba> for Color {
+    fn from_termwiz(value: LinearRgba) -> Self {
+        value.to_srgb().into_ratatui()
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+fn u16_max(i: usize) -> u16 {
+    u16::try_from(i).unwrap_or(u16::MAX)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    mod into_color {
+        use Color as C;
+
+        use super::*;
+
+        #[test]
+        fn from_linear_rgba() {
+            // full black + opaque
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(LinearRgba(0., 0., 0., 1.)),
+                Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0)
+            );
+            // full black + transparent
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(LinearRgba(0., 0., 0., 0.)),
+                Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0)
+            );
+
+            // full white + opaque
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(LinearRgba(1., 1., 1., 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(254, 254, 254)
+            );
+            // full white + transparent
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(LinearRgba(1., 1., 1., 0.)),
+                C::Rgb(254, 254, 254)
+            );
+
+            // full red
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(LinearRgba(1., 0., 0., 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(254, 0, 0)
+            );
+            // full green
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(LinearRgba(0., 1., 0., 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(0, 254, 0)
+            );
+            // full blue
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(LinearRgba(0., 0., 1., 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(0, 0, 254)
+            );
+
+            // See https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12524623/what-are-the-practical-differences-when-working-with-colors-in-a-linear-vs-a-no
+            // for an explanation
+
+            // half red
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(LinearRgba(0.214, 0., 0., 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(127, 0, 0)
+            );
+            // half green
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(LinearRgba(0., 0.214, 0., 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(0, 127, 0)
+            );
+            // half blue
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(LinearRgba(0., 0., 0.214, 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(0, 0, 127)
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn from_srgba() {
+            // full black + opaque
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(SrgbaTuple(0., 0., 0., 1.)),
+                Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0)
+            );
+            // full black + transparent
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(SrgbaTuple(0., 0., 0., 0.)),
+                Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0)
+            );
+
+            // full white + opaque
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(SrgbaTuple(1., 1., 1., 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(255, 255, 255)
+            );
+            // full white + transparent
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(SrgbaTuple(1., 1., 1., 0.)),
+                C::Rgb(255, 255, 255)
+            );
+
+            // full red
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(SrgbaTuple(1., 0., 0., 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(255, 0, 0)
+            );
+            // full green
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(SrgbaTuple(0., 1., 0., 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(0, 255, 0)
+            );
+            // full blue
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(SrgbaTuple(0., 0., 1., 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(0, 0, 255)
+            );
+
+            // half red
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(SrgbaTuple(0.5, 0., 0., 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(127, 0, 0)
+            );
+            // half green
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(SrgbaTuple(0., 0.5, 0., 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(0, 127, 0)
+            );
+            // half blue
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(SrgbaTuple(0., 0., 0.5, 1.)),
+                C::Rgb(0, 0, 127)
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn from_rgbcolor() {
+            // full black
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(RgbColor::new_8bpc(0, 0, 0)),
+                Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0)
+            );
+            // full white
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(RgbColor::new_8bpc(255, 255, 255)),
+                C::Rgb(255, 255, 255)
+            );
+
+            // full red
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(RgbColor::new_8bpc(255, 0, 0)),
+                C::Rgb(255, 0, 0)
+            );
+            // full green
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(RgbColor::new_8bpc(0, 255, 0)),
+                C::Rgb(0, 255, 0)
+            );
+            // full blue
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(RgbColor::new_8bpc(0, 0, 255)),
+                C::Rgb(0, 0, 255)
+            );
+
+            // half red
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(RgbColor::new_8bpc(127, 0, 0)),
+                C::Rgb(127, 0, 0)
+            );
+            // half green
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(RgbColor::new_8bpc(0, 127, 0)),
+                C::Rgb(0, 127, 0)
+            );
+            // half blue
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(RgbColor::new_8bpc(0, 0, 127)),
+                C::Rgb(0, 0, 127)
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn from_colorspec() {
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(ColorSpec::Default), C::Reset);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(ColorSpec::PaletteIndex(33)), C::Indexed(33));
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(ColorSpec::TrueColor(SrgbaTuple(0., 0., 0., 1.))),
+                C::Rgb(0, 0, 0)
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn from_colorattribute() {
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(ColorAttribute::Default), C::Reset);
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(ColorAttribute::PaletteIndex(32)),
+                C::Indexed(32)
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(ColorAttribute::TrueColorWithDefaultFallback(SrgbaTuple(
+                    0., 0., 0., 1.
+                ))),
+                C::Rgb(0, 0, 0)
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                C::from_termwiz(ColorAttribute::TrueColorWithPaletteFallback(
+                    SrgbaTuple(0., 0., 0., 1.),
+                    31
+                )),
+                C::Rgb(0, 0, 0)
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn from_ansicolor() {
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Black), Color::Black);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Grey), Color::DarkGray);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Silver), Color::Gray);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Maroon), Color::Red);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Red), Color::LightRed);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Green), Color::Green);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Lime), Color::LightGreen);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Olive), Color::Yellow);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Yellow), Color::LightYellow);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Purple), Color::Magenta);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Fuchsia), Color::LightMagenta);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Teal), Color::Cyan);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Aqua), Color::LightCyan);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::White), Color::White);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Navy), Color::Blue);
+            assert_eq!(C::from_termwiz(AnsiColor::Blue), Color::LightBlue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    mod into_modifier {
+        use super::*;
+
+        #[test]
+        fn from_intensity() {
+            assert_eq!(Modifier::from_termwiz(Intensity::Normal), Modifier::empty());
+            assert_eq!(Modifier::from_termwiz(Intensity::Bold), Modifier::BOLD);
+            assert_eq!(Modifier::from_termwiz(Intensity::Half), Modifier::DIM);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn from_underline() {
+            assert_eq!(Modifier::from_termwiz(Underline::None), Modifier::empty());
+            assert_eq!(
+                Modifier::from_termwiz(Underline::Single),
+                Modifier::UNDERLINED
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                Modifier::from_termwiz(Underline::Double),
+                Modifier::UNDERLINED
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                Modifier::from_termwiz(Underline::Curly),
+                Modifier::UNDERLINED
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                Modifier::from_termwiz(Underline::Dashed),
+                Modifier::UNDERLINED
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                Modifier::from_termwiz(Underline::Dotted),
+                Modifier::UNDERLINED
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn from_blink() {
+            assert_eq!(Modifier::from_termwiz(Blink::None), Modifier::empty());
+            assert_eq!(Modifier::from_termwiz(Blink::Slow), Modifier::SLOW_BLINK);
+            assert_eq!(Modifier::from_termwiz(Blink::Rapid), Modifier::RAPID_BLINK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_cell_attribute_for_style() {
+        use ratatui_core::style::Stylize;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+        const STYLE: Style = Style::new()
+            .underline_color(Color::Reset)
+            .fg(Color::Reset)
+            .bg(Color::Reset);
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "underline-color"))]
+        const STYLE: Style = Style::new().fg(Color::Reset).bg(Color::Reset);
+
+        // default
+        assert_eq!(Style::from_termwiz(CellAttributes::default()), STYLE);
+
+        // foreground color
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termwiz(
+                CellAttributes::default()
+                    .set_foreground(ColorAttribute::PaletteIndex(31))
+                    .to_owned()
+            ),
+            STYLE.fg(Color::Indexed(31))
+        );
+        // background color
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termwiz(
+                CellAttributes::default()
+                    .set_background(ColorAttribute::PaletteIndex(31))
+                    .to_owned()
+            ),
+            STYLE.bg(Color::Indexed(31))
+        );
+        // underlined
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termwiz(
+                CellAttributes::default()
+                    .set_underline(Underline::Single)
+                    .to_owned()
+            ),
+            STYLE.underlined()
+        );
+        // blink
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termwiz(CellAttributes::default().set_blink(Blink::Slow).to_owned()),
+            STYLE.slow_blink()
+        );
+        // intensity
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termwiz(
+                CellAttributes::default()
+                    .set_intensity(Intensity::Bold)
+                    .to_owned()
+            ),
+            STYLE.bold()
+        );
+        // italic
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termwiz(CellAttributes::default().set_italic(true).to_owned()),
+            STYLE.italic()
+        );
+        // reversed
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termwiz(CellAttributes::default().set_reverse(true).to_owned()),
+            STYLE.reversed()
+        );
+        // strikethrough
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termwiz(CellAttributes::default().set_strikethrough(true).to_owned()),
+            STYLE.crossed_out()
+        );
+        // hidden
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termwiz(CellAttributes::default().set_invisible(true).to_owned()),
+            STYLE.hidden()
+        );
+
+        // underline color
+        #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
+        assert_eq!(
+            Style::from_termwiz(
+                CellAttributes::default()
+                    .set_underline_color(AnsiColor::Red)
+                    .to_owned()
+            ),
+            STYLE.underline_color(Color::Indexed(9))
+        );
+    }
+}

ratatui-widgets/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+[package]
+name = "ratatui-widgets"
+description = "A collection of Ratatui widgets for building terminal user interfaces using Ratatui."
+# Note that this started at 0.3.0 as there was a previous crate using the name `ratatui-widgets`.
+# <https://github.com/joshka/ratatui-widgets/issues/46>
+version = "0.3.0-alpha.0"
+readme = "README.md"
+authors.workspace = true
+documentation.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+keywords.workspace = true
+categories.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+exclude.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+all-features = true
+cargo-args = ["-Zunstable-options", "-Zrustdoc-scrape-examples"]
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
+
+[features]
+default = ["all-widgets"]
+
+## enables serialization and deserialization of style and color types using the [`serde`] crate.
+## This is useful if you want to save themes to a file.
+serde = ["dep:serde", "ratatui-core/serde"]
+
+#! Widgets that add dependencies are gated behind feature flags to prevent unused transitive
+#! dependencies. The available features are:
+
+## enables all widgets.
+all-widgets = ["calendar"]
+
+## enables the [`calendar`](calendar) widget module and adds a dependency on [`time`].
+calendar = ["dep:time"]
+
+## Enable all unstable features.
+unstable = ["unstable-rendered-line-info"]
+
+## Enables the [`Paragraph::line_count`](paragraph::Paragraph::line_count)
+## [`Paragraph::line_width`](paragraph::Paragraph::line_width) methods
+## which are experimental and may change in the future.
+## See [Issue 293](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/293) for more details.
+unstable-rendered-line-info = []
+
+[dependencies]
+bitflags.workspace = true
+itertools.workspace = true
+indoc.workspace = true
+instability.workspace = true
+ratatui-core = { workspace = true }
+strum.workspace = true
+time = { version = "0.3.11", optional = true, features = ["local-offset"] }
+unicode-segmentation.workspace = true
+unicode-width.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+document-features = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+line-clipping = "0.2.1"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+color-eyre.workspace = true
+pretty_assertions.workspace = true
+ratatui = { path = "../ratatui" }
+rstest.workspace = true
+
+[lints.rust]
+unsafe_code = "forbid"
+
+[lints.clippy]
+cargo = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+pedantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+cast_possible_truncation = "allow"
+cast_possible_wrap = "allow"
+cast_precision_loss = "allow"
+cast_sign_loss = "allow"
+missing_errors_doc = "allow"
+missing_panics_doc = "allow"
+module_name_repetitions = "allow"
+must_use_candidate = "allow"
+
+# we often split up a module into multiple files with the main type in a file named after the
+# module, so we want to allow this pattern
+module_inception = "allow"
+
+# nursery or restricted
+as_underscore = "warn"
+deref_by_slicing = "warn"
+else_if_without_else = "warn"
+empty_line_after_doc_comments = "warn"
+equatable_if_let = "warn"
+fn_to_numeric_cast_any = "warn"
+format_push_string = "warn"
+map_err_ignore = "warn"
+missing_const_for_fn = "warn"
+mixed_read_write_in_expression = "warn"
+mod_module_files = "warn"
+needless_pass_by_ref_mut = "warn"
+needless_raw_strings = "warn"
+or_fun_call = "warn"
+redundant_type_annotations = "warn"
+rest_pat_in_fully_bound_structs = "warn"
+string_lit_chars_any = "warn"
+string_slice = "warn"
+string_to_string = "warn"
+unnecessary_self_imports = "warn"
+use_self = "warn"
+
+[[example]]
+name = "barchart"
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+
+[[example]]
+name = "block"
+doc-scrape-examples = true

