docs(example): add break word behaviour to paragraph example

Without a terminal-resetting panic hook there are two main problems when
an application panics:

1.  The report of the panic is distorted because the terminal has not
    properly left the alternate screen and is still in raw mode.

2.  The terminal needs to be manually reset with the `reset` command.

To avoid this, the standard panic hook can be extended to first reset
the terminal.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -1,30 +1,60 @@
 ---
 name: Bug report
-about: Create a report to help us improve
+about: Create an issue about a bug you encountered
 title: ''
 labels: bug
 assignees: ''
-
 ---
 
-**Describe the bug**
+<!--
+Hi there, sorry `tui` is not working as expected.
+Please fill this bug report conscientiously.
+A detailed and complete issue is more likely to be processed quickly.
+-->
+
+## Description
+<!--
 A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
+-->
 
-**To Reproduce**
-If possible include a code sample exhibiting the problem.
 
-**Expected behavior**
+## To Reproduce
+<!--
+Try to reduce the issue to a simple code sample exhibiting the problem.
+Ideally, fork the project and add a test or an example.
+-->
+
+
+## Expected behavior
+<!--
 A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
+-->
 
-**Screenshots**
-If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.
 
-**Desktop (please complete the following information):**
- - OS: [e.g. Linux,Windows]
- - Terminal Emulator [e.g xterm, Konsole, Terminal, iTerm2, ConEmu]
- - Font [e.g Inconsolata, Monospace]
- - Crate version [e.g. 0.7]
- - Backend [e.g termion, crossterm]
+## Screenshots
+<!--
+If applicable, add screenshots, gifs or videos to help explain your problem.
+-->
 
-**Additional context**
+
+## Environment
+<!--
+Add a description of the systems where you are observing the issue. For example:
+- OS: Linux
+- Terminal Emulator: xterm
+- Font: Inconsolata (Patched)
+- Crate version: 0.7
+- Backend: termion
+-->
+
+- OS:
+- Terminal Emulator:
+- Font:
+- Crate version:
+- Backend:
+
+## Additional context
+<!--
 Add any other context about the problem here.
+If you already looked into the issue, include all the leads you have explored.
+-->

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+blank_issues_enabled: false

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md

@@ -7,14 +7,26 @@ assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
-**Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.**
+## Problem
+<!--
 A clear and concise description of what the problem is. Ex. I'm always frustrated when [...]
+-->
 
-**Describe the solution you'd like**
+## Solution
+<!--
 A clear and concise description of what you want to happen.
+Things to consider:
+- backward compatibility
+- ease of use of the API (https://rust-lang.github.io/api-guidelines/)
+- consistency with the rest of the crate
+-->
 
-**Describe alternatives you've considered**
+## Alternatives
+<!--
 A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've considered.
+-->
 
-**Additional context**
+## Additional context
+<!--
 Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here.
+-->

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+## Description
+<!--
+A clear and concise description of what this PR changes.
+-->
+
+## Testing guidelines
+<!--
+A clear and concise description of how the changes can be tested.
+For example, you can include a command to run the relevant tests or examples.
+You can also include screenshots of the expected behavior.
+-->
+
+## Checklist
+
+* [ ] I have read the [contributing guidelines](../CONTRIBUTING.md).
+* [ ] I have added relevant tests.
+* [ ] I have documented all new additions.

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -1,71 +1,71 @@
-on: [push, pull_request]
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
 
 name: CI
 
+env:
+  CI_CARGO_MAKE_VERSION: 0.35.8
+
 jobs:
   linux:
     name: Linux
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        rust: ["1.56.1", "stable"]
     steps:
-      - name: "Install dependencies"
-        run: sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev
+      - uses: hecrj/setup-rust-action@967aec96c6a27a0ce15c1dac3aaba332d60565e2
+        with:
+          rust-version: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+          components: rustfmt,clippy
       - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-      - uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      - name: "Get cargo bin directory"
+        id: cargo-bin-dir
+        run: echo "::set-output name=dir::$HOME/.cargo/bin"
+      - name: "Cache cargo make"
+        id: cache-cargo-make
+        uses: actions/cache@v2
         with:
-          profile: default
-          toolchain: stable
-          override: true
-      - name: "Format"
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: fmt
-          args: --all -- --check
-      - name: "Check"
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: check
-          args: --examples
-      - name: "Check (crossterm)"
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: check
-          args: --no-default-features --features=crossterm --example crossterm_demo
-      - name: "Check (rustbox)"
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: test
-          args: --no-default-features --features=rustbox --example rustbox_demo
-      - name: "Check (curses)"
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: check
-          args: --no-default-features --features=curses --example curses_demo
-      - name: "Test"
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: test
-      - name: "Clippy"
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: clippy
-          args: --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
+          path: ${{ steps.cargo-bin-dir.outputs.dir }}/cargo-make
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.rust }}-cargo-make-${{ env.CI_CARGO_MAKE_VERSION }}
+      - name: "Install cargo-make"
+        if: steps.cache-cargo-make.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cargo install cargo-make --version ${{ env.CI_CARGO_MAKE_VERSION }}
+      - name: "Format / Build / Test"
+        run: cargo make ci
+        env:
+          RUST_BACKTRACE: full
   windows:
     name: Windows
     runs-on: windows-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        rust: ["1.56.1", "stable"]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-      - uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      - uses: hecrj/setup-rust-action@967aec96c6a27a0ce15c1dac3aaba332d60565e2
         with:
-          profile: default
-          toolchain: stable
-          override: true
-      - name: "Check (crossterm)"
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+          rust-version: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+          components: rustfmt,clippy
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      - name: "Get cargo bin directory"
+        id: cargo-bin-dir
+        run: echo "::set-output name=dir::$HOME\.cargo\bin"
+      - name: "Cache cargo make"
+        id: cache-cargo-make
+        uses: actions/cache@v2
         with:
-          command: check
-          args: --no-default-features --features=crossterm --example crossterm_demo
-      - name: "Test (crossterm)"
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: test
-          args: --no-default-features --features=crossterm --tests --examples
+          path: ${{ steps.cargo-bin-dir.outputs.dir }}\cargo-make.exe
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.rust }}-cargo-make-${{ env.CI_CARGO_MAKE_VERSION }}
+      - name: "Install cargo-make"
+        if: steps.cache-cargo-make.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cargo install cargo-make --version ${{ env.CI_CARGO_MAKE_VERSION }}
+      - name: "Format / Build / Test"
+        run: cargo make ci
+        env:
+          RUST_BACKTRACE: full

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,6 +2,346 @@
 
 ## To be released
 
+## v0.18.0 - 2022-04-24
+
+### Features
+
+* Update `crossterm` to `0.23`
+
+## v0.17.0 - 2022-01-22
+
+### Features
+
+* Add option to `widgets::List` to repeat the hightlight symbol for each line of multi-line items (#533).
+* Add option to control the alignment of `Axis` labels in the `Chart` widget (#568).
+
+### Breaking changes
+
+* The minimum supported rust version is now `1.56.1`.
+
+#### New default backend and consolidated backend options (#553)
+
+* `crossterm` is now the default backend.
+If you are already using the `crossterm` backend, you can simplify your dependency specification in `Cargo.toml`:
+```diff
+- tui = { version = "0.16", default-features = false, features = ["crossterm"] }
++ tui = "0.17"
+```
+If you are using the `termion` backend, your `Cargo` is now a bit more verbose:
+```diff
+- tui = "0.16"
++ tui = { version = "0.17", default-features = false, features = ["termion"] }
+```
+
+`crossterm` has also been bumped to version `0.22`.
+
+Because of their apparent low usage, `curses` and `rustbox` backends have been removed.
+If you are using one of them, you can import their last implementation in your own project:
+* [curses](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/src/backend/curses.rs)
+* [rustbox](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.16.0/src/backend/rustbox.rs)
+
+#### Canvas labels (#543)
+
+* Labels of the `Canvas` widget are now `text::Spans`.
+The signature of `widgets::canvas::Context::print` has thus been updated:
+```diff
+- ctx.print(x, y, "Some text", Color::Yellow);
++ ctx.print(x, y, Span::styled("Some text", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)))
+```
+
+## v0.16.0 - 2021-08-01
+
+### Features
+
+* Update `crossterm` to `0.20`.
+* Add `From<Cow<str>>` implementation for `text::Text` (#471).
+* Add option to right or center align the title of a `widgets::Block` (#462).
+
+### Fixes
+
+* Apply label style in `widgets::Gauge` and avoid panics because of overflows with long labels (#494).
+* Avoid panics because of overflows with long axis labels in `widgets::Chart` (#512).
+* Fix computation of column widths in `widgets::Table` (#514).
+* Fix panics because of invalid offset when input changes between two frames in `widgets::List` and
+  `widgets::Chart` (#516).
+
+## v0.15.0 - 2021-05-02
+
+### Features
+
+* Update `crossterm` to `0.19`.
+* Update `rand` to `0.8`.
+* Add a read-only view of the terminal state after the draw call (#440).
+
+### Fixes
+
+* Remove compile warning in `TestBackend::assert_buffer` (#466).
+
+## v0.14.0 - 2021-01-01
+
+### Breaking changes
+
+#### New API for the Table widget
+
+The `Table` widget got a lot of improvements that should make it easier to work with:
+* It should not longer panic when rendered on small areas.
+* `Row`s are now a collection of `Cell`s, themselves wrapping a `Text`. This means you can style
+the entire `Table`, an entire `Row`, an entire `Cell` and rely on the styling capabilities of
+`Text` to get full control over the look of your `Table`.
+* `Row`s can have multiple lines.
+* The header is now optional and is just another `Row` always visible at the top.
+* `Row`s can have a bottom margin.
+* The header alignment is no longer off when an item is selected.
+
+Taking the example of the code in `examples/demo/ui.rs`, this is what you may have to change:
+```diff
+     let failure_style = Style::default()
+         .fg(Color::Red)
+         .add_modifier(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK | Modifier::CROSSED_OUT);
+-    let header = ["Server", "Location", "Status"];
+     let rows = app.servers.iter().map(|s| {
+         let style = if s.status == "Up" {
+             up_style
+         } else {
+             failure_style
+         };
+-        Row::StyledData(vec![s.name, s.location, s.status].into_iter(), style)
++        Row::new(vec![s.name, s.location, s.status]).style(style)
+     });
+-    let table = Table::new(header.iter(), rows)
++    let table = Table::new(rows)
++        .header(
++            Row::new(vec!["Server", "Location", "Status"])
++                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
++                .bottom_margin(1),
++        )
+         .block(Block::default().title("Servers").borders(Borders::ALL))
+-        .header_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+         .widths(&[
+             Constraint::Length(15),
+             Constraint::Length(15),
+```
+Here, we had to:
+- Change the way we construct [`Row`](https://docs.rs/tui/*/tui/widgets/struct.Row.html) which is no
+longer an `enum` but a `struct`. It accepts anything that can be converted to an iterator of things
+that can be converted to a [`Cell`](https://docs.rs/tui/*/tui/widgets/struct.Cell.html)
+- The header is no longer a required parameter so we use
+[`Table::header`](https://docs.rs/tui/*/tui/widgets/struct.Table.html#method.header) to set it.
+`Table::header_style` has been removed since the style can be directly set using
+[`Row::style`](https://docs.rs/tui/*/tui/widgets/struct.Row.html#method.style). In addition, we want
+to preserve the old margin between the header and the rest of the rows so we add a bottom margin to
+the header using
+[`Row::bottom_margin`](https://docs.rs/tui/*/tui/widgets/struct.Row.html#method.bottom_margin).
+
+You may want to look at the documentation of the different types to get a better understanding:
+- [`Table`](https://docs.rs/tui/*/tui/widgets/struct.Table.html)
+- [`Row`](https://docs.rs/tui/*/tui/widgets/struct.Row.html)
+- [`Cell`](https://docs.rs/tui/*/tui/widgets/struct.Cell.html)
+
+### Fixes
+
+- Fix handling of Non Breaking Space (NBSP) in wrapped text in `Paragraph` widget.
+
+### Features
+
+- Add `Style::reset` to create a `Style` resetting all styling properties when applied.
+- Add an option to render the `Gauge` widget with unicode blocks.
+- Manage common project tasks with `cargo-make` rather than `make` for easier on-boarding.
+
+## v0.13.0 - 2020-11-14
+
+### Features
+
+* Add `LineGauge` widget which is a more compact variant of the existing `Gauge`.
+* Bump `crossterm` to 0.18
+
+### Fixes
+
+* Take into account the borders of the `Table` widget when the widths of columns is controlled by
+`Percentage` and `Ratio` constraints.
+
+## v0.12.0 - 2020-09-27
+
+### Features
+
+* Make it easier to work with string with multiple lines in `Text` (#361).
+
+### Fixes
+
+* Fix a style leak in `Graph` so components drawn on top of the plotted data (i.e legend and axis
+titles) are not affected by the style of the `Dataset`s (#388).
+* Make sure `BarChart` shows bars with the max height only when the plotted data is actually equal
+to the max (#383).
+
+## v0.11.0 - 2020-09-20
+
+### Features
+
+* Add the dot character as a new type of canvas marker (#350).
+* Support more style modifiers on Windows (#368).
+
+### Fixes
+
+* Clearing the terminal through `Terminal::clear` will cause the whole UI to be redrawn (#380).
+* Fix incorrect output when the first diff to draw is on the second cell of the terminal (#347).
+
+## v0.10.0 - 2020-07-17
+
+### Breaking changes
+
+#### Easier cursor management
+
+A new method has been added to `Frame` called `set_cursor`. It lets you specify where the cursor
+should be placed after the draw call. Furthermore like any other widgets, if you do not set a cursor
+position during a draw call, the cursor is automatically hidden.
+
+For example:
+
+```rust
+fn draw_input(f: &mut Frame, app: &App) {
+  if app.editing {
+    let input_width = app.input.width() as u16;
+    // The cursor will be placed just after the last character of the input
+    f.set_cursor((input_width + 1, 0));
+  } else {
+    // We are no longer editing, the cursor does not have to be shown, set_cursor is not called and
+    // thus automatically hidden.
+  }
+}
+```
+
+In order to make this possible, the draw closure takes in input `&mut Frame` instead of `mut Frame`.
+
+#### Advanced text styling
+
+It has been reported several times that the text styling capabilities were somewhat limited in many
+places of the crate. To solve the issue, this release includes a new set of text primitives that are
+now used by a majority of widgets to provide flexible text styling.
+
+`Text` is replaced by the following types:
+- `Span`: a string with a unique style.
+- `Spans`: a string with multiple styles.
+- `Text`: a multi-lines string with multiple styles.
+
+However, you do not always need this complexity so the crate provides `From` implementations to
+let you use simple strings as a default and switch to the previous primitives when you need
+additional styling capabilities.
+
+For example, the title of a `Block` can be set in the following ways:
+
+```rust
+// A title with no styling
+Block::default().title("My title");
+// A yellow title
+Block::default().title(Span::styled("My title", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)));
+// A title where "My" is bold and "title" is a simple string
+Block::default().title(vec![
+    Span::styled("My", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+    Span::from("title")
+]);
+```
+
+- `Buffer::set_spans` and `Buffer::set_span` were added.
+- `Paragraph::new` expects an input that can be converted to a `Text`.
+- `Block::title_style` is deprecated.
+- `Block::title` expects a `Spans`.
+- `Tabs` expects a list of `Spans`.
+- `Gauge` custom label is now a `Span`.
+- `Axis` title and labels are `Spans` (as a consequence `Chart` no longer has generic bounds).
+
+#### Incremental styling
+
+Previously `Style` was used to represent an exhaustive set of style rules to be applied to an UI
+element. It implied that whenever you wanted to change even only one property you had to provide the
+complete style. For example, if you had a `Block` where you wanted to have a green background and
+a title in bold, you had to do the following:
+
+```rust
+let style = Style::default().bg(Color::Green);
+Block::default()
+  .style(style)
+  .title("My title")
+  // Here we reused the style otherwise the background color would have been reset
+  .title_style(style.modifier(Modifier::BOLD));
+```
+
+In this new release, you may now write this as:
+
+```rust
+Block::default()
+    .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Green))
+    // The style is not overidden anymore, we simply add new style rule for the title.
+    .title(Span::styled("My title", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)))
+```
+
+In addition, the crate now provides a method `patch` to combine two styles into a new set of style
+rules:
+
+```rust
+let style = Style::default().modifer(Modifier::BOLD);
+let style = style.patch(Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC));
+// style.modifer == Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC, the modifier has been enriched not overidden
+```
+
+- `Style::modifier` has been removed in favor of `Style::add_modifier` and `Style::remove_modifier`.
+- `Buffer::set_style` has been added. `Buffer::set_background` is deprecated.
+- `BarChart::style` no longer set the style of the bars. Use `BarChart::bar_style` in replacement.
+- `Gauge::style` no longer set the style of the gauge. Use `Gauge::gauge_style` in replacement.
+
+#### List with item on multiple lines
+
+The `List` widget has been refactored once again to support items with variable heights and complex
+styling.
+
+- `List::new` expects an input that can be converted to a `Vec<ListItem>` where `ListItem` is a
+wrapper around the item content to provide additional styling capabilities. `ListItem` contains a
+`Text`.
+- `List::items` has been removed.
+
+```rust
+// Before
+let items = vec![
+  "Item1",
+  "Item2",
+  "Item3"
+];
+List::default().items(items.iters());
+
+// After
+let items = vec![
+  ListItem::new("Item1"),
+  ListItem::new("Item2"),
+  ListItem::new("Item3"),
+];
+List::new(items);
+```
+
+See the examples for more advanced usages.
+
+#### More wrapping options
+
+`Paragraph::wrap` expects `Wrap` instead of `bool` to let users decided whether they want to trim
+whitespaces when the text is wrapped.
+
+```rust
+// before
+Paragraph::new(text).wrap(true)
+// after
+Paragraph::new(text).wrap(Wrap { trim: true }) // to have the same behavior
+Paragraph::new(text).wrap(Wrap { trim: false }) // to use the new behavior
+```
+
+#### Horizontal scrolling in paragraph
+
+You can now scroll horizontally in `Paragraph`. The argument of `Paragraph::scroll` has thus be
+changed from `u16` to `(u16, u16)`.
+
+### Features
+
+#### Serialization of style
+
+You can now serialize and de-serialize `Style` using the optional `serde` feature.
+
 ## v0.9.5 - 2020-05-21
 
 ### Bug Fixes
@@ -245,15 +585,15 @@ from an enum to a bitflags struct.
 So instead of writing:
 
 ```rust
-let style = Style::default().modifier(Modifier::Italic);
+let style = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::Italic);
 ```
 
 one should use:
 
 ```rust
-let style = Style::default().modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
+let style = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
 // or
-let style = Style::default().modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD);
+let style = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD);
 ```
 
 ### Bug Fixes

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Contributing
+
+## Building
+
+[cargo-make]: https://github.com/sagiegurari/cargo-make "cargo-make"
+
+`tui` is an ordinary Rust project where common tasks are managed with [cargo-make].
+It wraps common `cargo` commands with sane defaults depending on your platform of choice.
+Building the project should be as easy as running `cargo make build`.
+
+## :hammer_and_wrench: Pull requests
+
+All contributions are obviously welcome.
+Please include as many details as possible in your PR description to help the reviewer (follow the provided template).
+Make sure to highlight changes which may need additional attention or you are uncertain about.
+Any idea with a large scale impact on the crate or its users should ideally be discussed in a "Feature Request" issue beforehand.
+
+## Continuous Integration
+
+We use Github Actions for the CI where we perform the following checks:
+- The code should compile on `stable` and the Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV).
+- The tests (docs, lib, tests and examples) should pass.
+- The code should conform to the default format enforced by `rustfmt`.
+- The code should not contain common style issues `clippy`.
+
+You can also check most of those things yourself locally using `cargo make ci` which will offer you a shorter feedback loop.
+
+## Tests
+
+The test coverage of the crate is far from being ideal but we already have a fair amount of tests in place.
+Beside the usual doc and unit tests, one of the most valuable test you can write for `tui` is a test again the `TestBackend`.
+It allows you to assert the content of the output buffer that would have been flushed to the terminal after a given draw call.
+See `widgets_block_renders` in [tests/widgets_block.rs](./tests/widget_block.rs) for an example.

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,127 +1,93 @@
 [package]
 name = "tui"
-version = "0.9.5"
+version = "0.18.0"
 authors = ["Florian Dehau <work@fdehau.com>"]
 description = """
 A library to build rich terminal user interfaces or dashboards
 """
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/tui/0.9.5/tui/"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/tui/0.18.0/tui/"
 keywords = ["tui", "terminal", "dashboard"]
 repository = "https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs"
+readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
-exclude = ["assets/*", ".github"]
+exclude = ["assets/*", ".github", "Makefile.toml", "CONTRIBUTING.md", "*.log", "tags"]
 autoexamples = true
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 
 [badges]
 
 [features]
-default = ["termion"]
-curses = ["easycurses", "pancurses"]
+default = ["crossterm"]
 
 [dependencies]
-bitflags = "1.0"
+bitflags = "1.3"
 cassowary = "0.3"
-itertools = "0.9"
-either = "1.5"
 unicode-segmentation = "1.2"
 unicode-width = "0.1"
 termion = { version = "1.5", optional = true }
-rustbox = { version = "0.11", optional = true }
-crossterm = { version = "0.17", optional = true }
-easycurses = { version = "0.12.2", optional = true }
-pancurses = { version = "0.16.1", optional = true, features = ["win32a"] }
+crossterm = { version = "0.23", optional = true }
+serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["derive"]}
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-rand = "0.7"
+rand = "0.8"
 argh = "0.1"
 
-[[example]]
-name = "canvas"
-path = "examples/canvas.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "user_input"
-path = "examples/user_input.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "gauge"
-path = "examples/gauge.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
 [[example]]
 name = "barchart"
-path = "examples/barchart.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "chart"
-path = "examples/chart.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "paragraph"
-path = "examples/paragraph.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "list"
-path = "examples/list.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "table"
-path = "examples/table.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "tabs"
-path = "examples/tabs.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "custom_widget"
-path = "examples/custom_widget.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "layout"
-path = "examples/layout.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "popup"
-path = "examples/popup.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "block"
-path = "examples/block.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "sparkline"
-path = "examples/sparkline.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "termion_demo"
-path = "examples/termion_demo.rs"
-required-features = ["termion"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "rustbox_demo"
-path = "examples/rustbox_demo.rs"
-required-features = ["rustbox"]
-
-[[example]]
-name = "crossterm_demo"
-path = "examples/crossterm_demo.rs"
 required-features = ["crossterm"]
 
 [[example]]
-name = "curses_demo"
-path = "examples/curses_demo.rs"
-required-features = ["curses"]
+name = "block"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "canvas"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "chart"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "custom_widget"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "gauge"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "layout"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "list"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "panic"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "paragraph"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "popup"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "sparkline"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "table"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "tabs"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "user_input"
+required-features = ["crossterm"]

Makefile

@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-SHELL=/bin/bash
-
-# ================================ Cargo ======================================
-
-
-RUST_CHANNEL ?= stable
-CARGO_FLAGS =
-RUSTUP_INSTALLED = $(shell command -v rustup 2> /dev/null)
-
-ifndef RUSTUP_INSTALLED
-  CARGO = cargo
-else
-  ifdef CI
-    CARGO = cargo
-  else
-    CARGO = rustup run $(RUST_CHANNEL) cargo
-  endif
-endif
-
-
-# ================================ Help =======================================
-
-.PHONY: help
-help: ## Print all the available commands
-	@grep -E '^[a-zA-Z_-]+:.*?## .*$$' $(MAKEFILE_LIST) | \
-	  awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":.*?## "}; {printf "\033[36m%-20s\033[0m %s\n", $$1, $$2}'
-
-
-# =============================== Build =======================================
-
-.PHONY: check
-check: ## Validate the project code
-	$(CARGO) check
-
-.PHONY: build
-build: ## Build the project in debug mode
-	$(CARGO) build $(CARGO_FLAGS)
-
-.PHONY: release
-release: CARGO_FLAGS += --release
-release: build ## Build the project in release mode
-
-
-# ================================ Lint =======================================
-
-.PHONY: lint
-lint: fmt clippy ## Lint project files
-
-.PHONY: fmt
-fmt: ## Check the format of the source code
-	cargo fmt --all -- --check
-
-.PHONY: clippy
-clippy: ## Check the style of the source code and catch common errors
-	$(CARGO) clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
-
-
-# ================================ Test =======================================
-
-.PHONY: test
-test: ## Run the tests
-	$(CARGO) test --all-features
-
-# =============================== Examples ====================================
-
-.PHONY: build-examples
-build-examples: ## Build all examples
-	@$(CARGO) build --examples --all-features
-
-.PHONY: run-examples
-run-examples: ## Run all examples
-	@for file in examples/*.rs; do \
-	  name=$$(basename $${file/.rs/}); \
-	  $(CARGO) run --all-features --release --example $$name; \
-	  done;
-
-# ================================ Doc ========================================
-
-
-.PHONY: doc
-doc: ## Build the documentation (available at ./target/doc)
-	$(CARGO) doc
-
-
-# ================================= Watch =====================================
-
-# Requires watchman and watchman-make (https://facebook.github.io/watchman/docs/install.html)
-
-.PHONY: watch
-watch: ## Watch file changes and build the project if any
-	watchman-make -p 'src/**/*.rs' -t check build
-
-.PHONY: watch-test
-watch-test: ## Watch files changes and run the tests if any
-	watchman-make -p 'src/**/*.rs' 'tests/**/*.rs' 'examples/**/*.rs' -t test
-
-.PHONY: watch-doc
-watch-doc: ## Watch file changes and rebuild the documentation if any
-	watchman-make -p 'src/**/*.rs' -t doc
-
-# ================================= Pipelines =================================
-
-.PHONY: stable
-stable: RUST_CHANNEL = stable
-stable: build lint test ## Run build and tests for stable
-
-.PHONY: beta
-beta: RUST_CHANNEL = beta
-beta: build lint test ## Run build and tests for beta
-
-.PHONY: nightly
-nightly: RUST_CHANNEL = nightly
-nightly: build lint test ## Run build, lint and tests for nightly

Makefile.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+[config]
+skip_core_tasks = true
+
+[tasks.ci]
+run_task = [
+    { name = "ci-unix", condition = { platforms = ["linux", "mac"] } },
+    { name = "ci-windows", condition = { platforms = ["windows"] } },
+]
+
+[tasks.ci-unix]
+private = true
+dependencies = [
+    "fmt",
+    "check-crossterm",
+    "check-termion",
+    "test-crossterm",
+    "test-termion",
+    "clippy-crossterm",
+    "clippy-termion",
+    "test-doc",
+]
+
+[tasks.ci-windows]
+private = true
+dependencies = [
+    "fmt",
+    "check-crossterm",
+    "test-crossterm",
+    "clippy-crossterm",
+    "test-doc",
+]
+
+[tasks.fmt]
+command = "cargo"
+args = [
+  "fmt",
+  "--all",
+  "--",
+  "--check",
+]
+
+[tasks.check-crossterm]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,crossterm" }
+run_task = "check"
+
+[tasks.check-termion]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termion" }
+run_task = "check"
+
+[tasks.check]
+command = "cargo"
+condition = { env_set = ["TUI_FEATURES"] }
+args = [
+  "check",
+  "--no-default-features",
+  "--features",
+  "${TUI_FEATURES}",
+  "--all-targets",
+]
+
+[tasks.build-crossterm]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,crossterm" }
+run_task = "build"
+
+[tasks.build-termion]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termion" }
+run_task = "build"
+
+[tasks.build]
+command = "cargo"
+condition = { env_set = ["TUI_FEATURES"] }
+args = [
+  "build",
+  "--no-default-features",
+  "--features",
+  "${TUI_FEATURES}",
+  "--all-targets",
+]
+
+[tasks.clippy-crossterm]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,crossterm" }
+run_task = "clippy"
+
+[tasks.clippy-termion]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termion" }
+run_task = "clippy"
+
+[tasks.clippy]
+command = "cargo"
+condition = { env_set = ["TUI_FEATURES"] }
+args = [
+  "clippy",
+  "--all-targets",
+  "--no-default-features",
+  "--features",
+  "${TUI_FEATURES}",
+  "--",
+  "-D",
+  "warnings",
+]
+
+[tasks.test-crossterm]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,crossterm" }
+run_task = "test"
+
+[tasks.test-termion]
+env = { TUI_FEATURES = "serde,termion" }
+run_task = "test"
+
+[tasks.test]
+command = "cargo"
+condition = { env_set = ["TUI_FEATURES"] }
+args = [
+  "test",
+  "--no-default-features",
+  "--features",
+  "${TUI_FEATURES}",
+  "--lib",
+  "--tests",
+  "--examples",
+]
+
+[tasks.test-doc]
+command = "cargo"
+args = [
+  "test",
+  "--doc",
+]
+
+[tasks.run-example]
+private = true
+condition = { env_set = ["TUI_EXAMPLE_NAME"] }
+command = "cargo"
+args = [
+    "run",
+    "--release",
+    "--example",
+    "${TUI_EXAMPLE_NAME}"
+]
+
+[tasks.build-examples]
+command = "cargo"
+args = [
+    "build",
+    "--examples",
+    "--release"
+]
+
+[tasks.run-examples]
+dependencies = ["build-examples"]
+script = '''
+#!@duckscript
+files = glob_array ./examples/*.rs
+for file in ${files}
+  name = basename ${file}
+  name = substring ${name} -3
+  set_env TUI_EXAMPLE_NAME ${name}
+  cm_run_task run-example
+end
+'''

README.md

@@ -11,15 +11,9 @@ user interfaces and dashboards. It is heavily inspired by the `Javascript`
 library [blessed-contrib](https://github.com/yaronn/blessed-contrib) and the
 `Go` library [termui](https://github.com/gizak/termui).
 
-The library itself supports four different backends to draw to the terminal. You
-can either choose from:
-
+The library supports multiple backends:
+  - [crossterm](https://github.com/crossterm-rs/crossterm) [default]
   - [termion](https://github.com/ticki/termion)
-  - [rustbox](https://github.com/gchp/rustbox)
-  - [crossterm](https://github.com/crossterm-rs/crossterm)
-  - [pancurses](https://github.com/ihalila/pancurses)
-
-However, some features may only be available in one of the four.
 
 The library is based on the principle of immediate rendering with intermediate
 buffers. This means that at each new frame you should build all widgets that are
@@ -32,56 +26,55 @@ comes from the terminal emulator than the library itself.
 Moreover, the library does not provide any input handling nor any event system and
 you may rely on the previously cited libraries to achieve such features.
 
+### Rust version requirements
+
+Since version 0.17.0, `tui` requires **rustc version 1.56.1 or greater**.
+
 ### [Documentation](https://docs.rs/tui)
 
 ### Demo
 
-The demo shown in the gif can be run with all available backends
-(`exmples/*_demo.rs` files). For example to see the `termion` version one could
-run:
+The demo shown in the gif can be run with all available backends.
 
 ```
-cargo run --example termion_demo --release -- --tick-rate 200
+# crossterm
+cargo run --example demo --release -- --tick-rate 200
+# termion
+cargo run --example demo --no-default-features --features=termion --release -- --tick-rate 200
 ```
 
 where `tick-rate` is the UI refresh rate in ms.
 
-The UI code is in [examples/demo/ui.rs](examples/demo/ui.rs) while the
-application state is in [examples/demo/app.rs](examples/demo/app.rs).
-
-Beware that the `termion_demo` only works on Unix platforms. If you are a Windows user,
-you can see the same demo using the `crossterm` backend with the following command:
-
-```
-cargo run --example crossterm_demo --no-default-features --features="crossterm" --release -- --tick-rate 200
-```
+The UI code is in [examples/demo/ui.rs](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.18.0/examples/demo/ui.rs) while the
+application state is in [examples/demo/app.rs](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.18.0/examples/demo/app.rs).
 
 If the user interface contains glyphs that are not displayed correctly by your terminal, you may want to run
 the demo without those symbols:
 
 ```
-cargo run --example crossterm_demo --no-default-features --features="crossterm" --release -- --tick-rate 200 --enhanced-graphics false
+cargo run --example demo --release -- --tick-rate 200 --enhanced-graphics false
 ```
 
 ### Widgets
 
 The library comes with the following list of widgets:
 
-  * [Block](examples/block.rs)
-  * [Gauge](examples/gauge.rs)
-  * [Sparkline](examples/sparkline.rs)
-  * [Chart](examples/chart.rs)
-  * [BarChart](examples/barchart.rs)
-  * [List](examples/list.rs)
-  * [Table](examples/table.rs)
-  * [Paragraph](examples/paragraph.rs)
-  * [Canvas (with line, point cloud, map)](examples/canvas.rs)
-  * [Tabs](examples/tabs.rs)
+  * [Block](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.18.0/examples/block.rs)
+  * [Gauge](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.18.0/examples/gauge.rs)
+  * [Sparkline](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.18.0/examples/sparkline.rs)
+  * [Chart](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.18.0/examples/chart.rs)
+  * [BarChart](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.18.0/examples/barchart.rs)
+  * [List](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.18.0/examples/list.rs)
+  * [Table](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.18.0/examples/table.rs)
+  * [Paragraph](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.18.0/examples/paragraph.rs)
+  * [Canvas (with line, point cloud, map)](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.18.0/examples/canvas.rs)
+  * [Tabs](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/blob/v0.18.0/examples/tabs.rs)
 
 Click on each item to see the source of the example. Run the examples with with 
-cargo (e.g. to run the demo `cargo run --example demo`), and quit by pressing `q`.
+cargo (e.g. to run the gauge example `cargo run --example gauge`), and quit by pressing `q`.
 
-You can run all examples by running `make run-examples`.
+You can run all examples by running `cargo make run-examples` (require
+`cargo-make` that can be installed with `cargo install cargo-make`).
 
 ### Third-party widgets
 
@@ -92,6 +85,7 @@ You can run all examples by running `make run-examples`.
 * [spotify-tui](https://github.com/Rigellute/spotify-tui)
 * [bandwhich](https://github.com/imsnif/bandwhich)
 * [kmon](https://github.com/orhun/kmon)
+* [gpg-tui](https://github.com/orhun/gpg-tui)
 * [ytop](https://github.com/cjbassi/ytop)
 * [zenith](https://github.com/bvaisvil/zenith)
 * [bottom](https://github.com/ClementTsang/bottom)
@@ -99,6 +93,28 @@ You can run all examples by running `make run-examples`.
 * [gitui](https://github.com/extrawurst/gitui)
 * [rust-sadari-cli](https://github.com/24seconds/rust-sadari-cli)
 * [desed](https://github.com/SoptikHa2/desed)
+* [diskonaut](https://github.com/imsnif/diskonaut)
+* [tickrs](https://github.com/tarkah/tickrs)
+* [rusty-krab-manager](https://github.com/aryakaul/rusty-krab-manager)
+* [termchat](https://github.com/lemunozm/termchat)
+* [taskwarrior-tui](https://github.com/kdheepak/taskwarrior-tui)
+* [gping](https://github.com/orf/gping/)
+* [Vector](https://vector.dev)
+* [KDash](https://github.com/kdash-rs/kdash)
+* [xplr](https://github.com/sayanarijit/xplr)
+* [minesweep](https://github.com/cpcloud/minesweep-rs)
+* [Battleship.rs](https://github.com/deepu105/battleship-rs)
+* [termscp](https://github.com/veeso/termscp)
+* [joshuto](https://github.com/kamiyaa/joshuto)
+* [adsb_deku/radar](https://github.com/wcampbell0x2a/adsb_deku#radar-tui)
+* [hoard](https://github.com/Hyde46/hoard)
+* [tokio-console](https://github.com/tokio-rs/console): a diagnostics and debugging tool for asynchronous Rust programs.
+* [hwatch](https://github.com/blacknon/hwatch): a alternative watch command that records the result of command execution and can display its history and diffs.
+* [ytui-music](https://github.com/sudipghimire533/ytui-music): listen to music from youtube inside your terminal.
+* [mqttui](https://github.com/EdJoPaTo/mqttui): subscribe or publish to a MQTT Topic quickly from the terminal.
+* [meteo-tui](https://github.com/16arpi/meteo-tui): french weather via the command line.
+* [picterm](https://github.com/ksk001100/picterm): preview images in your terminal.
+* [gobang](https://github.com/TaKO8Ki/gobang): a cross-platform TUI database management tool.
 
 ### Alternatives
 

examples/barchart.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::event::{Event, Events};
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
     layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
     widgets::{BarChart, Block, Borders},
-    Terminal,
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 struct App<'a> {
@@ -48,78 +52,110 @@ impl<'a> App<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn update(&mut self) {
+    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
         let value = self.data.pop().unwrap();
         self.data.insert(0, value);
     }
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
 
-    // Setup event handlers
-    let events = Events::new();
+    // create app and run it
+    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
 
-    // App
-    let mut app = App::new();
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
 
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-                .margin(2)
-                .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
-                .split(f.size());
-            let barchart = BarChart::default()
-                .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .data(&app.data)
-                .bar_width(9)
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-                .value_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Black).bg(Color::Yellow));
-            f.render_widget(barchart, chunks[0]);
-
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
-                .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
-                .split(chunks[1]);
-
-            let barchart = BarChart::default()
-                .block(Block::default().title("Data2").borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .data(&app.data)
-                .bar_width(5)
-                .bar_gap(3)
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
-                .value_style(Style::default().bg(Color::Green).modifier(Modifier::BOLD));
-            f.render_widget(barchart, chunks[0]);
-
-            let barchart = BarChart::default()
-                .block(Block::default().title("Data3").borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .data(&app.data)
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red))
-                .bar_width(7)
-                .bar_gap(0)
-                .value_style(Style::default().bg(Color::Red))
-                .label_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan).modifier(Modifier::ITALIC));
-            f.render_widget(barchart, chunks[1]);
-        })?;
-
-        match events.next()? {
-            Event::Input(input) => {
-                if input == Key::Char('q') {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            Event::Tick => {
-                app.update();
-            }
-        }
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
+
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            app.on_tick();
+            last_tick = Instant::now();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(2)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(f.size());
+    let barchart = BarChart::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Data1").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .data(&app.data)
+        .bar_width(9)
+        .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+        .value_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Black).bg(Color::Yellow));
+    f.render_widget(barchart, chunks[0]);
+
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(chunks[1]);
+
+    let barchart = BarChart::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Data2").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .data(&app.data)
+        .bar_width(5)
+        .bar_gap(3)
+        .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
+        .value_style(
+            Style::default()
+                .bg(Color::Green)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+        );
+    f.render_widget(barchart, chunks[0]);
+
+    let barchart = BarChart::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Data3").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .data(&app.data)
+        .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red))
+        .bar_width(7)
+        .bar_gap(0)
+        .value_style(Style::default().bg(Color::Red))
+        .label_style(
+            Style::default()
+                .fg(Color::Cyan)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+        );
+    f.render_widget(barchart, chunks[1]);
+}

examples/block.rs

@@ -1,85 +1,119 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::event::{Event, Events};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
 use std::{error::Error, io};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend,
-    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout},
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    text::Span,
     widgets::{Block, BorderType, Borders},
-    Terminal,
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
 
-    // Setup event handlers
-    let events = Events::new();
+    // create app and run it
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal);
 
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
     loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            // Wrapping block for a group
-            // Just draw the block and the group on the same area and build the group
-            // with at least a margin of 1
-            let size = f.size();
-            let block = Block::default()
-                .borders(Borders::ALL)
-                .title("Main block with round corners")
-                .border_type(BorderType::Rounded);
-            f.render_widget(block, size);
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-                .margin(4)
-                .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
-                .split(f.size());
-            {
-                let chunks = Layout::default()
-                    .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
-                    .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
-                    .split(chunks[0]);
-                let block = Block::default()
-                    .title("With background")
-                    .title_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-                    .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Green));
-                f.render_widget(block, chunks[0]);
-                let title_style = Style::default()
-                    .fg(Color::White)
-                    .bg(Color::Red)
-                    .modifier(Modifier::BOLD);
-                let block = Block::default()
-                    .title("Styled title")
-                    .title_style(title_style);
-                f.render_widget(block, chunks[1]);
-            }
-            {
-                let chunks = Layout::default()
-                    .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
-                    .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
-                    .split(chunks[1]);
-                let block = Block::default().title("With borders").borders(Borders::ALL);
-                f.render_widget(block, chunks[0]);
-                let block = Block::default()
-                    .title("With styled borders and doubled borders")
-                    .border_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan))
-                    .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
-                    .border_type(BorderType::Double);
-                f.render_widget(block, chunks[1]);
-            }
-        })?;
+        terminal.draw(ui)?;
 
-        if let Event::Input(key) = events.next()? {
-            if key == Key::Char('q') {
-                break;
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                return Ok(());
             }
         }
     }
-    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>) {
+    // Wrapping block for a group
+    // Just draw the block and the group on the same area and build the group
+    // with at least a margin of 1
+    let size = f.size();
+
+    // Surrounding block
+    let block = Block::default()
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .title("Main block with round corners")
+        .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .border_type(BorderType::Rounded);
+    f.render_widget(block, size);
+
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(4)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(f.size());
+
+    // Top two inner blocks
+    let top_chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(chunks[0]);
+
+    // Top left inner block with green background
+    let block = Block::default()
+        .title(vec![
+            Span::styled("With", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)),
+            Span::from(" background"),
+        ])
+        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Green));
+    f.render_widget(block, top_chunks[0]);
+
+    // Top right inner block with styled title aligned to the right
+    let block = Block::default()
+        .title(Span::styled(
+            "Styled title",
+            Style::default()
+                .fg(Color::White)
+                .bg(Color::Red)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+        ))
+        .title_alignment(Alignment::Right);
+    f.render_widget(block, top_chunks[1]);
+
+    // Bottom two inner blocks
+    let bottom_chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(chunks[1]);
+
+    // Bottom left block with all default borders
+    let block = Block::default().title("With borders").borders(Borders::ALL);
+    f.render_widget(block, bottom_chunks[0]);
+
+    // Bottom right block with styled left and right border
+    let block = Block::default()
+        .title("With styled borders and doubled borders")
+        .border_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan))
+        .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
+        .border_type(BorderType::Double);
+    f.render_widget(block, bottom_chunks[1]);
 }

examples/canvas.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,23 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::event::{Config, Event, Events};
-use std::{error::Error, io, time::Duration};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
     layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
-    style::Color,
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    text::Span,
     widgets::{
         canvas::{Canvas, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
         Block, Borders,
     },
-    Terminal,
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 struct App {
@@ -46,7 +51,7 @@ impl App {
         }
     }
 
-    fn update(&mut self) {
+    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
         if self.ball.x < self.playground.left() as f64
             || self.ball.x + self.ball.width > self.playground.right() as f64
         {
@@ -73,77 +78,103 @@ impl App {
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
 
-    // Setup event handlers
-    let config = Config {
-        tick_rate: Duration::from_millis(250),
-        ..Default::default()
-    };
-    let events = Events::with_config(config);
+    // create app and run it
+    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
 
-    // App
-    let mut app = App::new();
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
 
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
-                .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
-                .split(f.size());
-            let canvas = Canvas::default()
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("World"))
-                .paint(|ctx| {
-                    ctx.draw(&Map {
-                        color: Color::White,
-                        resolution: MapResolution::High,
-                    });
-                    ctx.print(app.x, -app.y, "You are here", Color::Yellow);
-                })
-                .x_bounds([-180.0, 180.0])
-                .y_bounds([-90.0, 90.0]);
-            f.render_widget(canvas, chunks[0]);
-            let canvas = Canvas::default()
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Pong"))
-                .paint(|ctx| {
-                    ctx.draw(&app.ball);
-                })
-                .x_bounds([10.0, 110.0])
-                .y_bounds([10.0, 110.0]);
-            f.render_widget(canvas, chunks[1]);
-        })?;
-
-        match events.next()? {
-            Event::Input(input) => match input {
-                Key::Char('q') => {
-                    break;
-                }
-                Key::Down => {
-                    app.y += 1.0;
-                }
-                Key::Up => {
-                    app.y -= 1.0;
-                }
-                Key::Right => {
-                    app.x += 1.0;
-                }
-                Key::Left => {
-                    app.x -= 1.0;
-                }
-
-                _ => {}
-            },
-            Event::Tick => {
-                app.update();
-            }
-        }
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
+
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') => {
+                        return Ok(());
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Down => {
+                        app.y += 1.0;
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Up => {
+                        app.y -= 1.0;
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Right => {
+                        app.x += 1.0;
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::Left => {
+                        app.x -= 1.0;
+                    }
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            app.on_tick();
+            last_tick = Instant::now();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(f.size());
+    let canvas = Canvas::default()
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("World"))
+        .paint(|ctx| {
+            ctx.draw(&Map {
+                color: Color::White,
+                resolution: MapResolution::High,
+            });
+            ctx.print(
+                app.x,
+                -app.y,
+                Span::styled("You are here", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)),
+            );
+        })
+        .x_bounds([-180.0, 180.0])
+        .y_bounds([-90.0, 90.0]);
+    f.render_widget(canvas, chunks[0]);
+    let canvas = Canvas::default()
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Pong"))
+        .paint(|ctx| {
+            ctx.draw(&app.ball);
+        })
+        .x_bounds([10.0, 110.0])
+        .y_bounds([10.0, 110.0]);
+    f.render_widget(canvas, chunks[1]);
+}

examples/chart.rs

@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::{
-    event::{Event, Events},
-    SinSignal,
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
     layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
     symbols,
+    text::Span,
     widgets::{Axis, Block, Borders, Chart, Dataset, GraphType},
-    Terminal,
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 const DATA: [(f64, f64); 5] = [(0.0, 0.0), (1.0, 1.0), (2.0, 2.0), (3.0, 3.0), (4.0, 4.0)];
@@ -27,6 +29,34 @@ const DATA2: [(f64, f64); 7] = [
     (60.0, 3.0),
 ];
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct SinSignal {
+    x: f64,
+    interval: f64,
+    period: f64,
+    scale: f64,
+}
+
+impl SinSignal {
+    pub fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> SinSignal {
+        SinSignal {
+            x: 0.0,
+            interval,
+            period,
+            scale,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for SinSignal {
+    type Item = (f64, f64);
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let point = (self.x, (self.x * 1.0 / self.period).sin() * self.scale);
+        self.x += self.interval;
+        Some(point)
+    }
+}
+
 struct App {
     signal1: SinSignal,
     data1: Vec<(f64, f64)>,
@@ -50,7 +80,7 @@ impl App {
         }
     }
 
-    fn update(&mut self) {
+    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
         for _ in 0..5 {
             self.data1.remove(0);
         }
@@ -65,152 +95,207 @@ impl App {
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
 
-    let events = Events::new();
+    // create app and run it
+    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
 
-    // App
-    let mut app = App::new();
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
 
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            let size = f.size();
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-                .constraints(
-                    [
-                        Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
-                        Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
-                        Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
-                    ]
-                    .as_ref(),
-                )
-                .split(size);
-            let x_labels = [
-                format!("{}", app.window[0]),
-                format!("{}", (app.window[0] + app.window[1]) / 2.0),
-                format!("{}", app.window[1]),
-            ];
-            let datasets = [
-                Dataset::default()
-                    .name("data2")
-                    .marker(symbols::Marker::Dot)
-                    .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan))
-                    .data(&app.data1),
-                Dataset::default()
-                    .name("data3")
-                    .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
-                    .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-                    .data(&app.data2),
-            ];
-            let chart = Chart::default()
-                .block(
-                    Block::default()
-                        .title("Chart 1")
-                        .title_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan).modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
-                        .borders(Borders::ALL),
-                )
-                .x_axis(
-                    Axis::default()
-                        .title("X Axis")
-                        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                        .labels_style(Style::default().modifier(Modifier::ITALIC))
-                        .bounds(app.window)
-                        .labels(&x_labels),
-                )
-                .y_axis(
-                    Axis::default()
-                        .title("Y Axis")
-                        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                        .labels_style(Style::default().modifier(Modifier::ITALIC))
-                        .bounds([-20.0, 20.0])
-                        .labels(&["-20", "0", "20"]),
-                )
-                .datasets(&datasets);
-            f.render_widget(chart, chunks[0]);
-
-            let datasets = [Dataset::default()
-                .name("data")
-                .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-                .graph_type(GraphType::Line)
-                .data(&DATA)];
-            let chart = Chart::default()
-                .block(
-                    Block::default()
-                        .title("Chart 2")
-                        .title_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan).modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
-                        .borders(Borders::ALL),
-                )
-                .x_axis(
-                    Axis::default()
-                        .title("X Axis")
-                        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                        .labels_style(Style::default().modifier(Modifier::ITALIC))
-                        .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
-                        .labels(&["0", "2.5", "5.0"]),
-                )
-                .y_axis(
-                    Axis::default()
-                        .title("Y Axis")
-                        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                        .labels_style(Style::default().modifier(Modifier::ITALIC))
-                        .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
-                        .labels(&["0", "2.5", "5.0"]),
-                )
-                .datasets(&datasets);
-            f.render_widget(chart, chunks[1]);
-
-            let datasets = [Dataset::default()
-                .name("data")
-                .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-                .graph_type(GraphType::Line)
-                .data(&DATA2)];
-            let chart = Chart::default()
-                .block(
-                    Block::default()
-                        .title("Chart 3")
-                        .title_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan).modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
-                        .borders(Borders::ALL),
-                )
-                .x_axis(
-                    Axis::default()
-                        .title("X Axis")
-                        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                        .labels_style(Style::default().modifier(Modifier::ITALIC))
-                        .bounds([0.0, 50.0])
-                        .labels(&["0", "25", "50"]),
-                )
-                .y_axis(
-                    Axis::default()
-                        .title("Y Axis")
-                        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                        .labels_style(Style::default().modifier(Modifier::ITALIC))
-                        .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
-                        .labels(&["0", "2.5", "5"]),
-                )
-                .datasets(&datasets);
-            f.render_widget(chart, chunks[2]);
-        })?;
-
-        match events.next()? {
-            Event::Input(input) => {
-                if input == Key::Char('q') {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            Event::Tick => {
-                app.update();
-            }
-        }
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
+
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            app.on_tick();
+            last_tick = Instant::now();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let size = f.size();
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
+                Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
+                Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(size);
+    let x_labels = vec![
+        Span::styled(
+            format!("{}", app.window[0]),
+            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+        ),
+        Span::raw(format!("{}", (app.window[0] + app.window[1]) / 2.0)),
+        Span::styled(
+            format!("{}", app.window[1]),
+            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+        ),
+    ];
+    let datasets = vec![
+        Dataset::default()
+            .name("data2")
+            .marker(symbols::Marker::Dot)
+            .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan))
+            .data(&app.data1),
+        Dataset::default()
+            .name("data3")
+            .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
+            .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+            .data(&app.data2),
+    ];
+
+    let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
+        .block(
+            Block::default()
+                .title(Span::styled(
+                    "Chart 1",
+                    Style::default()
+                        .fg(Color::Cyan)
+                        .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+                ))
+                .borders(Borders::ALL),
+        )
+        .x_axis(
+            Axis::default()
+                .title("X Axis")
+                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
+                .labels(x_labels)
+                .bounds(app.window),
+        )
+        .y_axis(
+            Axis::default()
+                .title("Y Axis")
+                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
+                .labels(vec![
+                    Span::styled("-20", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                    Span::raw("0"),
+                    Span::styled("20", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                ])
+                .bounds([-20.0, 20.0]),
+        );
+    f.render_widget(chart, chunks[0]);
+
+    let datasets = vec![Dataset::default()
+        .name("data")
+        .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
+        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+        .graph_type(GraphType::Line)
+        .data(&DATA)];
+    let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
+        .block(
+            Block::default()
+                .title(Span::styled(
+                    "Chart 2",
+                    Style::default()
+                        .fg(Color::Cyan)
+                        .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+                ))
+                .borders(Borders::ALL),
+        )
+        .x_axis(
+            Axis::default()
+                .title("X Axis")
+                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
+                .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
+                .labels(vec![
+                    Span::styled("0", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                    Span::raw("2.5"),
+                    Span::styled("5.0", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                ]),
+        )
+        .y_axis(
+            Axis::default()
+                .title("Y Axis")
+                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
+                .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
+                .labels(vec![
+                    Span::styled("0", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                    Span::raw("2.5"),
+                    Span::styled("5.0", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                ]),
+        );
+    f.render_widget(chart, chunks[1]);
+
+    let datasets = vec![Dataset::default()
+        .name("data")
+        .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
+        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+        .graph_type(GraphType::Line)
+        .data(&DATA2)];
+    let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
+        .block(
+            Block::default()
+                .title(Span::styled(
+                    "Chart 3",
+                    Style::default()
+                        .fg(Color::Cyan)
+                        .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+                ))
+                .borders(Borders::ALL),
+        )
+        .x_axis(
+            Axis::default()
+                .title("X Axis")
+                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
+                .bounds([0.0, 50.0])
+                .labels(vec![
+                    Span::styled("0", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                    Span::raw("25"),
+                    Span::styled("50", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                ]),
+        )
+        .y_axis(
+            Axis::default()
+                .title("Y Axis")
+                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
+                .bounds([0.0, 5.0])
+                .labels(vec![
+                    Span::styled("0", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                    Span::raw("2.5"),
+                    Span::styled("5", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                ]),
+        );
+    f.render_widget(chart, chunks[2]);
+}

examples/crossterm_demo.rs

@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod demo;
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::demo::{ui, App};
-use argh::FromArgs;
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event as CEvent, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io::{stdout, Write},
-    sync::mpsc,
-    thread,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-use tui::{backend::CrosstermBackend, Terminal};
-
-enum Event<I> {
-    Input(I),
-    Tick,
-}
-
-/// Crossterm demo
-#[derive(Debug, FromArgs)]
-struct Cli {
-    /// time in ms between two ticks.
-    #[argh(option, default = "250")]
-    tick_rate: u64,
-    /// whether unicode symbols are used to improve the overall look of the app
-    #[argh(option, default = "true")]
-    enhanced_graphics: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let cli: Cli = argh::from_env();
-
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-
-    let mut stdout = stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen)?;
-
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
-
-    // Setup input handling
-    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
-
-    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(cli.tick_rate);
-    thread::spawn(move || {
-        let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
-        loop {
-            // poll for tick rate duration, if no events, sent tick event.
-            if event::poll(tick_rate - last_tick.elapsed()).unwrap() {
-                if let CEvent::Key(key) = event::read().unwrap() {
-                    tx.send(Event::Input(key)).unwrap();
-                }
-            }
-            if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
-                tx.send(Event::Tick).unwrap();
-                last_tick = Instant::now();
-            }
-        }
-    });
-
-    let mut app = App::new("Crossterm Demo", cli.enhanced_graphics);
-
-    terminal.clear()?;
-
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| ui::draw(&mut f, &mut app))?;
-        match rx.recv()? {
-            Event::Input(event) => match event.code {
-                KeyCode::Char('q') => {
-                    disable_raw_mode()?;
-                    execute!(terminal.backend_mut(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-                    terminal.show_cursor()?;
-                    break;
-                }
-                KeyCode::Char(c) => app.on_key(c),
-                KeyCode::Left => app.on_left(),
-                KeyCode::Up => app.on_up(),
-                KeyCode::Right => app.on_right(),
-                KeyCode::Down => app.on_down(),
-                _ => {}
-            },
-            Event::Tick => {
-                app.on_tick();
-            }
-        }
-        if app.should_quit {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/curses_demo.rs

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-mod demo;
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::demo::{ui, App};
-use argh::FromArgs;
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-use tui::{backend::CursesBackend, Terminal};
-
-/// Curses demo
-#[derive(Debug, FromArgs)]
-struct Cli {
-    /// time in ms between two ticks.
-    #[argh(option, default = "250")]
-    tick_rate: u64,
-    /// whether unicode symbols are used to improve the overall look of the app
-    #[argh(option, default = "true")]
-    enhanced_graphics: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let cli: Cli = argh::from_env();
-
-    let mut backend =
-        CursesBackend::new().ok_or_else(|| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, ""))?;
-    let curses = backend.get_curses_mut();
-    curses.set_echo(false);
-    curses.set_input_timeout(easycurses::TimeoutMode::WaitUpTo(50));
-    curses.set_input_mode(easycurses::InputMode::RawCharacter);
-    curses.set_keypad_enabled(true);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
-
-    let mut app = App::new("Curses demo", cli.enhanced_graphics);
-
-    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
-    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(cli.tick_rate);
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| ui::draw(&mut f, &mut app))?;
-        if let Some(input) = terminal.backend_mut().get_curses_mut().get_input() {
-            match input {
-                easycurses::Input::Character(c) => {
-                    app.on_key(c);
-                }
-                easycurses::Input::KeyUp => {
-                    app.on_up();
-                }
-                easycurses::Input::KeyDown => {
-                    app.on_down();
-                }
-                easycurses::Input::KeyLeft => {
-                    app.on_left();
-                }
-                easycurses::Input::KeyRight => {
-                    app.on_right();
-                }
-                _ => {}
-            };
-        };
-        terminal.backend_mut().get_curses_mut().flush_input();
-        if last_tick.elapsed() > tick_rate {
-            app.on_tick();
-            last_tick = Instant::now();
-        }
-        if app.should_quit {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/custom_widget.rs

@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::event::{Event, Events};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
 use std::{error::Error, io};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend, buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, style::Style, widgets::Widget, Terminal,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::Style,
+    widgets::Widget,
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
+#[derive(Default)]
 struct Label<'a> {
     text: &'a str,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Default for Label<'a> {
-    fn default() -> Label<'a> {
-        Label { text: "" }
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'a> Widget for Label<'a> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         buf.set_string(area.left(), area.top(), self.text, Style::default());
@@ -32,28 +32,46 @@ impl<'a> Label<'a> {
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
 
-    let events = Events::new();
+    // create app and run it
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal);
 
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            let size = f.size();
-            let label = Label::default().text("Test");
-            f.render_widget(label, size);
-        })?;
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
 
-        if let Event::Input(key) = events.next()? {
-            if key == Key::Char('q') {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(ui)?;
+
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>) {
+    let size = f.size();
+    let label = Label::default().text("Test");
+    f.render_widget(label, size);
+}

examples/demo/app.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-use crate::util::{RandomSignal, SinSignal, StatefulList, TabsState};
+use rand::{
+    distributions::{Distribution, Uniform},
+    rngs::ThreadRng,
+};
+use tui::widgets::ListState;
 
 const TASKS: [&str; 24] = [
     "Item1", "Item2", "Item3", "Item4", "Item5", "Item6", "Item7", "Item8", "Item9", "Item10",
@@ -62,6 +66,120 @@ const EVENTS: [(&str, u64); 24] = [
     ("B24", 5),
 ];
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct RandomSignal {
+    distribution: Uniform<u64>,
+    rng: ThreadRng,
+}
+
+impl RandomSignal {
+    pub fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> RandomSignal {
+        RandomSignal {
+            distribution: Uniform::new(lower, upper),
+            rng: rand::thread_rng(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for RandomSignal {
+    type Item = u64;
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<u64> {
+        Some(self.distribution.sample(&mut self.rng))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct SinSignal {
+    x: f64,
+    interval: f64,
+    period: f64,
+    scale: f64,
+}
+
+impl SinSignal {
+    pub fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> SinSignal {
+        SinSignal {
+            x: 0.0,
+            interval,
+            period,
+            scale,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for SinSignal {
+    type Item = (f64, f64);
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let point = (self.x, (self.x * 1.0 / self.period).sin() * self.scale);
+        self.x += self.interval;
+        Some(point)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct TabsState<'a> {
+    pub titles: Vec<&'a str>,
+    pub index: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> TabsState<'a> {
+    pub fn new(titles: Vec<&'a str>) -> TabsState {
+        TabsState { titles, index: 0 }
+    }
+    pub fn next(&mut self) {
+        self.index = (self.index + 1) % self.titles.len();
+    }
+
+    pub fn previous(&mut self) {
+        if self.index > 0 {
+            self.index -= 1;
+        } else {
+            self.index = self.titles.len() - 1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct StatefulList<T> {
+    pub state: ListState,
+    pub items: Vec<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T> StatefulList<T> {
+    pub fn with_items(items: Vec<T>) -> StatefulList<T> {
+        StatefulList {
+            state: ListState::default(),
+            items,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn next(&mut self) {
+        let i = match self.state.selected() {
+            Some(i) => {
+                if i >= self.items.len() - 1 {
+                    0
+                } else {
+                    i + 1
+                }
+            }
+            None => 0,
+        };
+        self.state.select(Some(i));
+    }
+
+    pub fn previous(&mut self) {
+        let i = match self.state.selected() {
+            Some(i) => {
+                if i == 0 {
+                    self.items.len() - 1
+                } else {
+                    i - 1
+                }
+            }
+            None => 0,
+        };
+        self.state.select(Some(i));
+    }
+}
+
 pub struct Signal<S: Iterator> {
     source: S,
     pub points: Vec<S::Item>,
@@ -129,7 +247,7 @@ impl<'a> App<'a> {
         App {
             title,
             should_quit: false,
-            tabs: TabsState::new(vec!["Tab0", "Tab1"]),
+            tabs: TabsState::new(vec!["Tab0", "Tab1", "Tab2"]),
             show_chart: true,
             progress: 0.0,
             sparkline: Signal {

examples/demo/crossterm.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+use crate::{app::App, ui};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+use tui::{
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    Terminal,
+};
+
+pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+
+    // create app and run it
+    let app = App::new("Crossterm Demo", enhanced_graphics);
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
+
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui::draw(f, &mut app))?;
+
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Char(c) => app.on_key(c),
+                    KeyCode::Left => app.on_left(),
+                    KeyCode::Up => app.on_up(),
+                    KeyCode::Right => app.on_right(),
+                    KeyCode::Down => app.on_down(),
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            app.on_tick();
+            last_tick = Instant::now();
+        }
+        if app.should_quit {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+    }
+}

examples/demo/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+mod app;
+#[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+mod crossterm;
+#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
+mod termion;
+mod ui;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+use crate::crossterm::run;
+#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
+use crate::termion::run;
+use argh::FromArgs;
+use std::{error::Error, time::Duration};
+
+/// Demo
+#[derive(Debug, FromArgs)]
+struct Cli {
+    /// time in ms between two ticks.
+    #[argh(option, default = "250")]
+    tick_rate: u64,
+    /// whether unicode symbols are used to improve the overall look of the app
+    #[argh(option, default = "true")]
+    enhanced_graphics: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let cli: Cli = argh::from_env();
+    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(cli.tick_rate);
+    run(tick_rate, cli.enhanced_graphics)?;
+    Ok(())
+}

examples/demo/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-mod app;
-pub mod ui;
-pub use app::App;

examples/demo/termion.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+use crate::{app::App, ui};
+use std::{error::Error, io, sync::mpsc, thread, time::Duration};
+use termion::{
+    event::Key,
+    input::{MouseTerminal, TermRead},
+    raw::IntoRawMode,
+    screen::AlternateScreen,
+};
+use tui::{
+    backend::{Backend, TermionBackend},
+    Terminal,
+};
+
+pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    // setup terminal
+    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
+    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
+    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
+    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+
+    // create app and run it
+    let app = App::new("Termion demo", enhanced_graphics);
+    run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let events = events(tick_rate);
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui::draw(f, &mut app))?;
+
+        match events.recv()? {
+            Event::Input(key) => match key {
+                Key::Char(c) => app.on_key(c),
+                Key::Up => app.on_up(),
+                Key::Down => app.on_down(),
+                Key::Left => app.on_left(),
+                Key::Right => app.on_right(),
+                _ => {}
+            },
+            Event::Tick => app.on_tick(),
+        }
+        if app.should_quit {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum Event {
+    Input(Key),
+    Tick,
+}
+
+fn events(tick_rate: Duration) -> mpsc::Receiver<Event> {
+    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
+    let keys_tx = tx.clone();
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        let stdin = io::stdin();
+        for key in stdin.keys().flatten() {
+            if let Err(err) = keys_tx.send(Event::Input(key)) {
+                eprintln!("{}", err);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    thread::spawn(move || loop {
+        if let Err(err) = tx.send(Event::Tick) {
+            eprintln!("{}", err);
+            break;
+        }
+        thread::sleep(tick_rate);
+    });
+    rx
+}

examples/demo/ui.rs

@@ -1,32 +1,37 @@
+use crate::app::App;
 use tui::{
     backend::Backend,
     layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
     symbols,
+    text::{Span, Spans},
     widgets::canvas::{Canvas, Line, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
     widgets::{
-        Axis, BarChart, Block, Borders, Chart, Dataset, Gauge, List, Paragraph, Row, Sparkline,
-        Table, Tabs, Text,
+        Axis, BarChart, Block, Borders, Cell, Chart, Dataset, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem,
+        Paragraph, Row, Sparkline, Table, Tabs, Wrap,
     },
     Frame,
 };
 
-use crate::demo::App;
-
 pub fn draw<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
     let chunks = Layout::default()
         .constraints([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)].as_ref())
         .split(f.size());
-    let tabs = Tabs::default()
+    let titles = app
+        .tabs
+        .titles
+        .iter()
+        .map(|t| Spans::from(Span::styled(*t, Style::default().fg(Color::Green))))
+        .collect();
+    let tabs = Tabs::new(titles)
         .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title(app.title))
-        .titles(&app.tabs.titles)
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
         .highlight_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
         .select(app.tabs.index);
     f.render_widget(tabs, chunks[0]);
     match app.tabs.index {
         0 => draw_first_tab(f, app, chunks[1]),
         1 => draw_second_tab(f, app, chunks[1]),
+        2 => draw_third_tab(f, app, chunks[1]),
         _ => {}
     };
 }
@@ -38,8 +43,8 @@ where
     let chunks = Layout::default()
         .constraints(
             [
-                Constraint::Length(7),
-                Constraint::Min(7),
+                Constraint::Length(9),
+                Constraint::Min(8),
                 Constraint::Length(7),
             ]
             .as_ref(),
@@ -55,7 +60,14 @@ where
     B: Backend,
 {
     let chunks = Layout::default()
-        .constraints([Constraint::Length(2), Constraint::Length(3)].as_ref())
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Length(2),
+                Constraint::Length(3),
+                Constraint::Length(1),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
         .margin(1)
         .split(area);
     let block = Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Graphs");
@@ -64,13 +76,13 @@ where
     let label = format!("{:.2}%", app.progress * 100.0);
     let gauge = Gauge::default()
         .block(Block::default().title("Gauge:"))
-        .style(
+        .gauge_style(
             Style::default()
                 .fg(Color::Magenta)
                 .bg(Color::Black)
-                .modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
         )
-        .label(&label)
+        .label(label)
         .ratio(app.progress);
     f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[0]);
 
@@ -84,6 +96,17 @@ where
             symbols::bar::THREE_LEVELS
         });
     f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[1]);
+
+    let line_gauge = LineGauge::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("LineGauge:"))
+        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
+        .line_set(if app.enhanced_graphics {
+            symbols::line::THICK
+        } else {
+            symbols::line::NORMAL
+        })
+        .ratio(app.progress);
+    f.render_widget(line_gauge, chunks[2]);
 }
 
 fn draw_charts<B>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App, area: Rect)
@@ -110,29 +133,41 @@ where
                 .split(chunks[0]);
 
             // Draw tasks
-            let tasks = app.tasks.items.iter().map(|i| Text::raw(*i));
+            let tasks: Vec<ListItem> = app
+                .tasks
+                .items
+                .iter()
+                .map(|i| ListItem::new(vec![Spans::from(Span::raw(*i))]))
+                .collect();
             let tasks = List::new(tasks)
                 .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"))
-                .highlight_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow).modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
+                .highlight_style(Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
                 .highlight_symbol("> ");
             f.render_stateful_widget(tasks, chunks[0], &mut app.tasks.state);
 
             // Draw logs
-            let info_style = Style::default().fg(Color::White);
+            let info_style = Style::default().fg(Color::Blue);
             let warning_style = Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow);
             let error_style = Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta);
             let critical_style = Style::default().fg(Color::Red);
-            let logs = app.logs.items.iter().map(|&(evt, level)| {
-                Text::styled(
-                    format!("{}: {}", level, evt),
-                    match level {
+            let logs: Vec<ListItem> = app
+                .logs
+                .items
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&(evt, level)| {
+                    let s = match level {
                         "ERROR" => error_style,
                         "CRITICAL" => critical_style,
                         "WARNING" => warning_style,
                         _ => info_style,
-                    },
-                )
-            });
+                    };
+                    let content = vec![Spans::from(vec![
+                        Span::styled(format!("{:<9}", level), s),
+                        Span::raw(evt),
+                    ])];
+                    ListItem::new(content)
+                })
+                .collect();
             let logs = List::new(logs).block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"));
             f.render_stateful_widget(logs, chunks[1], &mut app.logs.state);
         }
@@ -151,19 +186,28 @@ where
                 Style::default()
                     .fg(Color::Black)
                     .bg(Color::Green)
-                    .modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+                    .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
             )
             .label_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-            .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green));
+            .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green));
         f.render_widget(barchart, chunks[1]);
     }
     if app.show_chart {
-        let x_labels = [
-            format!("{}", app.signals.window[0]),
-            format!("{}", (app.signals.window[0] + app.signals.window[1]) / 2.0),
-            format!("{}", app.signals.window[1]),
+        let x_labels = vec![
+            Span::styled(
+                format!("{}", app.signals.window[0]),
+                Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+            ),
+            Span::raw(format!(
+                "{}",
+                (app.signals.window[0] + app.signals.window[1]) / 2.0
+            )),
+            Span::styled(
+                format!("{}", app.signals.window[1]),
+                Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+            ),
         ];
-        let datasets = [
+        let datasets = vec![
             Dataset::default()
                 .name("data2")
                 .marker(symbols::Marker::Dot)
@@ -179,30 +223,35 @@ where
                 .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
                 .data(&app.signals.sin2.points),
         ];
-        let chart = Chart::default()
+        let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
             .block(
                 Block::default()
-                    .title("Chart")
-                    .title_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan).modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
+                    .title(Span::styled(
+                        "Chart",
+                        Style::default()
+                            .fg(Color::Cyan)
+                            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+                    ))
                     .borders(Borders::ALL),
             )
             .x_axis(
                 Axis::default()
                     .title("X Axis")
                     .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                    .labels_style(Style::default().modifier(Modifier::ITALIC))
                     .bounds(app.signals.window)
-                    .labels(&x_labels),
+                    .labels(x_labels),
             )
             .y_axis(
                 Axis::default()
                     .title("Y Axis")
                     .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Gray))
-                    .labels_style(Style::default().modifier(Modifier::ITALIC))
                     .bounds([-20.0, 20.0])
-                    .labels(&["-20", "0", "20"]),
-            )
-            .datasets(&datasets);
+                    .labels(vec![
+                        Span::styled("-20", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                        Span::raw("0"),
+                        Span::styled("20", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                    ]),
+            );
         f.render_widget(chart, chunks[1]);
     }
 }
@@ -211,28 +260,43 @@ fn draw_text<B>(f: &mut Frame<B>, area: Rect)
 where
     B: Backend,
 {
-    let text = [
-        Text::raw("This is a paragraph with several lines. You can change style your text the way you want.\n\nFox example: "),
-        Text::styled("under", Style::default().fg(Color::Red)),
-        Text::raw(" "),
-        Text::styled("the", Style::default().fg(Color::Green)),
-        Text::raw(" "),
-        Text::styled("rainbow", Style::default().fg(Color::Blue)),
-        Text::raw(".\nOh and if you didn't "),
-        Text::styled("notice", Style::default().modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)),
-        Text::raw(" you can "),
-        Text::styled("automatically", Style::default().modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
-        Text::raw(" "),
-        Text::styled("wrap", Style::default().modifier(Modifier::REVERSED)),
-        Text::raw(" your "),
-        Text::styled("text", Style::default().modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED)),
-        Text::raw(".\nOne more thing is that it should display unicode characters: 10€")
+    let text = vec![
+        Spans::from("This is a paragraph with several lines. You can change style your text the way you want"),
+        Spans::from(""),
+        Spans::from(vec![
+            Span::from("For example: "),
+            Span::styled("under", Style::default().fg(Color::Red)),
+            Span::raw(" "),
+            Span::styled("the", Style::default().fg(Color::Green)),
+            Span::raw(" "),
+            Span::styled("rainbow", Style::default().fg(Color::Blue)),
+            Span::raw("."),
+        ]),
+        Spans::from(vec![
+            Span::raw("Oh and if you didn't "),
+            Span::styled("notice", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)),
+            Span::raw(" you can "),
+            Span::styled("automatically", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+            Span::raw(" "),
+            Span::styled("wrap", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED)),
+            Span::raw(" your "),
+            Span::styled("text", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED)),
+            Span::raw(".")
+        ]),
+        Spans::from(
+            "One more thing is that it should display unicode characters: 10€"
+        ),
     ];
-    let block = Block::default()
-        .borders(Borders::ALL)
-        .title("Footer")
-        .title_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta).modifier(Modifier::BOLD));
-    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.iter()).block(block).wrap(true);
+    let block = Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title(Span::styled(
+        "Footer",
+        Style::default()
+            .fg(Color::Magenta)
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+    ));
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text).block(block).wrap(Wrap {
+        trim: true,
+        break_words: false,
+    });
     f.render_widget(paragraph, area);
 }
 
@@ -247,19 +311,22 @@ where
     let up_style = Style::default().fg(Color::Green);
     let failure_style = Style::default()
         .fg(Color::Red)
-        .modifier(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK | Modifier::CROSSED_OUT);
-    let header = ["Server", "Location", "Status"];
+        .add_modifier(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK | Modifier::CROSSED_OUT);
     let rows = app.servers.iter().map(|s| {
         let style = if s.status == "Up" {
             up_style
         } else {
             failure_style
         };
-        Row::StyledData(vec![s.name, s.location, s.status].into_iter(), style)
+        Row::new(vec![s.name, s.location, s.status]).style(style)
     });
-    let table = Table::new(header.iter(), rows)
+    let table = Table::new(rows)
+        .header(
+            Row::new(vec!["Server", "Location", "Status"])
+                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+                .bottom_margin(1),
+        )
         .block(Block::default().title("Servers").borders(Borders::ALL))
-        .header_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
         .widths(&[
             Constraint::Length(15),
             Constraint::Length(15),
@@ -299,7 +366,11 @@ where
                 } else {
                     Color::Red
                 };
-                ctx.print(server.coords.1, server.coords.0, "X", color);
+                ctx.print(
+                    server.coords.1,
+                    server.coords.0,
+                    Span::styled("X", Style::default().fg(color)),
+                );
             }
         })
         .marker(if app.enhanced_graphics {
@@ -311,3 +382,51 @@ where
         .y_bounds([-90.0, 90.0]);
     f.render_widget(map, chunks[1]);
 }
+
+fn draw_third_tab<B>(f: &mut Frame<B>, _app: &mut App, area: Rect)
+where
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)])
+        .split(area);
+    let colors = [
+        Color::Reset,
+        Color::Black,
+        Color::Red,
+        Color::Green,
+        Color::Yellow,
+        Color::Blue,
+        Color::Magenta,
+        Color::Cyan,
+        Color::Gray,
+        Color::DarkGray,
+        Color::LightRed,
+        Color::LightGreen,
+        Color::LightYellow,
+        Color::LightBlue,
+        Color::LightMagenta,
+        Color::LightCyan,
+        Color::White,
+    ];
+    let items: Vec<Row> = colors
+        .iter()
+        .map(|c| {
+            let cells = vec![
+                Cell::from(Span::raw(format!("{:?}: ", c))),
+                Cell::from(Span::styled("Foreground", Style::default().fg(*c))),
+                Cell::from(Span::styled("Background", Style::default().bg(*c))),
+            ];
+            Row::new(cells)
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let table = Table::new(items)
+        .block(Block::default().title("Colors").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .widths(&[
+            Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
+            Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
+            Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
+        ]);
+    f.render_widget(table, chunks[0]);
+}

examples/gauge.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::event::{Event, Events};
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
     layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    text::Span,
     widgets::{Block, Borders, Gauge},
-    Terminal,
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 struct App {
@@ -24,17 +29,17 @@ impl App {
         App {
             progress1: 0,
             progress2: 0,
-            progress3: 0.0,
+            progress3: 0.45,
             progress4: 0,
         }
     }
 
-    fn update(&mut self) {
-        self.progress1 += 5;
+    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
+        self.progress1 += 1;
         if self.progress1 > 100 {
             self.progress1 = 0;
         }
-        self.progress2 += 10;
+        self.progress2 += 2;
         if self.progress2 > 100 {
             self.progress2 = 0;
         }
@@ -42,7 +47,7 @@ impl App {
         if self.progress3 > 1.0 {
             self.progress3 = 0.0;
         }
-        self.progress4 += 3;
+        self.progress4 += 1;
         if self.progress4 > 100 {
             self.progress4 = 0;
         }
@@ -50,74 +55,112 @@ impl App {
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
 
-    let events = Events::new();
+    // create app and run it
+    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
 
-    let mut app = App::new();
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
 
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-                .margin(2)
-                .constraints(
-                    [
-                        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-                        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-                        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-                        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-                    ]
-                    .as_ref(),
-                )
-                .split(f.size());
-
-            let gauge = Gauge::default()
-                .block(Block::default().title("Gauge1").borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-                .percent(app.progress1);
-            f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[0]);
-
-            let label = format!("{}/100", app.progress2);
-            let gauge = Gauge::default()
-                .block(Block::default().title("Gauge2").borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta).bg(Color::Green))
-                .percent(app.progress2)
-                .label(&label);
-            f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[1]);
-
-            let gauge = Gauge::default()
-                .block(Block::default().title("Gauge3").borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-                .ratio(app.progress3);
-            f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[2]);
-
-            let label = format!("{}/100", app.progress2);
-            let gauge = Gauge::default()
-                .block(Block::default().title("Gauge4").borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan).modifier(Modifier::ITALIC))
-                .percent(app.progress4)
-                .label(&label);
-            f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[3]);
-        })?;
-
-        match events.next()? {
-            Event::Input(input) => {
-                if input == Key::Char('q') {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            Event::Tick => {
-                app.update();
-            }
-        }
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
+
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            app.on_tick();
+            last_tick = Instant::now();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(2)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(f.size());
+
+    let gauge = Gauge::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge1").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+        .percent(app.progress1);
+    f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[0]);
+
+    let label = format!("{}/100", app.progress2);
+    let gauge = Gauge::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge2").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta).bg(Color::Green))
+        .percent(app.progress2)
+        .label(label);
+    f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[1]);
+
+    let label = Span::styled(
+        format!("{:.2}%", app.progress3 * 100.0),
+        Style::default()
+            .fg(Color::Red)
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
+    );
+    let gauge = Gauge::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge3").borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+        .ratio(app.progress3)
+        .label(label)
+        .use_unicode(true);
+    f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[2]);
+
+    let label = format!("{}/100", app.progress2);
+    let gauge = Gauge::default()
+        .block(Block::default().title("Gauge4"))
+        .gauge_style(
+            Style::default()
+                .fg(Color::Cyan)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+        )
+        .percent(app.progress4)
+        .label(label);
+    f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[3]);
+}

examples/layout.rs

@@ -1,53 +1,70 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::event::{Event, Events};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
 use std::{error::Error, io};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
     layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
     widgets::{Block, Borders},
-    Terminal,
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
 
-    let events = Events::new();
+    // create app and run it
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal);
 
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-                .constraints(
-                    [
-                        Constraint::Percentage(10),
-                        Constraint::Percentage(80),
-                        Constraint::Percentage(10),
-                    ]
-                    .as_ref(),
-                )
-                .split(f.size());
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
 
-            let block = Block::default().title("Block").borders(Borders::ALL);
-            f.render_widget(block, chunks[0]);
-            let block = Block::default().title("Block 2").borders(Borders::ALL);
-            f.render_widget(block, chunks[2]);
-        })?;
-
-        if let Event::Input(input) = events.next()? {
-            if let Key::Char('q') = input {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f))?;
+
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Percentage(10),
+                Constraint::Percentage(80),
+                Constraint::Percentage(10),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(f.size());
+
+    let block = Block::default().title("Block").borders(Borders::ALL);
+    f.render_widget(block, chunks[0]);
+    let block = Block::default().title("Block 2").borders(Borders::ALL);
+    f.render_widget(block, chunks[2]);
+}

examples/list.rs

@@ -1,36 +1,108 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::{
-    event::{Event, Events},
-    StatefulList,
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
     layout::{Constraint, Corner, Direction, Layout},
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, List, Text},
-    Terminal,
+    text::{Span, Spans},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, List, ListItem, ListState},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
+struct StatefulList<T> {
+    state: ListState,
+    items: Vec<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T> StatefulList<T> {
+    fn with_items(items: Vec<T>) -> StatefulList<T> {
+        StatefulList {
+            state: ListState::default(),
+            items,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn next(&mut self) {
+        let i = match self.state.selected() {
+            Some(i) => {
+                if i >= self.items.len() - 1 {
+                    0
+                } else {
+                    i + 1
+                }
+            }
+            None => 0,
+        };
+        self.state.select(Some(i));
+    }
+
+    fn previous(&mut self) {
+        let i = match self.state.selected() {
+            Some(i) => {
+                if i == 0 {
+                    self.items.len() - 1
+                } else {
+                    i - 1
+                }
+            }
+            None => 0,
+        };
+        self.state.select(Some(i));
+    }
+
+    fn unselect(&mut self) {
+        self.state.select(None);
+    }
+}
+
+/// This struct holds the current state of the app. In particular, it has the `items` field which is a wrapper
+/// around `ListState`. Keeping track of the items state let us render the associated widget with its state
+/// and have access to features such as natural scrolling.
+///
+/// Check the event handling at the bottom to see how to change the state on incoming events.
+/// Check the drawing logic for items on how to specify the highlighting style for selected items.
 struct App<'a> {
-    items: StatefulList<&'a str>,
+    items: StatefulList<(&'a str, usize)>,
     events: Vec<(&'a str, &'a str)>,
-    info_style: Style,
-    warning_style: Style,
-    error_style: Style,
-    critical_style: Style,
 }
 
 impl<'a> App<'a> {
     fn new() -> App<'a> {
         App {
             items: StatefulList::with_items(vec![
-                "Item0", "Item1", "Item2", "Item3", "Item4", "Item5", "Item6", "Item7", "Item8",
-                "Item9", "Item10", "Item11", "Item12", "Item13", "Item14", "Item15", "Item16",
-                "Item17", "Item18", "Item19", "Item20", "Item21", "Item22", "Item23", "Item24",
+                ("Item0", 1),
+                ("Item1", 2),
+                ("Item2", 1),
+                ("Item3", 3),
+                ("Item4", 1),
+                ("Item5", 4),
+                ("Item6", 1),
+                ("Item7", 3),
+                ("Item8", 1),
+                ("Item9", 6),
+                ("Item10", 1),
+                ("Item11", 3),
+                ("Item12", 1),
+                ("Item13", 2),
+                ("Item14", 1),
+                ("Item15", 1),
+                ("Item16", 4),
+                ("Item17", 1),
+                ("Item18", 5),
+                ("Item19", 4),
+                ("Item20", 1),
+                ("Item21", 2),
+                ("Item22", 1),
+                ("Item23", 3),
+                ("Item24", 1),
             ]),
             events: vec![
                 ("Event1", "INFO"),
@@ -60,88 +132,155 @@ impl<'a> App<'a> {
                 ("Event25", "INFO"),
                 ("Event26", "INFO"),
             ],
-            info_style: Style::default().fg(Color::White),
-            warning_style: Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
-            error_style: Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta),
-            critical_style: Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
         }
     }
 
-    fn advance(&mut self) {
-        let event = self.events.pop().unwrap();
-        self.events.insert(0, event);
+    /// Rotate through the event list.
+    /// This only exists to simulate some kind of "progress"
+    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
+        let event = self.events.remove(0);
+        self.events.push(event);
     }
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
 
-    let events = Events::new();
+    // create app and run it
+    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
 
-    // App
-    let mut app = App::new();
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
 
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
-                .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
-                .split(f.size());
-
-            let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Black).bg(Color::White);
-
-            let items = app.items.items.iter().map(|i| Text::raw(*i));
-            let items = List::new(items)
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"))
-                .style(style)
-                .highlight_style(style.fg(Color::LightGreen).modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
-                .highlight_symbol(">");
-            f.render_stateful_widget(items, chunks[0], &mut app.items.state);
-
-            let events = app.events.iter().map(|&(evt, level)| {
-                Text::styled(
-                    format!("{}: {}", level, evt),
-                    match level {
-                        "ERROR" => app.error_style,
-                        "CRITICAL" => app.critical_style,
-                        "WARNING" => app.warning_style,
-                        _ => app.info_style,
-                    },
-                )
-            });
-            let events_list = List::new(events)
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"))
-                .start_corner(Corner::BottomLeft);
-            f.render_widget(events_list, chunks[1]);
-        })?;
-
-        match events.next()? {
-            Event::Input(input) => match input {
-                Key::Char('q') => {
-                    break;
-                }
-                Key::Left => {
-                    app.items.unselect();
-                }
-                Key::Down => {
-                    app.items.next();
-                }
-                Key::Up => {
-                    app.items.previous();
-                }
-                _ => {}
-            },
-            Event::Tick => {
-                app.advance();
-            }
-        }
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &mut app))?;
+
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                    KeyCode::Left => app.items.unselect(),
+                    KeyCode::Down => app.items.next(),
+                    KeyCode::Up => app.items.previous(),
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            app.on_tick();
+            last_tick = Instant::now();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
+    // Create two chunks with equal horizontal screen space
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+        .split(f.size());
+
+    // Iterate through all elements in the `items` app and append some debug text to it.
+    let items: Vec<ListItem> = app
+        .items
+        .items
+        .iter()
+        .map(|i| {
+            let mut lines = vec![Spans::from(i.0)];
+            for _ in 0..i.1 {
+                lines.push(Spans::from(Span::styled(
+                    "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.",
+                    Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+                )));
+            }
+            ListItem::new(lines).style(Style::default().fg(Color::Black).bg(Color::White))
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Create a List from all list items and highlight the currently selected one
+    let items = List::new(items)
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"))
+        .highlight_style(
+            Style::default()
+                .bg(Color::LightGreen)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+        )
+        .highlight_symbol(">> ");
+
+    // We can now render the item list
+    f.render_stateful_widget(items, chunks[0], &mut app.items.state);
+
+    // Let's do the same for the events.
+    // The event list doesn't have any state and only displays the current state of the list.
+    let events: Vec<ListItem> = app
+        .events
+        .iter()
+        .rev()
+        .map(|&(event, level)| {
+            // Colorcode the level depending on its type
+            let s = match level {
+                "CRITICAL" => Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
+                "ERROR" => Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta),
+                "WARNING" => Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
+                "INFO" => Style::default().fg(Color::Blue),
+                _ => Style::default(),
+            };
+            // Add a example datetime and apply proper spacing between them
+            let header = Spans::from(vec![
+                Span::styled(format!("{:<9}", level), s),
+                Span::raw(" "),
+                Span::styled(
+                    "2020-01-01 10:00:00",
+                    Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+                ),
+            ]);
+            // The event gets its own line
+            let log = Spans::from(vec![Span::raw(event)]);
+
+            // Here several things happen:
+            // 1. Add a `---` spacing line above the final list entry
+            // 2. Add the Level + datetime
+            // 3. Add a spacer line
+            // 4. Add the actual event
+            ListItem::new(vec![
+                Spans::from("-".repeat(chunks[1].width as usize)),
+                header,
+                Spans::from(""),
+                log,
+            ])
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let events_list = List::new(events)
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("List"))
+        .start_corner(Corner::BottomLeft);
+    f.render_widget(events_list, chunks[1]);
+}

examples/panic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+//! How to use a panic hook to reset the terminal before printing the panic to
+//! the terminal.
+//!
+//! When exiting normally or when handling `Result::Err`, we can reset the
+//! terminal manually at the end of `main` just before we print the error.
+//!
+//! Because a panic interrupts the normal control flow, manually resetting the
+//! terminal at the end of `main` won't do us any good. Instead, we need to
+//! make sure to set up a panic hook that first resets the terminal before
+//! handling the panic. This both reuses the standard panic hook to ensure a
+//! consistent panic handling UX and properly resets the terminal to not
+//! distort the output.
+//!
+//! That's why this example is set up to show both situations, with and without
+//! the chained panic hook, to see the difference.
+
+#![deny(clippy::all)]
+#![warn(clippy::pedantic, clippy::nursery)]
+
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::io;
+
+use crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode};
+use crossterm::terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode};
+use crossterm::terminal::{EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen};
+
+use tui::backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend};
+use tui::layout::Alignment;
+use tui::text::Spans;
+use tui::widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph};
+use tui::{Frame, Terminal};
+
+type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct App {
+    hook_enabled: bool,
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn chain_hook(&mut self) {
+        let original_hook = std::panic::take_hook();
+
+        std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |panic| {
+            reset_terminal().unwrap();
+            original_hook(panic);
+        }));
+
+        self.hook_enabled = true;
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut terminal = init_terminal()?;
+
+    let mut app = App::default();
+    let res = run_tui(&mut terminal, &mut app);
+
+    reset_terminal()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Initializes the terminal.
+fn init_terminal() -> Result<Terminal<CrosstermBackend<io::Stdout>>> {
+    crossterm::execute!(io::stdout(), EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(io::stdout());
+
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
+
+    Ok(terminal)
+}
+
+/// Resets the terminal.
+fn reset_terminal() -> Result<()> {
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    crossterm::execute!(io::stdout(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Runs the TUI loop.
+fn run_tui<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, app: &mut App) -> io::Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, app))?;
+
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            match key.code {
+                KeyCode::Char('p') => {
+                    panic!("intentional demo panic");
+                }
+
+                KeyCode::Char('e') => {
+                    app.chain_hook();
+                }
+
+                _ => {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Render the TUI.
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let text = vec![
+        if app.hook_enabled {
+            Spans::from("HOOK IS CURRENTLY **ENABLED**")
+        } else {
+            Spans::from("HOOK IS CURRENTLY **DISABLED**")
+        },
+        Spans::from(""),
+        Spans::from("press `p` to panic"),
+        Spans::from("press `e` to enable the terminal-resetting panic hook"),
+        Spans::from("press any other key to quit without panic"),
+        Spans::from(""),
+        Spans::from("when you panic without the chained hook,"),
+        Spans::from("you will likely have to reset your terminal afterwards"),
+        Spans::from("with the `reset` command"),
+        Spans::from(""),
+        Spans::from("with the chained panic hook enabled,"),
+        Spans::from("you should see the panic report as you would without tui"),
+        Spans::from(""),
+        Spans::from("try first without the panic handler to see the difference"),
+    ];
+
+    let b = Block::default()
+        .title("Panic Handler Demo")
+        .borders(Borders::ALL);
+
+    let p = Paragraph::new(text).block(b).alignment(Alignment::Center);
+
+    f.render_widget(p, f.size());
+}

examples/paragraph.rs

@@ -1,104 +1,180 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::event::{Event, Events};
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
     layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout},
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph, Text},
-    Terminal,
+    text::{Span, Spans},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph, Wrap},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
+struct App {
+    scroll: u16,
+}
 