ratatui-widgets/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# Ratatui Widgets
+
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui-widgets)](https://crates.io/crates/ratatui-widgets)
+[![Documentation](https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui-widgets)](../LICENSE)
+
+<!-- ⚠️ DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE DIRECTLY, EDIT lib.rs AND THEN RUN `cargo rdme` to update this file. -->
+<!-- cargo-rdme start -->
+
+**ratatui-widgets** contains all the widgets that were previously part of the [Ratatui] crate.
+It is meant to be used in conjunction with `ratatui`, which provides the core functionality
+for building terminal user interfaces.
+
+[Ratatui]: https://crates.io/crates/ratatui
+
+Most applications shouldn't need to depend directly on `ratatui-widgets`, `ratatui` crate
+re-exports all the widgets from this crate. However, if you are building a widget library that
+internally uses these widgets, or if you prefer finer grained dependencies, you may want to
+depend on this crate rather than transitively through the `ratatui` crate.
+
+Previously, a crate named `ratatui-widgets` was published with some formative ideas about an
+eventual Ratatui framework. That crate is now move to [tui-framework-experiment], pending a new
+name.
+
+[tui-framework-experiment]: https://crates.io/crates/tui-framework-experiment
+
+## Installation
+
+Run the following command to add this crate to your project:
+
+```sh
+cargo add ratatui-widgets
+```
+
+## Available Widgets
+
+- [`BarChart`]: displays multiple datasets as bars with optional grouping.
+- [`Block`]: a basic widget that draws a block with optional borders, titles, and styles.
+- [`calendar::Monthly`]: displays a single month.
+- [`Canvas`]: draws arbitrary shapes using drawing characters.
+- [`Chart`]: displays multiple datasets as lines or scatter graphs.
+- [`Clear`]: clears the area it occupies. Useful to render over previously drawn widgets.
+- [`Gauge`]: displays progress percentage using block characters.
+- [`LineGauge`]: displays progress as a line.
+- [`List`]: displays a list of items and allows selection.
+- [`RatatuiLogo`]: displays the Ratatui logo.
+- [`Paragraph`]: displays a paragraph of optionally styled and wrapped text.
+- [`Scrollbar`]: displays a scrollbar.
+- [`Sparkline`]: displays a single dataset as a sparkline.
+- [`Table`]: displays multiple rows and columns in a grid and allows selection.
+- [`Tabs`]: displays a tab bar and allows selection.
+
+[`BarChart`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/barchart/struct.BarChart.html
+[`Block`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/block/struct.Block.html
+[`calendar::Monthly`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/calendar/struct.Monthly.html
+[`Canvas`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/canvas/struct.Canvas.html
+[`Chart`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/chart/struct.Chart.html
+[`Clear`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/clear/struct.Clear.html
+[`Gauge`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/gauge/struct.Gauge.html
+[`LineGauge`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/gauge/struct.LineGauge.html
+[`List`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/list/struct.List.html
+[`RatatuiLogo`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/logo/struct.RatatuiLogo.html
+[`Paragraph`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/paragraph/struct.Paragraph.html
+[`Scrollbar`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/scrollbar/struct.Scrollbar.html
+[`Sparkline`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/sparkline/struct.Sparkline.html
+[`Table`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/table/struct.Table.html
+[`Tabs`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui-widgets/latest/ratatui_widgets/tabs/struct.Tabs.html
+
+All these widgets are re-exported directly under `ratatui::widgets` in the `ratatui` crate.
+
+## Contributing
+
+Contributions are welcome! Please open an issue or submit a pull request on GitHub. For more
+details on contributing, please see the [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md) document.
+
+## License
+
+This project is licensed under the MIT License. See the [LICENSE](../LICENSE) file for details.
+
+<!-- cargo-rdme end -->

ratatui-widgets/examples/barchart.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+//! # [Ratatui] `BarChart` example
+//!
+//! The latest version of this example is available in the [widget examples] folder in the
+//! repository.
+//!
+//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
+//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
+//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
+//!
+//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
+//! library you are using.
+//!
+//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui
+//! [widget examples]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/ratatui-widgets/examples
+//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::{
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::Stylize,
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{Bar, BarChart},
+    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
+};
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    let terminal = ratatui::init();
+    let result = run(terminal);
+    ratatui::restore();
+    result
+}
+
+/// Run the application.
+fn run(mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(draw)?;
+        if quit_key_pressed()? {
+            break Ok(());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Draw the UI with a title and two barcharts.
+fn draw(frame: &mut Frame) {
+    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Fill(1)]).spacing(1);
+    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(28), Constraint::Fill(1)]).spacing(1);
+    let [top, main] = vertical.areas(frame.area());
+    let [left, right] = horizontal.areas(main);
+
+    let title = Line::from_iter([
+        Span::from("BarChart Widget").bold(),
+        Span::from(" (Press 'q' to quit)"),
+    ]);
+    frame.render_widget(title.centered(), top);
+    render_vertical_barchart(frame, left);
+    render_horizontal_barchart(frame, right);
+}
+
+/// Render a horizontal barchart with some sample data.
+fn render_horizontal_barchart(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let bars = vec![
+        Bar::with_label("Red", 30).red(),
+        Bar::with_label("Blue", 20).blue(),
+        Bar::with_label("Green", 15).green(),
+        Bar::with_label("Yellow", 10).yellow(),
+    ];
+    let chart = BarChart::horizontal(bars).bar_width(3);
+    frame.render_widget(chart, area);
+}
+
+/// Render a vertical barchart with some sample data.
+fn render_vertical_barchart(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let bars = vec![
+        Bar::with_label("Red", 30).red(),
+        Bar::with_label("Blue", 20).blue(),
+        Bar::with_label("Green", 15).green(),
+        Bar::with_label("Yellow", 10).yellow(),
+    ];
+    let chart = BarChart::vertical(bars).bar_width(6);
+    frame.render_widget(chart, area);
+}
+
+/// Wait for an event and return `true` if the Esc or 'q' key is pressed.
+fn quit_key_pressed() -> Result<bool> {
+    use ratatui::crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode};
+    match event::read()? {
+        Event::Key(event) if matches!(event.code, KeyCode::Esc | KeyCode::Char('q')) => Ok(true),
+        _ => Ok(false),
+    }
+}

ratatui-widgets/examples/block.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//! # [Ratatui] `Block` example
+//!
+//! The latest version of this example is available in the [widget examples] folder in the
+//! repository.
+//!
+//! Please note that the examples are designed to be run against the `main` branch of the Github
+//! repository. This means that you may not be able to compile with the latest release version on
+//! crates.io, or the one that you have installed locally.
+//!
+//! See the [examples readme] for more information on finding examples that match the version of the
+//! library you are using.
+//!
+//! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui
+//! [widget examples]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/ratatui-widgets/examples
+//! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
+
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::event::{self, Event},
+    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Style, Stylize},
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::{Block, BorderType},
+    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
+};
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    let terminal = ratatui::init();
+    let result = run(terminal);
+    ratatui::restore();
+    result
+}
+
+/// Run the application.
+fn run(mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(draw)?;
+        if matches!(event::read()?, Event::Key(_)) {
+            break Ok(());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Draw the UI with various blocks.
+fn draw(frame: &mut Frame) {
+    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Fill(1)]).spacing(1);
+    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(33); 3]).spacing(1);
+    let [top, main] = vertical.areas(frame.area());
+    let [left, middle, right] = horizontal.areas(main);
+
+    let title = Line::from_iter([
+        Span::from("Block Widget").bold(),
+        Span::from(" (Press 'q' to quit)"),
+    ]);
+    frame.render_widget(title.centered(), top);
+
+    render_bordered_block(frame, left);
+    render_styled_block(frame, middle);
+    render_custom_bordered_block(frame, right);
+}
+
+/// Render a block with borders.
+pub fn render_bordered_block(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let block = Block::bordered().title("Bordered block");
+    frame.render_widget(block, area);
+}
+
+/// Render a styled block.
+pub fn render_styled_block(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let block = Block::bordered()
+        .style(Style::new().blue().on_black().bold().italic())
+        .title("Styled block");
+    frame.render_widget(block, area);
+}
+
+/// Render a block with custom borders.
+pub fn render_custom_bordered_block(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+    let block = Block::bordered()
+        .border_type(BorderType::Rounded)
+        .border_style(Style::new().red())
+        .title("Custom borders");
+    frame.render_widget(block, area);
+}

ratatui-widgets/src/barchart.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,20 @@
-use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, widgets::Block};
+//! The [`BarChart`] widget and its related types (e.g. [`Bar`], [`BarGroup`]).
+
+use ratatui_core::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Direction, Rect},
+    style::{Style, Styled},
+    symbols::{self},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
+
+pub use self::{bar::Bar, bar_group::BarGroup};
+use crate::block::{Block, BlockExt};
 
 mod bar;
 mod bar_group;
 