-    let events = Events::new();
-
-    let mut scroll: u16 = 0;
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            let size = f.size();
-
-            // Words made "loooong" to demonstrate line breaking.
-            let s = "Veeeeeeeeeeeeeeeery    loooooooooooooooooong   striiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiing.   ";
-            let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(size.width) / s.len() + 4);
-            long_line.push('\n');
-
-            let block = Block::default()
-                .style(Style::default().bg(Color::White));
-            f.render_widget(block, size);
-
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-                .margin(5)
-                .constraints(
-                    [
-                        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-                        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-                        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-                        Constraint::Percentage(25),
-                    ]
-                    .as_ref(),
-                )
-                .split(size);
-
-            let text = [
-                Text::raw("This is a line \n"),
-                Text::styled("This is a line   \n", Style::default().fg(Color::Red)),
-                Text::styled("This is a line\n", Style::default().bg(Color::Blue)),
-                Text::styled(
-                    "This is a longer line\n",
-                    Style::default().modifier(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT),
-                ),
-                Text::styled(&long_line, Style::default().bg(Color::Green)),
-                Text::styled(
-                    "This is a line\n",
-                    Style::default().fg(Color::Green).modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
-                ),
-            ];
-
-            let block = Block::default()
-                .borders(Borders::ALL)
-                .title_style(Style::default().modifier(Modifier::BOLD));
-            let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.iter())
-                .block(block.clone().title("Left, no wrap"))
-                .alignment(Alignment::Left);
-            f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[0]);
-            let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.iter())
-                .block(block.clone().title("Left, wrap"))
-                .alignment(Alignment::Left)
-                .wrap(true);
-            f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[1]);
-            let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.iter())
-                .block(block.clone().title("Center, wrap"))
-                .alignment(Alignment::Center)
-                .wrap(true)
-                .scroll(scroll);
-            f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[2]);
-            let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.iter())
-                .block(block.clone().title("Right, wrap"))
-                .alignment(Alignment::Right)
-                .wrap(true);
-            f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[3]);
-        })?;
-
-        scroll += 1;
-        scroll %= 10;
-
-        if let Event::Input(key) = events.next()? {
-            if key == Key::Char('q') {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
+impl App {
+    fn new() -> App {
+        App { scroll: 0 }
     }
+
+    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
+        self.scroll += 1;
+        self.scroll %= 10;
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+
+    // create app and run it
+    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
+
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
+    }
+
     Ok(())
 }
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
+
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            app.on_tick();
+            last_tick = Instant::now();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let size = f.size();
+
+    // Words made "loooong" to demonstrate line breaking.
+    let s = "Veeeeeeeeeeeeeeeery    loooooooooooooooooong   striiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiing.   ";
+    let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(size.width) / s.len() + 4);
+    long_line.push('\n');
+
+    let block = Block::default().style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black));
+    f.render_widget(block, size);
+
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(5)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+                Constraint::Percentage(25),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(size);
+
+    let text = vec![
+        Spans::from("This is a line "),
+        Spans::from(Span::styled(
+            "This is a line   ",
+            Style::default().fg(Color::Red),
+        )),
+        Spans::from(Span::styled(
+            "This is a line",
+            Style::default().bg(Color::Blue),
+        )),
+        Spans::from(Span::styled(
+            "This is a longer line",
+            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT),
+        )),
+        Spans::from(Span::styled(&long_line, Style::default().bg(Color::Green))),
+        Spans::from(Span::styled(
+            "This is a line",
+            Style::default()
+                .fg(Color::Green)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+        )),
+    ];
+
+    let create_block = |title| {
+        Block::default()
+            .borders(Borders::ALL)
+            .style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black))
+            .title(Span::styled(
+                title,
+                Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+            ))
+    };
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
+        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black))
+        .block(create_block("Left, no wrap"))
+        .alignment(Alignment::Left);
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[0]);
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
+        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black))
+        .block(create_block("Left, wrap"))
+        .alignment(Alignment::Left)
+        .wrap(Wrap {
+            trim: true,
+            break_words: false,
+        });
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[1]);
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.clone())
+        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black))
+        .block(create_block("Center, wrap"))
+        .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+        .wrap(Wrap {
+            trim: true,
+            break_words: false,
+        })
+        .scroll((app.scroll, 0));
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[2]);
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
+        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black))
+        .block(create_block("Right, wrap (break words)"))
+        .alignment(Alignment::Right)
+        .wrap(Wrap {
+            trim: true,
+            break_words: true,
+        });
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[3]);
+}

examples/popup.rs

@@ -1,21 +1,109 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::event::{Event, Events};
 use std::{error::Error, io};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
-use tui::layout::Rect;
-use tui::widgets::Clear;
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend,
-    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
+    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph, Text},
-    Terminal,
+    text::Span,
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Clear, Paragraph, Wrap},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
-/// helper function to create a centered rect using up
-/// certain percentage of the available rect `r`
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+
+struct App {
+    show_popup: bool,
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn new() -> App {
+        App { show_popup: false }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+
+    // create app and run it
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app);
+
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
+
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            match key.code {
+                KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                KeyCode::Char('p') => app.show_popup = !app.show_popup,
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let size = f.size();
+
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(20), Constraint::Percentage(80)].as_ref())
+        .split(size);
+
+    let text = if app.show_popup {
+        "Press p to close the popup"
+    } else {
+        "Press p to show the popup"
+    };
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(Span::styled(
+        text,
+        Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK),
+    ))
+    .alignment(Alignment::Center)
+    .wrap(Wrap {
+        trim: true,
+        break_words: false,
+    });
+    f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[0]);
+
+    let block = Block::default()
+        .title("Content")
+        .borders(Borders::ALL)
+        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Blue));
+    f.render_widget(block, chunks[1]);
+
+    if app.show_popup {
+        let block = Block::default().title("Popup").borders(Borders::ALL);
+        let area = centered_rect(60, 20, size);
+        f.render_widget(Clear, area); //this clears out the background
+        f.render_widget(block, area);
+    }
+}
+
+/// helper function to create a centered rect using up certain percentage of the available rect `r`
 fn centered_rect(percent_x: u16, percent_y: u16, r: Rect) -> Rect {
     let popup_layout = Layout::default()
         .direction(Direction::Vertical)
@@ -41,68 +129,3 @@ fn centered_rect(percent_x: u16, percent_y: u16, r: Rect) -> Rect {
         )
         .split(popup_layout[1])[1]
 }
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
-
-    let events = Events::new();
-
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            let size = f.size();
-
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
-                .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
-                .split(size);
-
-                let s = "Veeeeeeeeeeeeeeeery    loooooooooooooooooong   striiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiing.   ";
-                let mut long_line = s.repeat(usize::from(size.width)*usize::from(size.height)/300);
-                long_line.push('\n');
-
-            let text = [
-                Text::raw("This is a line \n"),
-                Text::styled("This is a line   \n", Style::default().fg(Color::Red)),
-                Text::styled("This is a line\n", Style::default().bg(Color::Blue)),
-                Text::styled(
-                    "This is a longer line\n",
-                    Style::default().modifier(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT),
-                ),
-                Text::styled(&long_line, Style::default().bg(Color::Green)),
-                Text::styled(
-                    "This is a line\n",
-                    Style::default().fg(Color::Green).modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
-                ),
-            ];
-
-            let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.iter())
-                .block(Block::default().title("Left Block").borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .alignment(Alignment::Left).wrap(true);
-            f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[0]);
-
-            let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.iter())
-                .block(Block::default().title("Right Block").borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .alignment(Alignment::Left).wrap(true);
-            f.render_widget(paragraph, chunks[1]);
-
-            let block = Block::default().title("Popup").borders(Borders::ALL);
-            let area = centered_rect(60, 20, size);
-            f.render_widget(Clear, area); //this clears out the background
-            f.render_widget(block, area);
-        })?;
-
-        if let Event::Input(input) = events.next()? {
-            if let Key::Char('q') = input {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/rustbox_demo.rs

@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-mod demo;
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::demo::{ui, App};
-use argh::FromArgs;
-use rustbox::keyboard::Key;
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-use tui::{backend::RustboxBackend, Terminal};
-
-/// Rustbox demo
-#[derive(Debug, FromArgs)]
-struct Cli {
-    /// time in ms between two ticks.
-    #[argh(option, default = "250")]
-    tick_rate: u64,
-    /// whether unicode symbols are used to improve the overall look of the app
-    #[argh(option, default = "true")]
-    enhanced_graphics: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let cli: Cli = argh::from_env();
-
-    let backend = RustboxBackend::new()?;
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
-
-    let mut app = App::new("Rustbox demo", cli.enhanced_graphics);
-
-    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
-    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(cli.tick_rate);
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| ui::draw(&mut f, &mut app))?;
-        if let Ok(rustbox::Event::KeyEvent(key)) =
-            terminal.backend().rustbox().peek_event(tick_rate, false)
-        {
-            match key {
-                Key::Char(c) => {
-                    app.on_key(c);
-                }
-                Key::Up => {
-                    app.on_up();
-                }
-                Key::Down => {
-                    app.on_down();
-                }
-                Key::Left => {
-                    app.on_left();
-                }
-                Key::Right => {
-                    app.on_right();
-                }
-                _ => {}
-            }
-        }
-        if last_tick.elapsed() > tick_rate {
-            app.on_tick();
-            last_tick = Instant::now();
-        }
-        if app.should_quit {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/sparkline.rs

@@ -1,20 +1,47 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::{
-    event::{Event, Events},
-    RandomSignal,
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
+use rand::{
+    distributions::{Distribution, Uniform},
+    rngs::ThreadRng,
+};
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    io,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
-use std::{error::Error, io};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
     layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
     style::{Color, Style},
     widgets::{Block, Borders, Sparkline},
-    Terminal,
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct RandomSignal {
+    distribution: Uniform<u64>,
+    rng: ThreadRng,
+}
+
+impl RandomSignal {
+    pub fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> RandomSignal {
+        RandomSignal {
+            distribution: Uniform::new(lower, upper),
+            rng: rand::thread_rng(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for RandomSignal {
+    type Item = u64;
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<u64> {
+        Some(self.distribution.sample(&mut self.rng))
+    }
+}
+
 struct App {
     signal: RandomSignal,
     data1: Vec<u64>,
@@ -36,7 +63,7 @@ impl App {
         }
     }
 
-    fn update(&mut self) {
+    fn on_tick(&mut self) {
         let value = self.signal.next().unwrap();
         self.data1.pop();
         self.data1.insert(0, value);
@@ -50,76 +77,100 @@ impl App {
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
 
-    // Setup event handlers
-    let events = Events::new();
+    // create app and run it
+    let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app, tick_rate);
 
-    // Create default app state
-    let mut app = App::new();
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
 
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-                .margin(2)
-                .constraints(
-                    [
-                        Constraint::Length(3),
-                        Constraint::Length(3),
-                        Constraint::Length(7),
-                        Constraint::Min(0),
-                    ]
-                    .as_ref(),
-                )
-                .split(f.size());
-            let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
-                .block(
-                    Block::default()
-                        .title("Data1")
-                        .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
-                )
-                .data(&app.data1)
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow));
-            f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[0]);
-            let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
-                .block(
-                    Block::default()
-                        .title("Data2")
-                        .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
-                )
-                .data(&app.data2)
-                .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Green));
-            f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[1]);
-            // Multiline
-            let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
-                .block(
-                    Block::default()
-                        .title("Data3")
-                        .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
-                )
-                .data(&app.data3)
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red));
-            f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[2]);
-        })?;
-
-        match events.next()? {
-            Event::Input(input) => {
-                if input == Key::Char('q') {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            Event::Tick => {
-                app.update();
-            }
-        }
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
+    mut app: App,
+    tick_rate: Duration,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
+
+        let timeout = tick_rate
+            .checked_sub(last_tick.elapsed())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
+        if crossterm::event::poll(timeout)? {
+            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+                if let KeyCode::Char('q') = key.code {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            app.on_tick();
+            last_tick = Instant::now();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(2)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Length(3),
+                Constraint::Length(3),
+                Constraint::Length(7),
+                Constraint::Min(0),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(f.size());
+    let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
+        .block(
+            Block::default()
+                .title("Data1")
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
+        )
+        .data(&app.data1)
+        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow));
+    f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[0]);
+    let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
+        .block(
+            Block::default()
+                .title("Data2")
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
+        )
+        .data(&app.data2)
+        .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Green));
+    f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[1]);
+    // Multiline
+    let sparkline = Sparkline::default()
+        .block(
+            Block::default()
+                .title("Data3")
+                .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
+        )
+        .data(&app.data3)
+        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red));
+    f.render_widget(sparkline, chunks[2]);
+}

examples/table.rs

@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::event::{Event, Events};
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+};
 use std::{error::Error, io};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
     layout::{Constraint, Layout},
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Row, Table, TableState},
-    Terminal,
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Cell, Row, Table, TableState},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
-pub struct StatefulTable<'a> {
+struct App<'a> {
     state: TableState,
     items: Vec<Vec<&'a str>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> StatefulTable<'a> {
-    fn new() -> StatefulTable<'a> {
-        StatefulTable {
+impl<'a> App<'a> {
+    fn new() -> App<'a> {
+        App {
             state: TableState::default(),
             items: vec![
                 vec!["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"],
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl<'a> StatefulTable<'a> {
                 vec!["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"],
                 vec!["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"],
                 vec!["Row51", "Row52", "Row53"],
-                vec!["Row61", "Row62", "Row63"],
+                vec!["Row61", "Row62\nTest", "Row63"],
                 vec!["Row71", "Row72", "Row73"],
                 vec!["Row81", "Row82", "Row83"],
                 vec!["Row91", "Row92", "Row93"],
@@ -74,60 +74,82 @@ impl<'a> StatefulTable<'a> {
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
 
-    let events = Events::new();
+    // create app and run it
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app);
 
-    let mut table = StatefulTable::new();
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
 
-    // Input
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            let rects = Layout::default()
-                .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(100)].as_ref())
-                .margin(5)
-                .split(f.size());
-
-            let selected_style = Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow).modifier(Modifier::BOLD);
-            let normal_style = Style::default().fg(Color::White);
-            let header = ["Header1", "Header2", "Header3"];
-            let rows = table
-                .items
-                .iter()
-                .map(|i| Row::StyledData(i.iter(), normal_style));
-            let t = Table::new(header.iter(), rows)
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Table"))
-                .highlight_style(selected_style)
-                .highlight_symbol(">> ")
-                .widths(&[
-                    Constraint::Percentage(50),
-                    Constraint::Length(30),
-                    Constraint::Max(10),
-                ]);
-            f.render_stateful_widget(t, rects[0], &mut table.state);
-        })?;
-
-        if let Event::Input(key) = events.next()? {
-            match key {
-                Key::Char('q') => {
-                    break;
-                }
-                Key::Down => {
-                    table.next();
-                }
-                Key::Up => {
-                    table.previous();
-                }
-                _ => {}
-            }
-        };
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &mut app))?;
+
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            match key.code {
+                KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                KeyCode::Down => app.next(),
+                KeyCode::Up => app.previous(),
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &mut App) {
+    let rects = Layout::default()
+        .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(100)].as_ref())
+        .margin(5)
+        .split(f.size());
+
+    let selected_style = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED);
+    let normal_style = Style::default().bg(Color::Blue);
+    let header_cells = ["Header1", "Header2", "Header3"]
+        .iter()
+        .map(|h| Cell::from(*h).style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red)));
+    let header = Row::new(header_cells)
+        .style(normal_style)
+        .height(1)
+        .bottom_margin(1);
+    let rows = app.items.iter().map(|item| {
+        let height = item
+            .iter()
+            .map(|content| content.chars().filter(|c| *c == '\n').count())
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(0)
+            + 1;
+        let cells = item.iter().map(|c| Cell::from(*c));
+        Row::new(cells).height(height as u16).bottom_margin(1)
+    });
+    let t = Table::new(rows)
+        .header(header)
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Table"))
+        .highlight_style(selected_style)
+        .highlight_symbol(">> ")
+        .widths(&[
+            Constraint::Percentage(50),
+            Constraint::Length(30),
+            Constraint::Min(10),
+        ]);
+    f.render_stateful_widget(t, rects[0], &mut app.state);
+}

examples/tabs.rs

@@ -1,79 +1,124 @@
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::{
-    event::{Event, Events},
-    TabsState,
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
 use std::{error::Error, io};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
     layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Style},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    text::{Span, Spans},
     widgets::{Block, Borders, Tabs},
-    Terminal,
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 
 struct App<'a> {
-    tabs: TabsState<'a>,
+    pub titles: Vec<&'a str>,
+    pub index: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> App<'a> {
+    fn new() -> App<'a> {
+        App {
+            titles: vec!["Tab0", "Tab1", "Tab2", "Tab3"],
+            index: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn next(&mut self) {
+        self.index = (self.index + 1) % self.titles.len();
+    }
+
+    pub fn previous(&mut self) {
+        if self.index > 0 {
+            self.index -= 1;
+        } else {
+            self.index = self.titles.len() - 1;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
 
-    let events = Events::new();
+    // create app and run it
+    let app = App::new();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app);
 
-    // App
-    let mut app = App {
-        tabs: TabsState::new(vec!["Tab0", "Tab1", "Tab2", "Tab3"]),
-    };
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
 
-    // Main loop
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<()> {
     loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            let size = f.size();
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-                .margin(5)
-                .constraints([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)].as_ref())
-                .split(size);
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
 
-            let block = Block::default().style(Style::default().bg(Color::White));
-            f.render_widget(block, size);
-            let tabs = Tabs::default()
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Tabs"))
-                .titles(&app.tabs.titles)
-                .select(app.tabs.index)
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan))
-                .highlight_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow));
-            f.render_widget(tabs, chunks[0]);
-            let inner = match app.tabs.index {
-                0 => Block::default().title("Inner 0").borders(Borders::ALL),
-                1 => Block::default().title("Inner 1").borders(Borders::ALL),
-                2 => Block::default().title("Inner 2").borders(Borders::ALL),
-                3 => Block::default().title("Inner 3").borders(Borders::ALL),
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            };
-            f.render_widget(inner, chunks[1]);
-        })?;
-
-        if let Event::Input(input) = events.next()? {
-            match input {
-                Key::Char('q') => {
-                    break;
-                }
-                Key::Right => app.tabs.next(),
-                Key::Left => app.tabs.previous(),
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            match key.code {
+                KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                KeyCode::Right => app.next(),
+                KeyCode::Left => app.previous(),
                 _ => {}
             }
         }
     }
-    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let size = f.size();
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(5)
+        .constraints([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)].as_ref())
+        .split(size);
+
+    let block = Block::default().style(Style::default().bg(Color::White).fg(Color::Black));
+    f.render_widget(block, size);
+    let titles = app
+        .titles
+        .iter()
+        .map(|t| {
+            let (first, rest) = t.split_at(1);
+            Spans::from(vec![
+                Span::styled(first, Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)),
+                Span::styled(rest, Style::default().fg(Color::Green)),
+            ])
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let tabs = Tabs::new(titles)
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Tabs"))
+        .select(app.index)
+        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan))
+        .highlight_style(
+            Style::default()
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)
+                .bg(Color::Black),
+        );
+    f.render_widget(tabs, chunks[0]);
+    let inner = match app.index {
+        0 => Block::default().title("Inner 0").borders(Borders::ALL),
+        1 => Block::default().title("Inner 1").borders(Borders::ALL),
+        2 => Block::default().title("Inner 2").borders(Borders::ALL),
+        3 => Block::default().title("Inner 3").borders(Borders::ALL),
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    };
+    f.render_widget(inner, chunks[1]);
 }

examples/termion_demo.rs

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-mod demo;
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::{
-    demo::{ui, App},
-    util::event::{Config, Event, Events},
-};
-use argh::FromArgs;
-use std::{error::Error, io, time::Duration};
-use termion::{event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen};
-use tui::{backend::TermionBackend, Terminal};
-
-/// Termion demo
-#[derive(Debug, FromArgs)]
-struct Cli {
-    /// time in ms between two ticks.
-    #[argh(option, default = "250")]
-    tick_rate: u64,
-    /// whether unicode symbols are used to improve the overall look of the app
-    #[argh(option, default = "true")]
-    enhanced_graphics: bool,
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let cli: Cli = argh::from_env();
-
-    let events = Events::with_config(Config {
-        tick_rate: Duration::from_millis(cli.tick_rate),
-        ..Config::default()
-    });
-
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-    terminal.hide_cursor()?;
-
-    let mut app = App::new("Termion demo", cli.enhanced_graphics);
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| ui::draw(&mut f, &mut app))?;
-
-        match events.next()? {
-            Event::Input(key) => match key {
-                Key::Char(c) => {
-                    app.on_key(c);
-                }
-                Key::Up => {
-                    app.on_up();
-                }
-                Key::Down => {
-                    app.on_down();
-                }
-                Key::Left => {
-                    app.on_left();
-                }
-                Key::Right => {
-                    app.on_right();
-                }
-                _ => {}
-            },
-            Event::Tick => {
-                app.on_tick();
-            }
-        }
-        if app.should_quit {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}

examples/user_input.rs

@@ -9,24 +9,19 @@
 ///   * Pressing Backspace erases a character
 ///   * Pressing Enter pushes the current input in the history of previous
 ///   messages
-
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-mod util;
-
-use crate::util::event::{Event, Events};
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io::{self, Write},
-};
-use termion::{
-    cursor::Goto, event::Key, input::MouseTerminal, raw::IntoRawMode, screen::AlternateScreen,
+use crossterm::{
+    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    execute,
+    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
 };
+use std::{error::Error, io};
 use tui::{
-    backend::TermionBackend,
+    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
     layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Style},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, List, Paragraph, Text},
-    Terminal,
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    text::{Span, Spans, Text},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, List, ListItem, Paragraph},
+    Frame, Terminal,
 };
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
@@ -56,98 +51,142 @@ impl Default for App {
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    // Terminal initialization
-    let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-    let stdout = MouseTerminal::from(stdout);
-    let stdout = AlternateScreen::from(stdout);
-    let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    // setup terminal
+    enable_raw_mode()?;
+    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
 
-    // Setup event handlers
-    let mut events = Events::new();
+    // create app and run it
+    let app = App::default();
+    let res = run_app(&mut terminal, app);
 
-    // Create default app state
-    let mut app = App::default();
+    // restore terminal
+    disable_raw_mode()?;
+    execute!(
+        terminal.backend_mut(),
+        LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        DisableMouseCapture
+    )?;
+    terminal.show_cursor()?;
 
+    if let Err(err) = res {
+        println!("{:?}", err)
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_app<B: Backend>(terminal: &mut Terminal<B>, mut app: App) -> io::Result<()> {
     loop {
-        // Draw UI
-        terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-                .margin(2)
-                .constraints(
-                    [
-                        Constraint::Length(1),
-                        Constraint::Length(3),
-                        Constraint::Min(1),
-                    ]
-                    .as_ref(),
-                )
-                .split(f.size());
+        terminal.draw(|f| ui(f, &app))?;
 
-            let msg = match app.input_mode {
-                InputMode::Normal => "Press q to exit, e to start editing.",
-                InputMode::Editing => "Press Esc to stop editing, Enter to record the message",
-            };
-            let text = [Text::raw(msg)];
-            let help_message = Paragraph::new(text.iter());
-            f.render_widget(help_message, chunks[0]);
-
-            let text = [Text::raw(&app.input)];
-            let input = Paragraph::new(text.iter())
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Input"));
-            f.render_widget(input, chunks[1]);
-            let messages = app
-                .messages
-                .iter()
-                .enumerate()
-                .map(|(i, m)| Text::raw(format!("{}: {}", i, m)));
-            let messages =
-                List::new(messages).block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Messages"));
-            f.render_widget(messages, chunks[2]);
-        })?;
-
-        // Put the cursor back inside the input box
-        write!(
-            terminal.backend_mut(),
-            "{}",
-            Goto(4 + app.input.width() as u16, 5)
-        )?;
-        // stdout is buffered, flush it to see the effect immediately when hitting backspace
-        io::stdout().flush().ok();
-
-        // Handle input
-        if let Event::Input(input) = events.next()? {
+        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
             match app.input_mode {
-                InputMode::Normal => match input {
-                    Key::Char('e') => {
+                InputMode::Normal => match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Char('e') => {
                         app.input_mode = InputMode::Editing;
-                        events.disable_exit_key();
                     }
-                    Key::Char('q') => {
-                        break;
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') => {
+                        return Ok(());
                     }
                     _ => {}
                 },
-                InputMode::Editing => match input {
-                    Key::Char('\n') => {
+                InputMode::Editing => match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Enter => {
                         app.messages.push(app.input.drain(..).collect());
                     }
-                    Key::Char(c) => {
+                    KeyCode::Char(c) => {
                         app.input.push(c);
                     }
-                    Key::Backspace => {
+                    KeyCode::Backspace => {
                         app.input.pop();
                     }
-                    Key::Esc => {
+                    KeyCode::Esc => {
                         app.input_mode = InputMode::Normal;
-                        events.enable_exit_key();
                     }
                     _ => {}
                 },
             }
         }
     }
-    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>, app: &App) {
+    let chunks = Layout::default()
+        .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+        .margin(2)
+        .constraints(
+            [
+                Constraint::Length(1),
+                Constraint::Length(3),
+                Constraint::Min(1),
+            ]
+            .as_ref(),
+        )
+        .split(f.size());
+
+    let (msg, style) = match app.input_mode {
+        InputMode::Normal => (
+            vec![
+                Span::raw("Press "),
+                Span::styled("q", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                Span::raw(" to exit, "),
+                Span::styled("e", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                Span::raw(" to start editing."),
+            ],
+            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK),
+        ),
+        InputMode::Editing => (
+            vec![
+                Span::raw("Press "),
+                Span::styled("Esc", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                Span::raw(" to stop editing, "),
+                Span::styled("Enter", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+                Span::raw(" to record the message"),
+            ],
+            Style::default(),
+        ),
+    };
+    let mut text = Text::from(Spans::from(msg));
+    text.patch_style(style);
+    let help_message = Paragraph::new(text);
+    f.render_widget(help_message, chunks[0]);
+
+    let input = Paragraph::new(app.input.as_ref())
+        .style(match app.input_mode {
+            InputMode::Normal => Style::default(),
+            InputMode::Editing => Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
+        })
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Input"));
+    f.render_widget(input, chunks[1]);
+    match app.input_mode {
+        InputMode::Normal =>
+            // Hide the cursor. `Frame` does this by default, so we don't need to do anything here
+            {}
+
+        InputMode::Editing => {
+            // Make the cursor visible and ask tui-rs to put it at the specified coordinates after rendering
+            f.set_cursor(
+                // Put cursor past the end of the input text
+                chunks[1].x + app.input.width() as u16 + 1,
+                // Move one line down, from the border to the input line
+                chunks[1].y + 1,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    let messages: Vec<ListItem> = app
+        .messages
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, m)| {
+            let content = vec![Spans::from(Span::raw(format!("{}: {}", i, m)))];
+            ListItem::new(content)
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let messages =
+        List::new(messages).block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Messages"));
+    f.render_widget(messages, chunks[2]);
 }

examples/util/event.rs

@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-use std::io;
-use std::sync::mpsc;
-use std::sync::{
-    atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
-    Arc,
-};
-use std::thread;
-use std::time::Duration;
-
-use termion::event::Key;
-use termion::input::TermRead;
-
-pub enum Event<I> {
-    Input(I),
-    Tick,
-}
-
-/// A small event handler that wrap termion input and tick events. Each event
-/// type is handled in its own thread and returned to a common `Receiver`
-pub struct Events {
-    rx: mpsc::Receiver<Event<Key>>,
-    input_handle: thread::JoinHandle<()>,
-    ignore_exit_key: Arc<AtomicBool>,
-    tick_handle: thread::JoinHandle<()>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct Config {
-    pub exit_key: Key,
-    pub tick_rate: Duration,
-}
-
-impl Default for Config {
-    fn default() -> Config {
-        Config {
-            exit_key: Key::Char('q'),
-            tick_rate: Duration::from_millis(250),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Events {
-    pub fn new() -> Events {
-        Events::with_config(Config::default())
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_config(config: Config) -> Events {
-        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
-        let ignore_exit_key = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
-        let input_handle = {
-            let tx = tx.clone();
-            let ignore_exit_key = ignore_exit_key.clone();
-            thread::spawn(move || {
-                let stdin = io::stdin();
-                for evt in stdin.keys() {
-                    if let Ok(key) = evt {
-                        if let Err(err) = tx.send(Event::Input(key)) {
-                            eprintln!("{}", err);
-                            return;
-                        }
-                        if !ignore_exit_key.load(Ordering::Relaxed) && key == config.exit_key {
-                            return;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            })
-        };
-        let tick_handle = {
-            thread::spawn(move || loop {
-                tx.send(Event::Tick).unwrap();
-                thread::sleep(config.tick_rate);
-            })
-        };
-        Events {
-            rx,
-            ignore_exit_key,
-            input_handle,
-            tick_handle,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn next(&self) -> Result<Event<Key>, mpsc::RecvError> {
-        self.rx.recv()
-    }
-
-    pub fn disable_exit_key(&mut self) {
-        self.ignore_exit_key.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
-    }
-
-    pub fn enable_exit_key(&mut self) {
-        self.ignore_exit_key.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
-    }
-}

examples/util/mod.rs

@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
-pub mod event;
-
-use rand::distributions::{Distribution, Uniform};
-use rand::rngs::ThreadRng;
-use tui::widgets::ListState;
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct RandomSignal {
-    distribution: Uniform<u64>,
-    rng: ThreadRng,
-}
-
-impl RandomSignal {
-    pub fn new(lower: u64, upper: u64) -> RandomSignal {
-        RandomSignal {
-            distribution: Uniform::new(lower, upper),
-            rng: rand::thread_rng(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Iterator for RandomSignal {
-    type Item = u64;
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<u64> {
-        Some(self.distribution.sample(&mut self.rng))
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct SinSignal {
-    x: f64,
-    interval: f64,
-    period: f64,
-    scale: f64,
-}
-
-impl SinSignal {
-    pub fn new(interval: f64, period: f64, scale: f64) -> SinSignal {
-        SinSignal {
-            x: 0.0,
-            interval,
-            period,
-            scale,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Iterator for SinSignal {
-    type Item = (f64, f64);
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        let point = (self.x, (self.x * 1.0 / self.period).sin() * self.scale);
-        self.x += self.interval;
-        Some(point)
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct TabsState<'a> {
-    pub titles: Vec<&'a str>,
-    pub index: usize,
-}
-
-impl<'a> TabsState<'a> {
-    pub fn new(titles: Vec<&'a str>) -> TabsState {
-        TabsState { titles, index: 0 }
-    }
-    pub fn next(&mut self) {
-        self.index = (self.index + 1) % self.titles.len();
-    }
-
-    pub fn previous(&mut self) {
-        if self.index > 0 {
-            self.index -= 1;
-        } else {
-            self.index = self.titles.len() - 1;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct StatefulList<T> {
-    pub state: ListState,
-    pub items: Vec<T>,
-}
-
-impl<T> StatefulList<T> {
-    pub fn new() -> StatefulList<T> {
-        StatefulList {
-            state: ListState::default(),
-            items: Vec::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_items(items: Vec<T>) -> StatefulList<T> {
-        StatefulList {
-            state: ListState::default(),
-            items,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn next(&mut self) {
-        let i = match self.state.selected() {
-            Some(i) => {
-                if i >= self.items.len() - 1 {
-                    0
-                } else {
-                    i + 1
-                }
-            }
-            None => 0,
-        };
-        self.state.select(Some(i));
-    }
-
-    pub fn previous(&mut self) {
-        let i = match self.state.selected() {
-            Some(i) => {
-                if i == 0 {
-                    self.items.len() - 1
-                } else {
-                    i - 1
-                }
-            }
-            None => 0,
-        };
-        self.state.select(Some(i));
-    }
-
-    pub fn unselect(&mut self) {
-        self.state.select(None);
-    }
-}

src/backend/crossterm.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-use std::{
-    fmt,
-    io::{self, Write},
+use crate::{
+    backend::Backend,
+    buffer::Cell,
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::{Color, Modifier},
 };
-
 use crossterm::{
     cursor::{Hide, MoveTo, Show},
     execute, queue,
@@ -12,10 +13,7 @@ use crossterm::{
     },
     terminal::{self, Clear, ClearType},
 };
-
-use crate::backend::Backend;
-use crate::style::{Color, Modifier};
-use crate::{buffer::Cell, layout::Rect, style};
+use std::io::{self, Write};
 
 pub struct CrosstermBackend<W: Write> {
     buffer: W,
@@ -51,49 +49,40 @@ where
     where
         I: Iterator<Item = (u16, u16, &'a Cell)>,
     {
-        use fmt::Write;
-
-        let mut string = String::with_capacity(content.size_hint().0 * 3);
-        let mut style = style::Style::default();
-        let mut last_y = 0;
-        let mut last_x = 0;
-        let mut inst = 0;
-
+        let mut fg = Color::Reset;
+        let mut bg = Color::Reset;
+        let mut modifier = Modifier::empty();
+        let mut last_pos: Option<(u16, u16)> = None;
         for (x, y, cell) in content {
-            if y != last_y || x != last_x + 1 || inst == 0 {
-                map_error(queue!(string, MoveTo(x, y)))?;
+            // Move the cursor if the previous location was not (x - 1, y)
+            if !matches!(last_pos, Some(p) if x == p.0 + 1 && y == p.1) {
+                map_error(queue!(self.buffer, MoveTo(x, y)))?;
             }
-            last_x = x;
-            last_y = y;
-            if cell.style.modifier != style.modifier {
+            last_pos = Some((x, y));
+            if cell.modifier != modifier {
                 let diff = ModifierDiff {
-                    from: style.modifier,
-                    to: cell.style.modifier,
+                    from: modifier,
+                    to: cell.modifier,
                 };
-                diff.queue(&mut string)?;
-                inst += 1;
-                style.modifier = cell.style.modifier;
+                diff.queue(&mut self.buffer)?;
+                modifier = cell.modifier;
             }
-            if cell.style.fg != style.fg {
-                let color = CColor::from(cell.style.fg);
-                map_error(queue!(string, SetForegroundColor(color)))?;
-                style.fg = cell.style.fg;
-                inst += 1;
+            if cell.fg != fg {
+                let color = CColor::from(cell.fg);
+                map_error(queue!(self.buffer, SetForegroundColor(color)))?;
+                fg = cell.fg;
             }
-            if cell.style.bg != style.bg {
-                let color = CColor::from(cell.style.bg);
-                map_error(queue!(string, SetBackgroundColor(color)))?;
-                style.bg = cell.style.bg;
-                inst += 1;
+            if cell.bg != bg {
+                let color = CColor::from(cell.bg);
+                map_error(queue!(self.buffer, SetBackgroundColor(color)))?;
+                bg = cell.bg;
             }
 
-            string.push_str(&cell.symbol);
-            inst += 1;
+            map_error(queue!(self.buffer, Print(&cell.symbol)))?;
         }
 
         map_error(queue!(
             self.buffer,
-            Print(string),
             SetForegroundColor(CColor::Reset),
             SetBackgroundColor(CColor::Reset),
             SetAttribute(CAttribute::Reset)
@@ -169,11 +158,10 @@ struct ModifierDiff {
     pub to: Modifier,
 }
 
-#[cfg(unix)]
 impl ModifierDiff {
     fn queue<W>(&self, mut w: W) -> io::Result<()>
     where
-        W: fmt::Write,
+        W: io::Write,
     {
         //use crossterm::Attribute;
         let removed = self.from - self.to;
@@ -231,28 +219,3 @@ impl ModifierDiff {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
-
-#[cfg(windows)]
-impl ModifierDiff {
-    fn queue<W>(&self, mut w: W) -> io::Result<()>
-    where
-        W: fmt::Write,
-    {
-        let removed = self.from - self.to;
-        if removed.contains(Modifier::BOLD) {
-            map_error(queue!(w, SetAttribute(CAttribute::NormalIntensity)))?;
-        }
-        if removed.contains(Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
-            map_error(queue!(w, SetAttribute(CAttribute::NoUnderline)))?;
-        }
-
-        let added = self.to - self.from;
-        if added.contains(Modifier::BOLD) {
-            map_error(queue!(w, SetAttribute(CAttribute::Bold)))?;
-        }
-        if added.contains(Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
-            map_error(queue!(w, SetAttribute(CAttribute::Underlined)))?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}

src/backend/curses.rs

@@ -1,283 +0,0 @@
-use std::io;
-
-use crate::backend::Backend;
-use crate::buffer::Cell;
-use crate::layout::Rect;
-use crate::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
-use crate::symbols::{bar, block};
-#[cfg(unix)]
-use crate::symbols::{line, DOT};
-#[cfg(unix)]
-use pancurses::{chtype, ToChtype};
-use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
-
-pub struct CursesBackend {
-    curses: easycurses::EasyCurses,
-}
-
-impl CursesBackend {
-    pub fn new() -> Option<CursesBackend> {
-        let curses = easycurses::EasyCurses::initialize_system()?;
-        Some(CursesBackend { curses })
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_curses(curses: easycurses::EasyCurses) -> CursesBackend {
-        CursesBackend { curses }
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_curses(&self) -> &easycurses::EasyCurses {
-        &self.curses
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_curses_mut(&mut self) -> &mut easycurses::EasyCurses {
-        &mut self.curses
-    }
-}
-
-impl Backend for CursesBackend {
-    fn draw<'a, I>(&mut self, content: I) -> io::Result<()>
-    where
-        I: Iterator<Item = (u16, u16, &'a Cell)>,
-    {
-        let mut last_col = 0;
-        let mut last_row = 0;
-        let mut style = Style {
-            fg: Color::Reset,
-            bg: Color::Reset,
-            modifier: Modifier::empty(),
-        };
-        let mut curses_style = CursesStyle {
-            fg: easycurses::Color::White,
-            bg: easycurses::Color::Black,
-        };
-        let mut update_color = false;
-        for (col, row, cell) in content {
-            // eprintln!("{:?}", cell);
-            if row != last_row || col != last_col + 1 {
-                self.curses.move_rc(i32::from(row), i32::from(col));
-            }
-            last_col = col;
-            last_row = row;
-            if cell.style.modifier != style.modifier {
-                apply_modifier_diff(&mut self.curses.win, style.modifier, cell.style.modifier);
-                style.modifier = cell.style.modifier;
-            };
-            if cell.style.fg != style.fg {
-                update_color = true;
-                if let Some(ccolor) = cell.style.fg.into() {
-                    style.fg = cell.style.fg;
-                    curses_style.fg = ccolor;
-                } else {
-                    style.fg = Color::White;
-                    curses_style.fg = easycurses::Color::White;
-                }
-            };
-            if cell.style.bg != style.bg {
-                update_color = true;
-                if let Some(ccolor) = cell.style.bg.into() {
-                    style.bg = cell.style.bg;
-                    curses_style.bg = ccolor;
-                } else {
-                    style.bg = Color::Black;
-                    curses_style.bg = easycurses::Color::Black;
-                }
-            };
-            if update_color {
-                self.curses
-                    .set_color_pair(easycurses::ColorPair::new(curses_style.fg, curses_style.bg));
-            };
-            update_color = false;
-            draw(&mut self.curses, cell.symbol.as_str());
-        }
-        self.curses.win.attrset(pancurses::Attribute::Normal);
-        self.curses.set_color_pair(easycurses::ColorPair::new(
-            easycurses::Color::White,
-            easycurses::Color::Black,
-        ));
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.curses
-            .set_cursor_visibility(easycurses::CursorVisibility::Invisible);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.curses
-            .set_cursor_visibility(easycurses::CursorVisibility::Visible);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<(u16, u16)> {
-        let (y, x) = self.curses.get_cursor_rc();
-        Ok((x as u16, y as u16))
-    }
-    fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.curses.move_rc(i32::from(y), i32::from(x));
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn clear(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.curses.clear();
-        // self.curses.refresh();
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn size(&self) -> Result<Rect, io::Error> {
-        let (nrows, ncols) = self.curses.get_row_col_count();
-        Ok(Rect::new(0, 0, ncols as u16, nrows as u16))
-    }
-    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.curses.refresh();
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-struct CursesStyle {
-    fg: easycurses::Color,
-    bg: easycurses::Color,
-}
-
-#[cfg(unix)]
-/// Deals with lack of unicode support for ncurses on unix
-fn draw(curses: &mut easycurses::EasyCurses, symbol: &str) {
-    for grapheme in symbol.graphemes(true) {
-        let ch = match grapheme {
-            line::TOP_RIGHT => pancurses::ACS_URCORNER(),
-            line::VERTICAL => pancurses::ACS_VLINE(),
-            line::HORIZONTAL => pancurses::ACS_HLINE(),
-            line::TOP_LEFT => pancurses::ACS_ULCORNER(),
-            line::BOTTOM_RIGHT => pancurses::ACS_LRCORNER(),
-            line::BOTTOM_LEFT => pancurses::ACS_LLCORNER(),
-            line::VERTICAL_LEFT => pancurses::ACS_RTEE(),
-            line::VERTICAL_RIGHT => pancurses::ACS_LTEE(),
-            line::HORIZONTAL_DOWN => pancurses::ACS_TTEE(),
-            line::HORIZONTAL_UP => pancurses::ACS_BTEE(),
-            block::FULL => pancurses::ACS_BLOCK(),
-            block::SEVEN_EIGHTHS => pancurses::ACS_BLOCK(),
-            block::THREE_QUARTERS => pancurses::ACS_BLOCK(),
-            block::FIVE_EIGHTHS => pancurses::ACS_BLOCK(),
-            block::HALF => pancurses::ACS_BLOCK(),
-            block::THREE_EIGHTHS => ' ' as chtype,
-            block::ONE_QUARTER => ' ' as chtype,
-            block::ONE_EIGHTH => ' ' as chtype,
-            bar::SEVEN_EIGHTHS => pancurses::ACS_BLOCK(),
-            bar::THREE_QUARTERS => pancurses::ACS_BLOCK(),
-            bar::FIVE_EIGHTHS => pancurses::ACS_BLOCK(),
-            bar::HALF => pancurses::ACS_BLOCK(),
-            bar::THREE_EIGHTHS => pancurses::ACS_S9(),
-            bar::ONE_QUARTER => pancurses::ACS_S9(),
-            bar::ONE_EIGHTH => pancurses::ACS_S9(),
-            DOT => pancurses::ACS_BULLET(),
-            unicode_char => {
-                if unicode_char.is_ascii() {
-                    let mut chars = unicode_char.chars();
-                    if let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
-                        ch.to_chtype()
-                    } else {
-                        pancurses::ACS_BLOCK()
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    pancurses::ACS_BLOCK()
-                }
-            }
-        };
-        curses.win.addch(ch);
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(windows)]
-fn draw(curses: &mut easycurses::EasyCurses, symbol: &str) {
-    for grapheme in symbol.graphemes(true) {
-        let ch = match grapheme {
-            block::SEVEN_EIGHTHS => block::FULL,
-            block::THREE_QUARTERS => block::FULL,
-            block::FIVE_EIGHTHS => block::HALF,
-            block::THREE_EIGHTHS => block::HALF,
-            block::ONE_QUARTER => block::HALF,
-            block::ONE_EIGHTH => " ",
-            bar::SEVEN_EIGHTHS => bar::FULL,
-            bar::THREE_QUARTERS => bar::FULL,
-            bar::FIVE_EIGHTHS => bar::HALF,
-            bar::THREE_EIGHTHS => bar::HALF,
-            bar::ONE_QUARTER => bar::HALF,
-            bar::ONE_EIGHTH => " ",
-            ch => ch,
-        };
-        // curses.win.addch(ch);
-        curses.print(ch);
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<Color> for Option<easycurses::Color> {
-    fn from(color: Color) -> Option<easycurses::Color> {
-        match color {
-            Color::Reset => None,
-            Color::Black => Some(easycurses::Color::Black),
-            Color::Red | Color::LightRed => Some(easycurses::Color::Red),
-            Color::Green | Color::LightGreen => Some(easycurses::Color::Green),
-            Color::Yellow | Color::LightYellow => Some(easycurses::Color::Yellow),
-            Color::Magenta | Color::LightMagenta => Some(easycurses::Color::Magenta),
-            Color::Cyan | Color::LightCyan => Some(easycurses::Color::Cyan),
-            Color::White | Color::Gray | Color::DarkGray => Some(easycurses::Color::White),
-            Color::Blue | Color::LightBlue => Some(easycurses::Color::Blue),
-            Color::Indexed(_) => None,
-            Color::Rgb(_, _, _) => None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn apply_modifier_diff(win: &mut pancurses::Window, from: Modifier, to: Modifier) {
-    remove_modifier(win, from - to);
-    add_modifier(win, to - from);
-}
-
-fn remove_modifier(win: &mut pancurses::Window, remove: Modifier) {
-    if remove.contains(Modifier::BOLD) {
-        win.attroff(pancurses::Attribute::Bold);
-    }
-    if remove.contains(Modifier::DIM) {
-        win.attroff(pancurses::Attribute::Dim);
-    }
-    if remove.contains(Modifier::ITALIC) {
-        win.attroff(pancurses::Attribute::Italic);
-    }
-    if remove.contains(Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
-        win.attroff(pancurses::Attribute::Underline);
-    }
-    if remove.contains(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK) || remove.contains(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK) {
-        win.attroff(pancurses::Attribute::Blink);
-    }
-    if remove.contains(Modifier::REVERSED) {
-        win.attroff(pancurses::Attribute::Reverse);
-    }
-    if remove.contains(Modifier::HIDDEN) {
-        win.attroff(pancurses::Attribute::Invisible);
-    }
-    if remove.contains(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT) {
-        win.attroff(pancurses::Attribute::Strikeout);
-    }
-}
-
-fn add_modifier(win: &mut pancurses::Window, add: Modifier) {
-    if add.contains(Modifier::BOLD) {
-        win.attron(pancurses::Attribute::Bold);
-    }
-    if add.contains(Modifier::DIM) {
-        win.attron(pancurses::Attribute::Dim);
-    }
-    if add.contains(Modifier::ITALIC) {
-        win.attron(pancurses::Attribute::Italic);
-    }
-    if add.contains(Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
-        win.attron(pancurses::Attribute::Underline);
-    }
-    if add.contains(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK) || add.contains(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK) {
-        win.attron(pancurses::Attribute::Blink);
-    }
-    if add.contains(Modifier::REVERSED) {
-        win.attron(pancurses::Attribute::Reverse);
-    }
-    if add.contains(Modifier::HIDDEN) {
-        win.attron(pancurses::Attribute::Invisible);
-    }
-    if add.contains(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT) {
-        win.attron(pancurses::Attribute::Strikeout);
-    }
-}

src/backend/mod.rs

@@ -3,11 +3,6 @@ use std::io;
 use crate::buffer::Cell;
 use crate::layout::Rect;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "rustbox")]
-mod rustbox;
-#[cfg(feature = "rustbox")]
-pub use self::rustbox::RustboxBackend;
-
 #[cfg(feature = "termion")]
 mod termion;
 #[cfg(feature = "termion")]
@@ -18,11 +13,6 @@ mod crossterm;
 #[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
 pub use self::crossterm::CrosstermBackend;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "curses")]
-mod curses;
-#[cfg(feature = "curses")]
-pub use self::curses::CursesBackend;
-
 mod test;
 pub use self::test::TestBackend;
 

src/backend/rustbox.rs

@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    backend::Backend,
-    buffer::Cell,
-    layout::Rect,
-    style::{Color, Modifier},
-};
-use std::io;
-
-pub struct RustboxBackend {
-    rustbox: rustbox::RustBox,
-}
-
-impl RustboxBackend {
-    pub fn new() -> Result<RustboxBackend, rustbox::InitError> {
-        let rustbox = rustbox::RustBox::init(Default::default())?;
-        Ok(RustboxBackend { rustbox })
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_rustbox(instance: rustbox::RustBox) -> RustboxBackend {
-        RustboxBackend { rustbox: instance }
-    }
-
-    pub fn rustbox(&self) -> &rustbox::RustBox {
-        &self.rustbox
-    }
-}
-
-impl Backend for RustboxBackend {
-    fn draw<'a, I>(&mut self, content: I) -> Result<(), io::Error>
-    where
-        I: Iterator<Item = (u16, u16, &'a Cell)>,
-    {
-        for (x, y, cell) in content {
-            self.rustbox.print(
-                x as usize,
-                y as usize,
-                cell.style.modifier.into(),
-                cell.style.fg.into(),
-                cell.style.bg.into(),
-                &cell.symbol,
-            );
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<(u16, u16)> {
-        Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::Other))
-    }
-    fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.rustbox.set_cursor(x as isize, y as isize);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn clear(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-        self.rustbox.clear();
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn size(&self) -> Result<Rect, io::Error> {
-        let term_width = self.rustbox.width();
-        let term_height = self.rustbox.height();
-        let max = u16::max_value();
-        Ok(Rect::new(
-            0,
-            0,
-            if term_width > usize::from(max) {
-                max
-            } else {
-                term_width as u16
-            },
-            if term_height > usize::from(max) {
-                max
-            } else {
-                term_height as u16
-            },
-        ))
-    }
-    fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-        self.rustbox.present();
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-fn rgb_to_byte(r: u8, g: u8, b: u8) -> u16 {
-    u16::from((r & 0xC0) + ((g & 0xE0) >> 2) + ((b & 0xE0) >> 5))
-}
-
-impl Into<rustbox::Color> for Color {
-    fn into(self) -> rustbox::Color {
-        match self {
-            Color::Reset => rustbox::Color::Default,
-            Color::Black | Color::Gray | Color::DarkGray => rustbox::Color::Black,
-            Color::Red | Color::LightRed => rustbox::Color::Red,
-            Color::Green | Color::LightGreen => rustbox::Color::Green,
-            Color::Yellow | Color::LightYellow => rustbox::Color::Yellow,
-            Color::Magenta | Color::LightMagenta => rustbox::Color::Magenta,
-            Color::Cyan | Color::LightCyan => rustbox::Color::Cyan,
-            Color::White => rustbox::Color::White,
-            Color::Blue | Color::LightBlue => rustbox::Color::Blue,
-            Color::Indexed(i) => rustbox::Color::Byte(u16::from(i)),
-            Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => rustbox::Color::Byte(rgb_to_byte(r, g, b)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Into<rustbox::Style> for Modifier {
-    fn into(self) -> rustbox::Style {
-        let mut result = rustbox::Style::empty();
-        if self.contains(Modifier::BOLD) {
-            result.insert(rustbox::RB_BOLD);
-        }
-        if self.contains(Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
-            result.insert(rustbox::RB_UNDERLINE);
-        }
-        if self.contains(Modifier::REVERSED) {
-            result.insert(rustbox::RB_REVERSE);
-        }
-        result
-    }
-}

src/backend/termion.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-use std::fmt;
-use std::io;
-use std::io::Write;
-
 use super::Backend;
-use crate::buffer::Cell;
-use crate::layout::Rect;
-use crate::style;
+use crate::{
+    buffer::Cell,
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::{Color, Modifier},
+};
+use std::{
+    fmt,
+    io::{self, Write},
+};
 
 pub struct TermionBackend<W>
 where
@@ -77,49 +79,44 @@ where
         use std::fmt::Write;
 
         let mut string = String::with_capacity(content.size_hint().0 * 3);
-        let mut style = style::Style::default();
-        let mut last_y = 0;
-        let mut last_x = 0;
-        let mut inst = 0;
+        let mut fg = Color::Reset;
+        let mut bg = Color::Reset;
+        let mut modifier = Modifier::empty();
+        let mut last_pos: Option<(u16, u16)> = None;
         for (x, y, cell) in content {
-            if y != last_y || x != last_x + 1 || inst == 0 {
+            // Move the cursor if the previous location was not (x - 1, y)
+            if !matches!(last_pos, Some(p) if x == p.0 + 1 && y == p.1) {
                 write!(string, "{}", termion::cursor::Goto(x + 1, y + 1)).unwrap();
-                inst += 1;
             }
-            last_x = x;
-            last_y = y;
-            if cell.style.modifier != style.modifier {
+            last_pos = Some((x, y));
+            if cell.modifier != modifier {
                 write!(
                     string,
                     "{}",
                     ModifierDiff {
-                        from: style.modifier,
-                        to: cell.style.modifier
+                        from: modifier,
+                        to: cell.modifier
                     }
                 )
                 .unwrap();
-                style.modifier = cell.style.modifier;
-                inst += 1;
+                modifier = cell.modifier;
             }
-            if cell.style.fg != style.fg {
-                write!(string, "{}", Fg(cell.style.fg)).unwrap();
-                style.fg = cell.style.fg;
-                inst += 1;
+            if cell.fg != fg {
+                write!(string, "{}", Fg(cell.fg)).unwrap();
+                fg = cell.fg;
             }
-            if cell.style.bg != style.bg {
-                write!(string, "{}", Bg(cell.style.bg)).unwrap();
-                style.bg = cell.style.bg;
-                inst += 1;
+            if cell.bg != bg {
+                write!(string, "{}", Bg(cell.bg)).unwrap();
+                bg = cell.bg;
             }
             string.push_str(&cell.symbol);
-            inst += 1;
         }
         write!(
             self.stdout,
             "{}{}{}{}",
             string,
-            Fg(style::Color::Reset),
-            Bg(style::Color::Reset),
+            Fg(Color::Reset),
+            Bg(Color::Reset),
             termion::style::Reset,
         )
     }
@@ -135,64 +132,64 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-struct Fg(style::Color);
+struct Fg(Color);
 
-struct Bg(style::Color);
+struct Bg(Color);
 
 struct ModifierDiff {
-    from: style::Modifier,
-    to: style::Modifier,
+    from: Modifier,
+    to: Modifier,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for Fg {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        use termion::color::Color;
+        use termion::color::Color as TermionColor;
         match self.0 {
-            style::Color::Reset => termion::color::Reset.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::Black => termion::color::Black.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::Red => termion::color::Red.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::Green => termion::color::Green.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::Yellow => termion::color::Yellow.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::Blue => termion::color::Blue.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::Magenta => termion::color::Magenta.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::Cyan => termion::color::Cyan.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::Gray => termion::color::White.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::DarkGray => termion::color::LightBlack.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::LightRed => termion::color::LightRed.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::LightGreen => termion::color::LightGreen.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::LightBlue => termion::color::LightBlue.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::LightYellow => termion::color::LightYellow.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::LightMagenta => termion::color::LightMagenta.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::LightCyan => termion::color::LightCyan.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::White => termion::color::LightWhite.write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::Indexed(i) => termion::color::AnsiValue(i).write_fg(f),
-            style::Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => termion::color::Rgb(r, g, b).write_fg(f),
+            Color::Reset => termion::color::Reset.write_fg(f),
+            Color::Black => termion::color::Black.write_fg(f),
+            Color::Red => termion::color::Red.write_fg(f),
+            Color::Green => termion::color::Green.write_fg(f),
+            Color::Yellow => termion::color::Yellow.write_fg(f),
+            Color::Blue => termion::color::Blue.write_fg(f),
+            Color::Magenta => termion::color::Magenta.write_fg(f),
+            Color::Cyan => termion::color::Cyan.write_fg(f),
+            Color::Gray => termion::color::White.write_fg(f),
+            Color::DarkGray => termion::color::LightBlack.write_fg(f),
+            Color::LightRed => termion::color::LightRed.write_fg(f),
+            Color::LightGreen => termion::color::LightGreen.write_fg(f),
+            Color::LightBlue => termion::color::LightBlue.write_fg(f),
+            Color::LightYellow => termion::color::LightYellow.write_fg(f),
+            Color::LightMagenta => termion::color::LightMagenta.write_fg(f),
+            Color::LightCyan => termion::color::LightCyan.write_fg(f),
+            Color::White => termion::color::LightWhite.write_fg(f),
+            Color::Indexed(i) => termion::color::AnsiValue(i).write_fg(f),
+            Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => termion::color::Rgb(r, g, b).write_fg(f),
         }
     }
 }
 impl fmt::Display for Bg {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        use termion::color::Color;
+        use termion::color::Color as TermionColor;
         match self.0 {
-            style::Color::Reset => termion::color::Reset.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::Black => termion::color::Black.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::Red => termion::color::Red.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::Green => termion::color::Green.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::Yellow => termion::color::Yellow.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::Blue => termion::color::Blue.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::Magenta => termion::color::Magenta.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::Cyan => termion::color::Cyan.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::Gray => termion::color::White.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::DarkGray => termion::color::LightBlack.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::LightRed => termion::color::LightRed.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::LightGreen => termion::color::LightGreen.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::LightBlue => termion::color::LightBlue.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::LightYellow => termion::color::LightYellow.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::LightMagenta => termion::color::LightMagenta.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::LightCyan => termion::color::LightCyan.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::White => termion::color::LightWhite.write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::Indexed(i) => termion::color::AnsiValue(i).write_bg(f),
-            style::Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => termion::color::Rgb(r, g, b).write_bg(f),
+            Color::Reset => termion::color::Reset.write_bg(f),
+            Color::Black => termion::color::Black.write_bg(f),
+            Color::Red => termion::color::Red.write_bg(f),
+            Color::Green => termion::color::Green.write_bg(f),
+            Color::Yellow => termion::color::Yellow.write_bg(f),
+            Color::Blue => termion::color::Blue.write_bg(f),
+            Color::Magenta => termion::color::Magenta.write_bg(f),
+            Color::Cyan => termion::color::Cyan.write_bg(f),
+            Color::Gray => termion::color::White.write_bg(f),
+            Color::DarkGray => termion::color::LightBlack.write_bg(f),
+            Color::LightRed => termion::color::LightRed.write_bg(f),
+            Color::LightGreen => termion::color::LightGreen.write_bg(f),
+            Color::LightBlue => termion::color::LightBlue.write_bg(f),
+            Color::LightYellow => termion::color::LightYellow.write_bg(f),
+            Color::LightMagenta => termion::color::LightMagenta.write_bg(f),
+            Color::LightCyan => termion::color::LightCyan.write_bg(f),
+            Color::White => termion::color::LightWhite.write_bg(f),
+            Color::Indexed(i) => termion::color::AnsiValue(i).write_bg(f),
+            Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => termion::color::Rgb(r, g, b).write_bg(f),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -200,63 +197,61 @@ impl fmt::Display for Bg {
 impl fmt::Display for ModifierDiff {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         let remove = self.from - self.to;
-        if remove.contains(style::Modifier::REVERSED) {
+        if remove.contains(Modifier::REVERSED) {
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::NoInvert)?;
         }
-        if remove.contains(style::Modifier::BOLD) {
+        if remove.contains(Modifier::BOLD) {
             // XXX: the termion NoBold flag actually enables double-underline on ECMA-48 compliant
             // terminals, and NoFaint additionally disables bold... so we use this trick to get
             // the right semantics.
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::NoFaint)?;
 
-            if self.to.contains(style::Modifier::DIM) {
+            if self.to.contains(Modifier::DIM) {
                 write!(f, "{}", termion::style::Faint)?;
             }
         }
-        if remove.contains(style::Modifier::ITALIC) {
+        if remove.contains(Modifier::ITALIC) {
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::NoItalic)?;
         }
-        if remove.contains(style::Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
+        if remove.contains(Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::NoUnderline)?;
         }
-        if remove.contains(style::Modifier::DIM) {
+        if remove.contains(Modifier::DIM) {
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::NoFaint)?;
 
             // XXX: the NoFaint flag additionally disables bold as well, so we need to re-enable it
             // here if we want it.
-            if self.to.contains(style::Modifier::BOLD) {
+            if self.to.contains(Modifier::BOLD) {
                 write!(f, "{}", termion::style::Bold)?;
             }
         }
-        if remove.contains(style::Modifier::CROSSED_OUT) {
+        if remove.contains(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT) {
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::NoCrossedOut)?;
         }
-        if remove.contains(style::Modifier::SLOW_BLINK)
-            || remove.contains(style::Modifier::RAPID_BLINK)
-        {
+        if remove.contains(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK) || remove.contains(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK) {
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::NoBlink)?;
         }
 
         let add = self.to - self.from;
-        if add.contains(style::Modifier::REVERSED) {
+        if add.contains(Modifier::REVERSED) {
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::Invert)?;
         }
-        if add.contains(style::Modifier::BOLD) {
+        if add.contains(Modifier::BOLD) {
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::Bold)?;
         }
-        if add.contains(style::Modifier::ITALIC) {
+        if add.contains(Modifier::ITALIC) {
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::Italic)?;
         }
-        if add.contains(style::Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
+        if add.contains(Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::Underline)?;
         }
-        if add.contains(style::Modifier::DIM) {
+        if add.contains(Modifier::DIM) {
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::Faint)?;
         }
-        if add.contains(style::Modifier::CROSSED_OUT) {
+        if add.contains(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT) {
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::CrossedOut)?;
         }
-        if add.contains(style::Modifier::SLOW_BLINK) || add.contains(style::Modifier::RAPID_BLINK) {
+        if add.contains(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK) || add.contains(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK) {
             write!(f, "{}", termion::style::Blink)?;
         }
 

src/backend/test.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
-use crate::backend::Backend;
-use crate::buffer::{Buffer, Cell};
-use crate::layout::Rect;
-use std::io;
+use crate::{
+    backend::Backend,
+    buffer::{Buffer, Cell},
+    layout::Rect,
+};
+use std::{fmt::Write, io};
+use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
+/// A backend used for the integration tests.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct TestBackend {
     width: u16,
@@ -12,6 +16,35 @@ pub struct TestBackend {
     pos: (u16, u16),
 }
 
+/// Returns a string representation of the given buffer for debugging purpose.
+fn buffer_view(buffer: &Buffer) -> String {
+    let mut view = String::with_capacity(buffer.content.len() + buffer.area.height as usize * 3);
+    for cells in buffer.content.chunks(buffer.area.width as usize) {
+        let mut overwritten = vec![];
+        let mut skip: usize = 0;
+        view.push('"');
+        for (x, c) in cells.iter().enumerate() {
+            if skip == 0 {
+                view.push_str(&c.symbol);
+            } else {
+                overwritten.push((x, &c.symbol))
+            }
+            skip = std::cmp::max(skip, c.symbol.width()).saturating_sub(1);
+        }
+        view.push('"');
+        if !overwritten.is_empty() {
+            write!(
+                &mut view,
+                " Hidden by multi-width symbols: {:?}",
+                overwritten
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        }
+        view.push('\n');
+    }
+    view
+}
+
 impl TestBackend {
     pub fn new(width: u16, height: u16) -> TestBackend {
         TestBackend {
@@ -26,6 +59,50 @@ impl TestBackend {
     pub fn buffer(&self) -> &Buffer {
         &self.buffer
     }
+
+    pub fn resize(&mut self, width: u16, height: u16) {
+        self.buffer.resize(Rect::new(0, 0, width, height));
+        self.width = width;
+        self.height = height;
+    }
+
+    pub fn assert_buffer(&self, expected: &Buffer) {
+        assert_eq!(expected.area, self.buffer.area);
+        let diff = expected.diff(&self.buffer);
+        if diff.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let mut debug_info = String::from("Buffers are not equal");
+        debug_info.push('\n');
+        debug_info.push_str("Expected:");
+        debug_info.push('\n');
+        let expected_view = buffer_view(expected);
+        debug_info.push_str(&expected_view);
+        debug_info.push('\n');
+        debug_info.push_str("Got:");
+        debug_info.push('\n');
+        let view = buffer_view(&self.buffer);
+        debug_info.push_str(&view);
+        debug_info.push('\n');
+
+        debug_info.push_str("Diff:");
+        debug_info.push('\n');
+        let nice_diff = diff
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, (x, y, cell))| {
+                let expected_cell = expected.get(*x, *y);
+                format!(
+                    "{}: at ({}, {}) expected {:?} got {:?}",
+                    i, x, y, expected_cell, cell
+                )
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+            .join("\n");
+        debug_info.push_str(&nice_diff);
+        panic!("{}", debug_info);
+    }
 }
 
 impl Backend for TestBackend {
@@ -35,32 +112,39 @@ impl Backend for TestBackend {
     {
         for (x, y, c) in content {
             let cell = self.buffer.get_mut(x, y);
-            cell.symbol = c.symbol.clone();
-            cell.style = c.style;
+            *cell = c.clone();
         }
         Ok(())
     }
+
     fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
         self.cursor = false;
         Ok(())
     }
+
     fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
         self.cursor = true;
         Ok(())
     }
+
     fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<(u16, u16), io::Error> {
         Ok(self.pos)
     }
+
     fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
         self.pos = (x, y);
         Ok(())
     }
+
     fn clear(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+        self.buffer.reset();
         Ok(())
     }
+
     fn size(&self) -> Result<Rect, io::Error> {
         Ok(Rect::new(0, 0, self.width, self.height))
     }
+
     fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
         Ok(())
     }

src/buffer.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
+use crate::{
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    text::{Span, Spans},
+};
 use std::cmp::min;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::usize;
-
 use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
-use crate::layout::Rect;
-use crate::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
-
 /// A buffer cell
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Cell {
     pub symbol: String,
-    pub style: Style,
+    pub fg: Color,
+    pub bg: Color,
+    pub modifier: Modifier,
 }
 
 impl Cell {
@@ -29,29 +30,40 @@ impl Cell {
     }
 
     pub fn set_fg(&mut self, color: Color) -> &mut Cell {
-        self.style.fg = color;
+        self.fg = color;
         self
     }
 
     pub fn set_bg(&mut self, color: Color) -> &mut Cell {
-        self.style.bg = color;
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_modifier(&mut self, modifier: Modifier) -> &mut Cell {
-        self.style.modifier = modifier;
+        self.bg = color;
         self
     }
 
     pub fn set_style(&mut self, style: Style) -> &mut Cell {
-        self.style = style;
+        if let Some(c) = style.fg {
+            self.fg = c;
+        }
+        if let Some(c) = style.bg {
+            self.bg = c;
+        }
+        self.modifier.insert(style.add_modifier);
+        self.modifier.remove(style.sub_modifier);
         self
     }
 
+    pub fn style(&self) -> Style {
+        Style::default()
+            .fg(self.fg)
+            .bg(self.bg)
+            .add_modifier(self.modifier)
+    }
+
     pub fn reset(&mut self) {
         self.symbol.clear();
         self.symbol.push(' ');
-        self.style.reset();
+        self.fg = Color::Reset;
+        self.bg = Color::Reset;
+        self.modifier = Modifier::empty();
     }
 }
 
@@ -59,7 +71,9 @@ impl Default for Cell {
     fn default() -> Cell {
         Cell {
             symbol: " ".into(),
-            style: Default::default(),
+            fg: Color::Reset,
+            bg: Color::Reset,
+            modifier: Modifier::empty(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -84,15 +98,14 @@ impl Default for Cell {
 /// buf.set_string(3, 0, "string", Style::default().fg(Color::Red).bg(Color::White));
 /// assert_eq!(buf.get(5, 0), &Cell{
 ///     symbol: String::from("r"),
-///     style: Style {
-///         fg: Color::Red,
-///         bg: Color::White,
-///         modifier: Modifier::empty()
-///     }});
+///     fg: Color::Red,
+///     bg: Color::White,
+///     modifier: Modifier::empty()
+/// });
 /// buf.get_mut(5, 0).set_char('x');
 /// assert_eq!(buf.get(5, 0).symbol, "x");
 /// ```
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default)]
 pub struct Buffer {
     /// The area represented by this buffer
     pub area: Rect,
@@ -101,58 +114,6 @@ pub struct Buffer {
     pub content: Vec<Cell>,
 }
 
-impl Default for Buffer {
-    fn default() -> Buffer {
-        Buffer {
-            area: Default::default(),
-            content: Vec::new(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for Buffer {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        writeln!(f, "Buffer: {:?}", self.area)?;
-        f.write_str("Content (quoted lines):\n")?;
-        for cells in self.content.chunks(self.area.width as usize) {
-            let mut line = String::new();
-            let mut overwritten = vec![];
-            let mut skip: usize = 0;
-            for (x, c) in cells.iter().enumerate() {
-                if skip == 0 {
-                    line.push_str(&c.symbol);
-                } else {
-                    overwritten.push((x, &c.symbol))
-                }
-                skip = std::cmp::max(skip, c.symbol.width()).saturating_sub(1);
-            }
-            f.write_fmt(format_args!("{:?},", line))?;
-            if !overwritten.is_empty() {
-                f.write_fmt(format_args!(
-                    " Hidden by multi-width symbols: {:?}",
-                    overwritten
-                ))?;
-            }
-            f.write_str("\n")?;
-        }
-        f.write_str("Style:\n")?;
-        for cells in self.content.chunks(self.area.width as usize) {
-            f.write_str("|")?;
-            for cell in cells {
-                write!(
-                    f,
-                    "{} {} {}|",
-                    cell.style.fg.code(),
-                    cell.style.bg.code(),
-                    cell.style.modifier.code()
-                )?;
-            }
-            f.write_str("\n")?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
 impl Buffer {
     /// Returns a Buffer with all cells set to the default one
     pub fn empty(area: Rect) -> Buffer {
@@ -176,9 +137,11 @@ impl Buffer {
         S: AsRef<str>,
     {
         let height = lines.len() as u16;
-        let width = lines.iter().fold(0, |acc, item| {
-            std::cmp::max(acc, item.as_ref().width() as u16)
-        });
+        let width = lines
+            .iter()
+            .map(|i| i.as_ref().width() as u16)
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or_default();
         let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect {
             x: 0,
             y: 0,
@@ -343,6 +306,35 @@ impl Buffer {
         (x_offset as u16, y)
     }
 
+    pub fn set_spans<'a>(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, spans: &Spans<'a>, width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
+        let mut remaining_width = width;
+        let mut x = x;
+        for span in &spans.0 {
+            if remaining_width == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+            let pos = self.set_stringn(
+                x,
+                y,
+                span.content.as_ref(),
+                remaining_width as usize,
+                span.style,
+            );
+            let w = pos.0.saturating_sub(x);
+            x = pos.0;
+            remaining_width = remaining_width.saturating_sub(w);
+        }
+        (x, y)
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_span<'a>(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, span: &Span<'a>, width: u16) -> (u16, u16) {
+        self.set_stringn(x, y, span.content.as_ref(), width as usize, span.style)
+    }
+
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "0.10.0",
+        note = "You should use styling capabilities of `Buffer::set_style`"
+    )]
     pub fn set_background(&mut self, area: Rect, color: Color) {
         for y in area.top()..area.bottom() {
             for x in area.left()..area.right() {
@@ -351,6 +343,14 @@ impl Buffer {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn set_style(&mut self, area: Rect, style: Style) {
+        for y in area.top()..area.bottom() {
+            for x in area.left()..area.right() {
+                self.get_mut(x, y).set_style(style);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Resize the buffer so that the mapped area matches the given area and that the buffer
     /// length is equal to area.width * area.height
     pub fn resize(&mut self, area: Rect) {

src/layout.rs

@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ pub struct Layout {
     direction: Direction,
     margin: Margin,
     constraints: Vec<Constraint>,
+    /// Whether the last chunk of the computed layout should be expanded to fill the available
+    /// space.
+    expand_to_fill: bool,
 }
 
 thread_local! {
@@ -78,6 +81,7 @@ impl Default for Layout {
                 vertical: 0,
             },
             constraints: Vec::new(),
+            expand_to_fill: true,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -114,6 +118,11 @@ impl Layout {
         self
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn expand_to_fill(mut self, expand_to_fill: bool) -> Layout {
+        self.expand_to_fill = expand_to_fill;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Wrapper function around the cassowary-rs solver to be able to split a given
     /// area into smaller ones based on the preferred widths or heights and the direction.
     ///
@@ -174,12 +183,12 @@ impl Layout {
     ///     ]
     /// );
     /// ```
-    pub fn split(self, area: Rect) -> Vec<Rect> {
+    pub fn split(&self, area: Rect) -> Vec<Rect> {
         // TODO: Maybe use a fixed size cache ?
         LAYOUT_CACHE.with(|c| {
             c.borrow_mut()
                 .entry((area, self.clone()))
-                .or_insert_with(|| split(area, &self))
+                .or_insert_with(|| split(area, self))
                 .clone()
         })
     }
@@ -209,6 +218,8 @@ fn split(area: Rect, layout: &Layout) -> Vec<Rect> {
     let mut ccs: Vec<CassowaryConstraint> =
         Vec::with_capacity(elements.len() * 4 + layout.constraints.len() * 6);
     for elt in &elements {
+        ccs.push(elt.width | GE(REQUIRED) | 0f64);
+        ccs.push(elt.height | GE(REQUIRED) | 0f64);
         ccs.push(elt.left() | GE(REQUIRED) | f64::from(dest_area.left()));
         ccs.push(elt.top() | GE(REQUIRED) | f64::from(dest_area.top()));
         ccs.push(elt.right() | LE(REQUIRED) | f64::from(dest_area.right()));
@@ -220,11 +231,13 @@ fn split(area: Rect, layout: &Layout) -> Vec<Rect> {
             Direction::Vertical => first.top() | EQ(REQUIRED) | f64::from(dest_area.top()),
         });
     }
-    if let Some(last) = elements.last() {
-        ccs.push(match layout.direction {
-            Direction::Horizontal => last.right() | EQ(REQUIRED) | f64::from(dest_area.right()),
-            Direction::Vertical => last.bottom() | EQ(REQUIRED) | f64::from(dest_area.bottom()),
-        });
+    if layout.expand_to_fill {
+        if let Some(last) = elements.last() {
+            ccs.push(match layout.direction {
+                Direction::Horizontal => last.right() | EQ(REQUIRED) | f64::from(dest_area.right()),
+                Direction::Vertical => last.bottom() | EQ(REQUIRED) | f64::from(dest_area.bottom()),
+            });
+        }
     }
     match layout.direction {
         Direction::Horizontal => {
@@ -297,14 +310,16 @@ fn split(area: Rect, layout: &Layout) -> Vec<Rect> {
         }
     }
 
-    // Fix imprecision by extending the last item a bit if necessary
-    if let Some(last) = results.last_mut() {
-        match layout.direction {
-            Direction::Vertical => {
-                last.height = dest_area.bottom() - last.y;
-            }
-            Direction::Horizontal => {
-                last.width = dest_area.right() - last.x;
+    if layout.expand_to_fill {
+        // Fix imprecision by extending the last item a bit if necessary
+        if let Some(last) = results.last_mut() {
+            match layout.direction {
+                Direction::Vertical => {
+                    last.height = dest_area.bottom() - last.y;
+                }
+                Direction::Horizontal => {
+                    last.width = dest_area.right() - last.x;
+                }
             }
         }
     }
@@ -348,7 +363,7 @@ impl Element {
 
 /// A simple rectangle used in the computation of the layout and to give widgets an hint about the
 /// area they are supposed to render to.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 pub struct Rect {
     pub x: u16,
     pub y: u16,
@@ -356,17 +371,6 @@ pub struct Rect {
     pub height: u16,
 }
 
-impl Default for Rect {
-    fn default() -> Rect {
-        Rect {
-            x: 0,
-            y: 0,
-            width: 0,
-            height: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl Rect {
     /// Creates a new rect, with width and height limited to keep the area under max u16.
     /// If clipped, aspect ratio will be preserved.
@@ -399,7 +403,7 @@ impl Rect {
     }
 
     pub fn right(self) -> u16 {
-        self.x + self.width
+        self.x.saturating_add(self.width)
     }
 
     pub fn top(self) -> u16 {
@@ -407,7 +411,7 @@ impl Rect {
     }
 
     pub fn bottom(self) -> u16 {
-        self.y + self.height
+        self.y.saturating_add(self.height)
     }
 
     pub fn inner(self, margin: &Margin) -> Rect {
@@ -461,6 +465,31 @@ impl Rect {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_vertical_split_by_height() {
+        let target = Rect {
+            x: 2,
+            y: 2,
+            width: 10,
+            height: 10,
+        };
+
+        let chunks = Layout::default()
+            .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+            .constraints(
+                [
+                    Constraint::Percentage(10),
+                    Constraint::Max(5),
+                    Constraint::Min(1),
+                ]
+                .as_ref(),
+            )
+            .split(target);
+
+        assert_eq!(target.height, chunks.iter().map(|r| r.height).sum::<u16>());
+        chunks.windows(2).for_each(|w| assert!(w[0].y <= w[1].y));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_rect_size_truncation() {
         for width in 256u16..300u16 {

src/lib.rs

@@ -9,18 +9,19 @@
 //!
 //! ```toml
 //! [dependencies]
-//! tui = "0.9"
-//! termion = "1.5"
+//! tui = "0.18"
+//! crossterm = "0.23"
 //! ```
 //!
-//! The crate is using the `termion` backend by default but if for example you want your
-//! application to work on Windows, you might want to use the `crossterm` backend instead. This can
-//! be done by changing your dependencies specification to the following:
+//! The crate is using the `crossterm` backend by default that works on most platforms. But if for
+//! example you want to use the `termion` backend instead. This can be done by changing your
+//! dependencies specification to the following:
 //!
 //! ```toml
 //! [dependencies]
-//! crossterm = "0.17"
-//! tui = { version = "0.9", default-features = false, features = ['crossterm'] }
+//! termion = "1.5"
+//! tui = { version = "0.18", default-features = false, features = ['termion'] }
+//!
 //! ```
 //!
 //! The same logic applies for all other available backends.
@@ -33,29 +34,27 @@
 //!
 //! ```rust,no_run
 //! use std::io;
-//! use tui::Terminal;
-//! use tui::backend::TermionBackend;
-//! use termion::raw::IntoRawMode;
+//! use tui::{backend::CrosstermBackend, Terminal};
 //!
 //! fn main() -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-//!     let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-//!     let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+//!     let stdout = io::stdout();
+//!     let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
 //!     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
 //!     Ok(())
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
-//! If you had previously chosen `crossterm` as a backend, the terminal can be created in a similar
+//! If you had previously chosen `termion` as a backend, the terminal can be created in a similar
 //! way:
 //!
 //! ```rust,ignore
 //! use std::io;
-//! use tui::Terminal;
-//! use tui::backend::CrosstermBackend;
+//! use tui::{backend::TermionBackend, Terminal};
+//! use termion::raw::IntoRawMode;
 //!
 //! fn main() -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-//!     let stdout = io::stdout();
-//!     let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+//!     let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
+//!     let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
 //!     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
 //!     Ok(())
 //! }
@@ -71,30 +70,53 @@
 //! implement your own.
 //!
 //! Each widget follows a builder pattern API providing a default configuration along with methods
-//! to customize them. The widget is then rendered using the [`Frame::render_widget`] which take
-//! your widget instance an area to draw to.
+//! to customize them. The widget is then rendered using [`Frame::render_widget`] which takes
+//! your widget instance and an area to draw to.
 //!
 //! The following example renders a block of the size of the terminal:
 //!
 //! ```rust,no_run
-//! use std::io;
-//! use termion::raw::IntoRawMode;
-//! use tui::Terminal;
-//! use tui::backend::TermionBackend;
-//! use tui::widgets::{Widget, Block, Borders};
-//! use tui::layout::{Layout, Constraint, Direction};
+//! use std::{io, thread, time::Duration};
+//! use tui::{
+//!     backend::CrosstermBackend,
+//!     widgets::{Widget, Block, Borders},
+//!     layout::{Layout, Constraint, Direction},
+//!     Terminal
+//! };
+//! use crossterm::{
+//!     event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+//!     execute,
+//!     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+//! };
 //!
 //! fn main() -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-//!     let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-//!     let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+//!     // setup terminal
+//!     enable_raw_mode()?;
+//!     let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+//!     execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, EnableMouseCapture)?;
+//!     let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
 //!     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-//!     terminal.draw(|mut f| {
+//!
+//!     terminal.draw(|f| {
 //!         let size = f.size();
 //!         let block = Block::default()
 //!             .title("Block")
 //!             .borders(Borders::ALL);
 //!         f.render_widget(block, size);
-//!     })
+//!     })?;
+//!
+//!     thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5000));
+//!
+//!     // restore terminal
+//!     disable_raw_mode()?;
+//!     execute!(
+//!         terminal.backend_mut(),
+//!         LeaveAlternateScreen,
+//!         DisableMouseCapture
+//!     )?;
+//!     terminal.show_cursor()?;
+//!
+//!     Ok(())
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
@@ -105,38 +127,32 @@
 //! full customization. And `Layout` is no exception:
 //!
 //! ```rust,no_run
-//! use std::io;
-//! use termion::raw::IntoRawMode;
-//! use tui::Terminal;
-//! use tui::backend::TermionBackend;
-//! use tui::widgets::{Widget, Block, Borders};
-//! use tui::layout::{Layout, Constraint, Direction};
-//!
-//! fn main() -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-//!     let stdout = io::stdout().into_raw_mode()?;
-//!     let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
-//!     let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-//!     terminal.draw(|mut f| {
-//!         let chunks = Layout::default()
-//!             .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-//!             .margin(1)
-//!             .constraints(
-//!                 [
-//!                     Constraint::Percentage(10),
-//!                     Constraint::Percentage(80),
-//!                     Constraint::Percentage(10)
-//!                 ].as_ref()
-//!             )
-//!             .split(f.size());
-//!         let block = Block::default()
-//!              .title("Block")
-//!              .borders(Borders::ALL);
-//!         f.render_widget(block, chunks[0]);
-//!         let block = Block::default()
-//!              .title("Block 2")
-//!              .borders(Borders::ALL);
-//!         f.render_widget(block, chunks[1]);
-//!     })
+//! use tui::{
+//!     backend::Backend,
+//!     layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout},
+//!     widgets::{Block, Borders},
+//!     Frame,
+//! };
+//! fn ui<B: Backend>(f: &mut Frame<B>) {
+//!    let chunks = Layout::default()
+//!         .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+//!         .margin(1)
+//!         .constraints(
+//!             [
+//!                 Constraint::Percentage(10),
+//!                 Constraint::Percentage(80),
+//!                 Constraint::Percentage(10)
+//!             ].as_ref()
+//!         )
+//!         .split(f.size());
+//!     let block = Block::default()
+//!          .title("Block")
+//!          .borders(Borders::ALL);
+//!     f.render_widget(block, chunks[0]);
+//!     let block = Block::default()
+//!          .title("Block 2")
+//!          .borders(Borders::ALL);
+//!     f.render_widget(block, chunks[1]);
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
@@ -151,6 +167,7 @@ pub mod layout;
 pub mod style;
 pub mod symbols;
 pub mod terminal;
+pub mod text;
 pub mod widgets;
 
-pub use self::terminal::{Frame, Terminal};
+pub use self::terminal::{Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport};

src/style.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+//! `style` contains the primitives used to control how your user interface will look.
+
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub enum Color {
     Reset,
     Black,
@@ -23,35 +26,19 @@ pub enum Color {
     Indexed(u8),
 }
 
-impl Color {
-    /// Returns a short code associated with the color, used for debug purpose
-    /// only
-    pub(crate) fn code(self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            Color::Reset => "X",
-            Color::Black => "b",
-            Color::Red => "r",
-            Color::Green => "c",
-            Color::Yellow => "y",
-            Color::Blue => "b",
-            Color::Magenta => "m",
-            Color::Cyan => "c",
-            Color::Gray => "w",
-            Color::DarkGray => "B",
-            Color::LightRed => "R",
-            Color::LightGreen => "G",
-            Color::LightYellow => "Y",
-            Color::LightBlue => "B",
-            Color::LightMagenta => "M",
-            Color::LightCyan => "C",
-            Color::White => "W",
-            Color::Indexed(_) => "i",
-            Color::Rgb(_, _, _) => "o",
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 bitflags! {
+    /// Modifier changes the way a piece of text is displayed.
+    ///
+    /// They are bitflags so they can easily be composed.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use tui::style::Modifier;
+    ///
+    /// let m = Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC;
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
     pub struct Modifier: u16 {
         const BOLD              = 0b0000_0000_0001;
         const DIM               = 0b0000_0000_0010;
@@ -65,83 +52,230 @@ bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
-impl Modifier {
-    /// Returns a short code associated with the color, used for debug purpose
-    /// only
-    pub(crate) fn code(self) -> String {
-        use std::fmt::Write;
-
-        let mut result = String::new();
-
-        if self.contains(Modifier::BOLD) {
-            write!(result, "BO").unwrap();
-        }
-        if self.contains(Modifier::DIM) {
-            write!(result, "DI").unwrap();
-        }
-        if self.contains(Modifier::ITALIC) {
-            write!(result, "IT").unwrap();
-        }
-        if self.contains(Modifier::UNDERLINED) {
-            write!(result, "UN").unwrap();
-        }
-        if self.contains(Modifier::SLOW_BLINK) {
-            write!(result, "SL").unwrap();
-        }
-        if self.contains(Modifier::RAPID_BLINK) {
-            write!(result, "RA").unwrap();
-        }
-        if self.contains(Modifier::REVERSED) {
-            write!(result, "RE").unwrap();
-        }
-        if self.contains(Modifier::HIDDEN) {
-            write!(result, "HI").unwrap();
-        }
-        if self.contains(Modifier::CROSSED_OUT) {
-            write!(result, "CR").unwrap();
-        }
-
-        result
-    }
-}
-
+/// Style let you control the main characteristics of the displayed elements.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+/// Style::default()
+///     .fg(Color::Black)
+///     .bg(Color::Green)
+///     .add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD);
+/// ```
+///
+/// It represents an incremental change. If you apply the styles S1, S2, S3 to a cell of the
+/// terminal buffer, the style of this cell will be the result of the merge of S1, S2 and S3, not
+/// just S3.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+/// # use tui::buffer::Buffer;
+/// # use tui::layout::Rect;
+/// let styles = [
+///     Style::default().fg(Color::Blue).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC),
+///     Style::default().bg(Color::Red),
+///     Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow).remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+/// ];
+/// let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1));
+/// for style in &styles {
+///   buffer.get_mut(0, 0).set_style(*style);
+/// }
+/// assert_eq!(
+///     Style {
+///         fg: Some(Color::Yellow),
+///         bg: Some(Color::Red),
+///         add_modifier: Modifier::BOLD,
+///         sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+///     },
+///     buffer.get(0, 0).style(),
+/// );
+/// ```
+///
+/// The default implementation returns a `Style` that does not modify anything. If you wish to
+/// reset all properties until that point use [`Style::reset`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+/// # use tui::buffer::Buffer;
+/// # use tui::layout::Rect;
+/// let styles = [
+///     Style::default().fg(Color::Blue).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC),
+///     Style::reset().fg(Color::Yellow),
+/// ];
+/// let mut buffer = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1));
+/// for style in &styles {
+///   buffer.get_mut(0, 0).set_style(*style);
+/// }
+/// assert_eq!(
+///     Style {
+///         fg: Some(Color::Yellow),
+///         bg: Some(Color::Reset),
+///         add_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+///         sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+///     },
+///     buffer.get(0, 0).style(),
+/// );
+/// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub struct Style {
-    pub fg: Color,
-    pub bg: Color,
-    pub modifier: Modifier,
+    pub fg: Option<Color>,
+    pub bg: Option<Color>,
+    pub add_modifier: Modifier,
+    pub sub_modifier: Modifier,
 }
 
 impl Default for Style {
     fn default() -> Style {
-        Style::new()
+        Style {
+            fg: None,
+            bg: None,
+            add_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+            sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+        }
     }
 }
 
 impl Style {
-    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+    /// Returns a `Style` resetting all properties.
+    pub fn reset() -> Style {
         Style {
-            fg: Color::Reset,
-            bg: Color::Reset,
-            modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+            fg: Some(Color::Reset),
+            bg: Some(Color::Reset),
+            add_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+            sub_modifier: Modifier::all(),
         }
     }
-    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
-        self.fg = Color::Reset;
-        self.bg = Color::Reset;
-        self.modifier = Modifier::empty();
+
+    /// Changes the foreground color.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Style};
+    /// let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Blue);
+    /// let diff = Style::default().fg(Color::Red);
+    /// assert_eq!(style.patch(diff), Style::default().fg(Color::Red));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn fg(mut self, color: Color) -> Style {
+        self.fg = Some(color);
+        self
     }
 
-    pub const fn fg(mut self, color: Color) -> Style {
-        self.fg = color;
+    /// Changes the background color.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Style};
+    /// let style = Style::default().bg(Color::Blue);
+    /// let diff = Style::default().bg(Color::Red);
+    /// assert_eq!(style.patch(diff), Style::default().bg(Color::Red));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn bg(mut self, color: Color) -> Style {
+        self.bg = Some(color);
         self
     }
-    pub const fn bg(mut self, color: Color) -> Style {
-        self.bg = color;
+
+    /// Changes the text emphasis.
+    ///
+    /// When applied, it adds the given modifier to the `Style` modifiers.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    /// let style = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD);
+    /// let diff = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
+    /// let patched = style.patch(diff);
+    /// assert_eq!(patched.add_modifier, Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC);
+    /// assert_eq!(patched.sub_modifier, Modifier::empty());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn add_modifier(mut self, modifier: Modifier) -> Style {
+        self.sub_modifier.remove(modifier);
+        self.add_modifier.insert(modifier);
         self
     }
-    pub const fn modifier(mut self, modifier: Modifier) -> Style {
-        self.modifier = modifier;
+
+    /// Changes the text emphasis.
+    ///
+    /// When applied, it removes the given modifier from the `Style` modifiers.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    /// let style = Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD | Modifier::ITALIC);
+    /// let diff = Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
+    /// let patched = style.patch(diff);
+    /// assert_eq!(patched.add_modifier, Modifier::BOLD);
+    /// assert_eq!(patched.sub_modifier, Modifier::ITALIC);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn remove_modifier(mut self, modifier: Modifier) -> Style {
+        self.add_modifier.remove(modifier);
+        self.sub_modifier.insert(modifier);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Results in a combined style that is equivalent to applying the two individual styles to
+    /// a style one after the other.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    /// ```
+    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    /// let style_1 = Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow);
+    /// let style_2 = Style::default().bg(Color::Red);
+    /// let combined = style_1.patch(style_2);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     Style::default().patch(style_1).patch(style_2),
+    ///     Style::default().patch(combined));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn patch(mut self, other: Style) -> Style {
+        self.fg = other.fg.or(self.fg);
+        self.bg = other.bg.or(self.bg);
+
+        self.add_modifier.remove(other.sub_modifier);
+        self.add_modifier.insert(other.add_modifier);
+        self.sub_modifier.remove(other.add_modifier);
+        self.sub_modifier.insert(other.sub_modifier);
+
         self
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn styles() -> Vec<Style> {
+        vec![
+            Style::default(),
+            Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow),
+            Style::default().bg(Color::Yellow),
+            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+            Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+            Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC),
+            Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
+            Style::default().remove_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC | Modifier::BOLD),
+        ]
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn combined_patch_gives_same_result_as_individual_patch() {
+        let styles = styles();
+        for &a in &styles {
+            for &b in &styles {
+                for &c in &styles {
+                    for &d in &styles {
+                        let combined = a.patch(b.patch(c.patch(d)));
+
+                        assert_eq!(
+                            Style::default().patch(a).patch(b).patch(c).patch(d),
+                            Style::default().patch(combined)
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/symbols.rs

@@ -224,8 +224,10 @@ pub mod braille {
 /// Marker to use when plotting data points
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum Marker {
-    /// One point per cell
+    /// One point per cell in shape of dot
     Dot,
+    /// One point per cell in shape of a block
+    Block,
     /// Up to 8 points per cell
     Braille,
 }

src/terminal.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,41 @@
+use crate::{
+    backend::Backend,
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    widgets::{StatefulWidget, Widget},
+};
 use std::io;
 
-use crate::backend::Backend;
-use crate::buffer::Buffer;
-use crate::layout::Rect;
-use crate::widgets::{StatefulWidget, Widget};
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+/// UNSTABLE
+enum ResizeBehavior {
+    Fixed,
+    Auto,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+/// UNSTABLE
+pub struct Viewport {
+    area: Rect,
+    resize_behavior: ResizeBehavior,
+}
+
+impl Viewport {
+    /// UNSTABLE
+    pub fn fixed(area: Rect) -> Viewport {
+        Viewport {
+            area,
+            resize_behavior: ResizeBehavior::Fixed,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+/// Options to pass to [`Terminal::with_options`]
+pub struct TerminalOptions {
+    /// Viewport used to draw to the terminal
+    pub viewport: Viewport,
+}
 
 /// Interface to the terminal backed by Termion
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -19,8 +51,8 @@ where
     current: usize,
     /// Whether the cursor is currently hidden
     hidden_cursor: bool,
-    /// Terminal size used for rendering.
-    known_size: Rect,
+    /// Viewport
+    viewport: Viewport,
 }
 
 /// Represents a consistent terminal interface for rendering.
@@ -29,6 +61,12 @@ where
     B: Backend,
 {
     terminal: &'a mut Terminal<B>,
+
+    /// Where should the cursor be after drawing this frame?
+    ///
+    /// If `None`, the cursor is hidden and its position is controlled by the backend. If `Some((x,
+    /// y))`, the cursor is shown and placed at `(x, y)` after the call to `Terminal::draw()`.
+    cursor_position: Option<(u16, u16)>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, B> Frame<'a, B>
@@ -37,21 +75,19 @@ where
 {
     /// Terminal size, guaranteed not to change when rendering.
     pub fn size(&self) -> Rect {
-        self.terminal.known_size
+        self.terminal.viewport.area
     }
 
     /// Render a [`Widget`] to the current buffer using [`Widget::render`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// # use std::io;
+    /// ```rust
     /// # use tui::Terminal;
-    /// # use tui::backend::TermionBackend;
+    /// # use tui::backend::TestBackend;
     /// # use tui::layout::Rect;
     /// # use tui::widgets::Block;
-    /// # let stdout = io::stdout();
-    /// # let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    /// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
     /// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
     /// let block = Block::default();
     /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5);
@@ -72,19 +108,20 @@ where
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
-    /// ```rust,no_run
-    /// # use std::io;
+    /// ```rust
     /// # use tui::Terminal;
-    /// # use tui::backend::TermionBackend;
+    /// # use tui::backend::TestBackend;
     /// # use tui::layout::Rect;
-    /// # use tui::widgets::{List, ListState, Text};
-    /// # let stdout = io::stdout();
-    /// # let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
+    /// # use tui::widgets::{List, ListItem, ListState};
+    /// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
     /// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
     /// let mut state = ListState::default();
     /// state.select(Some(1));
-    /// let items = vec![Text::raw("Item 1"), Text::raw("Item 2")];
-    /// let list = List::new(items.into_iter());
+    /// let items = vec![
+    ///     ListItem::new("Item 1"),
+    ///     ListItem::new("Item 2"),
+    /// ];
+    /// let list = List::new(items);
     /// let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 5);
     /// let mut frame = terminal.get_frame();
     /// frame.render_stateful_widget(list, area, &mut state);
@@ -95,6 +132,24 @@ where
     {
         widget.render(area, self.terminal.current_buffer_mut(), state);
     }
+
+    /// After drawing this frame, make the cursor visible and put it at the specified (x, y)
+    /// coordinates. If this method is not called, the cursor will be hidden.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this will interfere with calls to `Terminal::hide_cursor()`,
+    /// `Terminal::show_cursor()`, and `Terminal::set_cursor()`. Pick one of the APIs and stick
+    /// with it.
+    pub fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) {
+        self.cursor_position = Some((x, y));
+    }
+}
+
+/// CompletedFrame represents the state of the terminal after all changes performed in the last
+/// [`Terminal::draw`] call have been applied. Therefore, it is only valid until the next call to
+/// [`Terminal::draw`].
+pub struct CompletedFrame<'a> {
+    pub buffer: &'a Buffer,
+    pub area: Rect,
 }
 
 impl<B> Drop for Terminal<B>
@@ -115,22 +170,41 @@ impl<B> Terminal<B>
 where
     B: Backend,
 {
-    /// Wrapper around Termion initialization. Each buffer is initialized with a blank string and
+    /// Wrapper around Terminal initialization. Each buffer is initialized with a blank string and
     /// default colors for the foreground and the background
     pub fn new(backend: B) -> io::Result<Terminal<B>> {
         let size = backend.size()?;
+        Terminal::with_options(
+            backend,
+            TerminalOptions {
+                viewport: Viewport {
+                    area: size,
+                    resize_behavior: ResizeBehavior::Auto,
+                },
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// UNSTABLE
+    pub fn with_options(backend: B, options: TerminalOptions) -> io::Result<Terminal<B>> {
         Ok(Terminal {
             backend,
-            buffers: [Buffer::empty(size), Buffer::empty(size)],
+            buffers: [
+                Buffer::empty(options.viewport.area),
+                Buffer::empty(options.viewport.area),
+            ],
             current: 0,
             hidden_cursor: false,
-            known_size: size,
+            viewport: options.viewport,
         })
     }
 
     /// Get a Frame object which provides a consistent view into the terminal state for rendering.
     pub fn get_frame(&mut self) -> Frame<B> {
-        Frame { terminal: self }
+        Frame {
+            terminal: self,
+            cursor_position: None,
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn current_buffer_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Buffer {
@@ -159,43 +233,60 @@ where
     /// This leads to a full clear of the screen.
     pub fn resize(&mut self, area: Rect) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.buffers[self.current].resize(area);
-        self.buffers[1 - self.current].reset();
         self.buffers[1 - self.current].resize(area);
-        self.known_size = area;
-        self.backend.clear()
+        self.viewport.area = area;
+        self.clear()
     }
 
     /// Queries the backend for size and resizes if it doesn't match the previous size.
     pub fn autoresize(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        let size = self.size()?;
-        if self.known_size != size {
-            self.resize(size)?;
-        }
+        if self.viewport.resize_behavior == ResizeBehavior::Auto {
+            let size = self.size()?;
+            if size != self.viewport.area {
+                self.resize(size)?;
+            }
+        };
         Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Synchronizes terminal size, calls the rendering closure, flushes the current internal state
     /// and prepares for the next draw call.
-    pub fn draw<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> io::Result<()>
+    pub fn draw<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> io::Result<CompletedFrame>
     where
-        F: FnOnce(Frame<B>),
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Frame<B>),
     {
         // Autoresize - otherwise we get glitches if shrinking or potential desync between widgets
         // and the terminal (if growing), which may OOB.
         self.autoresize()?;
 