-pub use bar::Bar;
-pub use bar_group::BarGroup;
-
 /// A chart showing values as [bars](Bar).
 ///
 /// Here is a possible `BarChart` output.
@@ -42,7 +51,10 @@ pub use bar_group::BarGroup;
 /// The first group is added by an array slice (`&[(&str, u64)]`).
 /// The second group is added by a [`BarGroup`] instance.
 /// ```
-/// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+///     widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block},
+/// };
 ///
 /// BarChart::default()
 ///     .block(Block::bordered().title("BarChart"))
@@ -52,10 +64,21 @@ pub use bar_group::BarGroup;
 ///     .bar_style(Style::new().yellow().on_red())
 ///     .value_style(Style::new().red().bold())
 ///     .label_style(Style::new().white())
-///     .data(&[("B0", 0), ("B1", 2), ("B2", 4), ("B3", 3)])
-///     .data(BarGroup::default().bars(&[Bar::default().value(10), Bar::default().value(20)]))
+///     .data(&[("A0", 0), ("A1", 2), ("A2", 4), ("A3", 3)])
+///     .data(BarGroup::new([
+///         Bar::with_label("B0", 10),
+///         Bar::with_label("B2", 20),
+///     ]))
 ///     .max(4);
 /// ```
+///
+/// For simpler usages, you can also create a `BarChart` simply by
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use ratatui::widgets::{Bar, BarChart};
+///
+/// BarChart::new([Bar::with_label("A", 10), Bar::with_label("B", 20)]);
+/// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct BarChart<'a> {
     /// Block to wrap the widget in
@@ -105,6 +128,52 @@ impl<'a> Default for BarChart<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new vertical `BarChart` widget with the given bars.
+    ///
+    /// The `bars` parameter accepts any type that can be converted into a `Vec<Bar>`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use ratatui::{
+    ///     layout::Direction,
+    ///     widgets::{Bar, BarChart},
+    /// };
+    ///
+    /// BarChart::new(vec![Bar::with_label("A", 10), Bar::with_label("B", 10)]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new<T: Into<Vec<Bar<'a>>>>(bars: T) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data: vec![BarGroup::new(bars.into())],
+            direction: Direction::Vertical,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new `BarChart` widget with a vertical direction.
+    ///
+    /// This function is equivalent to `BarChart::new()`.
+    pub fn vertical(bars: impl Into<Vec<Bar<'a>>>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(bars)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new `BarChart` widget with a horizontal direction.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::{Bar, BarChart};
+    ///
+    /// BarChart::horizontal(vec![Bar::with_label("A", 10), Bar::with_label("B", 20)]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn horizontal(bars: impl Into<Vec<Bar<'a>>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data: vec![BarGroup::new(bars.into())],
+            direction: Direction::Horizontal,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Add group of bars to the `BarChart`
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -113,10 +182,14 @@ impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
     /// The first group is added by an array slice (`&[(&str, u64)]`).
     /// The second group is added by a [`BarGroup`] instance.
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup};
+    ///
     /// BarChart::default()
     ///     .data(&[("B0", 0), ("B1", 2), ("B2", 4), ("B3", 3)])
-    ///     .data(BarGroup::default().bars(&[Bar::default().value(10), Bar::default().value(20)]));
+    ///     .data(BarGroup::new([
+    ///         Bar::with_label("A", 10),
+    ///         Bar::with_label("B", 20),
+    ///     ]));
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn data(mut self, data: impl Into<BarGroup<'a>>) -> Self {
@@ -143,7 +216,7 @@ impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
     /// This example shows the default behavior when `max` is not set.
     /// The maximum value in the dataset is taken (here, `100`).
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::BarChart;
     /// BarChart::default().data(&[("foo", 1), ("bar", 2), ("baz", 100)]);
     /// // Renders
     /// //     █
@@ -154,7 +227,8 @@ impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
     /// This example shows a custom max value.
     /// The maximum height being `2`, `bar` & `baz` render as the max.
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::BarChart;
+    ///
     /// BarChart::default()
     ///     .data(&[("foo", 1), ("bar", 2), ("baz", 100)])
     ///     .max(2);
@@ -176,6 +250,8 @@ impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
     ///
     /// It is also possible to set individually the style of each [`Bar`].
     /// In this case the default style will be patched by the individual style
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn bar_style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.bar_style = style.into();
@@ -184,8 +260,8 @@ impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
 
     /// Set the width of the displayed bars.
     ///
-    /// For [`Horizontal`](crate::layout::Direction::Horizontal) bars this becomes the height of
-    /// the bar.
+    /// For [`Horizontal`](ratatui_core::layout::Direction::Horizontal) bars this becomes the height
+    /// of the bar.
     ///
     /// If not set, this defaults to `1`.
     /// The bar label also uses this value as its width.
@@ -204,7 +280,8 @@ impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
     ///
     /// This shows two bars with a gap of `3`. Notice the labels will always stay under the bar.
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::BarChart;
+    ///
     /// BarChart::default()
     ///     .data(&[("foo", 1), ("bar", 2)])
     ///     .bar_gap(3);
@@ -219,9 +296,9 @@ impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// The [`bar::Set`](crate::symbols::bar::Set) to use for displaying the bars.
+    /// The [`bar::Set`](ratatui_core::symbols::bar::Set) to use for displaying the bars.
     ///
-    /// If not set, the default is [`bar::NINE_LEVELS`](crate::symbols::bar::NINE_LEVELS).
+    /// If not set, the default is [`bar::NINE_LEVELS`](ratatui_core::symbols::bar::NINE_LEVELS).
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub const fn bar_set(mut self, bar_set: symbols::bar::Set) -> Self {
         self.bar_set = bar_set;
@@ -239,6 +316,8 @@ impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
     /// # See also
     ///
     /// [`Bar::value_style`] to set the value style individually.
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn value_style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.value_style = style.into();
@@ -256,6 +335,8 @@ impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
     /// # See also
     ///
     /// [`Bar::label`] to set the label style individually.
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn label_style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.label_style = style.into();
@@ -275,6 +356,8 @@ impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
     /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
     ///
     /// The style will be applied to everything that isn't styled (borders, bars, labels, ...).
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.style = style.into();
@@ -283,7 +366,7 @@ impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
 
     /// Set the direction of the bars.
     ///
-    /// [`Vertical`](crate::layout::Direction::Vertical) bars are the default.
+    /// [`Vertical`](ratatui_core::layout::Direction::Vertical) bars are the default.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -431,7 +514,7 @@ impl BarChart<'_> {
                         } else {
                             self.bar_set.empty
                         };
-                        buf.get_mut(bars_area.left() + x, bar_y)
+                        buf[(bars_area.left() + x, bar_y)]
                             .set_symbol(symbol)
                             .set_style(bar_style);
                     }
@@ -507,7 +590,7 @@ impl BarChart<'_> {
                     let bar_style = self.bar_style.patch(bar.style);
 
                     for x in 0..self.bar_width {
-                        buf.get_mut(bar_x + x, area.top() + j)
+                        buf[(bar_x + x, area.top() + j)]
                             .set_symbol(symbol)
                             .set_style(bar_style);
                     }
@@ -577,15 +660,15 @@ impl BarChart<'_> {
 
 impl Widget for BarChart<'_> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        self.render_ref(area, buf);
+        Widget::render(&self, area, buf);
     }
 }
 
-impl WidgetRef for BarChart<'_> {
-    fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+impl Widget for &BarChart<'_> {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         buf.set_style(area, self.style);
 
-        self.block.render_ref(area, buf);
+        self.block.as_ref().render(area, buf);
         let inner = self.block.inner_if_some(area);
 
         if inner.is_empty() || self.data.is_empty() || self.bar_width == 0 {
@@ -613,9 +696,14 @@ impl<'a> Styled for BarChart<'a> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use itertools::iproduct;
+    use ratatui_core::{
+        layout::Alignment,
+        style::{Color, Modifier, Stylize},
+        text::Span,
+    };
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::widgets::BorderType;
+    use crate::borders::BorderType;
 
     #[test]
     fn default() {
@@ -698,7 +786,7 @@ mod tests {
             "f b       ",
         ]);
         for (x, y) in iproduct!([0, 2], [0, 1]) {
-            expected.get_mut(x, y).set_fg(Color::Red);
+            expected[(x, y)].set_fg(Color::Red);
         }
         assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
@@ -790,8 +878,8 @@ mod tests {
             "█1█ █2█   ",
             "foo bar   ",
         ]);
-        expected.get_mut(1, 1).set_fg(Color::Red);
-        expected.get_mut(5, 1).set_fg(Color::Red);
+        expected[(1, 1)].set_fg(Color::Red);
+        expected[(5, 1)].set_fg(Color::Red);
         assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
@@ -808,8 +896,8 @@ mod tests {
             "1 2       ",
             "f b       ",
         ]);
-        expected.get_mut(0, 2).set_fg(Color::Red);
-        expected.get_mut(2, 2).set_fg(Color::Red);
+        expected[(0, 2)].set_fg(Color::Red);
+        expected[(2, 2)].set_fg(Color::Red);
         assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
 
@@ -827,7 +915,7 @@ mod tests {
             "f b       ",
         ]);
         for (x, y) in iproduct!(0..10, 0..3) {
-            expected.get_mut(x, y).set_fg(Color::Red);
+            expected[(x, y)].set_fg(Color::Red);
         }
         assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
@@ -846,10 +934,10 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_empty_group() {
         let chart = BarChart::default()
-            .data(BarGroup::default().label("invisible".into()))
+            .data(BarGroup::default().label("invisible"))
             .data(
                 BarGroup::default()
-                    .label("G".into())
+                    .label("G")
                     .bars(&[Bar::default().value(1), Bar::default().value(2)]),
             );
 
@@ -866,12 +954,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     fn build_test_barchart<'a>() -> BarChart<'a> {
         BarChart::default()
-            .data(BarGroup::default().label("G1".into()).bars(&[
+            .data(BarGroup::default().label("G1").bars(&[
                 Bar::default().value(2),
                 Bar::default().value(3),
                 Bar::default().value(4),
             ]))
-            .data(BarGroup::default().label("G2".into()).bars(&[
+            .data(BarGroup::default().label("G2").bars(&[
                 Bar::default().value(3),
                 Bar::default().value(4),
                 Bar::default().value(5),
@@ -938,7 +1026,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_horizontal_bars_label_width_greater_than_bar(bar_color: Option<Color>) {
         let mut bar = Bar::default()
             .value(2)
-            .text_value("label".into())
+            .text_value("label")
             .value_style(Style::default().red());
 
         if let Some(color) = bar_color {
@@ -958,9 +1046,9 @@ mod tests {
         let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["label", "5████"]);
 
         // first line has a yellow foreground. first cell contains italic "5"
-        expected.get_mut(0, 1).modifier.insert(Modifier::ITALIC);
+        expected[(0, 1)].modifier.insert(Modifier::ITALIC);
         for x in 0..5 {
-            expected.get_mut(x, 1).set_fg(Color::Yellow);
+            expected[(x, 1)].set_fg(Color::Yellow);
         }
 
         let expected_color = bar_color.unwrap_or(Color::Yellow);
@@ -968,13 +1056,13 @@ mod tests {
         // second line contains the word "label". Since the bar value is 2,
         // then the first 2 characters of "label" are italic red.
         // the rest is white (using the Bar's style).
-        let cell = expected.get_mut(0, 0).set_fg(Color::Red);
+        let cell = expected[(0, 0)].set_fg(Color::Red);
         cell.modifier.insert(Modifier::ITALIC);
-        let cell = expected.get_mut(1, 0).set_fg(Color::Red);
+        let cell = expected[(1, 0)].set_fg(Color::Red);
         cell.modifier.insert(Modifier::ITALIC);
-        expected.get_mut(2, 0).set_fg(expected_color);
-        expected.get_mut(3, 0).set_fg(expected_color);
-        expected.get_mut(4, 0).set_fg(expected_color);
+        expected[(2, 0)].set_fg(expected_color);
+        expected[(3, 0)].set_fg(expected_color);
+        expected[(4, 0)].set_fg(expected_color);
 
         assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
@@ -1013,7 +1101,7 @@ mod tests {
         let chart: BarChart<'_> = BarChart::default()
             .data(
                 BarGroup::default()
-                    .label(Span::from("G1").red().into())
+                    .label(Span::from("G1").red())
                     .bars(&[Bar::default().value(2)]),
             )
             .group_gap(1)
@@ -1027,9 +1115,9 @@ mod tests {
         // bold: because of BarChart::label_style
         // red: is included with the label itself
         let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(["2████", "G1   "]);
-        let cell = expected.get_mut(0, 1).set_fg(Color::Red);
+        let cell = expected[(0, 1)].set_fg(Color::Red);
         cell.modifier.insert(Modifier::BOLD);
-        let cell = expected.get_mut(1, 1).set_fg(Color::Red);
+        let cell = expected[(1, 1)].set_fg(Color::Red);
         cell.modifier.insert(Modifier::BOLD);
 
         assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
@@ -1081,18 +1169,9 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_unicode_as_value() {
         let group = BarGroup::default().bars(&[
-            Bar::default()
-                .value(123)
-                .label("B1".into())
-                .text_value("写".into()),
-            Bar::default()
-                .value(321)
-                .label("B2".into())
-                .text_value("写".into()),
-            Bar::default()
-                .value(333)
-                .label("B2".into())
-                .text_value("写".into()),
+            Bar::default().value(123).label("B1").text_value("写"),
+            Bar::default().value(321).label("B2").text_value("写"),
+            Bar::default().value(333).label("B2").text_value("写"),
         ]);
         let chart = BarChart::default().data(group).bar_width(3).bar_gap(1);
 