-        f(self.get_frame());
+        let mut frame = self.get_frame();
+        f(&mut frame);
+        // We can't change the cursor position right away because we have to flush the frame to
+        // stdout first. But we also can't keep the frame around, since it holds a &mut to
+        // Terminal. Thus, we're taking the important data out of the Frame and dropping it.
+        let cursor_position = frame.cursor_position;
 
         // Draw to stdout
         self.flush()?;
 
+        match cursor_position {
+            None => self.hide_cursor()?,
+            Some((x, y)) => {
+                self.show_cursor()?;
+                self.set_cursor(x, y)?;
+            }
+        }
+
         // Swap buffers
         self.buffers[1 - self.current].reset();
         self.current = 1 - self.current;
 
         // Flush
         self.backend.flush()?;
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(CompletedFrame {
+            buffer: &self.buffers[1 - self.current],
+            area: self.viewport.area,
+        })
     }
 
     pub fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
@@ -203,20 +294,29 @@ where
         self.hidden_cursor = true;
         Ok(())
     }
+
     pub fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.backend.show_cursor()?;
         self.hidden_cursor = false;
         Ok(())
     }
+
     pub fn get_cursor(&mut self) -> io::Result<(u16, u16)> {
         self.backend.get_cursor()
     }
+
     pub fn set_cursor(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.backend.set_cursor(x, y)
     }
+
+    /// Clear the terminal and force a full redraw on the next draw call.
     pub fn clear(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.backend.clear()
+        self.backend.clear()?;
+        // Reset the back buffer to make sure the next update will redraw everything.
+        self.buffers[1 - self.current].reset();
+        Ok(())
     }
+
     /// Queries the real size of the backend.
     pub fn size(&self) -> io::Result<Rect> {
         self.backend.size()

src/text.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+//! Primitives for styled text.
+//!
+//! A terminal UI is at its root a lot of strings. In order to make it accessible and stylish,
+//! those strings may be associated to a set of styles. `tui` has three ways to represent them:
+//! - A single line string where all graphemes have the same style is represented by a [`Span`].
+//! - A single line string where each grapheme may have its own style is represented by [`Spans`].
+//! - A multiple line string where each grapheme may have its own style is represented by a
+//! [`Text`].
+//!
+//! These types form a hierarchy: [`Spans`] is a collection of [`Span`] and each line of [`Text`]
+//! is a [`Spans`].
+//!
+//! Keep it mind that a lot of widgets will use those types to advertise what kind of string is
+//! supported for their properties. Moreover, `tui` provides convenient `From` implementations so
+//! that you can start by using simple `String` or `&str` and then promote them to the previous
+//! primitives when you need additional styling capabilities.
+//!
+//! For example, for the [`crate::widgets::Block`] widget, all the following calls are valid to set
+//! its `title` property (which is a [`Spans`] under the hood):
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # use tui::widgets::Block;
+//! # use tui::text::{Span, Spans};
+//! # use tui::style::{Color, Style};
+//! // A simple string with no styling.
+//! // Converted to Spans(vec![
+//! //   Span { content: Cow::Borrowed("My title"), style: Style { .. } }
+//! // ])
+//! let block = Block::default().title("My title");
+//!
+//! // A simple string with a unique style.
+//! // Converted to Spans(vec![
+//! //   Span { content: Cow::Borrowed("My title"), style: Style { fg: Some(Color::Yellow), .. }
+//! // ])
+//! let block = Block::default().title(
+//!     Span::styled("My title", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+//! );
+//!
+//! // A string with multiple styles.
+//! // Converted to Spans(vec![
+//! //   Span { content: Cow::Borrowed("My"), style: Style { fg: Some(Color::Yellow), .. } },
+//! //   Span { content: Cow::Borrowed(" title"), .. }
+//! // ])
+//! let block = Block::default().title(vec![
+//!     Span::styled("My", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)),
+//!     Span::raw(" title"),
+//! ]);
+//! ```
+use crate::style::Style;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
+use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
+
+/// A grapheme associated to a style.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct StyledGrapheme<'a> {
+    pub symbol: &'a str,
+    pub style: Style,
+}
+
+/// A string where all graphemes have the same style.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Span<'a> {
+    pub content: Cow<'a, str>,
+    pub style: Style,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Span<'a> {
+    /// Create a span with no style.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use tui::text::Span;
+    /// Span::raw("My text");
+    /// Span::raw(String::from("My text"));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn raw<T>(content: T) -> Span<'a>
+    where
+        T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
+    {
+        Span {
+            content: content.into(),
+            style: Style::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a span with a style.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use tui::text::Span;
+    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    /// let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow).add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
+    /// Span::styled("My text", style);
+    /// Span::styled(String::from("My text"), style);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn styled<T>(content: T, style: Style) -> Span<'a>
+    where
+        T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
+    {
+        Span {
+            content: content.into(),
+            style,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the width of the content held by this span.
+    pub fn width(&self) -> usize {
+        self.content.width()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over the graphemes held by this span.
+    ///
+    /// `base_style` is the [`Style`] that will be patched with each grapheme [`Style`] to get
+    /// the resulting [`Style`].
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use tui::text::{Span, StyledGrapheme};
+    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    /// # use std::iter::Iterator;
+    /// let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow);
+    /// let span = Span::styled("Text", style);
+    /// let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Green).bg(Color::Black);
+    /// let styled_graphemes = span.styled_graphemes(style);
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     vec![
+    ///         StyledGrapheme {
+    ///             symbol: "T",
+    ///             style: Style {
+    ///                 fg: Some(Color::Yellow),
+    ///                 bg: Some(Color::Black),
+    ///                 add_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+    ///                 sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+    ///             },
+    ///         },
+    ///         StyledGrapheme {
+    ///             symbol: "e",
+    ///             style: Style {
+    ///                 fg: Some(Color::Yellow),
+    ///                 bg: Some(Color::Black),
+    ///                 add_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+    ///                 sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+    ///             },
+    ///         },
+    ///         StyledGrapheme {
+    ///             symbol: "x",
+    ///             style: Style {
+    ///                 fg: Some(Color::Yellow),
+    ///                 bg: Some(Color::Black),
+    ///                 add_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+    ///                 sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+    ///             },
+    ///         },
+    ///         StyledGrapheme {
+    ///             symbol: "t",
+    ///             style: Style {
+    ///                 fg: Some(Color::Yellow),
+    ///                 bg: Some(Color::Black),
+    ///                 add_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+    ///                 sub_modifier: Modifier::empty(),
+    ///             },
+    ///         },
+    ///     ],
+    ///     styled_graphemes.collect::<Vec<StyledGrapheme>>()
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    pub fn styled_graphemes(
+        &'a self,
+        base_style: Style,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = StyledGrapheme<'a>> {
+        UnicodeSegmentation::graphemes(self.content.as_ref(), true)
+            .map(move |g| StyledGrapheme {
+                symbol: g,
+                style: base_style.patch(self.style),
+            })
+            .filter(|s| s.symbol != "\n")
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<String> for Span<'a> {
+    fn from(s: String) -> Span<'a> {
+        Span::raw(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a str> for Span<'a> {
+    fn from(s: &'a str) -> Span<'a> {
+        Span::raw(s)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A string composed of clusters of graphemes, each with their own style.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default)]
+pub struct Spans<'a>(pub Vec<Span<'a>>);
+
+impl<'a> Spans<'a> {
+    /// Returns the width of the underlying string.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use tui::text::{Span, Spans};
+    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Style};
+    /// let spans = Spans::from(vec![
+    ///     Span::styled("My", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)),
+    ///     Span::raw(" text"),
+    /// ]);
+    /// assert_eq!(7, spans.width());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn width(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.iter().map(Span::width).sum()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<String> for Spans<'a> {
+    fn from(s: String) -> Spans<'a> {
+        Spans(vec![Span::from(s)])
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a str> for Spans<'a> {
+    fn from(s: &'a str) -> Spans<'a> {
+        Spans(vec![Span::from(s)])
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<Vec<Span<'a>>> for Spans<'a> {
+    fn from(spans: Vec<Span<'a>>) -> Spans<'a> {
+        Spans(spans)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<Span<'a>> for Spans<'a> {
+    fn from(span: Span<'a>) -> Spans<'a> {
+        Spans(vec![span])
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<Spans<'a>> for String {
+    fn from(line: Spans<'a>) -> String {
+        line.0.iter().fold(String::new(), |mut acc, s| {
+            acc.push_str(s.content.as_ref());
+            acc
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// A string split over multiple lines where each line is composed of several clusters, each with
+/// their own style.
+///
+/// A [`Text`], like a [`Span`], can be constructed using one of the many `From` implementations
+/// or via the [`Text::raw`] and [`Text::styled`] methods. Helpfully, [`Text`] also implements
+/// [`core::iter::Extend`] which enables the concatenation of several [`Text`] blocks.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use tui::text::Text;
+/// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+/// let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow).add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
+///
+/// // An initial two lines of `Text` built from a `&str`
+/// let mut text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
+/// assert_eq!(2, text.height());
+///
+/// // Adding two more unstyled lines
+/// text.extend(Text::raw("These are two\nmore lines!"));
+/// assert_eq!(4, text.height());
+///
+/// // Adding a final two styled lines
+/// text.extend(Text::styled("Some more lines\nnow with more style!", style));
+/// assert_eq!(6, text.height());
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default)]
+pub struct Text<'a> {
+    pub lines: Vec<Spans<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Text<'a> {
+    /// Create some text (potentially multiple lines) with no style.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use tui::text::Text;
+    /// Text::raw("The first line\nThe second line");
+    /// Text::raw(String::from("The first line\nThe second line"));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn raw<T>(content: T) -> Text<'a>
+    where
+        T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
+    {
+        Text {
+            lines: match content.into() {
+                Cow::Borrowed(s) => s.lines().map(Spans::from).collect(),
+                Cow::Owned(s) => s.lines().map(|l| Spans::from(l.to_owned())).collect(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create some text (potentially multiple lines) with a style.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use tui::text::Text;
+    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    /// let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow).add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
+    /// Text::styled("The first line\nThe second line", style);
+    /// Text::styled(String::from("The first line\nThe second line"), style);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn styled<T>(content: T, style: Style) -> Text<'a>
+    where
+        T: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
+    {
+        let mut text = Text::raw(content);
+        text.patch_style(style);
+        text
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the max width of all the lines.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use tui::text::Text;
+    /// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
+    /// assert_eq!(15, text.width());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn width(&self) -> usize {
+        self.lines
+            .iter()
+            .map(Spans::width)
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the height.
+    ///
+    /// ## Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use tui::text::Text;
+    /// let text = Text::from("The first line\nThe second line");
+    /// assert_eq!(2, text.height());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn height(&self) -> usize {
+        self.lines.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Apply a new style to existing text.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use tui::text::Text;
+    /// # use tui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+    /// let style = Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow).add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC);
+    /// let mut raw_text = Text::raw("The first line\nThe second line");
+    /// let styled_text = Text::styled(String::from("The first line\nThe second line"), style);
+    /// assert_ne!(raw_text, styled_text);
+    ///
+    /// raw_text.patch_style(style);
+    /// assert_eq!(raw_text, styled_text);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn patch_style(&mut self, style: Style) {
+        for line in &mut self.lines {
+            for span in &mut line.0 {
+                span.style = span.style.patch(style);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<String> for Text<'a> {
+    fn from(s: String) -> Text<'a> {
+        Text::raw(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a str> for Text<'a> {
+    fn from(s: &'a str) -> Text<'a> {
+        Text::raw(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for Text<'a> {
+    fn from(s: Cow<'a, str>) -> Text<'a> {
+        Text::raw(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<Span<'a>> for Text<'a> {
+    fn from(span: Span<'a>) -> Text<'a> {
+        Text {
+            lines: vec![Spans::from(span)],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<Spans<'a>> for Text<'a> {
+    fn from(spans: Spans<'a>) -> Text<'a> {
+        Text { lines: vec![spans] }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<Vec<Spans<'a>>> for Text<'a> {
+    fn from(lines: Vec<Spans<'a>>) -> Text<'a> {
+        Text { lines }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> IntoIterator for Text<'a> {
+    type Item = Spans<'a>;
+    type IntoIter = std::vec::IntoIter<Self::Item>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.lines.into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Extend<Spans<'a>> for Text<'a> {
+    fn extend<T: IntoIterator<Item = Spans<'a>>>(&mut self, iter: T) {
+        self.lines.extend(iter);
+    }
+}

src/widgets/barchart.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::{
     symbols,
     widgets::{Block, Widget},
 };
-use std::cmp::{max, min};
+use std::cmp::min;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 /// Display multiple bars in a single widgets
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 ///     .block(Block::default().title("BarChart").borders(Borders::ALL))
 ///     .bar_width(3)
 ///     .bar_gap(1)
-///     .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow).bg(Color::Red))
-///     .value_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red).modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
+///     .bar_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow).bg(Color::Red))
+///     .value_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
 ///     .label_style(Style::default().fg(Color::White))
 ///     .data(&[("B0", 0), ("B1", 2), ("B2", 4), ("B3", 3)])
 ///     .max(4);
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ pub struct BarChart<'a> {
     bar_gap: u16,
     /// Set of symbols used to display the data
     bar_set: symbols::bar::Set,
+    /// Style of the bars
+    bar_style: Style,
     /// Style of the values printed at the bottom of each bar
     value_style: Style,
     /// Style of the labels printed under each bar
@@ -57,6 +59,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for BarChart<'a> {
             max: None,
             data: &[],
             values: Vec::new(),
+            bar_style: Style::default(),
             bar_width: 1,
             bar_gap: 1,
             bar_set: symbols::bar::NINE_LEVELS,
@@ -87,6 +90,11 @@ impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
         self
     }
 
+    pub fn bar_style(mut self, style: Style) -> BarChart<'a> {
+        self.bar_style = style;
+        self
+    }
+
     pub fn bar_width(mut self, width: u16) -> BarChart<'a> {
         self.bar_width = width;
         self
@@ -120,10 +128,13 @@ impl<'a> BarChart<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> Widget for BarChart<'a> {
     fn render(mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let chart_area = match self.block {
-            Some(ref mut b) => {
+        buf.set_style(area, self.style);
+
+        let chart_area = match self.block.take() {
+            Some(b) => {
+                let inner_area = b.inner(area);
                 b.render(area, buf);
-                b.inner(area)
+                inner_area
             }
             None => area,
         };
@@ -132,11 +143,9 @@ impl<'a> Widget for BarChart<'a> {
             return;
         }
 
-        buf.set_background(chart_area, self.style.bg);
-
         let max = self
             .max
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.data.iter().fold(0, |acc, &(_, v)| max(v, acc)));
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.data.iter().map(|t| t.1).max().unwrap_or_default());
         let max_index = min(
             (chart_area.width / (self.bar_width + self.bar_gap)) as usize,
             self.data.len(),
@@ -148,7 +157,7 @@ impl<'a> Widget for BarChart<'a> {
             .map(|&(l, v)| {
                 (
                     l,
-                    v * u64::from(chart_area.height) * 8 / std::cmp::max(max, 1),
+                    v * u64::from(chart_area.height - 1) * 8 / std::cmp::max(max, 1),
                 )
             })
             .collect::<Vec<(&str, u64)>>();
@@ -172,7 +181,7 @@ impl<'a> Widget for BarChart<'a> {
                         chart_area.top() + j,
                     )
                     .set_symbol(symbol)
-                    .set_style(self.style);
+                    .set_style(self.bar_style);
                 }
 
                 if d.1 > 8 {

src/widgets/block.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
-use crate::buffer::Buffer;
-use crate::layout::Rect;
-use crate::style::Style;
-use crate::symbols::line;
-use crate::widgets::{Borders, Widget};
+use crate::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
+    style::Style,
+    symbols::line,
+    text::{Span, Spans},
+    widgets::{Borders, Widget},
+};
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub enum BorderType {
     Plain,
     Rounded,
@@ -33,18 +36,18 @@ impl BorderType {
 /// # use tui::style::{Style, Color};
 /// Block::default()
 ///     .title("Block")
-///     .title_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red))
 ///     .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT)
 ///     .border_style(Style::default().fg(Color::White))
 ///     .border_type(BorderType::Rounded)
 ///     .style(Style::default().bg(Color::Black));
 /// ```
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Block<'a> {
     /// Optional title place on the upper left of the block
-    title: Option<&'a str>,
-    /// Title style
-    title_style: Style,
+    title: Option<Spans<'a>>,
+    /// Title alignment. The default is top left of the block, but one can choose to place
+    /// title in the top middle, or top right of the block
+    title_alignment: Alignment,
     /// Visible borders
     borders: Borders,
     /// Border style
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ impl<'a> Default for Block<'a> {
     fn default() -> Block<'a> {
         Block {
             title: None,
-            title_style: Default::default(),
+            title_alignment: Alignment::Left,
             borders: Borders::NONE,
             border_style: Default::default(),
             border_type: BorderType::Plain,
@@ -70,13 +73,28 @@ impl<'a> Default for Block<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> Block<'a> {
-    pub fn title(mut self, title: &'a str) -> Block<'a> {
-        self.title = Some(title);
+    pub fn title<T>(mut self, title: T) -> Block<'a>
+    where
+        T: Into<Spans<'a>>,
+    {
+        self.title = Some(title.into());
         self
     }
 
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "0.10.0",
+        note = "You should use styling capabilities of `text::Spans` given as argument of the `title` method to apply styling to the title."
+    )]
     pub fn title_style(mut self, style: Style) -> Block<'a> {
-        self.title_style = style;
+        if let Some(t) = self.title {
+            let title = String::from(t);
+            self.title = Some(Spans::from(Span::styled(title, style)));
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn title_alignment(mut self, alignment: Alignment) -> Block<'a> {
+        self.title_alignment = alignment;
         self
     }
 
@@ -102,23 +120,20 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
 
     /// Compute the inner area of a block based on its border visibility rules.
     pub fn inner(&self, area: Rect) -> Rect {
-        if area.width < 2 || area.height < 2 {
-            return Rect::default();
-        }
         let mut inner = area;
         if self.borders.intersects(Borders::LEFT) {
-            inner.x += 1;
-            inner.width -= 1;
+            inner.x = inner.x.saturating_add(1).min(inner.right());
+            inner.width = inner.width.saturating_sub(1);
         }
         if self.borders.intersects(Borders::TOP) || self.title.is_some() {
-            inner.y += 1;
-            inner.height -= 1;
+            inner.y = inner.y.saturating_add(1).min(inner.bottom());
+            inner.height = inner.height.saturating_sub(1);
         }
         if self.borders.intersects(Borders::RIGHT) {
-            inner.width -= 1;
+            inner.width = inner.width.saturating_sub(1);
         }
         if self.borders.intersects(Borders::BOTTOM) {
-            inner.height -= 1;
+            inner.height = inner.height.saturating_sub(1);
         }
         inner
     }
@@ -126,13 +141,12 @@ impl<'a> Block<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> Widget for Block<'a> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        if area.width < 2 || area.height < 2 {
+        if area.area() == 0 {
             return;
         }
-
-        buf.set_background(area, self.style.bg);
-
+        buf.set_style(area, self.style);
         let symbols = BorderType::line_symbols(self.border_type);
+
         // Sides
         if self.borders.intersects(Borders::LEFT) {
             for y in area.top()..area.bottom() {
@@ -166,9 +180,9 @@ impl<'a> Widget for Block<'a> {
         }
 
         // Corners
-        if self.borders.contains(Borders::LEFT | Borders::TOP) {
-            buf.get_mut(area.left(), area.top())
-                .set_symbol(symbols.top_left)
+        if self.borders.contains(Borders::RIGHT | Borders::BOTTOM) {
+            buf.get_mut(area.right() - 1, area.bottom() - 1)
+                .set_symbol(symbols.bottom_right)
                 .set_style(self.border_style);
         }
         if self.borders.contains(Borders::RIGHT | Borders::TOP) {
@@ -181,31 +195,379 @@ impl<'a> Widget for Block<'a> {
                 .set_symbol(symbols.bottom_left)
                 .set_style(self.border_style);
         }
-        if self.borders.contains(Borders::RIGHT | Borders::BOTTOM) {
-            buf.get_mut(area.right() - 1, area.bottom() - 1)
-                .set_symbol(symbols.bottom_right)
+        if self.borders.contains(Borders::LEFT | Borders::TOP) {
+            buf.get_mut(area.left(), area.top())
+                .set_symbol(symbols.top_left)
                 .set_style(self.border_style);
         }
 
+        // Title
         if let Some(title) = self.title {
-            let lx = if self.borders.intersects(Borders::LEFT) {
+            let left_border_dx = if self.borders.intersects(Borders::LEFT) {
                 1
             } else {
                 0
             };
-            let rx = if self.borders.intersects(Borders::RIGHT) {
+
+            let right_border_dx = if self.borders.intersects(Borders::RIGHT) {
                 1
             } else {
                 0
             };
-            let width = area.width - lx - rx;
-            buf.set_stringn(
-                area.left() + lx,
-                area.top(),
-                title,
-                width as usize,
-                self.title_style,
-            );
+
+            let title_area_width = area
+                .width
+                .saturating_sub(left_border_dx)
+                .saturating_sub(right_border_dx);
+
+            let title_dx = match self.title_alignment {
+                Alignment::Left => left_border_dx,
+                Alignment::Center => area.width.saturating_sub(title.width() as u16) / 2,
+                Alignment::Right => area
+                    .width
+                    .saturating_sub(title.width() as u16)
+                    .saturating_sub(right_border_dx),
+            };
+
+            let title_x = area.left() + title_dx;
+            let title_y = area.top();
+
+            buf.set_spans(title_x, title_y, &title, title_area_width);
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::layout::Rect;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn inner_takes_into_account_the_borders() {
+        // No borders
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().inner(Rect::default()),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 0
+            },
+            "no borders, width=0, height=0"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1
+            },
+            "no borders, width=1, height=1"
+        );
+
+        // Left border
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::LEFT).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 1
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 1
+            },
+            "left, width=0"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::LEFT).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 1,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 1
+            },
+            "left, width=1"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::LEFT).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 2,
+                height: 1
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 1,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1
+            },
+            "left, width=2"
+        );
+
+        // Top border
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::TOP).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 0
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 0
+            },
+            "top, height=0"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::TOP).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 1,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 0
+            },
+            "top, height=1"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::TOP).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 2
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 1,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1
+            },
+            "top, height=2"
+        );
+
+        // Right border
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::RIGHT).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 1
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 1
+            },
+            "right, width=0"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::RIGHT).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 1
+            },
+            "right, width=1"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::RIGHT).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 2,
+                height: 1
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1
+            },
+            "right, width=2"
+        );
+
+        // Bottom border
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::BOTTOM).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 0
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 0
+            },
+            "bottom, height=0"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::BOTTOM).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 0
+            },
+            "bottom, height=1"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::BOTTOM).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 2
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1
+            },
+            "bottom, height=2"
+        );
+
+        // All borders
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default()
+                .borders(Borders::ALL)
+                .inner(Rect::default()),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 0
+            },
+            "all borders, width=0, height=0"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 1,
+                y: 1,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 0,
+            },
+            "all borders, width=1, height=1"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 2,
+                height: 2,
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 1,
+                y: 1,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 0,
+            },
+            "all borders, width=2, height=2"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 3,
+                height: 3,
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 1,
+                y: 1,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1,
+            },
+            "all borders, width=3, height=3"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn inner_takes_into_account_the_title() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default().title("Test").inner(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 1,
+            }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 1,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 0,
+            },
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default()
+                .title("Test")
+                .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
+                .inner(Rect {
+                    x: 0,
+                    y: 0,
+                    width: 0,
+                    height: 1,
+                }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 1,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 0,
+            },
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Block::default()
+                .title("Test")
+                .title_alignment(Alignment::Right)
+                .inner(Rect {
+                    x: 0,
+                    y: 0,
+                    width: 0,
+                    height: 1,
+                }),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 1,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 0,
+            },
+        );
+    }
+}

src/widgets/canvas/mod.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use crate::{
     layout::Rect,
     style::{Color, Style},
     symbols,
+    text::Spans,
     widgets::{Block, Widget},
 };
 use std::fmt::Debug;
@@ -26,10 +27,9 @@ pub trait Shape {
 /// Label to draw some text on the canvas
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Label<'a> {
-    pub x: f64,
-    pub y: f64,
-    pub text: &'a str,
-    pub color: Color,
+    x: f64,
+    y: f64,
+    spans: Spans<'a>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -111,26 +111,28 @@ impl Grid for BrailleGrid {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-struct DotGrid {
+struct CharGrid {
     width: u16,
     height: u16,
     cells: Vec<char>,
     colors: Vec<Color>,
+    cell_char: char,
 }
 
-impl DotGrid {
-    fn new(width: u16, height: u16) -> DotGrid {
+impl CharGrid {
+    fn new(width: u16, height: u16, cell_char: char) -> CharGrid {
         let length = usize::from(width * height);
-        DotGrid {
+        CharGrid {
             width,
             height,
             cells: vec![' '; length],
             colors: vec![Color::Reset; length],
+            cell_char,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl Grid for DotGrid {
+impl Grid for CharGrid {
     fn width(&self) -> u16 {
         self.width
     }
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ impl Grid for DotGrid {
     fn paint(&mut self, x: usize, y: usize, color: Color) {
         let index = y * self.width as usize + x;
         if let Some(c) = self.cells.get_mut(index) {
-            *c = '•';
+            *c = self.cell_char;
         }
         if let Some(c) = self.colors.get_mut(index) {
             *c = color;
@@ -206,6 +208,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Painter<'a, 'b> {
         }
         let width = (self.context.x_bounds[1] - self.context.x_bounds[0]).abs();
         let height = (self.context.y_bounds[1] - self.context.y_bounds[0]).abs();
+        if width == 0.0 || height == 0.0 {
+            return None;
+        }
         let x = ((x - left) * self.resolution.0 / width) as usize;
         let y = ((top - y) * self.resolution.1 / height) as usize;
         Some((x, y))
@@ -256,7 +261,8 @@ impl<'a> Context<'a> {
         marker: symbols::Marker,
     ) -> Context<'a> {
         let grid: Box<dyn Grid> = match marker {
-            symbols::Marker::Dot => Box::new(DotGrid::new(width, height)),
+            symbols::Marker::Dot => Box::new(CharGrid::new(width, height, '•')),
+            symbols::Marker::Block => Box::new(CharGrid::new(width, height, '▄')),
             symbols::Marker::Braille => Box::new(BrailleGrid::new(width, height)),
         };
         Context {
@@ -287,8 +293,15 @@ impl<'a> Context<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Print a string on the canvas at the given position
-    pub fn print(&mut self, x: f64, y: f64, text: &'a str, color: Color) {
-        self.labels.push(Label { x, y, text, color });
+    pub fn print<T>(&mut self, x: f64, y: f64, spans: T)
+    where
+        T: Into<Spans<'a>>,
+    {
+        self.labels.push(Label {
+            x,
+            y,
+            spans: spans.into(),
+        });
     }
 
     /// Push the last layer if necessary
@@ -393,8 +406,8 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Change the type of points used to draw the shapes. By default the braille patterns are used
-    /// as they provide a more fine grained result but you might want to use the simple dot instead
-    /// if the targeted terminal does not support those symbols.
+    /// as they provide a more fine grained result but you might want to use the simple dot or
+    /// block instead if the targeted terminal does not support those symbols.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -404,6 +417,8 @@ where
     /// Canvas::default().marker(symbols::Marker::Braille).paint(|ctx| {});
     ///
     /// Canvas::default().marker(symbols::Marker::Dot).paint(|ctx| {});
+    ///
+    /// Canvas::default().marker(symbols::Marker::Block).paint(|ctx| {});
     /// ```
     pub fn marker(mut self, marker: symbols::Marker) -> Canvas<'a, F> {
         self.marker = marker;
@@ -416,14 +431,17 @@ where
     F: Fn(&mut Context),
 {
     fn render(mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let canvas_area = match self.block {
-            Some(ref mut b) => {
+        let canvas_area = match self.block.take() {
+            Some(b) => {
+                let inner_area = b.inner(area);
                 b.render(area, buf);
-                b.inner(area)
+                inner_area
             }
             None => area,
         };
 
+        buf.set_style(canvas_area, Style::default().bg(self.background_color));
+
         let width = canvas_area.width as usize;
 
         let painter = match self.painter {
@@ -455,14 +473,12 @@ where
                     let (x, y) = (i % width, i / width);
                     buf.get_mut(x as u16 + canvas_area.left(), y as u16 + canvas_area.top())
                         .set_char(ch)
-                        .set_fg(color)
-                        .set_bg(self.background_color);
+                        .set_fg(color);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         // Finally draw the labels
-        let style = Style::default().bg(self.background_color);
         let left = self.x_bounds[0];
         let right = self.x_bounds[1];
         let top = self.y_bounds[1];
@@ -481,13 +497,7 @@ where
         {
             let x = ((label.x - left) * resolution.0 / width) as u16 + canvas_area.left();
             let y = ((top - label.y) * resolution.1 / height) as u16 + canvas_area.top();
-            buf.set_stringn(
-                x,
-                y,
-                label.text,
-                (canvas_area.right() - x) as usize,
-                style.fg(label.color),
-            );
+            buf.set_spans(x, y, &label.spans, canvas_area.right() - x);
         }
     }
 }

src/widgets/canvas/world.rs

@@ -6122,6 +6122,7 @@ pub static WORLD_LOW_RESOLUTION: [(f64, f64); 1166] = [
     (120.43, 16.43),
     (121.72, 18.40),
     (125.34, 9.79),
+    #[allow(clippy::approx_constant)]
     (125.56, 6.28),
     (122.38, 7.00),
     (125.10, 9.38),

src/widgets/chart.rs

@@ -1,83 +1,89 @@
+use std::{borrow::Cow, cmp::max};
+
+use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
+
+use crate::layout::Alignment;
 use crate::{
     buffer::Buffer,
     layout::{Constraint, Rect},
-    style::Style,
+    style::{Color, Style},
     symbols,
+    text::{Span, Spans},
     widgets::{
         canvas::{Canvas, Line, Points},
         Block, Borders, Widget,
     },
 };
-use std::{borrow::Cow, cmp::max};
-use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 /// An X or Y axis for the chart widget
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Axis<'a, L>
-where
-    L: AsRef<str> + 'a,
-{
+pub struct Axis<'a> {
     /// Title displayed next to axis end
-    title: Option<&'a str>,
-    /// Style of the title
-    title_style: Style,
+    title: Option<Spans<'a>>,
     /// Bounds for the axis (all data points outside these limits will not be represented)
     bounds: [f64; 2],
     /// A list of labels to put to the left or below the axis
-    labels: Option<&'a [L]>,
-    /// The labels' style
-    labels_style: Style,
+    labels: Option<Vec<Span<'a>>>,
     /// The style used to draw the axis itself
     style: Style,
+    /// The alignment of the labels of the Axis
+    labels_alignment: Alignment,
 }
 
-impl<'a, L> Default for Axis<'a, L>
-where
-    L: AsRef<str>,
-{
-    fn default() -> Axis<'a, L> {
+impl<'a> Default for Axis<'a> {
+    fn default() -> Axis<'a> {
         Axis {
             title: None,
-            title_style: Default::default(),
             bounds: [0.0, 0.0],
             labels: None,
-            labels_style: Default::default(),
             style: Default::default(),
+            labels_alignment: Alignment::Left,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, L> Axis<'a, L>
-where
-    L: AsRef<str>,
-{
-    pub fn title(mut self, title: &'a str) -> Axis<'a, L> {
-        self.title = Some(title);
+impl<'a> Axis<'a> {
+    pub fn title<T>(mut self, title: T) -> Axis<'a>
+    where
+        T: Into<Spans<'a>>,
+    {
+        self.title = Some(title.into());
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn title_style(mut self, style: Style) -> Axis<'a, L> {
-        self.title_style = style;
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "0.10.0",
+        note = "You should use styling capabilities of `text::Spans` given as argument of the `title` method to apply styling to the title."
+    )]
+    pub fn title_style(mut self, style: Style) -> Axis<'a> {
+        if let Some(t) = self.title {
+            let title = String::from(t);
+            self.title = Some(Spans::from(Span::styled(title, style)));
+        }
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn bounds(mut self, bounds: [f64; 2]) -> Axis<'a, L> {
+    pub fn bounds(mut self, bounds: [f64; 2]) -> Axis<'a> {
         self.bounds = bounds;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn labels(mut self, labels: &'a [L]) -> Axis<'a, L> {
+    pub fn labels(mut self, labels: Vec<Span<'a>>) -> Axis<'a> {
         self.labels = Some(labels);
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn labels_style(mut self, style: Style) -> Axis<'a, L> {
-        self.labels_style = style;
+    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Axis<'a> {
+        self.style = style;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Axis<'a, L> {
-        self.style = style;
+    /// Defines the alignment of the labels of the axis.
+    /// The alignment behaves differently based on the axis:
+    /// - Y-Axis: The labels are aligned within the area on the left of the axis
+    /// - X-Axis: The first X-axis label is aligned relative to the Y-axis
+    pub fn labels_alignment(mut self, alignment: Alignment) -> Axis<'a> {
+        self.labels_alignment = alignment;
         self
     }
 }
@@ -150,7 +156,7 @@ impl<'a> Dataset<'a> {
 
 /// A container that holds all the infos about where to display each elements of the chart (axis,
 /// labels, legend, ...).
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default)]
 struct ChartLayout {
     /// Location of the title of the x axis
     title_x: Option<(u16, u16)>,
@@ -170,21 +176,6 @@ struct ChartLayout {
     graph_area: Rect,
 }
 
-impl Default for ChartLayout {
-    fn default() -> ChartLayout {
-        ChartLayout {
-            title_x: None,
-            title_y: None,
-            label_x: None,
-            label_y: None,
-            axis_x: None,
-            axis_y: None,
-            legend_area: None,
-            graph_area: Rect::default(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// A widget to plot one or more dataset in a cartesian coordinate system
 ///
 /// # Examples
@@ -193,103 +184,83 @@ impl Default for ChartLayout {
 /// # use tui::symbols;
 /// # use tui::widgets::{Block, Borders, Chart, Axis, Dataset, GraphType};
 /// # use tui::style::{Style, Color};
-/// Chart::default()
+/// # use tui::text::Span;
+/// let datasets = vec![
+///     Dataset::default()
+///         .name("data1")
+///         .marker(symbols::Marker::Dot)
+///         .graph_type(GraphType::Scatter)
+///         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan))
+///         .data(&[(0.0, 5.0), (1.0, 6.0), (1.5, 6.434)]),
+///     Dataset::default()
+///         .name("data2")
+///         .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
+///         .graph_type(GraphType::Line)
+///         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
+///         .data(&[(4.0, 5.0), (5.0, 8.0), (7.66, 13.5)]),
+/// ];
+/// Chart::new(datasets)
 ///     .block(Block::default().title("Chart"))
 ///     .x_axis(Axis::default()
-///         .title("X Axis")
-///         .title_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red))
+///         .title(Span::styled("X Axis", Style::default().fg(Color::Red)))
 ///         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::White))
 ///         .bounds([0.0, 10.0])
-///         .labels(&["0.0", "5.0", "10.0"]))
+///         .labels(["0.0", "5.0", "10.0"].iter().cloned().map(Span::from).collect()))
 ///     .y_axis(Axis::default()
-///         .title("Y Axis")
-///         .title_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red))
+///         .title(Span::styled("Y Axis", Style::default().fg(Color::Red)))
 ///         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::White))
 ///         .bounds([0.0, 10.0])
-///         .labels(&["0.0", "5.0", "10.0"]))
-///     .datasets(&[Dataset::default()
-///                     .name("data1")
-///                     .marker(symbols::Marker::Dot)
-///                     .graph_type(GraphType::Scatter)
-///                     .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Cyan))
-///                     .data(&[(0.0, 5.0), (1.0, 6.0), (1.5, 6.434)]),
-///                 Dataset::default()
-///                     .name("data2")
-///                     .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
-///                     .graph_type(GraphType::Line)
-///                     .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
-///                     .data(&[(4.0, 5.0), (5.0, 8.0), (7.66, 13.5)])]);
+///         .labels(["0.0", "5.0", "10.0"].iter().cloned().map(Span::from).collect()));
 /// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Chart<'a, LX, LY>
-where
-    LX: AsRef<str> + 'a,
-    LY: AsRef<str> + 'a,
-{
+pub struct Chart<'a> {
     /// A block to display around the widget eventually
     block: Option<Block<'a>>,
     /// The horizontal axis
-    x_axis: Axis<'a, LX>,
+    x_axis: Axis<'a>,
     /// The vertical axis
-    y_axis: Axis<'a, LY>,
+    y_axis: Axis<'a>,
     /// A reference to the datasets
-    datasets: &'a [Dataset<'a>],
+    datasets: Vec<Dataset<'a>>,
     /// The widget base style
     style: Style,
-    /// Constraints used to determine whether the legend should be shown or
-    /// not
+    /// Constraints used to determine whether the legend should be shown or not
     hidden_legend_constraints: (Constraint, Constraint),
 }
 
-impl<'a, LX, LY> Default for Chart<'a, LX, LY>
-where
-    LX: AsRef<str>,
-    LY: AsRef<str>,
-{
-    fn default() -> Chart<'a, LX, LY> {
+impl<'a> Chart<'a> {
+    pub fn new(datasets: Vec<Dataset<'a>>) -> Chart<'a> {
         Chart {
             block: None,
             x_axis: Axis::default(),
             y_axis: Axis::default(),
             style: Default::default(),
-            datasets: &[],
+            datasets,
             hidden_legend_constraints: (Constraint::Ratio(1, 4), Constraint::Ratio(1, 4)),
         }
     }
-}
 
-impl<'a, LX, LY> Chart<'a, LX, LY>
-where
-    LX: AsRef<str>,
-    LY: AsRef<str>,
-{
-    pub fn block(mut self, block: Block<'a>) -> Chart<'a, LX, LY> {
+    pub fn block(mut self, block: Block<'a>) -> Chart<'a> {
         self.block = Some(block);
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Chart<'a, LX, LY> {
+    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Chart<'a> {
         self.style = style;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn x_axis(mut self, axis: Axis<'a, LX>) -> Chart<'a, LX, LY> {
+    pub fn x_axis(mut self, axis: Axis<'a>) -> Chart<'a> {
         self.x_axis = axis;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn y_axis(mut self, axis: Axis<'a, LY>) -> Chart<'a, LX, LY> {
+    pub fn y_axis(mut self, axis: Axis<'a>) -> Chart<'a> {
         self.y_axis = axis;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn datasets(mut self, datasets: &'a [Dataset<'a>]) -> Chart<'a, LX, LY> {
-        self.datasets = datasets;
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Set the constraints used to determine whether the legend should be shown or
-    /// not.
+    /// Set the constraints used to determine whether the legend should be shown or not.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -302,13 +273,10 @@ where
     /// );
     /// // Hide the legend when either its width is greater than 33% of the total widget width
     /// // or if its height is greater than 25% of the total widget height.
-    /// let _chart: Chart<String, String> = Chart::default()
+    /// let _chart: Chart = Chart::new(vec![])
     ///     .hidden_legend_constraints(constraints);
     /// ```
-    pub fn hidden_legend_constraints(
-        mut self,
-        constraints: (Constraint, Constraint),
-    ) -> Chart<'a, LX, LY> {
+    pub fn hidden_legend_constraints(mut self, constraints: (Constraint, Constraint)) -> Chart<'a> {
         self.hidden_legend_constraints = constraints;
         self
     }
@@ -328,21 +296,8 @@ where
             y -= 1;
         }
 
-        if let Some(y_labels) = self.y_axis.labels {
-            let mut max_width = y_labels
-                .iter()
-                .fold(0, |acc, l| max(l.as_ref().width(), acc))
-                as u16;
-            if let Some(x_labels) = self.x_axis.labels {
-                if !x_labels.is_empty() {
-                    max_width = max(max_width, x_labels[0].as_ref().width() as u16);
-                }
-            }
-            if x + max_width < area.right() {
-                layout.label_y = Some(x);
-                x += max_width;
-            }
-        }
+        layout.label_y = self.y_axis.labels.as_ref().and(Some(x));
+        x += self.max_width_of_labels_left_of_y_axis(area, self.y_axis.labels.is_some());
 
         if self.x_axis.labels.is_some() && y > area.top() {
             layout.axis_x = Some(y);
@@ -358,17 +313,17 @@ where
             layout.graph_area = Rect::new(x, area.top(), area.right() - x, y - area.top() + 1);
         }
 
-        if let Some(title) = self.x_axis.title {
+        if let Some(ref title) = self.x_axis.title {
             let w = title.width() as u16;
             if w < layout.graph_area.width && layout.graph_area.height > 2 {
                 layout.title_x = Some((x + layout.graph_area.width - w, y));
             }
         }
 
-        if let Some(title) = self.y_axis.title {
+        if let Some(ref title) = self.y_axis.title {
             let w = title.width() as u16;
             if w + 1 < layout.graph_area.width && layout.graph_area.height > 2 {
-                layout.title_y = Some((x + 1, area.top()));
+                layout.title_y = Some((x, area.top()));
             }
         }
 
@@ -397,18 +352,161 @@ where
         }
         layout
     }
+
+    fn max_width_of_labels_left_of_y_axis(&self, area: Rect, has_y_axis: bool) -> u16 {
+        let mut max_width = self
+            .y_axis
+            .labels
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|l| l.iter().map(Span::width).max().unwrap_or_default() as u16)
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        if let Some(first_x_label) = self.x_axis.labels.as_ref().and_then(|labels| labels.get(0)) {
+            let first_label_width = first_x_label.content.width() as u16;
+            let width_left_of_y_axis = match self.x_axis.labels_alignment {
+                Alignment::Left => {
+                    // The last character of the label should be below the Y-Axis when it exists, not on its left
+                    let y_axis_offset = if has_y_axis { 1 } else { 0 };
+                    first_label_width.saturating_sub(y_axis_offset)
+                }
+                Alignment::Center => first_label_width / 2,
+                Alignment::Right => 0,
+            };
+            max_width = max(max_width, width_left_of_y_axis);
+        }
+        // labels of y axis and first label of x axis can take at most 1/3rd of the total width
+        max_width.min(area.width / 3)
+    }
+
+    fn render_x_labels(
+        &mut self,
+        buf: &mut Buffer,
+        layout: &ChartLayout,
+        chart_area: Rect,
+        graph_area: Rect,
+    ) {
+        let y = match layout.label_x {
+            Some(y) => y,
+            None => return,
+        };
+        let labels = self.x_axis.labels.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let labels_len = labels.len() as u16;
+        if labels_len < 2 {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let width_between_ticks = graph_area.width / labels_len;
+
+        let label_area = self.first_x_label_area(
+            y,
+            labels.first().unwrap().width() as u16,
+            width_between_ticks,
+            chart_area,
+            graph_area,
+        );
+
+        let label_alignment = match self.x_axis.labels_alignment {
+            Alignment::Left => Alignment::Right,
+            Alignment::Center => Alignment::Center,
+            Alignment::Right => Alignment::Left,
+        };
+
+        Self::render_label(buf, labels.first().unwrap(), label_area, label_alignment);
+
+        for (i, label) in labels[1..labels.len() - 1].iter().enumerate() {
+            // We add 1 to x (and width-1 below) to leave at least one space before each intermediate labels
+            let x = graph_area.left() + (i + 1) as u16 * width_between_ticks + 1;
+            let label_area = Rect::new(x, y, width_between_ticks.saturating_sub(1), 1);
+
+            Self::render_label(buf, label, label_area, Alignment::Center);
+        }
+
+        let x = graph_area.right() - width_between_ticks;
+        let label_area = Rect::new(x, y, width_between_ticks, 1);
+        // The last label should be aligned Right to be at the edge of the graph area
+        Self::render_label(buf, labels.last().unwrap(), label_area, Alignment::Right);
+    }
+
+    fn first_x_label_area(
+        &self,
+        y: u16,
+        label_width: u16,
+        max_width_after_y_axis: u16,
+        chart_area: Rect,
+        graph_area: Rect,
+    ) -> Rect {
+        let (min_x, max_x) = match self.x_axis.labels_alignment {
+            Alignment::Left => (chart_area.left(), graph_area.left()),
+            Alignment::Center => (
+                chart_area.left(),
+                graph_area.left() + max_width_after_y_axis.min(label_width),
+            ),
+            Alignment::Right => (
+                graph_area.left().saturating_sub(1),
+                graph_area.left() + max_width_after_y_axis,
+            ),
+        };
+
+        Rect::new(min_x, y, max_x - min_x, 1)
+    }
+
+    fn render_label(buf: &mut Buffer, label: &Span, label_area: Rect, alignment: Alignment) {
+        let label_width = label.width() as u16;
+        let bounded_label_width = label_area.width.min(label_width);
+
+        let x = match alignment {
+            Alignment::Left => label_area.left(),
+            Alignment::Center => label_area.left() + label_area.width / 2 - bounded_label_width / 2,
+            Alignment::Right => label_area.right() - bounded_label_width,
+        };
+
+        buf.set_span(x, label_area.top(), label, bounded_label_width);
+    }
+
+    fn render_y_labels(
+        &mut self,
+        buf: &mut Buffer,
+        layout: &ChartLayout,
+        chart_area: Rect,
+        graph_area: Rect,
+    ) {
+        let x = match layout.label_y {
+            Some(x) => x,
+            None => return,
+        };
+        let labels = self.y_axis.labels.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let labels_len = labels.len() as u16;
+        for (i, label) in labels.iter().enumerate() {
+            let dy = i as u16 * (graph_area.height - 1) / (labels_len - 1);
+            if dy < graph_area.bottom() {
+                let label_area = Rect::new(
+                    x,
+                    graph_area.bottom().saturating_sub(1) - dy,
+                    (graph_area.left() - chart_area.left()).saturating_sub(1),
+                    1,
+                );
+                Self::render_label(buf, label, label_area, self.y_axis.labels_alignment);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-impl<'a, LX, LY> Widget for Chart<'a, LX, LY>
-where
-    LX: AsRef<str>,
-    LY: AsRef<str>,
-{
+impl<'a> Widget for Chart<'a> {
     fn render(mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let chart_area = match self.block {
-            Some(ref mut b) => {
+        if area.area() == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+        buf.set_style(area, self.style);
+        // Sample the style of the entire widget. This sample will be used to reset the style of
+        // the cells that are part of the components put on top of the grah area (i.e legend and
+        // axis names).
+        let original_style = buf.get(area.left(), area.top()).style();
+
+        let chart_area = match self.block.take() {
+            Some(b) => {
+                let inner_area = b.inner(area);
                 b.render(area, buf);
-                b.inner(area)
+                inner_area
             }
             None => area,
         };
@@ -419,50 +517,8 @@ where
             return;
         }
 
-        buf.set_background(chart_area, self.style.bg);
-
-        if let Some((x, y)) = layout.title_x {
-            let title = self.x_axis.title.unwrap();
-            buf.set_string(x, y, title, self.x_axis.title_style);
-        }
-
-        if let Some((x, y)) = layout.title_y {
-            let title = self.y_axis.title.unwrap();
-            buf.set_string(x, y, title, self.y_axis.title_style);
-        }
-
-        if let Some(y) = layout.label_x {
-            let labels = self.x_axis.labels.unwrap();
-            let total_width = labels.iter().fold(0, |acc, l| l.as_ref().width() + acc) as u16;
-            let labels_len = labels.len() as u16;
-            if total_width < graph_area.width && labels_len > 1 {
-                for (i, label) in labels.iter().enumerate() {
-                    buf.set_string(
-                        graph_area.left() + i as u16 * (graph_area.width - 1) / (labels_len - 1)
-                            - label.as_ref().width() as u16,
-                        y,
-                        label.as_ref(),
-                        self.x_axis.labels_style,
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if let Some(x) = layout.label_y {
-            let labels = self.y_axis.labels.unwrap();
-            let labels_len = labels.len() as u16;
-            for (i, label) in labels.iter().enumerate() {
-                let dy = i as u16 * (graph_area.height - 1) / (labels_len - 1);
-                if dy < graph_area.bottom() {
-                    buf.set_string(
-                        x,
-                        graph_area.bottom() - 1 - dy,
-                        label.as_ref(),
-                        self.y_axis.labels_style,
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        self.render_x_labels(buf, &layout, chart_area, graph_area);
+        self.render_y_labels(buf, &layout, chart_area, graph_area);
 
         if let Some(y) = layout.axis_x {
             for x in graph_area.left()..graph_area.right() {
@@ -488,16 +544,16 @@ where
             }
         }
 
-        for dataset in self.datasets {
+        for dataset in &self.datasets {
             Canvas::default()
-                .background_color(self.style.bg)
+                .background_color(self.style.bg.unwrap_or(Color::Reset))
                 .x_bounds(self.x_axis.bounds)
                 .y_bounds(self.y_axis.bounds)
                 .marker(dataset.marker)
                 .paint(|ctx| {
                     ctx.draw(&Points {
                         coords: dataset.data,
-                        color: dataset.style.fg,
+                        color: dataset.style.fg.unwrap_or(Color::Reset),
                     });
                     if let GraphType::Line = dataset.graph_type {
                         for data in dataset.data.windows(2) {
@@ -506,7 +562,7 @@ where
                                 y1: data[0].1,
                                 x2: data[1].0,
                                 y2: data[1].1,
-                                color: dataset.style.fg,
+                                color: dataset.style.fg.unwrap_or(Color::Reset),
                             })
                         }
                     }
@@ -515,6 +571,7 @@ where
         }
 
         if let Some(legend_area) = layout.legend_area {
+            buf.set_style(legend_area, original_style);
             Block::default()
                 .borders(Borders::ALL)
                 .render(legend_area, buf);
@@ -527,6 +584,36 @@ where
                 );
             }
         }
+
+        if let Some((x, y)) = layout.title_x {
+            let title = self.x_axis.title.unwrap();
+            let width = graph_area.right().saturating_sub(x);
+            buf.set_style(
+                Rect {
+                    x,
+                    y,
+                    width,
+                    height: 1,
+                },
+                original_style,
+            );
+            buf.set_spans(x, y, &title, width);
+        }
+
+        if let Some((x, y)) = layout.title_y {
+            let title = self.y_axis.title.unwrap();
+            let width = graph_area.right().saturating_sub(x);
+            buf.set_style(
+                Rect {
+                    x,
+                    y,
+                    width,
+                    height: 1,
+                },
+                original_style,
+            );
+            buf.set_spans(x, y, &title, width);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -543,12 +630,6 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn it_should_hide_the_legend() {
         let data = [(0.0, 5.0), (1.0, 6.0), (3.0, 7.0)];
-        let datasets = (0..10)
-            .map(|i| {
-                let name = format!("Dataset #{}", i);
-                Dataset::default().name(name).data(&data)
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let cases = [
             LegendTestCase {
                 chart_area: Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 100),
@@ -562,11 +643,16 @@ mod tests {
             },
         ];
         for case in &cases {
-            let chart: Chart<String, String> = Chart::default()
+            let datasets = (0..10)
+                .map(|i| {
+                    let name = format!("Dataset #{}", i);
+                    Dataset::default().name(name).data(&data)
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
                 .x_axis(Axis::default().title("X axis"))
                 .y_axis(Axis::default().title("Y axis"))
-                .hidden_legend_constraints(case.hidden_legend_constraints)
-                .datasets(datasets.as_slice());
+                .hidden_legend_constraints(case.hidden_legend_constraints);
             let layout = chart.layout(case.chart_area);
             assert_eq!(layout.legend_area, case.legend_area);
         }

src/widgets/clear.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-use crate::buffer::Buffer;
-use crate::layout::Rect;
-use crate::widgets::Widget;
+use crate::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, widgets::Widget};
 
-/// A widget to to clear/reset a certain area to allow overdrawing (e.g. for popups)
+/// A widget to clear/reset a certain area to allow overdrawing (e.g. for popups).
+///
+/// This widget **cannot be used to clear the terminal on the first render** as `tui` assumes the
+/// render area is empty. Use [`crate::Terminal::clear`] instead.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///

src/widgets/gauge.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
-
-use crate::buffer::Buffer;
-use crate::layout::Rect;
-use crate::style::{Color, Style};
-use crate::widgets::{Block, Widget};
+use crate::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    symbols,
+    text::{Span, Spans},
+    widgets::{Block, Widget},
+};
 
 /// A widget to display a task progress.
 ///
@@ -14,15 +16,17 @@ use crate::widgets::{Block, Widget};
 /// # use tui::style::{Style, Color, Modifier};
 /// Gauge::default()
 ///     .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Progress"))
-///     .style(Style::default().fg(Color::White).bg(Color::Black).modifier(Modifier::ITALIC))
+///     .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::White).bg(Color::Black).add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC))
 ///     .percent(20);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Gauge<'a> {
     block: Option<Block<'a>>,
     ratio: f64,
-    label: Option<&'a str>,
+    label: Option<Span<'a>>,
+    use_unicode: bool,
     style: Style,
+    gauge_style: Style,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Default for Gauge<'a> {
@@ -31,7 +35,9 @@ impl<'a> Default for Gauge<'a> {
             block: None,
             ratio: 0.0,
             label: None,
-            style: Default::default(),
+            use_unicode: false,
+            style: Style::default(),
+            gauge_style: Style::default(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -54,15 +60,18 @@ impl<'a> Gauge<'a> {
     /// Sets ratio ([0.0, 1.0]) directly.
     pub fn ratio(mut self, ratio: f64) -> Gauge<'a> {
         assert!(
-            ratio <= 1.0 && ratio >= 0.0,
+            (0.0..=1.0).contains(&ratio),
             "Ratio should be between 0 and 1 inclusively."
         );
         self.ratio = ratio;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn label(mut self, string: &'a str) -> Gauge<'a> {
-        self.label = Some(string);
+    pub fn label<T>(mut self, label: T) -> Gauge<'a>
+    where
+        T: Into<Span<'a>>,
+    {
+        self.label = Some(label.into());
         self
     }
 
@@ -70,49 +79,212 @@ impl<'a> Gauge<'a> {
         self.style = style;
         self
     }
+
+    pub fn gauge_style(mut self, style: Style) -> Gauge<'a> {
+        self.gauge_style = style;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn use_unicode(mut self, unicode: bool) -> Gauge<'a> {
+        self.use_unicode = unicode;
+        self
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a> Widget for Gauge<'a> {
     fn render(mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let gauge_area = match self.block {
-            Some(ref mut b) => {
+        buf.set_style(area, self.style);
+        let gauge_area = match self.block.take() {
+            Some(b) => {
+                let inner_area = b.inner(area);
                 b.render(area, buf);
-                b.inner(area)
+                inner_area
             }
             None => area,
         };
+        buf.set_style(gauge_area, self.gauge_style);
         if gauge_area.height < 1 {
             return;
         }
 
-        if self.style.bg != Color::Reset {
-            buf.set_background(gauge_area, self.style.bg);
+        // compute label value and its position
+        // label is put at the center of the gauge_area
+        let label = {
+            let pct = f64::round(self.ratio * 100.0);
+            self.label
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| Span::from(format!("{}%", pct)))
+        };
+        let clamped_label_width = gauge_area.width.min(label.width() as u16);
+        let label_col = gauge_area.left() + (gauge_area.width - clamped_label_width) / 2;
+        let label_row = gauge_area.top() + gauge_area.height / 2;
+
+        // the gauge will be filled proportionally to the ratio
+        let filled_width = f64::from(gauge_area.width) * self.ratio;
+        let end = if self.use_unicode {
+            gauge_area.left() + filled_width.floor() as u16
+        } else {
+            gauge_area.left() + filled_width.round() as u16
+        };
+        for y in gauge_area.top()..gauge_area.bottom() {
+            // render the filled area (left to end)
+            for x in gauge_area.left()..end {
+                // spaces are needed to apply the background styling
+                buf.get_mut(x, y)
+                    .set_symbol(" ")
+                    .set_fg(self.gauge_style.bg.unwrap_or(Color::Reset))
+                    .set_bg(self.gauge_style.fg.unwrap_or(Color::Reset));
+            }
+            if self.use_unicode && self.ratio < 1.0 {
+                buf.get_mut(end, y)
+                    .set_symbol(get_unicode_block(filled_width % 1.0));
+            }
+        }
+        // set the span
+        buf.set_span(label_col, label_row, &label, clamped_label_width);
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_unicode_block<'a>(frac: f64) -> &'a str {
+    match (frac * 8.0).round() as u16 {
+        1 => symbols::block::ONE_EIGHTH,
+        2 => symbols::block::ONE_QUARTER,
+        3 => symbols::block::THREE_EIGHTHS,
+        4 => symbols::block::HALF,
+        5 => symbols::block::FIVE_EIGHTHS,
+        6 => symbols::block::THREE_QUARTERS,
+        7 => symbols::block::SEVEN_EIGHTHS,
+        8 => symbols::block::FULL,
+        _ => " ",
+    }
+}
+
+/// A compact widget to display a task progress over a single line.
+///
+/// # Examples:
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use tui::widgets::{Widget, LineGauge, Block, Borders};
+/// # use tui::style::{Style, Color, Modifier};
+/// # use tui::symbols;
+/// LineGauge::default()
+///     .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL).title("Progress"))
+///     .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::White).bg(Color::Black).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
+///     .line_set(symbols::line::THICK)
+///     .ratio(0.4);
+/// ```
+pub struct LineGauge<'a> {
+    block: Option<Block<'a>>,
+    ratio: f64,
+    label: Option<Spans<'a>>,
+    line_set: symbols::line::Set,
+    style: Style,
+    gauge_style: Style,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Default for LineGauge<'a> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            block: None,
+            ratio: 0.0,
+            label: None,
+            style: Style::default(),
+            line_set: symbols::line::NORMAL,
+            gauge_style: Style::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> LineGauge<'a> {
+    pub fn block(mut self, block: Block<'a>) -> Self {
+        self.block = Some(block);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn ratio(mut self, ratio: f64) -> Self {
+        assert!(
+            (0.0..=1.0).contains(&ratio),
+            "Ratio should be between 0 and 1 inclusively."
+        );
+        self.ratio = ratio;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn line_set(mut self, set: symbols::line::Set) -> Self {
+        self.line_set = set;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn label<T>(mut self, label: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: Into<Spans<'a>>,
+    {
+        self.label = Some(label.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Self {
+        self.style = style;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn gauge_style(mut self, style: Style) -> Self {
+        self.gauge_style = style;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Widget for LineGauge<'a> {
+    fn render(mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        buf.set_style(area, self.style);
+        let gauge_area = match self.block.take() {
+            Some(b) => {
+                let inner_area = b.inner(area);
+                b.render(area, buf);
+                inner_area
+            }
+            None => area,
+        };
+
+        if gauge_area.height < 1 {
+            return;
         }
 
-        let center = gauge_area.height / 2 + gauge_area.top();
-        let width = (f64::from(gauge_area.width) * self.ratio).round() as u16;
-        let end = gauge_area.left() + width;
-        for y in gauge_area.top()..gauge_area.bottom() {
-            // Gauge
-            for x in gauge_area.left()..end {
-                buf.get_mut(x, y).set_symbol(" ");
-            }
+        let ratio = self.ratio;
+        let label = self
+            .label
+            .unwrap_or_else(move || Spans::from(format!("{:.0}%", ratio * 100.0)));
+        let (col, row) = buf.set_spans(
+            gauge_area.left(),
+            gauge_area.top(),
+            &label,
+            gauge_area.width,
+        );
+        let start = col + 1;
+        if start >= gauge_area.right() {
+            return;
+        }
 
-            if y == center {
-                // Label
-                let precent_label = format!("{}%", (self.ratio * 100.0).round());
-                let label = self.label.unwrap_or(&precent_label);
-                let label_width = label.width() as u16;
-                let middle = (gauge_area.width - label_width) / 2 + gauge_area.left();
-                buf.set_string(middle, y, label, self.style);
-            }
-
-            // Fix colors
-            for x in gauge_area.left()..end {
-                buf.get_mut(x, y)
-                    .set_fg(self.style.bg)
-                    .set_bg(self.style.fg);
-            }
+        let end = start
+            + (f64::from(gauge_area.right().saturating_sub(start)) * self.ratio).floor() as u16;
+        for col in start..end {
+            buf.get_mut(col, row)
+                .set_symbol(self.line_set.horizontal)
+                .set_style(Style {
+                    fg: self.gauge_style.fg,
+                    bg: None,
+                    add_modifier: self.gauge_style.add_modifier,
+                    sub_modifier: self.gauge_style.sub_modifier,
+                });
+        }
+        for col in end..gauge_area.right() {
+            buf.get_mut(col, row)
+                .set_symbol(self.line_set.horizontal)
+                .set_style(Style {
+                    fg: self.gauge_style.bg,
+                    bg: None,
+                    add_modifier: self.gauge_style.add_modifier,
+                    sub_modifier: self.gauge_style.sub_modifier,
+                });
         }
     }
 }

src/widgets/list.rs

@@ -1,27 +1,18 @@
-use std::iter::{self, Iterator};
-
+use crate::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Corner, Rect},
+    style::Style,
+    text::Text,
+    widgets::{Block, StatefulWidget, Widget},
+};
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
-use crate::buffer::Buffer;
-use crate::layout::{Corner, Rect};
-use crate::style::Style;
-use crate::widgets::{Block, StatefulWidget, Text, Widget};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
 pub struct ListState {
     offset: usize,
     selected: Option<usize>,
 }
 
-impl Default for ListState {
-    fn default() -> ListState {
-        ListState {
-            offset: 0,
-            selected: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl ListState {
     pub fn selected(&self) -> Option<usize> {
         self.selected
@@ -35,112 +26,157 @@ impl ListState {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ListItem<'a> {
+    content: Text<'a>,
+    style: Style,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ListItem<'a> {
+    pub fn new<T>(content: T) -> ListItem<'a>
+    where
+        T: Into<Text<'a>>,
+    {
+        ListItem {
+            content: content.into(),
+            style: Style::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> ListItem<'a> {
+        self.style = style;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn height(&self) -> usize {
+        self.content.height()
+    }
+}
+
 /// A widget to display several items among which one can be selected (optional)
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
-/// # use tui::widgets::{Block, Borders, List, Text};
+/// # use tui::widgets::{Block, Borders, List, ListItem};
 /// # use tui::style::{Style, Color, Modifier};
-/// let items = ["Item 1", "Item 2", "Item 3"].iter().map(|i| Text::raw(*i));
+/// let items = [ListItem::new("Item 1"), ListItem::new("Item 2"), ListItem::new("Item 3")];
 /// List::new(items)
 ///     .block(Block::default().title("List").borders(Borders::ALL))
 ///     .style(Style::default().fg(Color::White))
-///     .highlight_style(Style::default().modifier(Modifier::ITALIC))
+///     .highlight_style(Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC))
 ///     .highlight_symbol(">>");
 /// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct List<'b, L>
-where
-    L: Iterator<Item = Text<'b>>,
-{
-    block: Option<Block<'b>>,
-    items: L,
-    start_corner: Corner,
-    /// Base style of the widget
+pub struct List<'a> {
+    block: Option<Block<'a>>,
+    items: Vec<ListItem<'a>>,
+    /// Style used as a base style for the widget
     style: Style,
+    start_corner: Corner,
     /// Style used to render selected item
     highlight_style: Style,
     /// Symbol in front of the selected item (Shift all items to the right)
-    highlight_symbol: Option<&'b str>,
+    highlight_symbol: Option<&'a str>,
+    /// Whether to repeat the highlight symbol for each line of the selected item
+    repeat_highlight_symbol: bool,
 }
 
-impl<'b, L> Default for List<'b, L>
-where
-    L: Iterator<Item = Text<'b>> + Default,
-{
-    fn default() -> List<'b, L> {
+impl<'a> List<'a> {
+    pub fn new<T>(items: T) -> List<'a>
+    where
+        T: Into<Vec<ListItem<'a>>>,
+    {
         List {
             block: None,
-            items: L::default(),
-            style: Default::default(),
-            start_corner: Corner::TopLeft,
-            highlight_style: Style::default(),
-            highlight_symbol: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'b, L> List<'b, L>
-where
-    L: Iterator<Item = Text<'b>>,
-{
-    pub fn new(items: L) -> List<'b, L> {
-        List {
-            block: None,
-            items,
-            style: Default::default(),
+            style: Style::default(),
+            items: items.into(),
             start_corner: Corner::TopLeft,
             highlight_style: Style::default(),
             highlight_symbol: None,
+            repeat_highlight_symbol: false,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn block(mut self, block: Block<'b>) -> List<'b, L> {
+    pub fn block(mut self, block: Block<'a>) -> List<'a> {
         self.block = Some(block);
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn items<I>(mut self, items: I) -> List<'b, L>
-    where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = Text<'b>, IntoIter = L>,
-    {
-        self.items = items.into_iter();
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> List<'b, L> {
+    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> List<'a> {
         self.style = style;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn highlight_symbol(mut self, highlight_symbol: &'b str) -> List<'b, L> {
+    pub fn highlight_symbol(mut self, highlight_symbol: &'a str) -> List<'a> {
         self.highlight_symbol = Some(highlight_symbol);
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn highlight_style(mut self, highlight_style: Style) -> List<'b, L> {
-        self.highlight_style = highlight_style;
+    pub fn highlight_style(mut self, style: Style) -> List<'a> {
+        self.highlight_style = style;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn start_corner(mut self, corner: Corner) -> List<'b, L> {
+    pub fn repeat_highlight_symbol(mut self, repeat: bool) -> List<'a> {
+        self.repeat_highlight_symbol = repeat;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn start_corner(mut self, corner: Corner) -> List<'a> {
         self.start_corner = corner;
         self
     }
+
+    fn get_items_bounds(
+        &self,
+        selected: Option<usize>,
+        offset: usize,
+        max_height: usize,
+    ) -> (usize, usize) {
+        let offset = offset.min(self.items.len().saturating_sub(1));
+        let mut start = offset;
+        let mut end = offset;
+        let mut height = 0;
+        for item in self.items.iter().skip(offset) {
+            if height + item.height() > max_height {
+                break;
+            }
+            height += item.height();
+            end += 1;
+        }
+
+        let selected = selected.unwrap_or(0).min(self.items.len() - 1);
+        while selected >= end {
+            height = height.saturating_add(self.items[end].height());
+            end += 1;
+            while height > max_height {
+                height = height.saturating_sub(self.items[start].height());
+                start += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        while selected < start {
+            start -= 1;
+            height = height.saturating_add(self.items[start].height());
+            while height > max_height {
+                end -= 1;
+                height = height.saturating_sub(self.items[end].height());
+            }
+        }
+        (start, end)
+    }
 }
 
-impl<'b, L> StatefulWidget for List<'b, L>
-where
-    L: Iterator<Item = Text<'b>>,
-{
+impl<'a> StatefulWidget for List<'a> {
     type State = ListState;
 
     fn render(mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State) {
-        let list_area = match self.block {
-            Some(ref mut b) => {
+        buf.set_style(area, self.style);
+        let list_area = match self.block.take() {
+            Some(b) => {
+                let inner_area = b.inner(area);
                 b.render(area, buf);
-                b.inner(area)
+                inner_area
             }
             None => area,
         };
@@ -149,81 +185,78 @@ where
             return;
         }
 
+        if self.items.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
         let list_height = list_area.height as usize;
 
-        buf.set_background(list_area, self.style.bg);
+        let (start, end) = self.get_items_bounds(state.selected, state.offset, list_height);
+        state.offset = start;
 
-        // Use highlight_style only if something is selected
-        let (selected, highlight_style) = match state.selected {
-            Some(i) => (Some(i), self.highlight_style),
-            None => (None, self.style),
-        };
         let highlight_symbol = self.highlight_symbol.unwrap_or("");
-        let blank_symbol = iter::repeat(" ")
-            .take(highlight_symbol.width())
-            .collect::<String>();
-
-        // Make sure the list show the selected item
-        state.offset = if let Some(selected) = selected {
-            if selected >= list_height + state.offset - 1 {
-                selected + 1 - list_height
-            } else if selected < state.offset {
-                selected
-            } else {
-                state.offset
-            }
-        } else {
-            0
-        };
+        let blank_symbol = " ".repeat(highlight_symbol.width());
 
+        let mut current_height = 0;
+        let has_selection = state.selected.is_some();
         for (i, item) in self
             .items
-            .skip(state.offset)
+            .iter_mut()
             .enumerate()
-            .take(list_area.height as usize)
+            .skip(state.offset)
+            .take(end - start)
         {
             let (x, y) = match self.start_corner {
-                Corner::TopLeft => (list_area.left(), list_area.top() + i as u16),
-                Corner::BottomLeft => (list_area.left(), list_area.bottom() - (i + 1) as u16),
-                // Not supported
-                _ => (list_area.left(), list_area.top() + i as u16),
-            };
-            let (elem_x, style) = if let Some(s) = selected {
-                if s == i + state.offset {
-                    let (x, _) = buf.set_stringn(
-                        x,
-                        y,
-                        highlight_symbol,
-                        list_area.width as usize,
-                        highlight_style,
-                    );
-                    (x, Some(highlight_style))
-                } else {
-                    let (x, _) =
-                        buf.set_stringn(x, y, &blank_symbol, list_area.width as usize, self.style);
-                    (x, None)
+                Corner::BottomLeft => {
+                    current_height += item.height() as u16;
+                    (list_area.left(), list_area.bottom() - current_height)
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    let pos = (list_area.left(), list_area.top() + current_height);
+                    current_height += item.height() as u16;
+                    pos
                 }
-            } else {
-                (x, None)
             };
+            let area = Rect {
+                x,
+                y,
+                width: list_area.width,
+                height: item.height() as u16,
+            };
+            let item_style = self.style.patch(item.style);
+            buf.set_style(area, item_style);
 
-            let max_element_width = (list_area.width - (elem_x - x)) as usize;
-            match item {
-                Text::Raw(ref v) => {
-                    buf.set_stringn(elem_x, y, v, max_element_width, style.unwrap_or(self.style));
-                }
-                Text::Styled(ref v, s) => {
-                    buf.set_stringn(elem_x, y, v, max_element_width, style.unwrap_or(s));
-                }
-            };
+            let is_selected = state.selected.map(|s| s == i).unwrap_or(false);
+            for (j, line) in item.content.lines.iter().enumerate() {
+                // if the item is selected, we need to display the hightlight symbol:
+                // - either for the first line of the item only,
+                // - or for each line of the item if the appropriate option is set
+                let symbol = if is_selected && (j == 0 || self.repeat_highlight_symbol) {
+                    highlight_symbol
+                } else {
+                    &blank_symbol
+                };
+                let (elem_x, max_element_width) = if has_selection {
+                    let (elem_x, _) = buf.set_stringn(
+                        x,
+                        y + j as u16,
+                        symbol,
+                        list_area.width as usize,
+                        item_style,
+                    );
+                    (elem_x, (list_area.width - (elem_x - x)) as u16)
+                } else {
+                    (x, list_area.width)
+                };
+                buf.set_spans(elem_x, y + j as u16, line, max_element_width as u16);
+            }
+            if is_selected {
+                buf.set_style(area, self.highlight_style);
+            }
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<'b, L> Widget for List<'b, L>
-where
-    L: Iterator<Item = Text<'b>>,
-{
+impl<'a> Widget for List<'a> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let mut state = ListState::default();
         StatefulWidget::render(self, area, buf, &mut state);

src/widgets/mod.rs

@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@
 //! - [`Sparkline`]
 //! - [`Clear`]
 
-use bitflags::bitflags;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-
 mod barchart;
 mod block;
 pub mod canvas;
@@ -35,16 +32,15 @@ pub use self::barchart::BarChart;
 pub use self::block::{Block, BorderType};
 pub use self::chart::{Axis, Chart, Dataset, GraphType};
 pub use self::clear::Clear;
-pub use self::gauge::Gauge;
-pub use self::list::{List, ListState};
-pub use self::paragraph::Paragraph;
+pub use self::gauge::{Gauge, LineGauge};
+pub use self::list::{List, ListItem, ListState};
+pub use self::paragraph::{Paragraph, Wrap};
 pub use self::sparkline::Sparkline;
-pub use self::table::{Row, Table, TableState};
+pub use self::table::{Cell, Row, Table, TableState};
 pub use self::tabs::Tabs;
 
-use crate::buffer::Buffer;
-use crate::layout::Rect;
-use crate::style::Style;
+use crate::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect};
+use bitflags::bitflags;
 
 bitflags! {
     /// Bitflags that can be composed to set the visible borders essentially on the block widget.
@@ -64,26 +60,10 @@ bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub enum Text<'b> {
-    Raw(Cow<'b, str>),
-    Styled(Cow<'b, str>, Style),
-}
-
-impl<'b> Text<'b> {
-    pub fn raw<D: Into<Cow<'b, str>>>(data: D) -> Text<'b> {
-        Text::Raw(data.into())
-    }
-
-    pub fn styled<D: Into<Cow<'b, str>>>(data: D, style: Style) -> Text<'b> {
-        Text::Styled(data.into(), style)
-    }
-}
-
 /// Base requirements for a Widget
 pub trait Widget {
-    /// Draws the current state of the widget in the given buffer. That the only method required to
-    /// implement a custom widget.
+    /// Draws the current state of the widget in the given buffer. That is the only method required
+    /// to implement a custom widget.
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer);
 }
 
@@ -107,8 +87,8 @@ pub trait Widget {
 /// ```rust,no_run
 /// # use std::io;
 /// # use tui::Terminal;
-/// # use tui::backend::{Backend, TermionBackend};
-/// # use tui::widgets::{Widget, List, ListState, Text};
+/// # use tui::backend::{Backend, TestBackend};
+/// # use tui::widgets::{Widget, List, ListItem, ListState};
 ///
 /// // Let's say we have some events to display.
 /// struct Events {
@@ -174,9 +154,8 @@ pub trait Widget {
 ///     }
 /// }
 ///
-/// let stdout = io::stdout();
-/// let backend = TermionBackend::new(stdout);
-/// let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+/// # let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
+/// # let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
 ///
 /// let mut events = Events::new(vec![
 ///     String::from("Item 1"),
@@ -184,10 +163,10 @@ pub trait Widget {
 /// ]);
 ///
 /// loop {
-///     terminal.draw(|mut f| {
+///     terminal.draw(|f| {
 ///         // The items managed by the application are transformed to something
 ///         // that is understood by tui.
-///         let items = events.items.iter().map(Text::raw);
+///         let items: Vec<ListItem>= events.items.iter().map(|i| ListItem::new(i.as_ref())).collect();
 ///         // The `List` widget is then built with those items.
 ///         let list = List::new(items);
 ///         // Finally the widget is rendered using the associated state. `events.state` is

src/widgets/paragraph.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
-use either::Either;
-use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
+use crate::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
+    style::Style,
+    text::{StyledGrapheme, Text},
+    widgets::{
+        reflow::{LineComposer, LineTruncator, WordWrapper},
+        Block, Widget,
+    },
+};
+use std::iter;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
-use crate::buffer::Buffer;
-use crate::layout::{Alignment, Rect};
-use crate::style::Style;
-use crate::widgets::reflow::{LineComposer, LineTruncator, Styled, WordWrapper};
-use crate::widgets::{Block, Text, Widget};
-
 fn get_line_offset(line_width: u16, text_area_width: u16, alignment: Alignment) -> u16 {
     match alignment {
         Alignment::Center => (text_area_width / 2).saturating_sub(line_width / 2),
@@ -21,96 +24,124 @@ fn get_line_offset(line_width: u16, text_area_width: u16, alignment: Alignment)
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
-/// # use tui::widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph, Text};
-/// # use tui::style::{Style, Color};
+/// # use tui::text::{Text, Spans, Span};
+/// # use tui::widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph, Wrap};
+/// # use tui::style::{Style, Color, Modifier};
 /// # use tui::layout::{Alignment};
-/// let text = [
-///     Text::raw("First line\n"),
-///     Text::styled("Second line\n", Style::default().fg(Color::Red))
+/// let text = vec![
+///     Spans::from(vec![
+///         Span::raw("First"),
+///         Span::styled("line",Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)),
+///         Span::raw("."),
+///     ]),
+///     Spans::from(Span::styled("Second line", Style::default().fg(Color::Red))),
 /// ];
-/// Paragraph::new(text.iter())
+/// Paragraph::new(text)
 ///     .block(Block::default().title("Paragraph").borders(Borders::ALL))
 ///     .style(Style::default().fg(Color::White).bg(Color::Black))
 ///     .alignment(Alignment::Center)
-///     .wrap(true);
+///     .wrap(Wrap { trim: true, break_words: false });
 /// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Paragraph<'a, 't, T>
-where
-    T: Iterator<Item = &'t Text<'t>>,
-{
+pub struct Paragraph<'a> {
     /// A block to wrap the widget in
     block: Option<Block<'a>>,
     /// Widget style
     style: Style,
-    /// Wrap the text or not
-    wrapping: bool,
+    /// How to wrap the text
+    wrap: Option<Wrap>,
     /// The text to display
-    text: T,
-    /// Should we parse the text for embedded commands
-    raw: bool,
+    text: Text<'a>,
     /// Scroll
-    scroll: u16,
-    /// Aligenment of the text
+    scroll: (u16, u16),
+    /// Alignment of the text
     alignment: Alignment,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 't, T> Paragraph<'a, 't, T>
-where
-    T: Iterator<Item = &'t Text<'t>>,
-{
-    pub fn new(text: T) -> Paragraph<'a, 't, T> {
+/// Describes how to wrap text across lines.
+///
+/// ## Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use tui::widgets::{Paragraph, Wrap};
+/// # use tui::text::Text;
+/// let bullet_points = Text::from(r#"Some indented points:
+///     - First thing goes here and is long so that it wraps
+///     - Here is another point that is long enough to wrap"#);
+///
+/// // With leading spaces trimmed (window width of 30 chars):
+/// Paragraph::new(bullet_points.clone()).wrap(Wrap { trim: true, break_words: false });
+/// // Some indented points:
+/// // - First thing goes here and is
+/// // long so that it wraps
+/// // - Here is another point that
+/// // is long enough to wrap
+///
+/// // But without trimming, indentation is preserved:
+/// Paragraph::new(bullet_points).wrap(Wrap { trim: false, break_words: false });
+/// // Some indented points:
+/// //     - First thing goes here
+/// // and is long so that it wraps
+/// //     - Here is another point
+/// // that is long enough to wrap
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Wrap {
+    /// Should leading whitespace be trimmed
+    pub trim: bool,
+    /// Should words at the end of lines be broken
+    pub break_words: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Paragraph<'a> {
+    pub fn new<T>(text: T) -> Paragraph<'a>
+    where
+        T: Into<Text<'a>>,
+    {
         Paragraph {
             block: None,
             style: Default::default(),
-            wrapping: false,
-            raw: false,
-            text,
-            scroll: 0,
+            wrap: None,
+            text: text.into(),
+            scroll: (0, 0),
             alignment: Alignment::Left,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn block(mut self, block: Block<'a>) -> Paragraph<'a, 't, T> {
+    pub fn block(mut self, block: Block<'a>) -> Paragraph<'a> {
         self.block = Some(block);
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Paragraph<'a, 't, T> {
+    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Paragraph<'a> {
         self.style = style;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn wrap(mut self, flag: bool) -> Paragraph<'a, 't, T> {
-        self.wrapping = flag;
+    pub fn wrap(mut self, wrap: Wrap) -> Paragraph<'a> {
+        self.wrap = Some(wrap);
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn raw(mut self, flag: bool) -> Paragraph<'a, 't, T> {
-        self.raw = flag;
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn scroll(mut self, offset: u16) -> Paragraph<'a, 't, T> {
+    pub fn scroll(mut self, offset: (u16, u16)) -> Paragraph<'a> {
         self.scroll = offset;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn alignment(mut self, alignment: Alignment) -> Paragraph<'a, 't, T> {
+    pub fn alignment(mut self, alignment: Alignment) -> Paragraph<'a> {
         self.alignment = alignment;
         self
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, 't, 'b, T> Widget for Paragraph<'a, 't, T>
-where
-    T: Iterator<Item = &'t Text<'t>>,
-{
+impl<'a> Widget for Paragraph<'a> {
     fn render(mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let text_area = match self.block {
-            Some(ref mut b) => {
+        buf.set_style(area, self.style);
+        let text_area = match self.block.take() {
+            Some(b) => {
+                let inner_area = b.inner(area);
                 b.render(area, buf);
-                b.inner(area)
+                inner_area
             }
             None => area,
         };
@@ -119,38 +150,54 @@ where
             return;
         }
 
-        buf.set_background(text_area, self.style.bg);
-
         let style = self.style;
-        let mut styled = self.text.by_ref().flat_map(|t| match *t {
-            Text::Raw(ref d) => {
-                let data: &'t str = d; // coerce to &str
-                Either::Left(UnicodeSegmentation::graphemes(data, true).map(|g| Styled(g, style)))
-            }
-            Text::Styled(ref d, s) => {
-                let data: &'t str = d; // coerce to &str
-                Either::Right(UnicodeSegmentation::graphemes(data, true).map(move |g| Styled(g, s)))
-            }
+        let mut styled = self.text.lines.iter().flat_map(|spans| {
+            spans
+                .0
+                .iter()
+                .flat_map(|span| span.styled_graphemes(style))
+                // Required given the way composers work but might be refactored out if we change
+                // composers to operate on lines instead of a stream of graphemes.
+                .chain(iter::once(StyledGrapheme {
+                    symbol: "\n",
+                    style: self.style,
+                }))
         });
 
-        let mut line_composer: Box<dyn LineComposer> = if self.wrapping {
-            Box::new(WordWrapper::new(&mut styled, text_area.width))
-        } else {
-            Box::new(LineTruncator::new(&mut styled, text_area.width))
-        };
+        let mut line_composer: Box<dyn LineComposer> =
+            if let Some(Wrap { trim, break_words }) = self.wrap {
+                Box::new(WordWrapper::new(
+                    &mut styled,
+                    text_area.width,
+                    trim,
+                    break_words,
+                ))
+            } else {
+                let mut line_composer = Box::new(LineTruncator::new(&mut styled, text_area.width));
+                if let Alignment::Left = self.alignment {
+                    line_composer.set_horizontal_offset(self.scroll.1);
+                }
+                line_composer
+            };
         let mut y = 0;
         while let Some((current_line, current_line_width)) = line_composer.next_line() {
-            if y >= self.scroll {
+            if y >= self.scroll.0 {
                 let mut x = get_line_offset(current_line_width, text_area.width, self.alignment);
-                for Styled(symbol, style) in current_line {
-                    buf.get_mut(text_area.left() + x, text_area.top() + y - self.scroll)
-                        .set_symbol(symbol)
+                for StyledGrapheme { symbol, style } in current_line {
+                    buf.get_mut(text_area.left() + x, text_area.top() + y - self.scroll.0)
+                        .set_symbol(if symbol.is_empty() {
+                            // If the symbol is empty, the last char which rendered last time will
+                            // leave on the line. It's a quick fix.
+                            " "
+                        } else {
+                            symbol
+                        })
                         .set_style(*style);
                     x += symbol.width() as u16;
                 }
             }
             y += 1;
-            if y >= text_area.height + self.scroll {
+            if y >= text_area.height + self.scroll.0 {
                 break;
             }
         }

src/widgets/reflow.rs

@@ -1,42 +1,47 @@
-use crate::style::Style;
+use crate::text::StyledGrapheme;
+use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 const NBSP: &str = "\u{00a0}";
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct Styled<'a>(pub &'a str, pub Style);
-
 /// A state machine to pack styled symbols into lines.
 /// Cannot implement it as Iterator since it yields slices of the internal buffer (need streaming
 /// iterators for that).
 pub trait LineComposer<'a> {
-    fn next_line(&mut self) -> Option<(&[Styled<'a>], u16)>;
+    fn next_line(&mut self) -> Option<(&[StyledGrapheme<'a>], u16)>;
 }
 
 /// A state machine that wraps lines on word boundaries.
 pub struct WordWrapper<'a, 'b> {
-    symbols: &'b mut dyn Iterator<Item = Styled<'a>>,
+    symbols: &'b mut dyn Iterator<Item = StyledGrapheme<'a>>,
     max_line_width: u16,
-    current_line: Vec<Styled<'a>>,
-    next_line: Vec<Styled<'a>>,
+    current_line: Vec<StyledGrapheme<'a>>,
+    next_line: Vec<StyledGrapheme<'a>>,
+    /// Removes the leading whitespace from lines
+    trim: bool,
+    break_words: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b> WordWrapper<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn new(
-        symbols: &'b mut dyn Iterator<Item = Styled<'a>>,
+        symbols: &'b mut dyn Iterator<Item = StyledGrapheme<'a>>,
         max_line_width: u16,
+        trim: bool,
+        break_words: bool,
     ) -> WordWrapper<'a, 'b> {
         WordWrapper {
             symbols,
             max_line_width,
             current_line: vec![],
             next_line: vec![],
+            trim,
+            break_words,
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b> LineComposer<'a> for WordWrapper<'a, 'b> {
-    fn next_line(&mut self) -> Option<(&[Styled<'a>], u16)> {
+    fn next_line(&mut self) -> Option<(&[StyledGrapheme<'a>], u16)> {
         if self.max_line_width == 0 {
             return None;
         }
@@ -46,21 +51,21 @@ impl<'a, 'b> LineComposer<'a> for WordWrapper<'a, 'b> {
         let mut current_line_width = self
             .current_line
             .iter()
-            .map(|Styled(c, _)| c.width() as u16)
+            .map(|StyledGrapheme { symbol, .. }| symbol.width() as u16)
             .sum();
 
         let mut symbols_to_last_word_end: usize = 0;
         let mut width_to_last_word_end: u16 = 0;
         let mut prev_whitespace = false;
         let mut symbols_exhausted = true;
-        for Styled(symbol, style) in &mut self.symbols {
+        for StyledGrapheme { symbol, style } in &mut self.symbols {
             symbols_exhausted = false;
-            let symbol_whitespace = symbol.chars().all(&char::is_whitespace);
+            let symbol_whitespace = symbol.chars().all(&char::is_whitespace) && symbol != NBSP;
 
             // Ignore characters wider that the total max width.
             if symbol.width() as u16 > self.max_line_width
-                // Skip leading whitespace.
-                || symbol_whitespace && symbol != "\n" && current_line_width == 0
+                // Skip leading whitespace when trim is enabled.
+                || self.trim && symbol_whitespace && symbol != "\n" && current_line_width == 0
             {
                 continue;
             }
@@ -75,28 +80,30 @@ impl<'a, 'b> LineComposer<'a> for WordWrapper<'a, 'b> {
             }
 
             // Mark the previous symbol as word end.
-            if symbol_whitespace && !prev_whitespace && symbol != NBSP {
+            if symbol_whitespace && !prev_whitespace {
                 symbols_to_last_word_end = self.current_line.len();
                 width_to_last_word_end = current_line_width;
             }
 
-            self.current_line.push(Styled(symbol, style));
+            self.current_line.push(StyledGrapheme { symbol, style });
             current_line_width += symbol.width() as u16;
 
             if current_line_width > self.max_line_width {
                 // If there was no word break in the text, wrap at the end of the line.
-                let (truncate_at, truncated_width) = if symbols_to_last_word_end != 0 {
-                    (symbols_to_last_word_end, width_to_last_word_end)
-                } else {
-                    (self.current_line.len() - 1, self.max_line_width)
-                };
+                let (truncate_at, truncated_width) =
+                    if symbols_to_last_word_end != 0 && !self.break_words {
+                        (symbols_to_last_word_end, width_to_last_word_end)
+                    } else {
+                        (self.current_line.len() - 1, self.max_line_width)
+                    };
 
                 // Push the remainder to the next line but strip leading whitespace:
                 {
                     let remainder = &self.current_line[truncate_at..];
-                    if let Some(remainder_nonwhite) = remainder
-                        .iter()
-                        .position(|Styled(c, _)| !c.chars().all(&char::is_whitespace))
+                    if let Some(remainder_nonwhite) =
+                        remainder.iter().position(|StyledGrapheme { symbol, .. }| {
+                            !symbol.chars().all(&char::is_whitespace)
+                        })
                     {
                         self.next_line
                             .extend_from_slice(&remainder[remainder_nonwhite..]);
@@ -121,26 +128,33 @@ impl<'a, 'b> LineComposer<'a> for WordWrapper<'a, 'b> {
 
 /// A state machine that truncates overhanging lines.
 pub struct LineTruncator<'a, 'b> {
-    symbols: &'b mut dyn Iterator<Item = Styled<'a>>,
+    symbols: &'b mut dyn Iterator<Item = StyledGrapheme<'a>>,
     max_line_width: u16,
-    current_line: Vec<Styled<'a>>,
+    current_line: Vec<StyledGrapheme<'a>>,
+    /// Record the offet to skip render
+    horizontal_offset: u16,
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b> LineTruncator<'a, 'b> {
     pub fn new(
-        symbols: &'b mut dyn Iterator<Item = Styled<'a>>,
+        symbols: &'b mut dyn Iterator<Item = StyledGrapheme<'a>>,
         max_line_width: u16,
     ) -> LineTruncator<'a, 'b> {
         LineTruncator {
             symbols,
             max_line_width,
+            horizontal_offset: 0,
             current_line: vec![],
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn set_horizontal_offset(&mut self, horizontal_offset: u16) {
+        self.horizontal_offset = horizontal_offset;
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b> LineComposer<'a> for LineTruncator<'a, 'b> {
-    fn next_line(&mut self) -> Option<(&[Styled<'a>], u16)> {
+    fn next_line(&mut self) -> Option<(&[StyledGrapheme<'a>], u16)> {
         if self.max_line_width == 0 {
             return None;
         }
@@ -150,7 +164,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> LineComposer<'a> for LineTruncator<'a, 'b> {
 
         let mut skip_rest = false;
         let mut symbols_exhausted = true;
-        for Styled(symbol, style) in &mut self.symbols {
+        let mut horizontal_offset = self.horizontal_offset as usize;
+        for StyledGrapheme { symbol, style } in &mut self.symbols {
             symbols_exhausted = false;
 
             // Ignore characters wider that the total max width.
@@ -169,12 +184,25 @@ impl<'a, 'b> LineComposer<'a> for LineTruncator<'a, 'b> {
                 break;
             }
 
+            let symbol = if horizontal_offset == 0 {
+                symbol
+            } else {
+                let w = symbol.width();
+                if w > horizontal_offset {
+                    let t = trim_offset(symbol, horizontal_offset);
+                    horizontal_offset = 0;
+                    t
+                } else {
+                    horizontal_offset -= w;
+                    ""
+                }
+            };
             current_line_width += symbol.width() as u16;
-            self.current_line.push(Styled(symbol, style));
+            self.current_line.push(StyledGrapheme { symbol, style });
         }
 
         if skip_rest {
-            for Styled(symbol, _) in &mut self.symbols {
+            for StyledGrapheme { symbol, .. } in &mut self.symbols {
                 if symbol == "\n" {
                     break;
                 }
@@ -189,21 +217,43 @@ impl<'a, 'b> LineComposer<'a> for LineTruncator<'a, 'b> {
     }
 }
 