@@ -1134,7 +1213,7 @@ mod tests {
             ("i", 8),
         ])
             .into();
-        group = group.label("Group".into());
+        group = group.label("Group");
 
         let chart = BarChart::default()
             .data(group)
@@ -1159,7 +1238,7 @@ mod tests {
             ("i", 8),
         ])
             .into();
-        group = group.label("Group".into());
+        group = group.label("Group");
 
         let chart = BarChart::default()
             .data(group)
@@ -1326,4 +1405,19 @@ mod tests {
         ]);
         assert_eq!(buffer, expected);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_barchart_new() {
+        let bars = [Bar::with_label("Red", 1), Bar::with_label("Green", 2)];
+
+        let chart = BarChart::new(bars.clone());
+        assert_eq!(chart.data.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(chart.data[0].bars, bars);
+
+        let bars2 = [("Blue", 3)];
+
+        let updated_chart = chart.data(&bars2);
+        assert_eq!(updated_chart.data.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(updated_chart.data[1].bars, [Bar::with_label("Blue", 3)]);
+    }
 }

ratatui-widgets/src/barchart/bar.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
+use ratatui_core::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::{Style, Styled},
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
-use crate::prelude::*;
-
-/// A bar to be shown by the [`BarChart`](crate::widgets::BarChart) widget.
+/// A bar to be shown by the [`BarChart`](super::BarChart) widget.
 ///
 /// Here is an explanation of a `Bar`'s components.
 /// ```plain
@@ -17,14 +22,15 @@ use crate::prelude::*;
 /// The following example creates a bar with the label "Bar 1", a value "10",
 /// red background and a white value foreground.
 /// ```
-/// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+///     widgets::Bar,
+/// };
 ///
-/// Bar::default()
-///     .label("Bar 1".into())
-///     .value(10)
-///     .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red))
-///     .value_style(Style::default().bg(Color::Red).fg(Color::White))
-///     .text_value("10°C".to_string());
+/// Bar::with_label("Bar 1", 10)
+///     .red()
+///     .value_style(Style::new().red().on_white())
+///     .text_value("10°C");
 /// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Bar<'a> {
@@ -41,14 +47,54 @@ pub struct Bar<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> Bar<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new `Bar` with the given value.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::Bar;
+    ///
+    /// let bar = Bar::new(42);
+    /// ```
+    pub const fn new(value: u64) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            value,
+            label: None,
+            style: Style::new(),
+            value_style: Style::new(),
+            text_value: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new `Bar` with the given `label` and value.
+    ///
+    /// a `label` can be a [`&str`], [`String`] or anything that can be converted into [`Line`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::Bar;
+    ///
+    /// let bar = Bar::with_label("Label", 42);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn with_label<T: Into<Line<'a>>>(label: T, value: u64) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            value,
+            label: Some(label.into()),
+            style: Style::new(),
+            value_style: Style::new(),
+            text_value: None,
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Set the value of this bar.
     ///
     /// The value will be displayed inside the bar.
     ///
     /// # See also
     ///
-    /// [`Bar::value_style`] to style the value.
-    /// [`Bar::text_value`] to set the displayed value.
+    /// - [`Bar::value_style`] to style the value.
+    /// - [`Bar::text_value`] to set the displayed value.
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub const fn value(mut self, value: u64) -> Self {
         self.value = value;
@@ -57,14 +103,35 @@ impl<'a> Bar<'a> {
 
     /// Set the label of the bar.
     ///
-    /// For [`Vertical`](crate::layout::Direction::Vertical) bars,
+    /// `label` can be a [`&str`], [`String`] or anything that can be converted into [`Line`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// From [`&str`] and [`String`]:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::Bar;
+    ///
+    /// Bar::default().label("label");
+    /// Bar::default().label(String::from("label"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// From a [`Line`] with red foreground color:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use ratatui::{style::Stylize, text::Line, widgets::Bar};
+    ///
+    /// Bar::default().label(Line::from("Line").red());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For [`Vertical`](ratatui_core::layout::Direction::Vertical) bars,
     /// display the label **under** the bar.
-    /// For [`Horizontal`](crate::layout::Direction::Horizontal) bars,
+    /// For [`Horizontal`](ratatui_core::layout::Direction::Horizontal) bars,
     /// display the label **in** the bar.
-    /// See [`BarChart::direction`](crate::widgets::BarChart::direction) to set the direction.
+    /// See [`BarChart::direction`](crate::barchart::BarChart::direction) to set the direction.
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
-    pub fn label(mut self, label: Line<'a>) -> Self {
-        self.label = Some(label);
+    pub fn label<T: Into<Line<'a>>>(mut self, label: T) -> Self {
+        self.label = Some(label.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -74,6 +141,8 @@ impl<'a> Bar<'a> {
     /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
     ///
     /// This will apply to every non-styled element. It can be seen and used as a default value.
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.style = style.into();
@@ -88,6 +157,8 @@ impl<'a> Bar<'a> {
     /// # See also
     ///
     /// [`Bar::value`] to set the value.
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn value_style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.value_style = style.into();
@@ -96,15 +167,28 @@ impl<'a> Bar<'a> {
 
     /// Set the text value printed in the bar.
     ///
+    /// `text_value` can be a [`&str`], `Number` or anything that can be converted into [`String`].
+    ///
     /// If `text_value` is not set, then the [`ToString`] representation of `value` will be shown on
     /// the bar.
     ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// From [`&str`] and [`String`]:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::Bar;
+    ///
+    /// Bar::default().text_value("label");
+    /// Bar::default().text_value(String::from("label"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
     /// # See also
     ///
     /// [`Bar::value`] to set the value.
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
-    pub fn text_value(mut self, text_value: String) -> Self {
-        self.text_value = Some(text_value);
+    pub fn text_value<T: Into<String>>(mut self, text_value: T) -> Self {
+        self.text_value = Some(text_value.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -200,3 +284,46 @@ impl<'a> Bar<'a> {
         }
     }
 }
+
+impl<'a> Styled for Bar<'a> {
+    type Item = Self;
+
+    fn style(&self) -> Style {
+        self.style
+    }
+
+    fn set_style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self::Item {
+        self.style = style.into();
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use ratatui_core::style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize};
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bar_new() {
+        let bar = Bar::new(42).label(Line::from("Label"));
+        assert_eq!(bar.label, Some(Line::from("Label")));
+        assert_eq!(bar.value, 42);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bar_with_label() {
+        let bar = Bar::with_label("Label", 42);
+        assert_eq!(bar.label, Some(Line::from("Label")));
+        assert_eq!(bar.value, 42);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bar_stylized() {
+        let bar = Bar::default().red().bold();
+        assert_eq!(
+            bar.style,
+            Style::default().fg(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+        );
+    }
+}

ratatui-widgets/src/barchart/bar_group.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,21 @@
-use super::Bar;
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use ratatui_core::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
+    style::Style,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
+
+use crate::barchart::Bar;
 
 /// A group of bars to be shown by the Barchart.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
-/// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// use ratatui::widgets::{Bar, BarGroup};
 ///
-/// BarGroup::default()
-///     .label("Group 1".into())
-///     .bars(&[Bar::default().value(200), Bar::default().value(150)]);
+/// let group = BarGroup::new([Bar::with_label("Red", 20), Bar::with_label("Blue", 15)]);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct BarGroup<'a> {
@@ -21,10 +26,50 @@ pub struct BarGroup<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> BarGroup<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new `BarGroup` with the given bars.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use ratatui::{
+    ///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+    ///     widgets::{Bar, BarGroup},
+    /// };
+    ///
+    /// let group = BarGroup::new(vec![Bar::with_label("A", 10), Bar::with_label("B", 20)]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new<T: Into<Vec<Bar<'a>>>>(bars: T) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bars: bars.into(),
+            ..Self::default()
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Set the group label
+    ///
+    /// `label` can be a [`&str`], [`String`] or anything that can be converted into [`Line`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// From [`&str`] and [`String`].
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::BarGroup;
+    ///
+    /// BarGroup::default().label("label");
+    /// BarGroup::default().label(String::from("label"));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// From a [`Line`] with red foreground color:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use ratatui::{style::Stylize, text::Line, widgets::BarGroup};
+    ///
+    /// BarGroup::default().label(Line::from("Line").red());
+    /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
-    pub fn label(mut self, label: Line<'a>) -> Self {
-        self.label = Some(label);
+    pub fn label<T: Into<Line<'a>>>(mut self, label: T) -> Self {
+        self.label = Some(label.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -70,7 +115,7 @@ impl<'a> From<&[(&'a str, u64)]> for BarGroup<'a> {
             label: None,
             bars: value
                 .iter()
-                .map(|&(text, v)| Bar::default().value(v).label(text.into()))
+                .map(|&(text, v)| Bar::with_label(text, v))
                 .collect(),
         }
     }
@@ -89,3 +134,16 @@ impl<'a> From<&Vec<(&'a str, u64)>> for BarGroup<'a> {
         Self::from(array)
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bargroup_new() {
+        let group = BarGroup::new([Bar::with_label("Label1", 1), Bar::with_label("Label2", 2)])
+            .label(Line::from("Group1"));
+        assert_eq!(group.label, Some(Line::from("Group1")));
+        assert_eq!(group.bars.len(), 2);
+    }
+}

ratatui-widgets/src/block.rs

@@ -6,17 +6,25 @@
 //! [title](Block::title) and [padding](Block::padding).
 
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use strum::{Display, EnumString};
+use ratatui_core::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
+    style::{Style, Styled},
+    symbols::border,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
 
-use crate::{prelude::*, style::Styled, symbols::border, widgets::Borders};
+pub use self::{
+    padding::Padding,
+    title::{Position, Title},
+};
+use crate::borders::{BorderType, Borders};
 
 mod padding;
 pub mod title;
 
-pub use padding::Padding;
-pub use title::{Position, Title};
-
-/// Base widget to be used to display a box border around all [upper level ones](crate::widgets).
+/// Base widget to be used to display a box border around all other built-in widgets.
 ///
 /// The borders can be configured with [`Block::borders`] and others. A block can have multiple
 /// [`Title`] using [`Block::title`]. It can also be [styled](Block::style) and
@@ -67,7 +75,10 @@ pub use title::{Position, Title};
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
-/// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     style::{Color, Style},
+///     widgets::{Block, BorderType, Borders},
+/// };
 ///
 /// Block::new()
 ///     .border_type(BorderType::Rounded)
@@ -79,12 +90,9 @@ pub use title::{Position, Title};
 ///
 /// You may also use multiple titles like in the following:
 /// ```
-/// use ratatui::{
-///     prelude::*,
-///     widgets::{
-///         block::{Position, Title},
-///         Block,
-///     },
+/// use ratatui::widgets::{
+///     block::{Position, Title},
+///     Block,
 /// };
 ///
 /// Block::new()
@@ -94,10 +102,7 @@ pub use title::{Position, Title};
 ///
 /// You can also pass it as parameters of another widget so that the block surrounds them:
 /// ```
-/// use ratatui::{
-///     prelude::*,
-///     widgets::{Block, Borders, List},
-/// };
+/// use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Borders, List};
 ///
 /// let surrounding_block = Block::default()
 ///     .borders(Borders::ALL)
@@ -108,7 +113,7 @@ pub use title::{Position, Title};
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Block<'a> {
     /// List of titles
-    titles: Vec<Title<'a>>,
+    titles: Vec<(Option<Position>, Line<'a>)>,
     /// The style to be patched to all titles of the block
     titles_style: Style,
     /// The default alignment of the titles that don't have one
@@ -128,79 +133,6 @@ pub struct Block<'a> {
     padding: Padding,
 }
 
-/// The type of border of a [`Block`].
-///
-/// See the [`borders`](Block::borders) method of `Block` to configure its borders.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Display, EnumString, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub enum BorderType {
-    /// A plain, simple border.
-    ///
-    /// This is the default
-    ///
-    /// # Example
-    ///
-    /// ```plain
-    /// ┌───────┐
-    /// │       │
-    /// └───────┘
-    /// ```
-    #[default]
-    Plain,
-    /// A plain border with rounded corners.
-    ///
-    /// # Example
-    ///
-    /// ```plain
-    /// ╭───────╮
-    /// │       │
-    /// ╰───────╯
-    /// ```
-    Rounded,
-    /// A doubled border.
-    ///
-    /// Note this uses one character that draws two lines.
-    ///
-    /// # Example
-    ///
-    /// ```plain
-    /// ╔═══════╗
-    /// ║       ║
-    /// ╚═══════╝
-    /// ```
-    Double,
-    /// A thick border.
-    ///
-    /// # Example
-    ///
-    /// ```plain
-    /// ┏━━━━━━━┓
-    /// ┃       ┃
-    /// ┗━━━━━━━┛
-    /// ```
-    Thick,
-    /// A border with a single line on the inside of a half block.
-    ///
-    /// # Example
-    ///
-    /// ```plain
-    /// ▗▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▖
-    /// ▐       ▌
-    /// ▐       ▌
-    /// ▝▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▘
-    QuadrantInside,
-
-    /// A border with a single line on the outside of a half block.
-    ///
-    /// # Example
-    ///
-    /// ```plain
-    /// ▛▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▜
-    /// ▌       ▐
-    /// ▌       ▐
-    /// ▙▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▟
-    QuadrantOutside,
-}
-
 impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     /// Creates a new block with no [`Borders`] or [`Padding`].
     pub const fn new() -> Self {
@@ -220,7 +152,8 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     /// Create a new block with [all borders](Borders::ALL) shown
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Borders};
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Borders};
+    ///
     /// assert_eq!(Block::bordered(), Block::new().borders(Borders::ALL));
     /// ```
     pub const fn bordered() -> Self {
@@ -239,13 +172,13 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     /// space is calculated based on the full width of the block, rather than the leftover width.
     ///
     /// You can provide any type that can be converted into [`Title`] including: strings, string
-    /// slices (`&str`), borrowed strings (`Cow<str>`), [spans](crate::text::Span), or vectors of
-    /// [spans](crate::text::Span) (`Vec<Span>`).
+    /// slices (`&str`), borrowed strings (`Cow<str>`), [spans](ratatui_core::text::Span), or
+    /// vectors of [spans](ratatui_core::text::Span) (`Vec<Span>`).
     ///
     /// By default, the titles will avoid being rendered in the corners of the block but will align
-    /// against the left or right edge of the block if there is no border on that edge.
-    /// The following demonstrates this behavior, notice the second title is one character off to
-    /// the left.
+    /// against the left or right edge of the block if there is no border on that edge. The
+    /// following demonstrates this behavior, notice the second title is one character off to the
+    /// left.
     ///
     /// ```plain
     /// ┌With at least a left border───
@@ -268,15 +201,15 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     /// - Two titles with the same alignment (notice the left titles are separated)
     /// ```
     /// use ratatui::{
-    ///     prelude::*,
-    ///     widgets::{block::*, *},
+    ///     text::Line,
+    ///     widgets::{Block, Borders},
     /// };
     ///
     /// Block::new()
     ///     .title("Title") // By default in the top left corner
-    ///     .title(Title::from("Left").alignment(Alignment::Left)) // also on the left
-    ///     .title(Title::from("Right").alignment(Alignment::Right))
-    ///     .title(Title::from("Center").alignment(Alignment::Center));
+    ///     .title(Line::from("Left").left_aligned()) // also on the left
+    ///     .title(Line::from("Right").right_aligned())
+    ///     .title(Line::from("Center").centered());
     /// // Renders
     /// // ┌Title─Left────Center─────────Right┐
     /// ```
@@ -288,26 +221,40 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     /// - [`Block::title_alignment`]
     /// - [`Block::title_position`]
     ///
-    /// [Block example]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md#block
+    /// # Future improvements
+    ///
+    /// In a future release of Ratatui this method will be changed to accept `Into<Line>` instead of
+    /// `Into<Title>`. This allows us to remove the unnecessary `Title` struct and store the
+    /// position in the block itself. For more information see
+    /// <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/738>.
+    ///
+    /// [Block example]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md#block
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn title<T>(mut self, title: T) -> Self
     where
         T: Into<Title<'a>>,
     {
-        self.titles.push(title.into());
+        let title = title.into();
+        let position = title.position;
+        let mut content = title.content;
+        if let Some(alignment) = title.alignment {
+            content = content.alignment(alignment);
+        }
+        self.titles.push((position, content));
         self
     }
 
     /// Adds a title to the top of the block.
     ///
     /// You can provide any type that can be converted into [`Line`] including: strings, string
-    /// slices (`&str`), borrowed strings (`Cow<str>`), [spans](crate::text::Span), or vectors of
-    /// [spans](crate::text::Span) (`Vec<Span>`).
+    /// slices (`&str`), borrowed strings (`Cow<str>`), [spans](ratatui_core::text::Span), or
+    /// vectors of [spans](ratatui_core::text::Span) (`Vec<Span>`).
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{ prelude::*, widgets::* };
+    /// use ratatui::{ widgets::Block, text::Line };
+    ///
     /// Block::bordered()
     ///     .title_top("Left1") // By default in the top left corner
     ///     .title_top(Line::from("Left2").left_aligned())
@@ -321,21 +268,22 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn title_top<T: Into<Line<'a>>>(mut self, title: T) -> Self {
-        let title = Title::from(title).position(Position::Top);
-        self.titles.push(title);
+        let line = title.into();
+        self.titles.push((Some(Position::Top), line));
         self
     }
 
     /// Adds a title to the bottom of the block.
     ///
     /// You can provide any type that can be converted into [`Line`] including: strings, string
-    /// slices (`&str`), borrowed strings (`Cow<str>`), [spans](crate::text::Span), or vectors of
-    /// [spans](crate::text::Span) (`Vec<Span>`).
+    /// slices (`&str`), borrowed strings (`Cow<str>`), [spans](ratatui_core::text::Span), or
+    /// vectors of [spans](ratatui_core::text::Span) (`Vec<Span>`).
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{ prelude::*, widgets::* };
+    /// use ratatui::{ widgets::Block, text::Line };
+    ///
     /// Block::bordered()
     ///     .title_bottom("Left1") // By default in the top left corner
     ///     .title_bottom(Line::from("Left2").left_aligned())
@@ -349,8 +297,8 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     /// ```
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn title_bottom<T: Into<Line<'a>>>(mut self, title: T) -> Self {
-        let title = Title::from(title).position(Position::Bottom);
-        self.titles.push(title);
+        let line = title.into();
+        self.titles.push((Some(Position::Bottom), line));
         self
     }
 
@@ -364,6 +312,8 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     ///
     /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
     /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn title_style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.titles_style = style.into();
@@ -379,15 +329,12 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     /// This example aligns all titles in the center except the "right" title which explicitly sets
     /// [`Alignment::Right`].
     /// ```
-    /// use ratatui::{
-    ///     prelude::*,
-    ///     widgets::{block::*, *},
-    /// };
+    /// use ratatui::{layout::Alignment, text::Line, widgets::Block};
     ///
     /// Block::new()
     ///     .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
     ///     // This title won't be aligned in the center
-    ///     .title(Title::from("right").alignment(Alignment::Right))
+    ///     .title(Line::from("right").right_aligned())
     ///     .title("foo")
     ///     .title("bar");
     /// ```
@@ -406,18 +353,12 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     /// This example positions all titles on the bottom except the "top" title which explicitly sets
     /// [`Position::Top`].
     /// ```
-    /// use ratatui::{
-    ///     prelude::*,
-    ///     widgets::{
-    ///         block::{Position, Title},
-    ///         Block,
-    ///     },
-    /// };
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::{block::Position, Block};
     ///
     /// Block::new()
     ///     .title_position(Position::Bottom)
     ///     // This title won't be aligned in the center
-    ///     .title(Title::from("top").position(Position::Top))
+    ///     .title_top("top")
     ///     .title("foo")
     ///     .title("bar");
     /// ```
@@ -441,9 +382,14 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     ///
     /// This example shows a `Block` with blue borders.
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// use ratatui::{
+    ///     style::{Style, Stylize},
+    ///     widgets::Block,
+    /// };
     /// Block::bordered().border_style(Style::new().blue());
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn border_style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.border_style = style.into();
@@ -466,7 +412,11 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// use ratatui::{
+    ///     style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
+    ///     widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+    /// };
+    ///
     /// let block = Block::new().style(Style::new().red().on_black());
     ///
     /// // For border and title you can additionally apply styles on top of the block level style.
@@ -482,7 +432,8 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     ///     .style(Style::new().white().not_bold()); // will be white, and italic
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Paragraph`]: crate::widgets::Paragraph
+    /// [`Paragraph`]: crate::paragraph::Paragraph
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.style = style.into();
@@ -497,7 +448,7 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     ///
     /// Display left and right borders.
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Borders};
     /// Block::new().borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT);
     /// ```
     ///
@@ -518,7 +469,7 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::{Block, BorderType};
     /// Block::bordered()
     ///     .border_type(BorderType::Rounded)
     ///     .title("Block");
@@ -533,14 +484,15 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets the symbols used to display the border as a [`crate::symbols::border::Set`].
+    /// Sets the symbols used to display the border as a [`ratatui_core::symbols::border::Set`].
     ///
     /// Setting this overwrites any [`border_type`](Block::border_type) that was set.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// use ratatui::{widgets::Block, symbols};
+    ///
     /// Block::bordered().border_set(symbols::border::DOUBLE).title("Block");
     /// // Renders
     /// // ╔Block╗
@@ -560,7 +512,8 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     ///
     /// This renders a `Block` with no padding (the default).
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Padding};
+    ///
     /// Block::bordered().padding(Padding::ZERO);
     /// // Renders
     /// // ┌───────┐
@@ -571,7 +524,8 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     /// This example shows a `Block` with padding left and right ([`Padding::horizontal`]).
     /// Notice the two spaces before and after the content.
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Padding};
+    ///
     /// Block::bordered().padding(Padding::horizontal(2));
     /// // Renders
     /// // ┌───────────┐
@@ -590,12 +544,13 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     ///
     /// Draw a block nested within another block
     /// ```
-    /// # use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+    /// use ratatui::{widgets::Block, Frame};
+    ///
     /// # fn render_nested_block(frame: &mut Frame) {
     /// let outer_block = Block::bordered().title("Outer");
     /// let inner_block = Block::bordered().title("Inner");
     ///
-    /// let outer_area = frame.size();
+    /// let outer_area = frame.area();
     /// let inner_area = outer_block.inner(outer_area);
     ///
     /// frame.render_widget(outer_block, outer_area);
@@ -642,37 +597,18 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
     fn has_title_at_position(&self, position: Position) -> bool {
         self.titles
             .iter()
-            .any(|title| title.position.unwrap_or(self.titles_position) == position)
-    }
-}
-
-impl BorderType {
-    /// Convert this `BorderType` into the corresponding [`Set`](border::Set) of border symbols.
-    pub const fn border_symbols(border_type: Self) -> border::Set {
-        match border_type {
-            Self::Plain => border::PLAIN,
-            Self::Rounded => border::ROUNDED,
-            Self::Double => border::DOUBLE,
-            Self::Thick => border::THICK,
-            Self::QuadrantInside => border::QUADRANT_INSIDE,
-            Self::QuadrantOutside => border::QUADRANT_OUTSIDE,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Convert this `BorderType` into the corresponding [`Set`](border::Set) of border symbols.
-    pub const fn to_border_set(self) -> border::Set {
-        Self::border_symbols(self)
+            .any(|(pos, _)| pos.unwrap_or(self.titles_position) == position)
     }
 }
 
 impl Widget for Block<'_> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        self.render_ref(area, buf);
+        Widget::render(&self, area, buf);
     }
 }
 