+/// This function will return a str slice which start at specified offset.
+/// As src is a unicode str, start offset has to be calculated with each character.
+fn trim_offset(src: &str, mut offset: usize) -> &str {
+    let mut start = 0;
+    for c in UnicodeSegmentation::graphemes(src, true) {
+        let w = c.width();
+        if w <= offset {
+            offset -= w;
+            start += c.len();
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    &src[start..]
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;
     use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 
     enum Composer {
-        WordWrapper,
+        WordWrapper { trim: bool, break_words: bool },
         LineTruncator,
     }
 
     fn run_composer(which: Composer, text: &str, text_area_width: u16) -> (Vec<String>, Vec<u16>) {
         let style = Default::default();
-        let mut styled = UnicodeSegmentation::graphemes(text, true).map(|g| Styled(g, style));
+        let mut styled =
+            UnicodeSegmentation::graphemes(text, true).map(|g| StyledGrapheme { symbol: g, style });
         let mut composer: Box<dyn LineComposer> = match which {
-            Composer::WordWrapper => Box::new(WordWrapper::new(&mut styled, text_area_width)),
+            Composer::WordWrapper { trim, break_words } => Box::new(WordWrapper::new(
+                &mut styled,
+                text_area_width,
+                trim,
+                break_words,
+            )),
             Composer::LineTruncator => Box::new(LineTruncator::new(&mut styled, text_area_width)),
         };
         let mut lines = vec![];
@@ -211,7 +261,7 @@ mod test {
         while let Some((styled, width)) = composer.next_line() {
             let line = styled
                 .iter()
-                .map(|Styled(g, _style)| *g)
+                .map(|StyledGrapheme { symbol, .. }| *symbol)
                 .collect::<String>();
             assert!(width <= text_area_width);
             lines.push(line);
@@ -225,7 +275,14 @@ mod test {
         let width = 40;
         for i in 1..width {
             let text = "a".repeat(i);
-            let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, &text, width as u16);
+            let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+                Composer::WordWrapper {
+                    trim: true,
+                    break_words: true,
+                },
+                &text,
+                width as u16,
+            );
             let (line_truncator, _) = run_composer(Composer::LineTruncator, &text, width as u16);
             let expected = vec![text];
             assert_eq!(word_wrapper, expected);
@@ -238,7 +295,14 @@ mod test {
         let width = 20;
         let text =
             "abcdefg\nhijklmno\npabcdefg\nhijklmn\nopabcdefghijk\nlmnopabcd\n\n\nefghijklmno";
-        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, text, width);
+        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
         let (line_truncator, _) = run_composer(Composer::LineTruncator, text, width);
 
         let wrapped: Vec<&str> = text.split('\n').collect();
@@ -250,7 +314,14 @@ mod test {
     fn line_composer_long_word() {
         let width = 20;
         let text = "abcdefghijklmnopabcdefghijklmnopabcdefghijklmnopabcdefghijklmno";
-        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, text, width as u16);
+        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width as u16,
+        );
         let (line_truncator, _) = run_composer(Composer::LineTruncator, text, width as u16);
 
         let wrapped = vec![
@@ -261,7 +332,7 @@ mod test {
         ];
         assert_eq!(
             word_wrapper, wrapped,
-            "WordWrapper should deect the line cannot be broken on word boundary and \
+            "WordWrapper should detect the line cannot be broken on word boundary and \
              break it at line width limit."
         );
         assert_eq!(line_truncator, vec![&text[..width]]);
@@ -275,10 +346,22 @@ mod test {
         let text_multi_space =
             "abcd efghij    klmnopabcd efgh     ijklmnopabcdefg hijkl mnopab c d e f g h i j k l \
              m n o";
-        let (word_wrapper_single_space, _) =
-            run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, text, width as u16);
-        let (word_wrapper_multi_space, _) =
-            run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, text_multi_space, width as u16);
+        let (word_wrapper_single_space, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width as u16,
+        );
+        let (word_wrapper_multi_space, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text_multi_space,
+            width as u16,
+        );
         let (line_truncator, _) = run_composer(Composer::LineTruncator, text, width as u16);
 
         let word_wrapped = vec![
@@ -298,7 +381,14 @@ mod test {
     fn line_composer_zero_width() {
         let width = 0;
         let text = "abcd efghij klmnopabcd efgh ijklmnopabcdefg hijkl mnopab ";
-        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, text, width);
+        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
         let (line_truncator, _) = run_composer(Composer::LineTruncator, text, width);
 
         let expected: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
@@ -310,7 +400,14 @@ mod test {
     fn line_composer_max_line_width_of_1() {
         let width = 1;
         let text = "abcd efghij klmnopabcd efgh ijklmnopabcdefg hijkl mnopab ";
-        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, text, width);
+        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
         let (line_truncator, _) = run_composer(Composer::LineTruncator, text, width);
 
         let expected: Vec<&str> = UnicodeSegmentation::graphemes(text, true)
@@ -325,7 +422,14 @@ mod test {
         let width = 1;
         let text = "コンピュータ上で文字を扱う場合、典型的には文字\naaaによる通信を行う場合にその\
                     両端点では、";
-        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, text, width);
+        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
         let (line_truncator, _) = run_composer(Composer::LineTruncator, text, width);
         assert_eq!(word_wrapper, vec!["", "a", "a", "a"]);
         assert_eq!(line_truncator, vec!["", "a"]);
@@ -336,7 +440,14 @@ mod test {
     fn line_composer_word_wrapper_mixed_length() {
         let width = 20;
         let text = "abcd efghij klmnopabcdefghijklmnopabcdefghijkl mnopab cdefghi j klmno";
-        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, text, width);
+        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             word_wrapper,
             vec![
@@ -354,8 +465,15 @@ mod test {
         let width = 20;
         let text = "コンピュータ上で文字を扱う場合、典型的には文字による通信を行う場合にその両端点\
                     では、";
-        let (word_wrapper, word_wrapper_width) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, &text, width);
-        let (line_truncator, _) = run_composer(Composer::LineTruncator, &text, width);
+        let (word_wrapper, word_wrapper_width) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
+        let (line_truncator, _) = run_composer(Composer::LineTruncator, text, width);
         assert_eq!(line_truncator, vec!["コンピュータ上で文字"]);
         let wrapped = vec![
             "コンピュータ上で文字",
@@ -372,7 +490,14 @@ mod test {
     fn line_composer_leading_whitespace_removal() {
         let width = 20;
         let text = "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA    AAA";
-        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, text, width);
+        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
         let (line_truncator, _) = run_composer(Composer::LineTruncator, text, width);
         assert_eq!(word_wrapper, vec!["AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", "AAA",]);
         assert_eq!(line_truncator, vec!["AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"]);
@@ -383,7 +508,14 @@ mod test {
     fn line_composer_lots_of_spaces() {
         let width = 20;
         let text = "                                                                     ";
-        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, text, width);
+        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
         let (line_truncator, _) = run_composer(Composer::LineTruncator, text, width);
         assert_eq!(word_wrapper, vec![""]);
         assert_eq!(line_truncator, vec!["                    "]);
@@ -395,7 +527,14 @@ mod test {
     fn line_composer_char_plus_lots_of_spaces() {
         let width = 20;
         let text = "a                                                                     ";
-        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, text, width);
+        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
         let (line_truncator, _) = run_composer(Composer::LineTruncator, text, width);
         // What's happening below is: the first line gets consumed, trailing spaces discarded,
         // after 20 of which a word break occurs (probably shouldn't). The second line break
@@ -414,7 +553,14 @@ mod test {
         // hiragana and katakana...
         // This happens to also be a test case for mixed width because regular spaces are single width.
         let text = "コンピュ ータ上で文字を扱う場合、 典型的には文 字による 通信を行 う場合にその両端点では、";
-        let (word_wrapper, word_wrapper_width) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, text, width);
+        let (word_wrapper, word_wrapper_width) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             word_wrapper,
             vec![
@@ -435,12 +581,84 @@ mod test {
     fn line_composer_word_wrapper_nbsp() {
         let width = 20;
         let text = "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA\u{00a0}AAA";
-        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, text, width);
+        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
         assert_eq!(word_wrapper, vec!["AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", "AAAA\u{00a0}AAA",]);
 
         // Ensure that if the character was a regular space, it would be wrapped differently.
-        let text_space = text.replace("\u{00a0}", " ");
-        let (word_wrapper_space, _) = run_composer(Composer::WordWrapper, &text_space, width);
+        let text_space = text.replace('\u{00a0}', " ");
+        let (word_wrapper_space, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: true,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            &text_space,
+            width,
+        );
         assert_eq!(word_wrapper_space, vec!["AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAA", "AAA",]);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn line_composer_word_wrapper_preserve_indentation() {
+        let width = 20;
+        let text = "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA    AAA";
+        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: false,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(word_wrapper, vec!["AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", "   AAA",]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn line_composer_word_wrapper_preserve_indentation_with_wrap() {
+        let width = 10;
+        let text = "AAA AAA AAAAA AA AAAAAA\n B\n  C\n   D";
+        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: false,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            word_wrapper,
+            vec!["AAA AAA", "AAAAA AA", "AAAAAA", " B", "  C", "   D"]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn line_composer_word_wrapper_preserve_indentation_lots_of_whitespace() {
+        let width = 10;
+        let text = "               4 Indent\n                 must wrap!";
+        let (word_wrapper, _) = run_composer(
+            Composer::WordWrapper {
+                trim: false,
+                break_words: true,
+            },
+            text,
+            width,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            word_wrapper,
+            vec![
+                "          ",
+                "    4",
+                "Indent",
+                "          ",
+                "      must",
+                "wrap!"
+            ]
+        );
+    }
 }

src/widgets/sparkline.rs

@@ -76,10 +76,11 @@ impl<'a> Sparkline<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> Widget for Sparkline<'a> {
     fn render(mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let spark_area = match self.block {
-            Some(ref mut b) => {
+        let spark_area = match self.block.take() {
+            Some(b) => {
+                let inner_area = b.inner(area);
                 b.render(area, buf);
-                b.inner(area)
+                inner_area
             }
             None => area,
         };
@@ -120,8 +121,7 @@ impl<'a> Widget for Sparkline<'a> {
                 };
                 buf.get_mut(spark_area.left() + i as u16, spark_area.top() + j)
                     .set_symbol(symbol)
-                    .set_fg(self.style.fg)
-                    .set_bg(self.style.bg);
+                    .set_style(self.style);
 
                 if *d > 8 {
                     *d -= 8;

src/widgets/table.rs

@@ -1,36 +1,346 @@
 use crate::{
     buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::{Constraint, Rect},
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
     style::Style,
+    text::Text,
     widgets::{Block, StatefulWidget, Widget},
 };
-use cassowary::{
-    strength::{MEDIUM, REQUIRED, WEAK},
-    WeightedRelation::*,
-    {Expression, Solver},
-};
-use std::{
-    collections::HashMap,
-    fmt::Display,
-    iter::{self, Iterator},
-};
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+/// A [`Cell`] contains the [`Text`] to be displayed in a [`Row`] of a [`Table`].
+///
+/// It can be created from anything that can be converted to a [`Text`].
+/// ```rust
+/// # use tui::widgets::Cell;
+/// # use tui::style::{Style, Modifier};
+/// # use tui::text::{Span, Spans, Text};
+/// # use std::borrow::Cow;
+/// Cell::from("simple string");
+///
+/// Cell::from(Span::from("span"));
+///
+/// Cell::from(Spans::from(vec![
+///     Span::raw("a vec of "),
+///     Span::styled("spans", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
+/// ]));
+///
+/// Cell::from(Text::from("a text"));
+///
+/// Cell::from(Text::from(Cow::Borrowed("hello")));
+/// ```
+///
+/// You can apply a [`Style`] on the entire [`Cell`] using [`Cell::style`] or rely on the styling
+/// capabilities of [`Text`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default)]
+pub struct Cell<'a> {
+    content: Text<'a>,
+    style: Style,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Cell<'a> {
+    /// Set the `Style` of this cell.
+    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Self {
+        self.style = style;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T> From<T> for Cell<'a>
+where
+    T: Into<Text<'a>>,
+{
+    fn from(content: T) -> Cell<'a> {
+        Cell {
+            content: content.into(),
+            style: Style::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Holds data to be displayed in a [`Table`] widget.
+///
+/// A [`Row`] is a collection of cells. It can be created from simple strings:
+/// ```rust
+/// # use tui::widgets::Row;
+/// Row::new(vec!["Cell1", "Cell2", "Cell3"]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// But if you need a bit more control over individual cells, you can explicity create [`Cell`]s:
+/// ```rust
+/// # use tui::widgets::{Row, Cell};
+/// # use tui::style::{Style, Color};
+/// Row::new(vec![
+///     Cell::from("Cell1"),
+///     Cell::from("Cell2").style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)),
+/// ]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// You can also construct a row from any type that can be converted into [`Text`]:
+/// ```rust
+/// # use std::borrow::Cow;
+/// # use tui::widgets::Row;
+/// Row::new(vec![
+///     Cow::Borrowed("hello"),
+///     Cow::Owned("world".to_uppercase()),
+/// ]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// By default, a row has a height of 1 but you can change this using [`Row::height`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default)]
+pub struct Row<'a> {
+    cells: Vec<Cell<'a>>,
+    height: u16,
+    style: Style,
+    bottom_margin: u16,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Row<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new [`Row`] from an iterator where items can be converted to a [`Cell`].
+    pub fn new<T>(cells: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: IntoIterator,
+        T::Item: Into<Cell<'a>>,
+    {
+        Self {
+            height: 1,
+            cells: cells.into_iter().map(|c| c.into()).collect(),
+            style: Style::default(),
+            bottom_margin: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set the fixed height of the [`Row`]. Any [`Cell`] whose content has more lines than this
+    /// height will see its content truncated.
+    pub fn height(mut self, height: u16) -> Self {
+        self.height = height;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the [`Style`] of the entire row. This [`Style`] can be overriden by the [`Style`] of a
+    /// any individual [`Cell`] or event by their [`Text`] content.
+    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Self {
+        self.style = style;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the bottom margin. By default, the bottom margin is `0`.
+    pub fn bottom_margin(mut self, margin: u16) -> Self {
+        self.bottom_margin = margin;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the total height of the row.
+    fn total_height(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.height.saturating_add(self.bottom_margin)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A widget to display data in formatted columns.
+///
+/// It is a collection of [`Row`]s, themselves composed of [`Cell`]s:
+/// ```rust
+/// # use tui::widgets::{Block, Borders, Table, Row, Cell};
+/// # use tui::layout::Constraint;
+/// # use tui::style::{Style, Color, Modifier};
+/// # use tui::text::{Text, Spans, Span};
+/// Table::new(vec![
+///     // Row can be created from simple strings.
+///     Row::new(vec!["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"]),
+///     // You can style the entire row.
+///     Row::new(vec!["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"]).style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue)),
+///     // If you need more control over the styling you may need to create Cells directly
+///     Row::new(vec![
+///         Cell::from("Row31"),
+///         Cell::from("Row32").style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)),
+///         Cell::from(Spans::from(vec![
+///             Span::raw("Row"),
+///             Span::styled("33", Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
+///         ])),
+///     ]),
+///     // If a Row need to display some content over multiple lines, you just have to change
+///     // its height.
+///     Row::new(vec![
+///         Cell::from("Row\n41"),
+///         Cell::from("Row\n42"),
+///         Cell::from("Row\n43"),
+///     ]).height(2),
+/// ])
+/// // You can set the style of the entire Table.
+/// .style(Style::default().fg(Color::White))
+/// // It has an optional header, which is simply a Row always visible at the top.
+/// .header(
+///     Row::new(vec!["Col1", "Col2", "Col3"])
+///         .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+///         // If you want some space between the header and the rest of the rows, you can always
+///         // specify some margin at the bottom.
+///         .bottom_margin(1)
+/// )
+/// // As any other widget, a Table can be wrapped in a Block.
+/// .block(Block::default().title("Table"))
+/// // Columns widths are constrained in the same way as Layout...
+/// .widths(&[Constraint::Length(5), Constraint::Length(5), Constraint::Length(10)])
+/// // ...and they can be separated by a fixed spacing.
+/// .column_spacing(1)
+/// // If you wish to highlight a row in any specific way when it is selected...
+/// .highlight_style(Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
+/// // ...and potentially show a symbol in front of the selection.
+/// .highlight_symbol(">>");
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Table<'a> {
+    /// A block to wrap the widget in
+    block: Option<Block<'a>>,
+    /// Base style for the widget
+    style: Style,
+    /// Width constraints for each column
+    widths: &'a [Constraint],
+    /// Space between each column
+    column_spacing: u16,
+    /// Style used to render the selected row
+    highlight_style: Style,
+    /// Symbol in front of the selected rom
+    highlight_symbol: Option<&'a str>,
+    /// Optional header
+    header: Option<Row<'a>>,
+    /// Data to display in each row
+    rows: Vec<Row<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Table<'a> {
+    pub fn new<T>(rows: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: IntoIterator<Item = Row<'a>>,
+    {
+        Self {
+            block: None,
+            style: Style::default(),
+            widths: &[],
+            column_spacing: 1,
+            highlight_style: Style::default(),
+            highlight_symbol: None,
+            header: None,
+            rows: rows.into_iter().collect(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn block(mut self, block: Block<'a>) -> Self {
+        self.block = Some(block);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn header(mut self, header: Row<'a>) -> Self {
+        self.header = Some(header);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn widths(mut self, widths: &'a [Constraint]) -> Self {
+        let between_0_and_100 = |&w| match w {
+            Constraint::Percentage(p) => p <= 100,
+            _ => true,
+        };
+        assert!(
+            widths.iter().all(between_0_and_100),
+            "Percentages should be between 0 and 100 inclusively."
+        );
+        self.widths = widths;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Self {
+        self.style = style;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn highlight_symbol(mut self, highlight_symbol: &'a str) -> Self {
+        self.highlight_symbol = Some(highlight_symbol);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn highlight_style(mut self, highlight_style: Style) -> Self {
+        self.highlight_style = highlight_style;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn column_spacing(mut self, spacing: u16) -> Self {
+        self.column_spacing = spacing;
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn get_columns_widths(&self, max_width: u16, has_selection: bool) -> Vec<u16> {
+        let mut constraints = Vec::with_capacity(self.widths.len() * 2 + 1);
+        if has_selection {
+            let highlight_symbol_width =
+                self.highlight_symbol.map(|s| s.width() as u16).unwrap_or(0);
+            constraints.push(Constraint::Length(highlight_symbol_width));
+        }
+        for constraint in self.widths {
+            constraints.push(*constraint);
+            constraints.push(Constraint::Length(self.column_spacing));
+        }
+        if !self.widths.is_empty() {
+            constraints.pop();
+        }
+        let mut chunks = Layout::default()
+            .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
+            .constraints(constraints)
+            .expand_to_fill(false)
+            .split(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: max_width,
+                height: 1,
+            });
+        if has_selection {
+            chunks.remove(0);
+        }
+        chunks.iter().step_by(2).map(|c| c.width).collect()
+    }
+
+    fn get_row_bounds(
+        &self,
+        selected: Option<usize>,
+        offset: usize,
+        max_height: u16,
+    ) -> (usize, usize) {
+        let offset = offset.min(self.rows.len().saturating_sub(1));
+        let mut start = offset;
+        let mut end = offset;
+        let mut height = 0;
+        for item in self.rows.iter().skip(offset) {
+            if height + item.height > max_height {
+                break;
+            }
+            height += item.total_height();
+            end += 1;
+        }
+
+        let selected = selected.unwrap_or(0).min(self.rows.len() - 1);
+        while selected >= end {
+            height = height.saturating_add(self.rows[end].total_height());
+            end += 1;
+            while height > max_height {
+                height = height.saturating_sub(self.rows[start].total_height());
+                start += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        while selected < start {
+            start -= 1;
+            height = height.saturating_add(self.rows[start].total_height());
+            while height > max_height {
+                end -= 1;
+                height = height.saturating_sub(self.rows[end].total_height());
+            }
+        }
+        (start, end)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
 pub struct TableState {
     offset: usize,
     selected: Option<usize>,
 }
 
-impl Default for TableState {
-    fn default() -> TableState {
-        TableState {
-            offset: 0,
-            selected: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl TableState {
     pub fn selected(&self) -> Option<usize> {
         self.selected
@@ -44,311 +354,130 @@ impl TableState {
     }
 }
 
-/// Holds data to be displayed in a Table widget
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum Row<D>
-where
-    D: Iterator,
-    D::Item: Display,
-{
-    Data(D),
-    StyledData(D, Style),
-}
-
-/// A widget to display data in formatted columns
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```
-/// # use tui::widgets::{Block, Borders, Table, Row};
-/// # use tui::layout::Constraint;
-/// # use tui::style::{Style, Color};
-/// let row_style = Style::default().fg(Color::White);
-/// Table::new(
-///         ["Col1", "Col2", "Col3"].into_iter(),
-///         vec![
-///             Row::StyledData(["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"].into_iter(), row_style),
-///             Row::StyledData(["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"].into_iter(), row_style),
-///             Row::StyledData(["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"].into_iter(), row_style),
-///             Row::Data(["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"].into_iter())
-///         ].into_iter()
-///     )
-///     .block(Block::default().title("Table"))
-///     .header_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-///     .widths(&[Constraint::Length(5), Constraint::Length(5), Constraint::Length(10)])
-///     .style(Style::default().fg(Color::White))
-///     .column_spacing(1);
-/// ```
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Table<'a, H, R> {
-    /// A block to wrap the widget in
-    block: Option<Block<'a>>,
-    /// Base style for the widget
-    style: Style,
-    /// Header row for all columns
-    header: H,
-    /// Style for the header
-    header_style: Style,
-    /// Width constraints for each column
-    widths: &'a [Constraint],
-    /// Space between each column
-    column_spacing: u16,
-    /// Space between the header and the rows
-    header_gap: u16,
-    /// Style used to render the selected row
-    highlight_style: Style,
-    /// Symbol in front of the selected rom
-    highlight_symbol: Option<&'a str>,
-    /// Data to display in each row
-    rows: R,
-}
-
-impl<'a, H, R> Default for Table<'a, H, R>
-where
-    H: Iterator + Default,
-    R: Iterator + Default,
-{
-    fn default() -> Table<'a, H, R> {
-        Table {
-            block: None,
-            style: Style::default(),
-            header: H::default(),
-            header_style: Style::default(),
-            widths: &[],
-            column_spacing: 1,
-            header_gap: 1,
-            highlight_style: Style::default(),
-            highlight_symbol: None,
-            rows: R::default(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-impl<'a, H, D, R> Table<'a, H, R>
-where
-    H: Iterator,
-    D: Iterator,
-    D::Item: Display,
-    R: Iterator<Item = Row<D>>,
-{
-    pub fn new(header: H, rows: R) -> Table<'a, H, R> {
-        Table {
-            block: None,
-            style: Style::default(),
-            header,
-            header_style: Style::default(),
-            widths: &[],
-            column_spacing: 1,
-            header_gap: 1,
-            highlight_style: Style::default(),
-            highlight_symbol: None,
-            rows,
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn block(mut self, block: Block<'a>) -> Table<'a, H, R> {
-        self.block = Some(block);
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn header<II>(mut self, header: II) -> Table<'a, H, R>
-    where
-        II: IntoIterator<Item = H::Item, IntoIter = H>,
-    {
-        self.header = header.into_iter();
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn header_style(mut self, style: Style) -> Table<'a, H, R> {
-        self.header_style = style;
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn widths(mut self, widths: &'a [Constraint]) -> Table<'a, H, R> {
-        let between_0_and_100 = |&w| match w {
-            Constraint::Percentage(p) => p <= 100,
-            _ => true,
-        };
-        assert!(
-            widths.iter().all(between_0_and_100),
-            "Percentages should be between 0 and 100 inclusively."
-        );
-        self.widths = widths;
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn rows<II>(mut self, rows: II) -> Table<'a, H, R>
-    where
-        II: IntoIterator<Item = Row<D>, IntoIter = R>,
-    {
-        self.rows = rows.into_iter();
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Table<'a, H, R> {
-        self.style = style;
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn highlight_symbol(mut self, highlight_symbol: &'a str) -> Table<'a, H, R> {
-        self.highlight_symbol = Some(highlight_symbol);
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn highlight_style(mut self, highlight_style: Style) -> Table<'a, H, R> {
-        self.highlight_style = highlight_style;
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn column_spacing(mut self, spacing: u16) -> Table<'a, H, R> {
-        self.column_spacing = spacing;
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn header_gap(mut self, gap: u16) -> Table<'a, H, R> {
-        self.header_gap = gap;
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, H, D, R> StatefulWidget for Table<'a, H, R>
-where
-    H: Iterator,
-    H::Item: Display,
-    D: Iterator,
-    D::Item: Display,
-    R: Iterator<Item = Row<D>>,
-{
+impl<'a> StatefulWidget for Table<'a> {
     type State = TableState;
 
     fn render(mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State) {
-        // Render block if necessary and get the drawing area
-        let table_area = match self.block {
-            Some(ref mut b) => {
+        if area.area() == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+        buf.set_style(area, self.style);
+        let table_area = match self.block.take() {
+            Some(b) => {
+                let inner_area = b.inner(area);
                 b.render(area, buf);
-                b.inner(area)
+                inner_area
             }
             None => area,
         };
 
-        buf.set_background(table_area, self.style.bg);
-
-        let mut solver = Solver::new();
-        let mut var_indices = HashMap::new();
-        let mut ccs = Vec::new();
-        let mut variables = Vec::new();
-        for i in 0..self.widths.len() {
-            let var = cassowary::Variable::new();
-            variables.push(var);
-            var_indices.insert(var, i);
-        }
-        for (i, constraint) in self.widths.iter().enumerate() {
-            ccs.push(variables[i] | GE(WEAK) | 0.);
-            ccs.push(match *constraint {
-                Constraint::Length(v) => variables[i] | EQ(MEDIUM) | f64::from(v),
-                Constraint::Percentage(v) => {
-                    variables[i] | EQ(WEAK) | (f64::from(v * area.width) / 100.0)
-                }
-                Constraint::Ratio(n, d) => {
-                    variables[i] | EQ(WEAK) | (f64::from(area.width) * f64::from(n) / f64::from(d))
-                }
-                Constraint::Min(v) => variables[i] | GE(WEAK) | f64::from(v),
-                Constraint::Max(v) => variables[i] | LE(WEAK) | f64::from(v),
-            })
-        }
-        solver
-            .add_constraint(
-                variables
-                    .iter()
-                    .fold(Expression::from_constant(0.), |acc, v| acc + *v)
-                    | LE(REQUIRED)
-                    | f64::from(
-                        area.width - 2 - (self.column_spacing * (variables.len() as u16 - 1)),
-                    ),
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-        solver.add_constraints(&ccs).unwrap();
-        let mut solved_widths = vec![0; variables.len()];
-        for &(var, value) in solver.fetch_changes() {
-            let index = var_indices[&var];
-            let value = if value.is_sign_negative() {
-                0
-            } else {
-                value as u16
-            };
-            solved_widths[index] = value
-        }
-
-        let mut y = table_area.top();
-        let mut x = table_area.left();
+        let has_selection = state.selected.is_some();
+        let columns_widths = self.get_columns_widths(table_area.width, has_selection);
+        let highlight_symbol = self.highlight_symbol.unwrap_or("");
+        let blank_symbol = " ".repeat(highlight_symbol.width());
+        let mut current_height = 0;
+        let mut rows_height = table_area.height;
 
         // Draw header
-        if y < table_area.bottom() {
-            for (w, t) in solved_widths.iter().zip(self.header.by_ref()) {
-                buf.set_stringn(x, y, format!("{}", t), *w as usize, self.header_style);
-                x += *w + self.column_spacing;
+        if let Some(ref header) = self.header {
+            let max_header_height = table_area.height.min(header.total_height());
+            buf.set_style(
+                Rect {
+                    x: table_area.left(),
+                    y: table_area.top(),
+                    width: table_area.width,
+                    height: table_area.height.min(header.height),
+                },
+                header.style,
+            );
+            let mut col = table_area.left();
+            if has_selection {
+                col += (highlight_symbol.width() as u16).min(table_area.width);
             }
+            for (width, cell) in columns_widths.iter().zip(header.cells.iter()) {
+                render_cell(
+                    buf,
+                    cell,
+                    Rect {
+                        x: col,
+                        y: table_area.top(),
+                        width: *width,
+                        height: max_header_height,
+                    },
+                );
+                col += *width + self.column_spacing;
+            }
+            current_height += max_header_height;
+            rows_height = rows_height.saturating_sub(max_header_height);
         }
-        y += 1 + self.header_gap;
-
-        // Use highlight_style only if something is selected
-        let (selected, highlight_style) = match state.selected {
-            Some(i) => (Some(i), self.highlight_style),
-            None => (None, self.style),
-        };
-        let highlight_symbol = self.highlight_symbol.unwrap_or("");
-        let blank_symbol = iter::repeat(" ")
-            .take(highlight_symbol.width())
-            .collect::<String>();
 
         // Draw rows
-        let default_style = Style::default();
-        if y < table_area.bottom() {
-            let remaining = (table_area.bottom() - y) as usize;
-
-            // Make sure the table shows the selected item
-            state.offset = if let Some(selected) = selected {
-                if selected >= remaining + state.offset - 1 {
-                    selected + 1 - remaining
-                } else if selected < state.offset {
-                    selected
-                } else {
-                    state.offset
-                }
-            } else {
-                0
+        if self.rows.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let (start, end) = self.get_row_bounds(state.selected, state.offset, rows_height);
+        state.offset = start;
+        for (i, table_row) in self
+            .rows
+            .iter_mut()
+            .enumerate()
+            .skip(state.offset)
+            .take(end - start)
+        {
+            let (row, col) = (table_area.top() + current_height, table_area.left());
+            current_height += table_row.total_height();
+            let table_row_area = Rect {
+                x: col,
+                y: row,
+                width: table_area.width,
+                height: table_row.height,
             };
-            for (i, row) in self.rows.skip(state.offset).take(remaining).enumerate() {
-                let (data, style, symbol) = match row {
-                    Row::Data(d) | Row::StyledData(d, _)
-                        if Some(i) == state.selected.map(|s| s - state.offset) =>
-                    {
-                        (d, highlight_style, highlight_symbol)
-                    }
-                    Row::Data(d) => (d, default_style, blank_symbol.as_ref()),
-                    Row::StyledData(d, s) => (d, s, blank_symbol.as_ref()),
+            buf.set_style(table_row_area, table_row.style);
+            let is_selected = state.selected.map(|s| s == i).unwrap_or(false);
+            let table_row_start_col = if has_selection {
+                let symbol = if is_selected {
+                    highlight_symbol
+                } else {
+                    &blank_symbol
                 };
-                x = table_area.left();
-                for (c, (w, elt)) in solved_widths.iter().zip(data).enumerate() {
-                    let s = if c == 0 {
-                        format!("{}{}", symbol, elt)
-                    } else {
-                        format!("{}", elt)
-                    };
-                    buf.set_stringn(x, y + i as u16, s, *w as usize, style);
-                    x += *w + self.column_spacing;
-                }
+                let (col, _) =
+                    buf.set_stringn(col, row, symbol, table_area.width as usize, table_row.style);
+                col
+            } else {
+                col
+            };
+            let mut col = table_row_start_col;
+            for (width, cell) in columns_widths.iter().zip(table_row.cells.iter()) {
+                render_cell(
+                    buf,
+                    cell,
+                    Rect {
+                        x: col,
+                        y: row,
+                        width: *width,
+                        height: table_row.height,
+                    },
+                );
+                col += *width + self.column_spacing;
+            }
+            if is_selected {
+                buf.set_style(table_row_area, self.highlight_style);
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, H, D, R> Widget for Table<'a, H, R>
-where
-    H: Iterator,
-    H::Item: Display,
-    D: Iterator,
-    D::Item: Display,
-    R: Iterator<Item = Row<D>>,
-{
+fn render_cell(buf: &mut Buffer, cell: &Cell, area: Rect) {
+    buf.set_style(area, cell.style);
+    for (i, spans) in cell.content.lines.iter().enumerate() {
+        if i as u16 >= area.height {
+            break;
+        }
+        buf.set_spans(area.x, area.y + i as u16, spans, area.width);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Widget for Table<'a> {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let mut state = TableState::default();
         StatefulWidget::render(self, area, buf, &mut state);
@@ -362,7 +491,6 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     #[should_panic]
     fn table_invalid_percentages() {
-        Table::new([""].iter(), vec![Row::Data([""].iter())].into_iter())
-            .widths(&[Constraint::Percentage(110)]);
+        Table::new(vec![]).widths(&[Constraint::Percentage(110)]);
     }
 }

src/widgets/tabs.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
-
-use crate::buffer::Buffer;
-use crate::layout::Rect;
-use crate::style::Style;
-use crate::symbols::line;
-use crate::widgets::{Block, Widget};
+use crate::{
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::Style,
+    symbols,
+    text::{Span, Spans},
+    widgets::{Block, Widget},
+};
 
 /// A widget to display available tabs in a multiple panels context.
 ///
@@ -13,93 +14,80 @@ use crate::widgets::{Block, Widget};
 /// ```
 /// # use tui::widgets::{Block, Borders, Tabs};
 /// # use tui::style::{Style, Color};
+/// # use tui::text::{Spans};
 /// # use tui::symbols::{DOT};
-/// Tabs::default()
+/// let titles = ["Tab1", "Tab2", "Tab3", "Tab4"].iter().cloned().map(Spans::from).collect();
+/// Tabs::new(titles)
 ///     .block(Block::default().title("Tabs").borders(Borders::ALL))
-///     .titles(&["Tab1", "Tab2", "Tab3", "Tab4"])
 ///     .style(Style::default().fg(Color::White))
 ///     .highlight_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
 ///     .divider(DOT);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Tabs<'a, T>
-where
-    T: AsRef<str> + 'a,
-{
+pub struct Tabs<'a> {
     /// A block to wrap this widget in if necessary
     block: Option<Block<'a>>,
     /// One title for each tab
-    titles: &'a [T],
+    titles: Vec<Spans<'a>>,
     /// The index of the selected tabs
     selected: usize,
     /// The style used to draw the text
     style: Style,
-    /// The style used to display the selected item
+    /// Style to apply to the selected item
     highlight_style: Style,
     /// Tab divider
-    divider: &'a str,
+    divider: Span<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, T> Default for Tabs<'a, T>
-where
-    T: AsRef<str>,
-{
-    fn default() -> Tabs<'a, T> {
+impl<'a> Tabs<'a> {
+    pub fn new(titles: Vec<Spans<'a>>) -> Tabs<'a> {
         Tabs {
             block: None,
-            titles: &[],
+            titles,
             selected: 0,
             style: Default::default(),
             highlight_style: Default::default(),
-            divider: line::VERTICAL,
+            divider: Span::raw(symbols::line::VERTICAL),
         }
     }
-}
 
-impl<'a, T> Tabs<'a, T>
-where
-    T: AsRef<str>,
-{
-    pub fn block(mut self, block: Block<'a>) -> Tabs<'a, T> {
+    pub fn block(mut self, block: Block<'a>) -> Tabs<'a> {
         self.block = Some(block);
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn titles(mut self, titles: &'a [T]) -> Tabs<'a, T> {
-        self.titles = titles;
-        self
-    }
-
-    pub fn select(mut self, selected: usize) -> Tabs<'a, T> {
+    pub fn select(mut self, selected: usize) -> Tabs<'a> {
         self.selected = selected;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Tabs<'a, T> {
+    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Tabs<'a> {
         self.style = style;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn highlight_style(mut self, style: Style) -> Tabs<'a, T> {
+    pub fn highlight_style(mut self, style: Style) -> Tabs<'a> {
         self.highlight_style = style;
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn divider(mut self, divider: &'a str) -> Tabs<'a, T> {
-        self.divider = divider;
+    pub fn divider<T>(mut self, divider: T) -> Tabs<'a>
+    where
+        T: Into<Span<'a>>,
+    {
+        self.divider = divider.into();
         self
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, T> Widget for Tabs<'a, T>
-where
-    T: AsRef<str>,
-{
+impl<'a> Widget for Tabs<'a> {
     fn render(mut self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let tabs_area = match self.block {
-            Some(ref mut b) => {
+        buf.set_style(area, self.style);
+        let tabs_area = match self.block.take() {
+            Some(b) => {
+                let inner_area = b.inner(area);
                 b.render(area, buf);
-                b.inner(area)
+                inner_area
             }
             None => area,
         };
@@ -108,32 +96,34 @@ where
             return;
         }
 
-        buf.set_background(tabs_area, self.style.bg);
-
         let mut x = tabs_area.left();
         let titles_length = self.titles.len();
-        let divider_width = self.divider.width() as u16;
-        for (title, style, last_title) in self.titles.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, t)| {
-            let lt = i + 1 == titles_length;
-            if i == self.selected {
-                (t, self.highlight_style, lt)
-            } else {
-                (t, self.style, lt)
-            }
-        }) {
-            x += 1;
-            if x >= tabs_area.right() {
+        for (i, title) in self.titles.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let last_title = titles_length - 1 == i;
+            x = x.saturating_add(1);
+            let remaining_width = tabs_area.right().saturating_sub(x);
+            if remaining_width == 0 {
                 break;
-            } else {
-                buf.set_string(x, tabs_area.top(), title.as_ref(), style);
-                x += title.as_ref().width() as u16 + 1;
-                if x >= tabs_area.right() || last_title {
-                    break;
-                } else {
-                    buf.set_string(x, tabs_area.top(), self.divider, self.style);
-                    x += divider_width;
-                }
             }
+            let pos = buf.set_spans(x, tabs_area.top(), &title, remaining_width);
+            if i == self.selected {
+                buf.set_style(
+                    Rect {
+                        x,
+                        y: tabs_area.top(),
+                        width: pos.0.saturating_sub(x),
+                        height: 1,
+                    },
+                    self.highlight_style,
+                );
+            }
+            x = pos.0.saturating_add(1);
+            let remaining_width = tabs_area.right().saturating_sub(x);
+            if remaining_width == 0 || last_title {
+                break;
+            }
+            let pos = buf.set_span(x, tabs_area.top(), &self.divider, remaining_width);
+            x = pos.0;
         }
     }
 }

tests/backend_termion.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
+#[test]
+fn backend_termion_should_only_write_diffs() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    use std::{fmt::Write, io::Cursor};
+
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    let mut stdout = Cursor::new(&mut bytes);
+    {
+        use tui::{
+            backend::TermionBackend, layout::Rect, widgets::Paragraph, Terminal, TerminalOptions,
+            Viewport,
+        };
+        let backend = TermionBackend::new(&mut stdout);
+        let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::with_options(
+            backend,
+            TerminalOptions {
+                viewport: Viewport::fixed(area),
+            },
+        )?;
+        terminal.draw(|f| {
+            f.render_widget(Paragraph::new("a"), area);
+        })?;
+        terminal.draw(|f| {
+            f.render_widget(Paragraph::new("ab"), area);
+        })?;
+        terminal.draw(|f| {
+            f.render_widget(Paragraph::new("abc"), area);
+        })?;
+    }
+
+    let expected = {
+        use termion::{color, cursor, style};
+        let mut s = String::new();
+        // First draw
+        write!(s, "{}", cursor::Goto(1, 1))?;
+        s.push('a');
+        write!(s, "{}", color::Fg(color::Reset))?;
+        write!(s, "{}", color::Bg(color::Reset))?;
+        write!(s, "{}", style::Reset)?;
+        write!(s, "{}", cursor::Hide)?;
+        // Second draw
+        write!(s, "{}", cursor::Goto(2, 1))?;
+        s.push('b');
+        write!(s, "{}", color::Fg(color::Reset))?;
+        write!(s, "{}", color::Bg(color::Reset))?;
+        write!(s, "{}", style::Reset)?;
+        write!(s, "{}", cursor::Hide)?;
+        // Third draw
+        write!(s, "{}", cursor::Goto(3, 1))?;
+        s.push('c');
+        write!(s, "{}", color::Fg(color::Reset))?;
+        write!(s, "{}", color::Bg(color::Reset))?;
+        write!(s, "{}", style::Reset)?;
+        write!(s, "{}", cursor::Hide)?;
+        // Terminal drop
+        write!(s, "{}", cursor::Show)?;
+        s
+    };
+    assert_eq!(std::str::from_utf8(&bytes)?, expected);
+
+    Ok(())
+}

tests/block.rs

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-use tui::backend::TestBackend;
-use tui::buffer::Buffer;
-use tui::layout::Rect;
-use tui::style::{Color, Style};
-use tui::widgets::{Block, Borders};
-use tui::Terminal;
-
-#[test]
-fn it_draws_a_block() {
-    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 10);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-    terminal
-        .draw(|mut f| {
-            let block = Block::default()
-                .title("Title")
-                .borders(Borders::ALL)
-                .title_style(Style::default().fg(Color::LightBlue));
-            f.render_widget(
-                block,
-                Rect {
-                    x: 0,
-                    y: 0,
-                    width: 8,
-                    height: 8,
-                },
-            );
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-    let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-        "┌Title─┐  ",
-        "│      │  ",
-        "│      │  ",
-        "│      │  ",
-        "│      │  ",
-        "│      │  ",
-        "│      │  ",
-        "└──────┘  ",
-        "          ",
-        "          ",
-    ]);
-    for x in 1..=5 {
-        expected.get_mut(x, 0).set_fg(Color::LightBlue);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(&expected, terminal.backend().buffer());
-}

tests/chart.rs

@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-use tui::{
-    backend::TestBackend,
-    layout::Rect,
-    style::{Color, Style},
-    symbols,
-    widgets::{Axis, Block, Borders, Chart, Dataset, GraphType::Line},
-    Terminal,
-};
-
-#[test]
-fn zero_axes_ok() {
-    let backend = TestBackend::new(100, 100);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-
-    terminal
-        .draw(|mut f| {
-            let datasets = [Dataset::default()
-                .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
-                .data(&[(0.0, 0.0)])];
-            let chart = Chart::default()
-                .block(Block::default().title("Plot").borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .x_axis(Axis::default().bounds([0.0, 0.0]).labels(&["0.0", "1.0"]))
-                .y_axis(Axis::default().bounds([0.0, 1.0]).labels(&["0.0", "1.0"]))
-                .datasets(&datasets);
-            f.render_widget(
-                chart,
-                Rect {
-                    x: 0,
-                    y: 0,
-                    width: 100,
-                    height: 100,
-                },
-            );
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn handles_overflow() {
-    let backend = TestBackend::new(80, 30);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-
-    terminal
-        .draw(|mut f| {
-            let datasets = [Dataset::default()
-                .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
-                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
-                .data(&[
-                    (1_588_298_471.0, 1.0),
-                    (1_588_298_473.0, 0.0),
-                    (1_588_298_496.0, 1.0),
-                ])];
-            let chart = Chart::default()
-                .block(Block::default().title("Plot").borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .x_axis(
-                    Axis::default()
-                        .bounds([1_588_298_471.0, 1_588_992_600.0])
-                        .labels(&["1588298471.0", "1588992600.0"]),
-                )
-                .y_axis(Axis::default().bounds([0.0, 1.0]).labels(&["0.0", "1.0"]))
-                .datasets(&datasets);
-            f.render_widget(
-                chart,
-                Rect {
-                    x: 0,
-                    y: 0,
-                    width: 80,
-                    height: 30,
-                },
-            );
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn empty_dataset_line_test() {
-    let backend = TestBackend::new(100, 100);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-
-    terminal
-        .draw(|mut f| {
-            let datasets = [Dataset::default().data(&[]).graph_type(Line)];
-            let chart = Chart::default()
-                .block(
-                    Block::default()
-                        .title("Empty Dataset With Line")
-                        .borders(Borders::ALL),
-                )
-                .x_axis(Axis::default().bounds([0.0, 0.0]).labels(&["0.0", "1.0"]))
-                .y_axis(Axis::default().bounds([0.0, 1.0]).labels(&["0.0", "1.0"]))
-                .datasets(&datasets);
-            f.render_widget(
-                chart,
-                Rect {
-                    x: 0,
-                    y: 0,
-                    width: 100,
-                    height: 100,
-                },
-            );
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-}

tests/gauge.rs

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-use tui::backend::TestBackend;
-use tui::buffer::Buffer;
-use tui::layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout};
-use tui::widgets::{Block, Borders, Gauge};
-use tui::Terminal;
-
-#[test]
-fn gauge_render() {
-    let backend = TestBackend::new(40, 10);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-    terminal
-        .draw(|mut f| {
-            let chunks = Layout::default()
-                .direction(Direction::Vertical)
-                .margin(2)
-                .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
-                .split(f.size());
-
-            let gauge = Gauge::default()
-                .block(Block::default().title("Percentage").borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .percent(43);
-            f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[0]);
-            let gauge = Gauge::default()
-                .block(Block::default().title("Ratio").borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .ratio(0.211_313_934_313_1);
-            f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[1]);
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-        "                                        ",
-        "                                        ",
-        "  ┌Percentage────────────────────────┐  ",
-        "  │               43%                │  ",
-        "  └──────────────────────────────────┘  ",
-        "  ┌Ratio─────────────────────────────┐  ",
-        "  │               21%                │  ",
-        "  └──────────────────────────────────┘  ",
-        "                                        ",
-        "                                        ",
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(&expected, terminal.backend().buffer());
-}

tests/list.rs

@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-use tui::{
-    backend::TestBackend,
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::Rect,
-    style::{Color, Style},
-    symbols,
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, List, ListState, Text},
-    Terminal,
-};
-
-#[test]
-fn it_should_highlight_the_selected_item() {
-    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 3);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-    let mut state = ListState::default();
-    state.select(Some(1));
-    terminal
-        .draw(|mut f| {
-            let size = f.size();
-            let items = vec![
-                Text::raw("Item 1"),
-                Text::raw("Item 2"),
-                Text::raw("Item 3"),
-            ];
-            let list = List::new(items.into_iter())
-                .highlight_style(Style::default().bg(Color::Yellow))
-                .highlight_symbol(">> ");
-            f.render_stateful_widget(list, size, &mut state);
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-    let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["   Item 1 ", ">> Item 2 ", "   Item 3 "]);
-    for x in 0..9 {
-        expected.get_mut(x, 1).set_bg(Color::Yellow);
-    }
-    assert_eq!(*terminal.backend().buffer(), expected);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn it_should_truncate_items() {
-    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-
-    struct TruncateTestCase<'a> {
-        name: &'a str,
-        selected: Option<usize>,
-        items: Vec<Text<'a>>,
-        expected: Buffer,
-    }
-
-    let cases = vec![
-        TruncateTestCase {
-            name: "an item is selected",
-            selected: Some(0),
-            items: vec![Text::raw("A very long line"), Text::raw("A very long line")],
-            expected: Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                format!(">> A ve{}  ", symbols::line::VERTICAL),
-                format!("   A ve{}  ", symbols::line::VERTICAL),
-            ]),
-        },
-        TruncateTestCase {
-            name: "no item is selected",
-            selected: None,
-            items: vec![Text::raw("A very long line"), Text::raw("A very long line")],
-            expected: Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-                format!("A very {}  ", symbols::line::VERTICAL),
-                format!("A very {}  ", symbols::line::VERTICAL),
-            ]),
-        },
-    ];
-    for mut case in cases {
-        let mut state = ListState::default();
-        state.select(case.selected);
-        let items = case.items.drain(..);
-        terminal
-            .draw(|mut f| {
-                let list = List::new(items)
-                    .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::RIGHT))
-                    .highlight_symbol(">> ");
-                f.render_stateful_widget(list, Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 2), &mut state);
-            })
-            .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            *terminal.backend().buffer(),
-            case.expected,
-            "Failed to assert the buffer matches the expected one when {}",
-            case.name
-        );
-    }
-}

tests/paragraph.rs

@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-use tui::backend::TestBackend;
-use tui::buffer::Buffer;
-use tui::layout::Alignment;
-use tui::widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph, Text};
-use tui::Terminal;
-
-const SAMPLE_STRING: &str = "The library is based on the principle of immediate rendering with \
-     intermediate buffers. This means that at each new frame you should build all widgets that are \
-     supposed to be part of the UI. While providing a great flexibility for rich and \
-     interactive UI, this may introduce overhead for highly dynamic content.";
-
-#[test]
-fn paragraph_render_wrap() {
-    let render = |alignment| {
-        let backend = TestBackend::new(20, 10);
-        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-
-        terminal
-            .draw(|mut f| {
-                let size = f.size();
-                let text = [Text::raw(SAMPLE_STRING)];
-                let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.iter())
-                    .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
-                    .alignment(alignment)
-                    .wrap(true);
-                f.render_widget(paragraph, size);
-            })
-            .unwrap();
-        terminal.backend().buffer().clone()
-    };
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(Alignment::Left),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌──────────────────┐",
-            "│The library is    │",
-            "│based on the      │",
-            "│principle of      │",
-            "│immediate         │",
-            "│rendering with    │",
-            "│intermediate      │",
-            "│buffers. This     │",
-            "│means that at each│",
-            "└──────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(Alignment::Right),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌──────────────────┐",
-            "│    The library is│",
-            "│      based on the│",
-            "│      principle of│",
-            "│         immediate│",
-            "│    rendering with│",
-            "│      intermediate│",
-            "│     buffers. This│",
-            "│means that at each│",
-            "└──────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(Alignment::Center),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌──────────────────┐",
-            "│  The library is  │",
-            "│   based on the   │",
-            "│   principle of   │",
-            "│     immediate    │",
-            "│  rendering with  │",
-            "│   intermediate   │",
-            "│   buffers. This  │",
-            "│means that at each│",
-            "└──────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn paragraph_render_double_width() {
-    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 10);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-
-    let s = "コンピュータ上で文字を扱う場合、典型的には文字による通信を行う場合にその両端点では、";
-    terminal
-        .draw(|mut f| {
-            let size = f.size();
-            let text = [Text::raw(s)];
-            let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.iter())
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .wrap(true);
-            f.render_widget(paragraph, size);
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-
-    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-        "┌────────┐",
-        "│コンピュ│",
-        "│ータ上で│",
-        "│文字を扱│",
-        "│う場合、│",
-        "│典型的に│",
-        "│は文字に│",
-        "│よる通信│",
-        "│を行う場│",
-        "└────────┘",
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(&expected, terminal.backend().buffer());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn paragraph_render_mixed_width() {
-    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 7);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-
-    let s = "aコンピュータ上で文字を扱う場合、";
-    terminal
-        .draw(|mut f| {
-            let size = f.size();
-            let text = [Text::raw(s)];
-            let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.iter())
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .wrap(true);
-            f.render_widget(paragraph, size);
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-
-    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-        // The internal width is 8 so only 4 slots for double-width characters.
-        "┌────────┐",
-        "│aコンピ │", // Here we have 1 latin character so only 3 double-width ones can fit.
-        "│ュータ上│",
-        "│で文字を│",
-        "│扱う場合│",
-        "│、      │",
-        "└────────┘",
-    ]);
-    assert_eq!(&expected, terminal.backend().buffer());
-}