-impl WidgetRef for Block<'_> {
-    fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+impl Widget for &Block<'_> {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let area = area.intersection(buf.area);
         if area.is_empty() {
             return;
@@ -711,7 +647,7 @@ impl Block<'_> {
     fn render_left_side(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         if self.borders.contains(Borders::LEFT) {
             for y in area.top()..area.bottom() {
-                buf.get_mut(area.left(), y)
+                buf[(area.left(), y)]
                     .set_symbol(self.border_set.vertical_left)
                     .set_style(self.border_style);
             }
@@ -721,7 +657,7 @@ impl Block<'_> {
     fn render_top_side(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         if self.borders.contains(Borders::TOP) {
             for x in area.left()..area.right() {
-                buf.get_mut(x, area.top())
+                buf[(x, area.top())]
                     .set_symbol(self.border_set.horizontal_top)
                     .set_style(self.border_style);
             }
@@ -732,7 +668,7 @@ impl Block<'_> {
         if self.borders.contains(Borders::RIGHT) {
             let x = area.right() - 1;
             for y in area.top()..area.bottom() {
-                buf.get_mut(x, y)
+                buf[(x, y)]
                     .set_symbol(self.border_set.vertical_right)
                     .set_style(self.border_style);
             }
@@ -743,7 +679,7 @@ impl Block<'_> {
         if self.borders.contains(Borders::BOTTOM) {
             let y = area.bottom() - 1;
             for x in area.left()..area.right() {
-                buf.get_mut(x, y)
+                buf[(x, y)]
                     .set_symbol(self.border_set.horizontal_bottom)
                     .set_style(self.border_style);
             }
@@ -752,7 +688,7 @@ impl Block<'_> {
 
     fn render_bottom_right_corner(&self, buf: &mut Buffer, area: Rect) {
         if self.borders.contains(Borders::RIGHT | Borders::BOTTOM) {
-            buf.get_mut(area.right() - 1, area.bottom() - 1)
+            buf[(area.right() - 1, area.bottom() - 1)]
                 .set_symbol(self.border_set.bottom_right)
                 .set_style(self.border_style);
         }
@@ -760,7 +696,7 @@ impl Block<'_> {
 
     fn render_top_right_corner(&self, buf: &mut Buffer, area: Rect) {
         if self.borders.contains(Borders::RIGHT | Borders::TOP) {
-            buf.get_mut(area.right() - 1, area.top())
+            buf[(area.right() - 1, area.top())]
                 .set_symbol(self.border_set.top_right)
                 .set_style(self.border_style);
         }
@@ -768,7 +704,7 @@ impl Block<'_> {
 
     fn render_bottom_left_corner(&self, buf: &mut Buffer, area: Rect) {
         if self.borders.contains(Borders::LEFT | Borders::BOTTOM) {
-            buf.get_mut(area.left(), area.bottom() - 1)
+            buf[(area.left(), area.bottom() - 1)]
                 .set_symbol(self.border_set.bottom_left)
                 .set_style(self.border_style);
         }
@@ -776,7 +712,7 @@ impl Block<'_> {
 
     fn render_top_left_corner(&self, buf: &mut Buffer, area: Rect) {
         if self.borders.contains(Borders::LEFT | Borders::TOP) {
-            buf.get_mut(area.left(), area.top())
+            buf[(area.left(), area.top())]
                 .set_symbol(self.border_set.top_left)
                 .set_style(self.border_style);
         }
@@ -787,7 +723,7 @@ impl Block<'_> {
     /// Currently (due to the way lines are truncated), the right side of the leftmost title will
     /// be cut off if the block is too small to fit all titles. This is not ideal and should be
     /// the left side of that leftmost that is cut off. This is due to the line being truncated
-    /// incorrectly. See <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/932>
+    /// incorrectly. See <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/932>
     #[allow(clippy::similar_names)]
     fn render_right_titles(&self, position: Position, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let titles = self.filtered_titles(position, Alignment::Right);
@@ -798,7 +734,7 @@ impl Block<'_> {
             if titles_area.is_empty() {
                 break;
             }
-            let title_width = title.content.width() as u16;
+            let title_width = title.width() as u16;
             let title_area = Rect {
                 x: titles_area
                     .right()
@@ -808,7 +744,7 @@ impl Block<'_> {
                 ..titles_area
             };
             buf.set_style(title_area, self.titles_style);
-            title.content.render_ref(title_area, buf);
+            title.render(title_area, buf);
 
             // bump the width of the titles area to the left
             titles_area.width = titles_area
@@ -830,7 +766,7 @@ impl Block<'_> {
             .collect_vec();
         let total_width = titles
             .iter()
-            .map(|title| title.content.width() as u16 + 1) // space between titles
+            .map(|title| title.width() as u16 + 1) // space between titles
             .sum::<u16>()
             .saturating_sub(1); // no space for the last title
 
@@ -843,13 +779,13 @@ impl Block<'_> {
             if titles_area.is_empty() {
                 break;
             }
-            let title_width = title.content.width() as u16;
+            let title_width = title.width() as u16;
             let title_area = Rect {
                 width: title_width.min(titles_area.width),
                 ..titles_area
             };
             buf.set_style(title_area, self.titles_style);
-            title.content.render_ref(title_area, buf);
+            title.render(title_area, buf);
 
             // bump the titles area to the right and reduce its width
             titles_area.x = titles_area.x.saturating_add(title_width + 1);
@@ -866,13 +802,13 @@ impl Block<'_> {
             if titles_area.is_empty() {
                 break;
             }
-            let title_width = title.content.width() as u16;
+            let title_width = title.width() as u16;
             let title_area = Rect {
                 width: title_width.min(titles_area.width),
                 ..titles_area
             };
             buf.set_style(title_area, self.titles_style);
-            title.content.render_ref(title_area, buf);
+            title.render(title_area, buf);
 
             // bump the titles area to the right and reduce its width
             titles_area.x = titles_area.x.saturating_add(title_width + 1);
@@ -885,11 +821,12 @@ impl Block<'_> {
         &self,
         position: Position,
         alignment: Alignment,
-    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &Title> {
-        self.titles.iter().filter(move |title| {
-            title.position.unwrap_or(self.titles_position) == position
-                && title.alignment.unwrap_or(self.titles_alignment) == alignment
-        })
+    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &Line> {
+        self.titles
+            .iter()
+            .filter(move |(pos, _)| pos.unwrap_or(self.titles_position) == position)
+            .filter(move |(_, line)| line.alignment.unwrap_or(self.titles_alignment) == alignment)
+            .map(|(_, line)| line)
     }
 
     /// An area that is one line tall and spans the width of the block excluding the borders and
@@ -972,6 +909,7 @@ impl<'a> Styled for Block<'a> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use ratatui_core::style::{Color, Modifier, Stylize};
     use rstest::rstest;
     use strum::ParseError;
 
@@ -1023,24 +961,17 @@ mod tests {
         let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 0, 1);
         let expected = Rect::new(0, 1, 0, 0);
 
-        let block = Block::new().title(Title::from("Test").alignment(alignment));
+        let block = Block::new().title(Line::from("Test").alignment(alignment));
         assert_eq!(block.inner(area), expected);
     }
 
     #[rstest]
-    #[case::top_top(Borders::TOP, Position::Top, Rect::new(0, 1, 0, 1))]
-    #[case::top_bot(Borders::BOTTOM, Position::Top, Rect::new(0, 1, 0, 0))]
-    #[case::bot_top(Borders::TOP, Position::Bottom, Rect::new(0, 1, 0, 0))]
-    #[case::top_top(Borders::BOTTOM, Position::Bottom, Rect::new(0, 0, 0, 1))]
-    fn inner_takes_into_account_border_and_title(
-        #[case] borders: Borders,
-        #[case] position: Position,
-        #[case] expected: Rect,
-    ) {
+    #[case::top_top(Block::new().title_top("Test").borders(Borders::TOP), Rect::new(0, 1, 0, 1))]
+    #[case::top_bot(Block::new().title_top("Test").borders(Borders::BOTTOM), Rect::new(0, 1, 0, 0))]
+    #[case::bot_top(Block::new().title_bottom("Test").borders(Borders::TOP), Rect::new(0, 1, 0, 0))]
+    #[case::bot_bot(Block::new().title_bottom("Test").borders(Borders::BOTTOM), Rect::new(0, 0, 0, 1))]
+    fn inner_takes_into_account_border_and_title(#[case] block: Block, #[case] expected: Rect) {
         let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 0, 2);
-        let block = Block::new()
-            .borders(borders)
-            .title(Title::from("Test").position(position));
         assert_eq!(block.inner(area), expected);
     }
 
@@ -1050,32 +981,33 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!block.has_title_at_position(Position::Top));
         assert!(!block.has_title_at_position(Position::Bottom));
 
-        let block = Block::new().title(Title::from("Test").position(Position::Top));
+        let block = Block::new().title_top("test");
         assert!(block.has_title_at_position(Position::Top));
         assert!(!block.has_title_at_position(Position::Bottom));
 
-        let block = Block::new().title(Title::from("Test").position(Position::Bottom));
+        let block = Block::new().title_bottom("test");
         assert!(!block.has_title_at_position(Position::Top));
         assert!(block.has_title_at_position(Position::Bottom));
 
+        #[allow(deprecated)] // until Title is removed
         let block = Block::new()
             .title(Title::from("Test").position(Position::Top))
             .title_position(Position::Bottom);
         assert!(block.has_title_at_position(Position::Top));
         assert!(!block.has_title_at_position(Position::Bottom));
 
+        #[allow(deprecated)] // until Title is removed
         let block = Block::new()
             .title(Title::from("Test").position(Position::Bottom))
             .title_position(Position::Top);
         assert!(!block.has_title_at_position(Position::Top));
         assert!(block.has_title_at_position(Position::Bottom));
 
-        let block = Block::new()
-            .title(Title::from("Test").position(Position::Top))
-            .title(Title::from("Test").position(Position::Bottom));
+        let block = Block::new().title_top("test").title_bottom("test");
         assert!(block.has_title_at_position(Position::Top));
         assert!(block.has_title_at_position(Position::Bottom));
 
+        #[allow(deprecated)] // until Title is removed
         let block = Block::new()
             .title(Title::from("Test").position(Position::Top))
             .title(Title::from("Test"))
@@ -1083,6 +1015,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(block.has_title_at_position(Position::Top));
         assert!(block.has_title_at_position(Position::Bottom));
 
+        #[allow(deprecated)] // until Title is removed
         let block = Block::new()
             .title(Title::from("Test"))
             .title(Title::from("Test").position(Position::Bottom))
@@ -1130,16 +1063,10 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn vertical_space_takes_into_account_titles() {
-        let block = Block::new()
-            .title_position(Position::Top)
-            .title(Title::from("Test"));
-
+        let block = Block::new().title_top("Test");
         assert_eq!(block.vertical_space(), (1, 0));
 
-        let block = Block::new()
-            .title_position(Position::Bottom)
-            .title(Title::from("Test"));
-
+        let block = Block::new().title_bottom("Test");
         assert_eq!(block.vertical_space(), (0, 1));
     }
 
@@ -1158,10 +1085,7 @@ mod tests {
         #[case] pos: Position,
         #[case] vertical_space: (u16, u16),
     ) {
-        let block = block
-            .borders(borders)
-            .title_position(pos)
-            .title(Title::from("Test"));
+        let block = block.borders(borders).title_position(pos).title("Test");
         assert_eq!(block.vertical_space(), vertical_space);
     }
 
@@ -1310,6 +1234,7 @@ mod tests {
         use Alignment::*;
         use Position::*;
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 11, 3));
+        #[allow(deprecated)] // until Title is removed
         Block::bordered()
             .title(Title::from("A").position(Top).alignment(Left))
             .title(Title::from("B").position(Top).alignment(Center))
@@ -1375,13 +1300,13 @@ mod tests {
             let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 1));
             Block::new()
                 .title_alignment(block_title_alignment)
-                .title(Title::from("test").alignment(alignment))
+                .title(Line::from("test").alignment(alignment))
                 .render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
             assert_eq!(buffer, Buffer::with_lines([expected]));
         }
     }
 
-    /// This is a regression test for bug <https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/issues/929>
+    /// This is a regression test for bug <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/929>
     #[test]
     fn render_right_aligned_empty_title() {
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 3));

ratatui-widgets/src/block/padding.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```
-/// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// use ratatui::widgets::Padding;
 ///
 /// Padding::uniform(1);
 /// Padding::horizontal(2);
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
 /// Padding::symmetric(5, 6);
 /// ```
 ///
-/// [`Block`]: crate::widgets::Block
-/// [`padding`]: crate::widgets::Block::padding
+/// [`Block`]: crate::block::Block
+/// [`padding`]: crate::block::Block::padding
 /// [CSS padding]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/padding
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
 pub struct Padding {

ratatui-widgets/src/block/title.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,24 @@
 //! This module holds the [`Title`] element and its related configuration types.
-//! A title is a piece of [`Block`](crate::widgets::Block) configuration.
+//! A title is a piece of [`Block`](crate::block::Block) configuration.
 
+use ratatui_core::{layout::Alignment, text::Line};
 use strum::{Display, EnumString};
 
-use crate::{layout::Alignment, text::Line};
-
-/// A [`Block`](crate::widgets::Block) title.
+/// A [`Block`](crate::block::Block) title.
 ///
 /// It can be aligned (see [`Alignment`]) and positioned (see [`Position`]).
 ///
+/// # Future Deprecation
+///
+/// This type is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. The reason for this is that the
+/// position of the title should be stored in the block itself, not in the title. The `Line` type
+/// has an alignment method that can be used to align the title. For more information see
+/// <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/738>.
+///
+/// Use [`Line`] instead, when the position is not defined as part of the title. When a specific
+/// position is needed, use [`Block::title_top`](crate::block::Block::title_top) or
+/// [`Block::title_bottom`](crate::block::Block::title_bottom) instead.
+///
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// Title with no style.
@@ -18,16 +28,16 @@ use crate::{layout::Alignment, text::Line};
 /// Title::from("Title");
 /// ```
 ///
-/// Blue title on a white background (via [`Stylize`](crate::style::Stylize) trait).
+/// Blue title on a white background (via [`Stylize`](ratatui_core::style::Stylize) trait).
 /// ```
-/// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::block::*};
+/// use ratatui::{style::Stylize, widgets::block::Title};
 ///
 /// Title::from("Title".blue().on_white());
 /// ```
 ///
-/// Title with multiple styles (see [`Line`] and [`Stylize`](crate::style::Stylize)).
+/// Title with multiple styles (see [`Line`] and [`Stylize`](ratatui_core::style::Stylize)).
 /// ```
-/// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::block::*};
+/// use ratatui::{style::Stylize, text::Line, widgets::block::Title};
 ///
 /// Title::from(Line::from(vec!["Q".white().underlined(), "uit".gray()]));
 /// ```
@@ -35,7 +45,7 @@ use crate::{layout::Alignment, text::Line};
 /// Complete example
 /// ```
 /// use ratatui::{
-///     prelude::*,
+///     layout::Alignment,
 ///     widgets::{
 ///         block::{Position, Title},
 ///         Block,
@@ -53,19 +63,19 @@ pub struct Title<'a> {
     /// Title alignment
     ///
     /// If [`None`], defaults to the alignment defined with
-    /// [`Block::title_alignment`](crate::widgets::Block::title_alignment) in the associated
-    /// [`Block`](crate::widgets::Block).
+    /// [`Block::title_alignment`](crate::block::Block::title_alignment) in the associated
+    /// [`Block`](crate::block::Block).
     pub alignment: Option<Alignment>,
 
     /// Title position
     ///
     /// If [`None`], defaults to the position defined with
-    /// [`Block::title_position`](crate::widgets::Block::title_position) in the associated
-    /// [`Block`](crate::widgets::Block).
+    /// [`Block::title_position`](crate::block::Block::title_position) in the associated
+    /// [`Block`](crate::block::Block).
     pub position: Option<Position>,
 }
 
-/// Defines the [title](crate::widgets::block::Title) position.
+/// Defines the [title](crate::block::Title) position.
 ///
 /// The title can be positioned on top or at the bottom of the block.
 /// Defaults to [`Position::Top`].
@@ -73,7 +83,10 @@ pub struct Title<'a> {
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```
-/// use ratatui::widgets::{block::*, *};
+/// use ratatui::widgets::{
+///     block::{Position, Title},
+///     Block,
+/// };
 ///
 /// Block::new().title(Title::from("title").position(Position::Bottom));
 /// ```
@@ -88,6 +101,7 @@ pub enum Position {
     Bottom,
 }
 
+#[deprecated = "use Block::title_top() or Block::title_bottom() instead. This will be removed in a future release."]
 impl<'a> Title<'a> {
     /// Set the title content.
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]

ratatui-widgets/src/borders.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+//! Border related types ([`Borders`], [`BorderType`]) and a macro to create borders ([`border`]).
 use std::fmt;
 
 use bitflags::bitflags;
+use ratatui_core::symbols::border;
+use strum::{Display, EnumString};
 
 bitflags! {
     /// Bitflags that can be composed to set the visible borders essentially on the block widget.
@@ -21,6 +24,98 @@ bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
+/// The type of border of a [`Block`](crate::block::Block).
+///
+/// See the [`borders`](crate::block::Block::borders) method of `Block` to configure its borders.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Display, EnumString, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub enum BorderType {
+    /// A plain, simple border.
+    ///
+    /// This is the default
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```plain
+    /// ┌───────┐
+    /// │       │
+    /// └───────┘
+    /// ```
+    #[default]
+    Plain,
+    /// A plain border with rounded corners.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```plain
+    /// ╭───────╮
+    /// │       │
+    /// ╰───────╯
+    /// ```
+    Rounded,
+    /// A doubled border.
+    ///
+    /// Note this uses one character that draws two lines.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```plain
+    /// ╔═══════╗
+    /// ║       ║
+    /// ╚═══════╝
+    /// ```
+    Double,
+    /// A thick border.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```plain
+    /// ┏━━━━━━━┓
+    /// ┃       ┃
+    /// ┗━━━━━━━┛
+    /// ```
+    Thick,
+    /// A border with a single line on the inside of a half block.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```plain
+    /// ▗▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▖
+    /// ▐       ▌
+    /// ▐       ▌
+    /// ▝▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▘
+    QuadrantInside,
+
+    /// A border with a single line on the outside of a half block.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```plain
+    /// ▛▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▜
+    /// ▌       ▐
+    /// ▌       ▐
+    /// ▙▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▟
+    QuadrantOutside,
+}
+
+impl BorderType {
+    /// Convert this `BorderType` into the corresponding [`Set`](border::Set) of border symbols.
+    pub const fn border_symbols(border_type: Self) -> border::Set {
+        match border_type {
+            Self::Plain => border::PLAIN,
+            Self::Rounded => border::ROUNDED,
+            Self::Double => border::DOUBLE,
+            Self::Thick => border::THICK,
+            Self::QuadrantInside => border::QUADRANT_INSIDE,
+            Self::QuadrantOutside => border::QUADRANT_OUTSIDE,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert this `BorderType` into the corresponding [`Set`](border::Set) of border symbols.
+    pub const fn to_border_set(self) -> border::Set {
+        Self::border_symbols(self)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Implement the `Debug` trait for the `Borders` bitflags. This is a manual implementation to
 /// display the flags in a more readable way. The default implementation would display the
 /// flags as 'Border(0x0)' for `Borders::NONE` for example.
@@ -55,12 +150,16 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Borders {
 /// and RIGHT.
 ///
 /// When used with NONE you should consider omitting this completely. For ALL you should consider
-/// [`Block::bordered()`](crate::widgets::Block::bordered) instead.
+/// [`Block::bordered()`](crate::block::Block::bordered) instead.
 ///
 /// ## Examples
 ///
 /// ```
-/// # use ratatui::{border, prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// use ratatui::{
+///     border,
+///     widgets::{Block, Borders},
+/// };
+///
 /// Block::new()
 ///     .title("Construct Borders and use them in place")
 ///     .borders(border!(TOP, BOTTOM));
@@ -69,7 +168,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Borders {
 /// `border!` can be called with any number of individual sides:
 ///
 /// ```
-/// # use ratatui::{border, prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// use ratatui::{border, widgets::Borders};
 /// let right_open = border!(TOP, LEFT, BOTTOM);
 /// assert_eq!(right_open, Borders::TOP | Borders::LEFT | Borders::BOTTOM);
 /// ```
@@ -77,12 +176,12 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Borders {
 /// Single borders work but using `Borders::` directly would be simpler.
 ///
 /// ```
-/// # use ratatui::{border, prelude::*, widgets::*};
+/// use ratatui::{border, widgets::Borders};
+///
 /// assert_eq!(border!(TOP), Borders::TOP);
 /// assert_eq!(border!(ALL), Borders::ALL);
 /// assert_eq!(border!(), Borders::NONE);
 /// ```
-#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! border {
     () => {
@@ -119,11 +218,6 @@ mod tests {
             "TOP | BOTTOM"
         );
     }
-}
-
-#[cfg(all(test, feature = "macros"))]
-mod macro_tests {
-    use super::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn can_be_const() {

ratatui-widgets/src/calendar.rs

@@ -10,9 +10,16 @@
 //! [`Monthly`] has several controls for what should be displayed
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
+use ratatui_core::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
+    style::Style,
+    text::{Line, Span},
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
 use time::{Date, Duration, OffsetDateTime};
 
-use crate::{prelude::*, widgets::Block};
+use crate::block::{Block, BlockExt};
 
 /// Display a month calendar for the month containing `display_date`
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
@@ -46,6 +53,8 @@ impl<'a, DS: DateStyler> Monthly<'a, DS> {
     ///
     /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
     /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn show_surrounding<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.show_surrounding = Some(style.into());
@@ -56,6 +65,8 @@ impl<'a, DS: DateStyler> Monthly<'a, DS> {
     ///
     /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
     /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn show_weekdays_header<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.show_weekday = Some(style.into());
@@ -66,6 +77,8 @@ impl<'a, DS: DateStyler> Monthly<'a, DS> {
     ///
     /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
     /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn show_month_header<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.show_month = Some(style.into());
@@ -76,6 +89,8 @@ impl<'a, DS: DateStyler> Monthly<'a, DS> {
     ///
     /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
     /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     #[must_use = "method moves the value of self and returns the modified value"]
     pub fn default_style<S: Into<Style>>(mut self, style: S) -> Self {
         self.default_style = style.into();
@@ -121,13 +136,13 @@ impl<'a, DS: DateStyler> Monthly<'a, DS> {
 
 impl<DS: DateStyler> Widget for Monthly<'_, DS> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        self.render_ref(area, buf);
+        Widget::render(&self, area, buf);
     }
 }
 
-impl<DS: DateStyler> WidgetRef for Monthly<'_, DS> {
-    fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        self.block.render_ref(area, buf);
+impl<DS: DateStyler> Widget for &Monthly<'_, DS> {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        self.block.as_ref().render(area, buf);
         let inner = self.block.inner_if_some(area);
         self.render_monthly(inner, buf);
     }
@@ -177,7 +192,9 @@ impl<DS: DateStyler> Monthly<'_, DS> {
                 spans.push(self.format_date(curr_day));
                 curr_day += Duration::DAY;
             }
-            buf.set_line(days_area.x, y, &spans.into(), area.width);
+            if buf.area.height > y {
+                buf.set_line(days_area.x, y, &spans.into(), area.width);
+            }
             y += 1;
         }
     }
@@ -199,6 +216,8 @@ impl CalendarEventStore {
     ///
     /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
     /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     pub fn today<S: Into<Style>>(style: S) -> Self {
         let mut res = Self::default();
         res.add(
@@ -214,6 +233,8 @@ impl CalendarEventStore {
     ///
     /// `style` accepts any type that is convertible to [`Style`] (e.g. [`Style`], [`Color`], or
     /// your own type that implements [`Into<Style>`]).
+    ///
+    /// [`Color`]: ratatui_core::style::Color
     pub fn add<S: Into<Style>>(&mut self, date: Date, style: S) {
         // to simplify style nonsense, last write wins
         let _ = self.0.insert(date, style.into());
@@ -245,6 +266,7 @@ impl Default for CalendarEventStore {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use ratatui_core::style::Color;
     use time::Month;
 
     use super::*;

ratatui-widgets/src/canvas.rs

@@ -12,16 +12,18 @@
 //! - [`Rectangle`]: A basic rectangle
 //!
 //! You can also implement your own custom [`Shape`]s.
-mod circle;
-mod line;
-mod map;
-mod points;
-mod rectangle;
-mod world;
 
 use std::{fmt, iter::zip};
 
 use itertools::Itertools;
+use ratatui_core::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    symbols::{self, Marker},
+    text::Line as TextLine,
+    widgets::Widget,
+};
 
 pub use self::{
     circle::Circle,
@@ -30,7 +32,14 @@ pub use self::{
     points::Points,
     rectangle::Rectangle,
 };
-use crate::{prelude::*, symbols::Marker, text::Line as TextLine, widgets::Block};
+use crate::block::{Block, BlockExt};
+
+mod circle;
+mod line;
+mod map;
+mod points;
+mod rectangle;
+mod world;
 
 /// Something that can be drawn on a [`Canvas`].
 ///
@@ -353,10 +362,16 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Painter<'a, 'b> {
     /// and `[0, height - 1]` respectively. The resolution of the grid is used to convert the
     /// `(x, y)` coordinates to the location of a point on the grid.
     ///
+    /// Points are rounded to the nearest grid cell (with points exactly in the center of a cell
+    /// rounding up).
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::canvas::*};
+    /// use ratatui::{
+    ///     symbols,
+    ///     widgets::canvas::{Context, Painter},
+    /// };
     ///
     /// let mut ctx = Context::new(2, 2, [1.0, 2.0], [0.0, 2.0], symbols::Marker::Braille);
     /// let mut painter = Painter::from(&mut ctx);
@@ -365,7 +380,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Painter<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert_eq!(point, Some((0, 7)));
     ///
     /// let point = painter.get_point(1.5, 1.0);
-    /// assert_eq!(point, Some((1, 3)));
+    /// assert_eq!(point, Some((2, 4)));
     ///
     /// let point = painter.get_point(0.0, 0.0);
     /// assert_eq!(point, None);
@@ -377,20 +392,18 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Painter<'a, 'b> {
     /// assert_eq!(point, Some((0, 0)));
     /// ```
     pub fn get_point(&self, x: f64, y: f64) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
-        let left = self.context.x_bounds[0];
-        let right = self.context.x_bounds[1];
-        let top = self.context.y_bounds[1];
-        let bottom = self.context.y_bounds[0];
+        let [left, right] = self.context.x_bounds;
+        let [bottom, top] = self.context.y_bounds;
         if x < left || x > right || y < bottom || y > top {
             return None;
         }
-        let width = (self.context.x_bounds[1] - self.context.x_bounds[0]).abs();
-        let height = (self.context.y_bounds[1] - self.context.y_bounds[0]).abs();
-        if width == 0.0 || height == 0.0 {
+        let width = right - left;
+        let height = top - bottom;
+        if width <= 0.0 || height <= 0.0 {
             return None;
         }
-        let x = ((x - left) * (self.resolution.0 - 1.0) / width) as usize;
-        let y = ((top - y) * (self.resolution.1 - 1.0) / height) as usize;
+        let x = ((x - left) * (self.resolution.0 - 1.0) / width).round() as usize;
+        let y = ((top - y) * (self.resolution.1 - 1.0) / height).round() as usize;
         Some((x, y))
     }
 
@@ -399,7 +412,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Painter<'a, 'b> {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::canvas::*};
+    /// use ratatui::{
+    ///     style::Color,
+    ///     symbols,
+    ///     widgets::canvas::{Context, Painter},
+    /// };
     ///
     /// let mut ctx = Context::new(1, 1, [0.0, 2.0], [0.0, 2.0], symbols::Marker::Braille);
     /// let mut painter = Painter::from(&mut ctx);
@@ -408,6 +425,25 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Painter<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn paint(&mut self, x: usize, y: usize, color: Color) {
         self.context.grid.paint(x, y, color);
     }
+
+    /// Canvas context bounds by axis.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use ratatui::{
+    ///     style::Color,
+    ///     symbols,
+    ///     widgets::canvas::{Context, Painter},
+    /// };
+    ///
+    /// let mut ctx = Context::new(1, 1, [0.0, 2.0], [0.0, 2.0], symbols::Marker::Braille);
+    /// let mut painter = Painter::from(&mut ctx);
+    /// assert_eq!(painter.bounds(), (&[0.0, 2.0], &[0.0, 2.0]));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn bounds(&self) -> (&[f64; 2], &[f64; 2]) {
+        (&self.context.x_bounds, &self.context.y_bounds)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b> From<&'a mut Context<'b>> for Painter<'a, 'b> {
@@ -423,9 +459,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> From<&'a mut Context<'b>> for Painter<'a, 'b> {
 /// Holds the state of the [`Canvas`] when painting to it.
 ///
 /// This is used by the [`Canvas`] widget to draw shapes on the grid. It can be useful to think of
-/// this as similar to the [`Frame`] struct that is used to draw widgets on the terminal.
-///
-/// [`Frame`]: crate::prelude::Frame
+/// this as similar to the `Frame` struct that is used to draw widgets on the terminal.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Context<'a> {
     x_bounds: [f64; 2],
@@ -449,7 +483,7 @@ impl<'a> Context<'a> {
     /// example, if you want to draw a map of the world, you might want to use the following bounds:
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::canvas::*};
+    /// use ratatui::{symbols, widgets::canvas::Context};
     ///
     /// let ctx = Context::new(
     ///     100,
@@ -513,6 +547,8 @@ impl<'a> Context<'a> {
     ///
     /// Note that the text is always printed on top of the canvas and is **not** affected by the
     /// layers.
+    ///
+    /// [`Text`]: ratatui_core::text::Text
     pub fn print<T>(&mut self, x: f64, y: f64, line: T)
     where
         T: Into<TextLine<'a>>,
@@ -563,7 +599,10 @@ impl<'a> Context<'a> {
 /// ```
 /// use ratatui::{
 ///     style::Color,
-///     widgets::{canvas::*, *},
+///     widgets::{
+///         canvas::{Canvas, Line, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
+///         Block,
+///     },
 /// };
 ///
 /// Canvas::default()
@@ -690,15 +729,15 @@ where
     /// cell. This allows for more flexibility than the `BrailleGrid` which only supports a single
     /// foreground color for each 2x4 dots cell.
     ///
-    /// [`Braille`]: crate::symbols::Marker::Braille
-    /// [`HalfBlock`]: crate::symbols::Marker::HalfBlock
-    /// [`Dot`]: crate::symbols::Marker::Dot
-    /// [`Block`]: crate::symbols::Marker::Block
+    /// [`Braille`]: ratatui_core::symbols::Marker::Braille
+    /// [`HalfBlock`]: ratatui_core::symbols::Marker::HalfBlock
+    /// [`Dot`]: ratatui_core::symbols::Marker::Dot
+    /// [`Block`]: ratatui_core::symbols::Marker::Block
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::canvas::*};
+    /// use ratatui::{symbols, widgets::canvas::Canvas};
     ///
     /// Canvas::default()
     ///     .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
@@ -728,16 +767,16 @@ where
     F: Fn(&mut Context),
 {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        self.render_ref(area, buf);
+        Widget::render(&self, area, buf);
     }
 }
 
-impl<F> WidgetRef for Canvas<'_, F>
+impl<F> Widget for &Canvas<'_, F>
 where
     F: Fn(&mut Context),
 {
-    fn render_ref(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        self.block.render_ref(area, buf);
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        self.block.as_ref().render(area, buf);
         let canvas_area = self.block.inner_if_some(area);
         if canvas_area.is_empty() {
             return;
@@ -771,7 +810,7 @@ where
                         (index % width) as u16 + canvas_area.left(),
                         (index / width) as u16 + canvas_area.top(),
                     );
-                    let cell = buf.get_mut(x, y).set_char(ch);
+                    let cell = buf[(x, y)].set_char(ch);
                     if colors.0 != Color::Reset {
                         cell.set_fg(colors.0);
                     }
@@ -809,9 +848,9 @@ where
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use indoc::indoc;
+    use ratatui_core::buffer::Cell;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::buffer::Cell;
 
     // helper to test the canvas checks that drawing a vertical and horizontal line
     // results in the expected output

ratatui-widgets/src/canvas/circle.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-use crate::{
-    style::Color,
-    widgets::canvas::{Painter, Shape},
-};
+use ratatui_core::style::Color;
+
+use crate::canvas::{Painter, Shape};
 
 /// A circle with a given center and radius and with a given color
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq)]
@@ -31,17 +30,12 @@ impl Shape for Circle {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::{
-        buffer::Buffer,
-        layout::Rect,
-        style::Color,
-        symbols::Marker,
-        widgets::{
-            canvas::{Canvas, Circle},
-            Widget,
-        },
+    use ratatui_core::{
+        buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, style::Color, symbols::Marker, widgets::Widget,
     };
 
+    use crate::canvas::{Canvas, Circle};
+
     #[test]
     fn test_it_draws_a_circle() {
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 5));
@@ -59,10 +53,10 @@ mod tests {
             .y_bounds([-10.0, 10.0]);
         canvas.render(buffer.area, &mut buffer);
         let expected = Buffer::with_lines([
-            "     ⢀⣠⢤⣀ ",
-            "    ⢰⠋  ⠈⣇",
-            "    ⠘⣆⡀ ⣠⠇",
-            "      ⠉⠉⠁ ",
+            "      ⣀⣀⣀ ",
+            "     ⡞⠁ ⠈⢣",
+            "     ⢇⡀ ⢀⡼",
+            "      ⠉⠉⠉ ",
             "          ",
         ]);
         assert_eq!(buffer, expected);