tests/size.rs

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-use tui::backend::{Backend, TestBackend};
-use tui::Terminal;
-
-#[test]
-fn buffer_size_limited() {
-    let backend = TestBackend::new(400, 400);
-    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-    let size = terminal.backend().size().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(size.width, 255);
-    assert_eq!(size.height, 255);
-}

tests/table.rs

@@ -1,418 +0,0 @@
-use tui::backend::TestBackend;
-use tui::buffer::Buffer;
-use tui::layout::Constraint;
-use tui::widgets::{Block, Borders, Row, Table};
-use tui::Terminal;
-
-#[test]
-fn table_column_spacing() {
-    let render = |column_spacing| {
-        let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 10);
-        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-
-        terminal
-            .draw(|mut f| {
-                let size = f.size();
-                let table = Table::new(
-                    ["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"].iter(),
-                    vec![
-                        Row::Data(["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"].iter()),
-                        Row::Data(["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"].iter()),
-                        Row::Data(["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"].iter()),
-                        Row::Data(["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"].iter()),
-                    ]
-                    .into_iter(),
-                )
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .widths(&[
-                    Constraint::Length(5),
-                    Constraint::Length(5),
-                    Constraint::Length(5),
-                ])
-                .column_spacing(column_spacing);
-                f.render_widget(table, size);
-            })
-            .unwrap();
-        terminal.backend().buffer().clone()
-    };
-
-    // no space between columns
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(0),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│Head1Head2Head3             │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│Row11Row12Row13             │",
-            "│Row21Row22Row23             │",
-            "│Row31Row32Row33             │",
-            "│Row41Row42Row43             │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-
-    // one space between columns
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(1),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│Head1 Head2 Head3           │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│Row11 Row12 Row13           │",
-            "│Row21 Row22 Row23           │",
-            "│Row31 Row32 Row33           │",
-            "│Row41 Row42 Row43           │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-
-    // enough space to just not hide the third column
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(6),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│Head1      Head2      Head3 │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│Row11      Row12      Row13 │",
-            "│Row21      Row22      Row23 │",
-            "│Row31      Row32      Row33 │",
-            "│Row41      Row42      Row43 │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-
-    // enough space to hide part of the third column
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(7),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│Head1       Head2       Head│",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│Row11       Row12       Row1│",
-            "│Row21       Row22       Row2│",
-            "│Row31       Row32       Row3│",
-            "│Row41       Row42       Row4│",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn table_widths() {
-    let render = |widths| {
-        let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 10);
-        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-
-        terminal
-            .draw(|mut f| {
-                let size = f.size();
-                let table = Table::new(
-                    ["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"].iter(),
-                    vec![
-                        Row::Data(["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"].iter()),
-                        Row::Data(["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"].iter()),
-                        Row::Data(["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"].iter()),
-                        Row::Data(["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"].iter()),
-                    ]
-                    .into_iter(),
-                )
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .widths(widths);
-                f.render_widget(table, size);
-            })
-            .unwrap();
-        terminal.backend().buffer().clone()
-    };
-
-    // columns of zero width show nothing
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(&[
-            Constraint::Length(0),
-            Constraint::Length(0),
-            Constraint::Length(0)
-        ]),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-
-    // columns of 1 width trim
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(&[
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Length(1),
-            Constraint::Length(1)
-        ]),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│H H H                       │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│R R R                       │",
-            "│R R R                       │",
-            "│R R R                       │",
-            "│R R R                       │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-
-    // columns of large width just before pushing a column off
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(&[
-            Constraint::Length(8),
-            Constraint::Length(8),
-            Constraint::Length(8)
-        ]),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│Head1    Head2    Head3     │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│Row11    Row12    Row13     │",
-            "│Row21    Row22    Row23     │",
-            "│Row31    Row32    Row33     │",
-            "│Row41    Row42    Row43     │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn table_percentage_widths() {
-    let render = |widths| {
-        let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 10);
-        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-
-        terminal
-            .draw(|mut f| {
-                let size = f.size();
-                let table = Table::new(
-                    ["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"].iter(),
-                    vec![
-                        Row::Data(["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"].iter()),
-                        Row::Data(["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"].iter()),
-                        Row::Data(["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"].iter()),
-                        Row::Data(["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"].iter()),
-                    ]
-                    .into_iter(),
-                )
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .widths(widths)
-                .column_spacing(0);
-                f.render_widget(table, size);
-            })
-            .unwrap();
-        terminal.backend().buffer().clone()
-    };
-
-    // columns of zero width show nothing
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(&[
-            Constraint::Percentage(0),
-            Constraint::Percentage(0),
-            Constraint::Percentage(0)
-        ]),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-
-    // columns of not enough width trims the data
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(&[
-            Constraint::Percentage(10),
-            Constraint::Percentage(10),
-            Constraint::Percentage(10)
-        ]),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│HeaHeaHea                   │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│RowRowRow                   │",
-            "│RowRowRow                   │",
-            "│RowRowRow                   │",
-            "│RowRowRow                   │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-
-    // columns of large width just before pushing a column off
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(&[
-            Constraint::Percentage(30),
-            Constraint::Percentage(30),
-            Constraint::Percentage(30)
-        ]),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│Head1    Head2    Head3     │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│Row11    Row12    Row13     │",
-            "│Row21    Row22    Row23     │",
-            "│Row31    Row32    Row33     │",
-            "│Row41    Row42    Row43     │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-
-    // percentages summing to 100 should give equal widths
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(&[Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│Head1          Head2        │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│Row11          Row12        │",
-            "│Row21          Row22        │",
-            "│Row31          Row32        │",
-            "│Row41          Row42        │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn table_mixed_widths() {
-    let render = |widths| {
-        let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 10);
-        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
-
-        terminal
-            .draw(|mut f| {
-                let size = f.size();
-                let table = Table::new(
-                    ["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"].iter(),
-                    vec![
-                        Row::Data(["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"].iter()),
-                        Row::Data(["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"].iter()),
-                        Row::Data(["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"].iter()),
-                        Row::Data(["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"].iter()),
-                    ]
-                    .into_iter(),
-                )
-                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
-                .widths(widths);
-                f.render_widget(table, size);
-            })
-            .unwrap();
-        terminal.backend().buffer().clone()
-    };
-
-    // columns of zero width show nothing
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(&[
-            Constraint::Percentage(0),
-            Constraint::Length(0),
-            Constraint::Percentage(0)
-        ]),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-
-    // columns of not enough width trims the data
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(&[
-            Constraint::Percentage(10),
-            Constraint::Length(20),
-            Constraint::Percentage(10)
-        ]),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│Hea Head2                Hea│",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│Row Row12                Row│",
-            "│Row Row22                Row│",
-            "│Row Row32                Row│",
-            "│Row Row42                Row│",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-
-    // columns of large width just before pushing a column off
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(&[
-            Constraint::Percentage(30),
-            Constraint::Length(10),
-            Constraint::Percentage(30)
-        ]),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│Head1     Head2      Head3  │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│Row11     Row12      Row13  │",
-            "│Row21     Row22      Row23  │",
-            "│Row31     Row32      Row33  │",
-            "│Row41     Row42      Row43  │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-
-    // columns of large size (>100% total) hide the last column
-    assert_eq!(
-        render(&[
-            Constraint::Percentage(60),
-            Constraint::Length(10),
-            Constraint::Percentage(60)
-        ]),
-        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
-            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
-            "│Head1            Head2      │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│Row11            Row12      │",
-            "│Row21            Row22      │",
-            "│Row31            Row32      │",
-            "│Row41            Row42      │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "│                            │",
-            "└────────────────────────────┘",
-        ])
-    );
-}

tests/terminal.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+use std::error::Error;
+use tui::{
+    backend::{Backend, TestBackend},
+    layout::Rect,
+    widgets::Paragraph,
+    Terminal,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn terminal_buffer_size_should_be_limited() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(400, 400);
+    let terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    let size = terminal.backend().size().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(size.width, 255);
+    assert_eq!(size.height, 255);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn terminal_draw_returns_the_completed_frame() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 10);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+    let frame = terminal.draw(|f| {
+        let paragrah = Paragraph::new("Test");
+        f.render_widget(paragrah, f.size());
+    })?;
+    assert_eq!(frame.buffer.get(0, 0).symbol, "T");
+    assert_eq!(frame.area, Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 10));
+    terminal.backend_mut().resize(8, 8);
+    let frame = terminal.draw(|f| {
+        let paragrah = Paragraph::new("test");
+        f.render_widget(paragrah, f.size());
+    })?;
+    assert_eq!(frame.buffer.get(0, 0).symbol, "t");
+    assert_eq!(frame.area, Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 8));
+    Ok(())
+}

tests/widgets_barchart.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use tui::backend::TestBackend;
+use tui::buffer::Buffer;
+use tui::widgets::{BarChart, Block, Borders};
+use tui::Terminal;
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_barchart_not_full_below_max_value() {
+    let test_case = |expected| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 10);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                let size = f.size();
+                let barchart = BarChart::default()
+                    .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+                    .data(&[("empty", 0), ("half", 50), ("almost", 99), ("full", 100)])
+                    .max(100)
+                    .bar_width(7)
+                    .bar_gap(0);
+                f.render_widget(barchart, size);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+    };
+
+    // check that bars fill up correctly up to max value
+    test_case(Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+        "│              ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇███████│",
+        "│              ██████████████│",
+        "│              ██████████████│",
+        "│       ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄██████████████│",
+        "│       █████████████████████│",
+        "│       █████████████████████│",
+        "│       ██50█████99█████100██│",
+        "│empty  half   almost full   │",
+        "└────────────────────────────┘",
+    ]));
+}

tests/widgets_block.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+use tui::{
+    backend::TestBackend,
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Alignment, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    text::Span,
+    widgets::{Block, Borders},
+    Terminal,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_block_renders() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 10);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let block = Block::default()
+                .title(Span::styled("Title", Style::default().fg(Color::LightBlue)))
+                .borders(Borders::ALL);
+            f.render_widget(
+                block,
+                Rect {
+                    x: 0,
+                    y: 0,
+                    width: 8,
+                    height: 8,
+                },
+            );
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "┌Title─┐  ",
+        "│      │  ",
+        "│      │  ",
+        "│      │  ",
+        "│      │  ",
+        "│      │  ",
+        "│      │  ",
+        "└──────┘  ",
+        "          ",
+        "          ",
+    ]);
+    for x in 1..=5 {
+        expected.get_mut(x, 0).set_fg(Color::LightBlue);
+    }
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_block_renders_on_small_areas() {
+    let test_case = |block, area: Rect, expected| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(area.width, area.height);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                f.render_widget(block, area);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+    };
+
+    let one_cell_test_cases = [
+        (Borders::NONE, "T"),
+        (Borders::LEFT, "│"),
+        (Borders::TOP, "T"),
+        (Borders::RIGHT, "│"),
+        (Borders::BOTTOM, "T"),
+        (Borders::ALL, "┌"),
+    ];
+    for (borders, symbol) in one_cell_test_cases.iter().cloned() {
+        test_case(
+            Block::default().title("Test").borders(borders),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 0,
+            },
+            Buffer::empty(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 0,
+            }),
+        );
+        test_case(
+            Block::default().title("Test").borders(borders),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 0,
+            },
+            Buffer::empty(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 0,
+            }),
+        );
+        test_case(
+            Block::default().title("Test").borders(borders),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 1,
+            },
+            Buffer::empty(Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 0,
+                height: 1,
+            }),
+        );
+        test_case(
+            Block::default().title("Test").borders(borders),
+            Rect {
+                x: 0,
+                y: 0,
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1,
+            },
+            Buffer::with_lines(vec![symbol]),
+        );
+    }
+    test_case(
+        Block::default().title("Test").borders(Borders::LEFT),
+        Rect {
+            x: 0,
+            y: 0,
+            width: 4,
+            height: 1,
+        },
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec!["│Tes"]),
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Block::default().title("Test").borders(Borders::RIGHT),
+        Rect {
+            x: 0,
+            y: 0,
+            width: 4,
+            height: 1,
+        },
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec!["Tes│"]),
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Block::default().title("Test").borders(Borders::RIGHT),
+        Rect {
+            x: 0,
+            y: 0,
+            width: 4,
+            height: 1,
+        },
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec!["Tes│"]),
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Block::default()
+            .title("Test")
+            .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT),
+        Rect {
+            x: 0,
+            y: 0,
+            width: 4,
+            height: 1,
+        },
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec!["│Te│"]),
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Block::default().title("Test").borders(Borders::TOP),
+        Rect {
+            x: 0,
+            y: 0,
+            width: 4,
+            height: 1,
+        },
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec!["Test"]),
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Block::default().title("Test").borders(Borders::TOP),
+        Rect {
+            x: 0,
+            y: 0,
+            width: 5,
+            height: 1,
+        },
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec!["Test─"]),
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Block::default()
+            .title("Test")
+            .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::TOP),
+        Rect {
+            x: 0,
+            y: 0,
+            width: 5,
+            height: 1,
+        },
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec!["┌Test"]),
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Block::default()
+            .title("Test")
+            .borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::TOP),
+        Rect {
+            x: 0,
+            y: 0,
+            width: 6,
+            height: 1,
+        },
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec!["┌Test─"]),
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_block_title_alignment() {
+    let test_case = |alignment, borders, expected| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(15, 2);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+        let block = Block::default()
+            .title(Span::styled("Title", Style::default()))
+            .title_alignment(alignment)
+            .borders(borders);
+
+        let area = Rect {
+            x: 1,
+            y: 0,
+            width: 13,
+            height: 2,
+        };
+
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                f.render_widget(block, area);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+    };
+
+    // title top-left with all borders
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Left,
+        Borders::ALL,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![" ┌Title──────┐ ", " └───────────┘ "]),
+    );
+
+    // title top-left without top border
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Left,
+        Borders::LEFT | Borders::BOTTOM | Borders::RIGHT,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![" │Title      │ ", " └───────────┘ "]),
+    );
+
+    // title top-left with no left border
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Left,
+        Borders::TOP | Borders::RIGHT | Borders::BOTTOM,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![" Title───────┐ ", " ────────────┘ "]),
+    );
+
+    // title top-left without right border
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Left,
+        Borders::LEFT | Borders::TOP | Borders::BOTTOM,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![" ┌Title─────── ", " └──────────── "]),
+    );
+
+    // title top-left without borders
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Left,
+        Borders::NONE,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![" Title         ", "               "]),
+    );
+
+    // title center with all borders
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Center,
+        Borders::ALL,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![" ┌───Title───┐ ", " └───────────┘ "]),
+    );
+
+    // title center without top border
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Center,
+        Borders::LEFT | Borders::BOTTOM | Borders::RIGHT,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![" │   Title   │ ", " └───────────┘ "]),
+    );
+
+    // title center with no left border
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Center,
+        Borders::TOP | Borders::RIGHT | Borders::BOTTOM,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![" ────Title───┐ ", " ────────────┘ "]),
+    );
+
+    // title center without right border
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Center,
+        Borders::LEFT | Borders::TOP | Borders::BOTTOM,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![" ┌───Title──── ", " └──────────── "]),
+    );
+
+    // title center without borders
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Center,
+        Borders::NONE,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec!["     Title     ", "               "]),
+    );
+
+    // title top-right with all borders
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Right,
+        Borders::ALL,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![" ┌──────Title┐ ", " └───────────┘ "]),
+    );
+
+    // title top-right without top border
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Right,
+        Borders::LEFT | Borders::BOTTOM | Borders::RIGHT,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![" │      Title│ ", " └───────────┘ "]),
+    );
+
+    // title top-right with no left border
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Right,
+        Borders::TOP | Borders::RIGHT | Borders::BOTTOM,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![" ───────Title┐ ", " ────────────┘ "]),
+    );
+
+    // title top-right without right border
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Right,
+        Borders::LEFT | Borders::TOP | Borders::BOTTOM,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![" ┌───────Title ", " └──────────── "]),
+    );
+
+    // title top-right without borders
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Right,
+        Borders::NONE,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec!["         Title ", "               "]),
+    );
+}

tests/widgets_canvas.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use tui::{
+    backend::TestBackend,
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    text::Span,
+    widgets::canvas::Canvas,
+    Terminal,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_canvas_draw_labels() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(5, 5);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let label = String::from("test");
+            let canvas = Canvas::default()
+                .background_color(Color::Yellow)
+                .x_bounds([0.0, 5.0])
+                .y_bounds([0.0, 5.0])
+                .paint(|ctx| {
+                    ctx.print(
+                        0.0,
+                        0.0,
+                        Span::styled(label.clone(), Style::default().fg(Color::Blue)),
+                    );
+                });
+            f.render_widget(canvas, f.size());
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["    ", "    ", "     ", "     ", "test "]);
+    for row in 0..5 {
+        for col in 0..5 {
+            expected.get_mut(col, row).set_bg(Color::Yellow);
+        }
+    }
+    for col in 0..4 {
+        expected.get_mut(col, 4).set_fg(Color::Blue);
+    }
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected)
+}

tests/widgets_chart.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,621 @@
+use tui::layout::Alignment;
+use tui::{
+    backend::TestBackend,
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    symbols,
+    text::Span,
+    widgets::{Axis, Block, Borders, Chart, Dataset, GraphType::Line},
+    Terminal,
+};
+
+fn create_labels<'a>(labels: &'a [&'a str]) -> Vec<Span<'a>> {
+    labels.iter().map(|l| Span::from(*l)).collect()
+}
+
+fn axis_test_case<S>(width: u16, height: u16, x_axis: Axis, y_axis: Axis, lines: Vec<S>)
+where
+    S: AsRef<str>,
+{
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(width, height);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let chart = Chart::new(vec![]).x_axis(x_axis).y_axis(y_axis);
+            f.render_widget(chart, f.size());
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(lines);
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_chart_can_render_on_small_areas() {
+    let test_case = |width, height| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(width, height);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                let datasets = vec![Dataset::default()
+                    .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
+                    .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
+                    .data(&[(0.0, 0.0)])];
+                let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
+                    .block(Block::default().title("Plot").borders(Borders::ALL))
+                    .x_axis(
+                        Axis::default()
+                            .bounds([0.0, 0.0])
+                            .labels(create_labels(&["0.0", "1.0"])),
+                    )
+                    .y_axis(
+                        Axis::default()
+                            .bounds([0.0, 0.0])
+                            .labels(create_labels(&["0.0", "1.0"])),
+                    );
+                f.render_widget(chart, f.size());
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+    };
+    test_case(0, 0);
+    test_case(0, 1);
+    test_case(1, 0);
+    test_case(1, 1);
+    test_case(2, 2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_chart_handles_long_labels() {
+    let test_case = |x_labels, y_labels, x_alignment, lines| {
+        let mut x_axis = Axis::default().bounds([0.0, 1.0]);
+        if let Some((left_label, right_label)) = x_labels {
+            x_axis = x_axis
+                .labels(vec![Span::from(left_label), Span::from(right_label)])
+                .labels_alignment(x_alignment);
+        }
+
+        let mut y_axis = Axis::default().bounds([0.0, 1.0]);
+        if let Some((left_label, right_label)) = y_labels {
+            y_axis = y_axis.labels(vec![Span::from(left_label), Span::from(right_label)]);
+        }
+
+        axis_test_case(10, 5, x_axis, y_axis, lines);
+    };
+
+    test_case(
+        Some(("AAAA", "B")),
+        None,
+        Alignment::Left,
+        vec![
+            "          ",
+            "          ",
+            "          ",
+            "   ───────",
+            "AAA      B",
+        ],
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Some(("A", "BBBB")),
+        None,
+        Alignment::Left,
+        vec![
+            "          ",
+            "          ",
+            "          ",
+            " ─────────",
+            "A     BBBB",
+        ],
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Some(("AAAAAAAAAAA", "B")),
+        None,
+        Alignment::Left,
+        vec![
+            "          ",
+            "          ",
+            "          ",
+            "   ───────",
+            "AAA      B",
+        ],
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Some(("A", "B")),
+        Some(("CCCCCCC", "D")),
+        Alignment::Left,
+        vec![
+            "D  │      ",
+            "   │      ",
+            "CCC│      ",
+            "   └──────",
+            "   A     B",
+        ],
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Some(("AAAAAAAAAA", "B")),
+        Some(("C", "D")),
+        Alignment::Center,
+        vec![
+            "D  │      ",
+            "   │      ",
+            "C  │      ",
+            "   └──────",
+            "AAAAAAA  B",
+        ],
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Some(("AAAAAAA", "B")),
+        Some(("C", "D")),
+        Alignment::Right,
+        vec![
+            "D│        ",
+            " │        ",
+            "C│        ",
+            " └────────",
+            " AAAAA   B",
+        ],
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Some(("AAAAAAA", "BBBBBBB")),
+        Some(("C", "D")),
+        Alignment::Right,
+        vec![
+            "D│        ",
+            " │        ",
+            "C│        ",
+            " └────────",
+            " AAAAABBBB",
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_chart_handles_x_axis_labels_alignments() {
+    let test_case = |y_alignment, lines| {
+        let x_axis = Axis::default()
+            .labels(vec![Span::from("AAAA"), Span::from("B"), Span::from("C")])
+            .labels_alignment(y_alignment);
+
+        let y_axis = Axis::default();
+
+        axis_test_case(10, 5, x_axis, y_axis, lines);
+    };
+
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Left,
+        vec![
+            "          ",
+            "          ",
+            "          ",
+            "   ───────",
+            "AAA   B  C",
+        ],
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Center,
+        vec![
+            "          ",
+            "          ",
+            "          ",
+            "  ────────",
+            "AAAA B   C",
+        ],
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Right,
+        vec![
+            "          ",
+            "          ",
+            "          ",
+            "──────────",
+            "AAA  B   C",
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_chart_handles_y_axis_labels_alignments() {
+    let test_case = |y_alignment, lines| {
+        let x_axis = Axis::default().labels(create_labels(&["AAAAA", "B"]));
+
+        let y_axis = Axis::default()
+            .labels(create_labels(&["C", "D"]))
+            .labels_alignment(y_alignment);
+
+        axis_test_case(20, 5, x_axis, y_axis, lines);
+    };
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Left,
+        vec![
+            "D   │               ",
+            "    │               ",
+            "C   │               ",
+            "    └───────────────",
+            "AAAAA              B",
+        ],
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Center,
+        vec![
+            "  D │               ",
+            "    │               ",
+            "  C │               ",
+            "    └───────────────",
+            "AAAAA              B",
+        ],
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Right,
+        vec![
+            "   D│               ",
+            "    │               ",
+            "   C│               ",
+            "    └───────────────",
+            "AAAAA              B",
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_chart_can_have_axis_with_zero_length_bounds() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(100, 100);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let datasets = vec![Dataset::default()
+                .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
+                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
+                .data(&[(0.0, 0.0)])];
+            let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
+                .block(Block::default().title("Plot").borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .x_axis(
+                    Axis::default()
+                        .bounds([0.0, 0.0])
+                        .labels(create_labels(&["0.0", "1.0"])),
+                )
+                .y_axis(
+                    Axis::default()
+                        .bounds([0.0, 0.0])
+                        .labels(create_labels(&["0.0", "1.0"])),
+                );
+            f.render_widget(
+                chart,
+                Rect {
+                    x: 0,
+                    y: 0,
+                    width: 100,
+                    height: 100,
+                },
+            );
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_chart_handles_overflows() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(80, 30);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let datasets = vec![Dataset::default()
+                .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
+                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Magenta))
+                .data(&[
+                    (1_588_298_471.0, 1.0),
+                    (1_588_298_473.0, 0.0),
+                    (1_588_298_496.0, 1.0),
+                ])];
+            let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
+                .block(Block::default().title("Plot").borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .x_axis(
+                    Axis::default()
+                        .bounds([1_588_298_471.0, 1_588_992_600.0])
+                        .labels(create_labels(&["1588298471.0", "1588992600.0"])),
+                )
+                .y_axis(
+                    Axis::default()
+                        .bounds([0.0, 1.0])
+                        .labels(create_labels(&["0.0", "1.0"])),
+                );
+            f.render_widget(
+                chart,
+                Rect {
+                    x: 0,
+                    y: 0,
+                    width: 80,
+                    height: 30,
+                },
+            );
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_chart_can_have_empty_datasets() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(100, 100);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let datasets = vec![Dataset::default().data(&[]).graph_type(Line)];
+            let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
+                .block(
+                    Block::default()
+                        .title("Empty Dataset With Line")
+                        .borders(Borders::ALL),
+                )
+                .x_axis(
+                    Axis::default()
+                        .bounds([0.0, 0.0])
+                        .labels(create_labels(&["0.0", "1.0"])),
+                )
+                .y_axis(
+                    Axis::default()
+                        .bounds([0.0, 1.0])
+                        .labels(create_labels(&["0.0", "1.0"])),
+                );
+            f.render_widget(
+                chart,
+                Rect {
+                    x: 0,
+                    y: 0,
+                    width: 100,
+                    height: 100,
+                },
+            );
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_chart_can_have_a_legend() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(60, 30);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let datasets = vec![
+                Dataset::default()
+                    .name("Dataset 1")
+                    .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
+                    .data(&[
+                        (0.0, 0.0),
+                        (10.0, 1.0),
+                        (20.0, 2.0),
+                        (30.0, 3.0),
+                        (40.0, 4.0),
+                        (50.0, 5.0),
+                        (60.0, 6.0),
+                        (70.0, 7.0),
+                        (80.0, 8.0),
+                        (90.0, 9.0),
+                        (100.0, 10.0),
+                    ])
+                    .graph_type(Line),
+                Dataset::default()
+                    .name("Dataset 2")
+                    .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
+                    .data(&[
+                        (0.0, 10.0),
+                        (10.0, 9.0),
+                        (20.0, 8.0),
+                        (30.0, 7.0),
+                        (40.0, 6.0),
+                        (50.0, 5.0),
+                        (60.0, 4.0),
+                        (70.0, 3.0),
+                        (80.0, 2.0),
+                        (90.0, 1.0),
+                        (100.0, 0.0),
+                    ])
+                    .graph_type(Line),
+            ];
+            let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
+                .style(Style::default().bg(Color::White))
+                .block(Block::default().title("Chart Test").borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .x_axis(
+                    Axis::default()
+                        .bounds([0.0, 100.0])
+                        .title(Span::styled("X Axis", Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)))
+                        .labels(create_labels(&["0.0", "50.0", "100.0"])),
+                )
+                .y_axis(
+                    Axis::default()
+                        .bounds([0.0, 10.0])
+                        .title("Y Axis")
+                        .labels(create_labels(&["0.0", "5.0", "10.0"])),
+                );
+            f.render_widget(
+                chart,
+                Rect {
+                    x: 0,
+                    y: 0,
+                    width: 60,
+                    height: 30,
+                },
+            );
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "┌Chart Test────────────────────────────────────────────────┐",
+        "│10.0│Y Axis                                    ┌─────────┐│",
+        "│    │  ••                                      │Dataset 1││",
+        "│    │    ••                                    │Dataset 2││",
+        "│    │      ••                                  └─────────┘│",
+        "│    │        ••                                ••         │",
+        "│    │          ••                            ••           │",
+        "│    │            ••                        ••             │",
+        "│    │              ••                    ••               │",
+        "│    │                ••                ••                 │",
+        "│    │                  ••            ••                   │",
+        "│    │                    ••        ••                     │",
+        "│    │                      •••   ••                       │",
+        "│    │                         •••                         │",
+        "│5.0 │                        •• ••                        │",
+        "│    │                      ••     ••                      │",
+        "│    │                   •••         ••                    │",
+        "│    │                 ••              ••                  │",
+        "│    │               ••                  ••                │",
+        "│    │             ••                      ••              │",
+        "│    │           ••                          ••            │",
+        "│    │         ••                              ••          │",
+        "│    │       ••                                  ••        │",
+        "│    │     ••                                      •••     │",
+        "│    │   ••                                           ••   │",
+        "│    │ ••                                               •• │",
+        "│0.0 │•                                              X Axis│",
+        "│    └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────│",
+        "│  0.0                        50.0                    100.0│",
+        "└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘",
+    ]);
+
+    // Set expected backgound color
+    for row in 0..30 {
+        for col in 0..60 {
+            expected.get_mut(col, row).set_bg(Color::White);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Set expected colors of the first dataset
+    let line1 = vec![
+        (48, 5),
+        (49, 5),
+        (46, 6),
+        (47, 6),
+        (44, 7),
+        (45, 7),
+        (42, 8),
+        (43, 8),
+        (40, 9),
+        (41, 9),
+        (38, 10),
+        (39, 10),
+        (36, 11),
+        (37, 11),
+        (34, 12),
+        (35, 12),
+        (33, 13),
+        (30, 14),
+        (31, 14),
+        (28, 15),
+        (29, 15),
+        (25, 16),
+        (26, 16),
+        (27, 16),
+        (23, 17),
+        (24, 17),
+        (21, 18),
+        (22, 18),
+        (19, 19),
+        (20, 19),
+        (17, 20),
+        (18, 20),
+        (15, 21),
+        (16, 21),
+        (13, 22),
+        (14, 22),
+        (11, 23),
+        (12, 23),
+        (9, 24),
+        (10, 24),
+        (7, 25),
+        (8, 25),
+        (6, 26),
+    ];
+    let legend1 = vec![
+        (49, 2),
+        (50, 2),
+        (51, 2),
+        (52, 2),
+        (53, 2),
+        (54, 2),
+        (55, 2),
+        (56, 2),
+        (57, 2),
+    ];
+    for (col, row) in line1 {
+        expected.get_mut(col, row).set_fg(Color::Blue);
+    }
+    for (col, row) in legend1 {
+        expected.get_mut(col, row).set_fg(Color::Blue);
+    }
+
+    // Set expected colors of the second dataset
+    let line2 = vec![
+        (8, 2),
+        (9, 2),
+        (10, 3),
+        (11, 3),
+        (12, 4),
+        (13, 4),
+        (14, 5),
+        (15, 5),
+        (16, 6),
+        (17, 6),
+        (18, 7),
+        (19, 7),
+        (20, 8),
+        (21, 8),
+        (22, 9),
+        (23, 9),
+        (24, 10),
+        (25, 10),
+        (26, 11),
+        (27, 11),
+        (28, 12),
+        (29, 12),
+        (30, 12),
+        (31, 13),
+        (32, 13),
+        (33, 14),
+        (34, 14),
+        (35, 15),
+        (36, 15),
+        (37, 16),
+        (38, 16),
+        (39, 17),
+        (40, 17),
+        (41, 18),
+        (42, 18),
+        (43, 19),
+        (44, 19),
+        (45, 20),
+        (46, 20),
+        (47, 21),
+        (48, 21),
+        (49, 22),
+        (50, 22),
+        (51, 23),
+        (52, 23),
+        (53, 23),
+        (54, 24),
+        (55, 24),
+        (56, 25),
+        (57, 25),
+    ];
+    let legend2 = vec![
+        (49, 3),
+        (50, 3),
+        (51, 3),
+        (52, 3),
+        (53, 3),
+        (54, 3),
+        (55, 3),
+        (56, 3),
+        (57, 3),
+    ];
+    for (col, row) in line2 {
+        expected.get_mut(col, row).set_fg(Color::Green);
+    }
+    for (col, row) in legend2 {
+        expected.get_mut(col, row).set_fg(Color::Green);
+    }
+
+    // Set expected colors of the x axis
+    let x_axis_title = vec![(53, 26), (54, 26), (55, 26), (56, 26), (57, 26), (58, 26)];
+    for (col, row) in x_axis_title {
+        expected.get_mut(col, row).set_fg(Color::Yellow);
+    }
+
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}

tests/widgets_gauge.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+use tui::{
+    backend::TestBackend,
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    symbols,
+    text::Span,
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Gauge, LineGauge},
+    Terminal,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_gauge_renders() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(40, 10);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let chunks = Layout::default()
+                .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+                .margin(2)
+                .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+                .split(f.size());
+
+            let gauge = Gauge::default()
+                .block(Block::default().title("Percentage").borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .gauge_style(Style::default().bg(Color::Blue).fg(Color::Red))
+                .use_unicode(true)
+                .percent(43);
+            f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[0]);
+            let gauge = Gauge::default()
+                .block(Block::default().title("Ratio").borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .gauge_style(Style::default().bg(Color::Blue).fg(Color::Red))
+                .use_unicode(true)
+                .ratio(0.511_313_934_313_1);
+            f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[1]);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "                                        ",
+        "                                        ",
+        "  ┌Percentage────────────────────────┐  ",
+        "  │              ▋43%                │  ",
+        "  └──────────────────────────────────┘  ",
+        "  ┌Ratio─────────────────────────────┐  ",
+        "  │               51%                │  ",
+        "  └──────────────────────────────────┘  ",
+        "                                        ",
+        "                                        ",
+    ]);
+
+    for i in 3..17 {
+        expected
+            .get_mut(i, 3)
+            .set_bg(Color::Red)
+            .set_fg(Color::Blue);
+    }
+    for i in 17..37 {
+        expected
+            .get_mut(i, 3)
+            .set_bg(Color::Blue)
+            .set_fg(Color::Red);
+    }
+
+    for i in 3..20 {
+        expected
+            .get_mut(i, 6)
+            .set_bg(Color::Red)
+            .set_fg(Color::Blue);
+    }
+    for i in 20..37 {
+        expected
+            .get_mut(i, 6)
+            .set_bg(Color::Blue)
+            .set_fg(Color::Red);
+    }
+
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_gauge_renders_no_unicode() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(40, 10);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let chunks = Layout::default()
+                .direction(Direction::Vertical)
+                .margin(2)
+                .constraints([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)].as_ref())
+                .split(f.size());
+
+            let gauge = Gauge::default()
+                .block(Block::default().title("Percentage").borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .percent(43)
+                .use_unicode(false);
+            f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[0]);
+            let gauge = Gauge::default()
+                .block(Block::default().title("Ratio").borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .ratio(0.211_313_934_313_1)
+                .use_unicode(false);
+            f.render_widget(gauge, chunks[1]);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "                                        ",
+        "                                        ",
+        "  ┌Percentage────────────────────────┐  ",
+        "  │               43%                │  ",
+        "  └──────────────────────────────────┘  ",
+        "  ┌Ratio─────────────────────────────┐  ",
+        "  │               21%                │  ",
+        "  └──────────────────────────────────┘  ",
+        "                                        ",
+        "                                        ",
+    ]);
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_gauge_applies_styles() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(12, 5);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let gauge = Gauge::default()
+                .block(
+                    Block::default()
+                        .title(Span::styled("Test", Style::default().fg(Color::Red)))
+                        .borders(Borders::ALL),
+                )
+                .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue).bg(Color::Red))
+                .percent(43)
+                .label(Span::styled(
+                    "43%",
+                    Style::default()
+                        .fg(Color::Green)
+                        .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+                ));
+            f.render_widget(gauge, f.size());
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "┌Test──────┐",
+        "│          │",
+        "│   43%    │",
+        "│          │",
+        "└──────────┘",
+    ]);
+    // title
+    expected.set_style(Rect::new(1, 0, 4, 1), Style::default().fg(Color::Red));
+    // gauge area
+    expected.set_style(
+        Rect::new(1, 1, 10, 3),
+        Style::default().fg(Color::Blue).bg(Color::Red),
+    );
+    // filled area
+    for y in 1..4 {
+        expected.set_style(
+            Rect::new(1, y, 4, 1),
+            // filled style is invert of gauge_style
+            Style::default().fg(Color::Red).bg(Color::Blue),
+        );
+    }
+    // label (foreground and modifier from label style)
+    expected.set_style(
+        Rect::new(4, 2, 1, 1),
+        Style::default()
+            .fg(Color::Green)
+            // "4" is in the filled area so background is gauge_style foreground
+            .bg(Color::Blue)
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+    );
+    expected.set_style(
+        Rect::new(5, 2, 2, 1),
+        Style::default()
+            .fg(Color::Green)
+            // "3%" is not in the filled area so background is gauge_style background
+            .bg(Color::Red)
+            .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+    );
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_gauge_supports_large_labels() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 1);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let gauge = Gauge::default()
+                .percent(43)
+                .label("43333333333333333333333333333%");
+            f.render_widget(gauge, f.size());
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["4333333333"]);
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_line_gauge_renders() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(20, 4);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let gauge = LineGauge::default()
+                .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green).bg(Color::White))
+                .ratio(0.43);
+            f.render_widget(
+                gauge,
+                Rect {
+                    x: 0,
+                    y: 0,
+                    width: 20,
+                    height: 1,
+                },
+            );
+            let gauge = LineGauge::default()
+                .block(Block::default().title("Gauge 2").borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green))
+                .line_set(symbols::line::THICK)
+                .ratio(0.211_313_934_313_1);
+            f.render_widget(
+                gauge,
+                Rect {
+                    x: 0,
+                    y: 1,
+                    width: 20,
+                    height: 3,
+                },
+            );
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "43% ────────────────",
+        "┌Gauge 2───────────┐",
+        "│21% ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━│",
+        "└──────────────────┘",
+    ]);
+    for col in 4..10 {
+        expected.get_mut(col, 0).set_fg(Color::Green);
+    }
+    for col in 10..20 {
+        expected.get_mut(col, 0).set_fg(Color::White);
+    }
+    for col in 5..7 {
+        expected.get_mut(col, 2).set_fg(Color::Green);
+    }
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}

tests/widgets_list.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+use tui::{
+    backend::TestBackend,
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+    style::{Color, Style},
+    symbols,
+    text::Spans,
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, List, ListItem, ListState},
+    Terminal,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_list_should_highlight_the_selected_item() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 3);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    let mut state = ListState::default();
+    state.select(Some(1));
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let size = f.size();
+            let items = vec![
+                ListItem::new("Item 1"),
+                ListItem::new("Item 2"),
+                ListItem::new("Item 3"),
+            ];
+            let list = List::new(items)
+                .highlight_style(Style::default().bg(Color::Yellow))
+                .highlight_symbol(">> ");
+            f.render_stateful_widget(list, size, &mut state);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["   Item 1 ", ">> Item 2 ", "   Item 3 "]);
+    for x in 0..10 {
+        expected.get_mut(x, 1).set_bg(Color::Yellow);
+    }
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_list_should_truncate_items() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 2);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+    struct TruncateTestCase<'a> {
+        selected: Option<usize>,
+        items: Vec<ListItem<'a>>,
+        expected: Buffer,
+    }
+
+    let cases = vec![
+        // An item is selected
+        TruncateTestCase {
+            selected: Some(0),
+            items: vec![
+                ListItem::new("A very long line"),
+                ListItem::new("A very long line"),
+            ],
+            expected: Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+                format!(">> A ve{}  ", symbols::line::VERTICAL),
+                format!("   A ve{}  ", symbols::line::VERTICAL),
+            ]),
+        },
+        // No item is selected
+        TruncateTestCase {
+            selected: None,
+            items: vec![
+                ListItem::new("A very long line"),
+                ListItem::new("A very long line"),
+            ],
+            expected: Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+                format!("A very {}  ", symbols::line::VERTICAL),
+                format!("A very {}  ", symbols::line::VERTICAL),
+            ]),
+        },
+    ];
+    for case in cases {
+        let mut state = ListState::default();
+        state.select(case.selected);
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                let list = List::new(case.items.clone())
+                    .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::RIGHT))
+                    .highlight_symbol(">> ");
+                f.render_stateful_widget(list, Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 2), &mut state);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&case.expected);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_list_should_clamp_offset_if_items_are_removed() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 4);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    let mut state = ListState::default();
+
+    // render with 6 items => offset will be at 2
+    state.select(Some(5));
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let size = f.size();
+            let items = vec![
+                ListItem::new("Item 0"),
+                ListItem::new("Item 1"),
+                ListItem::new("Item 2"),
+                ListItem::new("Item 3"),
+                ListItem::new("Item 4"),
+                ListItem::new("Item 5"),
+            ];
+            let list = List::new(items).highlight_symbol(">> ");
+            f.render_stateful_widget(list, size, &mut state);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["   Item 2 ", "   Item 3 ", "   Item 4 ", ">> Item 5 "]);
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+
+    // render again with 1 items => check offset is clamped to 1
+    state.select(Some(1));
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let size = f.size();
+            let items = vec![ListItem::new("Item 3")];
+            let list = List::new(items).highlight_symbol(">> ");
+            f.render_stateful_widget(list, size, &mut state);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec!["   Item 3 ", "          ", "          ", "          "]);
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_list_should_display_multiline_items() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 6);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    let mut state = ListState::default();
+    state.select(Some(1));
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let size = f.size();
+            let items = vec![
+                ListItem::new(vec![Spans::from("Item 1"), Spans::from("Item 1a")]),
+                ListItem::new(vec![Spans::from("Item 2"), Spans::from("Item 2b")]),
+                ListItem::new(vec![Spans::from("Item 3"), Spans::from("Item 3c")]),
+            ];
+            let list = List::new(items)
+                .highlight_style(Style::default().bg(Color::Yellow))
+                .highlight_symbol(">> ");
+            f.render_stateful_widget(list, size, &mut state);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "   Item 1 ",
+        "   Item 1a",
+        ">> Item 2 ",
+        "   Item 2b",
+        "   Item 3 ",
+        "   Item 3c",
+    ]);
+    for x in 0..10 {
+        expected.get_mut(x, 2).set_bg(Color::Yellow);
+        expected.get_mut(x, 3).set_bg(Color::Yellow);
+    }
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_list_should_repeat_highlight_symbol() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 6);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    let mut state = ListState::default();
+    state.select(Some(1));
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let size = f.size();
+            let items = vec![
+                ListItem::new(vec![Spans::from("Item 1"), Spans::from("Item 1a")]),
+                ListItem::new(vec![Spans::from("Item 2"), Spans::from("Item 2b")]),
+                ListItem::new(vec![Spans::from("Item 3"), Spans::from("Item 3c")]),
+            ];
+            let list = List::new(items)
+                .highlight_style(Style::default().bg(Color::Yellow))
+                .highlight_symbol(">> ")
+                .repeat_highlight_symbol(true);
+            f.render_stateful_widget(list, size, &mut state);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "   Item 1 ",
+        "   Item 1a",
+        ">> Item 2 ",
+        ">> Item 2b",
+        "   Item 3 ",
+        "   Item 3c",
+    ]);
+    for x in 0..10 {
+        expected.get_mut(x, 2).set_bg(Color::Yellow);
+        expected.get_mut(x, 3).set_bg(Color::Yellow);
+    }
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}

tests/widgets_paragraph.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+use tui::{
+    backend::TestBackend,
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Alignment,
+    text::{Span, Spans, Text},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph, Wrap},
+    Terminal,
+};
+
+const SAMPLE_STRING: &str = "The library is based on the principle of immediate rendering with \
+     intermediate buffers. This means that at each new frame you should build all widgets that are \
+     supposed to be part of the UI. While providing a great flexibility for rich and \
+     interactive UI, this may introduce overhead for highly dynamic content.";
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_paragraph_can_wrap_its_content() {
+    let test_case = |alignment, expected| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(20, 10);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                let size = f.size();
+                let text = vec![Spans::from(SAMPLE_STRING)];
+                let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
+                    .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+                    .alignment(alignment)
+                    .wrap(Wrap {
+                        trim: true,
+                        break_words: false,
+                    });
+                f.render_widget(paragraph, size);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+    };
+
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Left,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌──────────────────┐",
+            "│The library is    │",
+            "│based on the      │",
+            "│principle of      │",
+            "│immediate         │",
+            "│rendering with    │",
+            "│intermediate      │",
+            "│buffers. This     │",
+            "│means that at each│",
+            "└──────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Right,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌──────────────────┐",
+            "│    The library is│",
+            "│      based on the│",
+            "│      principle of│",
+            "│         immediate│",
+            "│    rendering with│",
+            "│      intermediate│",
+            "│     buffers. This│",
+            "│means that at each│",
+            "└──────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Center,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌──────────────────┐",
+            "│  The library is  │",
+            "│   based on the   │",
+            "│   principle of   │",
+            "│     immediate    │",
+            "│  rendering with  │",
+            "│   intermediate   │",
+            "│   buffers. This  │",
+            "│means that at each│",
+            "└──────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_paragraph_can_wrap_its_content_with_word_break_enabled() {
+    let test_case = |alignment, expected| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(20, 10);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                let size = f.size();
+                let text = vec![Spans::from(SAMPLE_STRING)];
+                let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
+                    .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+                    .alignment(alignment)
+                    .wrap(Wrap {
+                        trim: true,
+                        break_words: true,
+                    });
+                f.render_widget(paragraph, size);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+    };
+
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Left,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌──────────────────┐",
+            "│The library is bas│",
+            "│ed on the principl│",
+            "│e of immediate ren│",
+            "│dering with interm│",
+            "│ediate buffers. Th│",
+            "│is means that at e│",
+            "│ach new frame you │",
+            "│should build all w│",
+            "└──────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Right,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌──────────────────┐",
+            "│The library is bas│",
+            "│ed on the principl│",
+            "│e of immediate ren│",
+            "│dering with interm│",
+            "│ediate buffers. Th│",
+            "│is means that at e│",
+            "│ach new frame you │",
+            "│should build all w│",
+            "└──────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Center,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌──────────────────┐",
+            "│The library is bas│",
+            "│ed on the principl│",
+            "│e of immediate ren│",
+            "│dering with interm│",
+            "│ediate buffers. Th│",
+            "│is means that at e│",
+            "│ach new frame you │",
+            "│should build all w│",
+            "└──────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_paragraph_renders_double_width_graphemes() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 10);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+    let s = "コンピュータ上で文字を扱う場合、典型的には文字による通信を行う場合にその両端点では、";
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let size = f.size();
+            let text = vec![Spans::from(s)];
+            let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
+                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .wrap(Wrap {
+                    trim: true,
+                    break_words: false,
+                });
+            f.render_widget(paragraph, size);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "┌────────┐",
+        "│コンピュ│",
+        "│ータ上で│",
+        "│文字を扱│",
+        "│う場合、│",
+        "│典型的に│",
+        "│は文字に│",
+        "│よる通信│",
+        "│を行う場│",
+        "└────────┘",
+    ]);
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_paragraph_renders_mixed_width_graphemes() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 7);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+    let s = "aコンピュータ上で文字を扱う場合、";
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let size = f.size();
+            let text = vec![Spans::from(s)];
+            let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
+                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .wrap(Wrap {
+                    trim: true,
+                    break_words: false,
+                });
+            f.render_widget(paragraph, size);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        // The internal width is 8 so only 4 slots for double-width characters.
+        "┌────────┐",
+        "│aコンピ │", // Here we have 1 latin character so only 3 double-width ones can fit.
+        "│ュータ上│",
+        "│で文字を│",
+        "│扱う場合│",
+        "│、      │",
+        "└────────┘",
+    ]);
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_paragraph_can_wrap_with_a_trailing_nbsp() {
+    let nbsp: &str = "\u{00a0}";
+    let line = Spans::from(vec![Span::raw("NBSP"), Span::raw(nbsp)]);
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(20, 3);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "┌──────────────────┐",
+        "│NBSP\u{00a0}             │",
+        "└──────────────────┘",
+    ]);
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let size = f.size();
+
+            let paragraph = Paragraph::new(line).block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL));
+            f.render_widget(paragraph, size);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+#[test]
+fn widgets_paragraph_can_scroll_horizontally() {
+    let test_case = |alignment, scroll, expected| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(20, 10);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                let size = f.size();
+                let text = Text::from(
+                    "段落现在可以水平滚动了！\nParagraph can scroll horizontally!\nShort line",
+                );
+                let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
+                    .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+                    .alignment(alignment)
+                    .scroll(scroll);
+                f.render_widget(paragraph, size);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+    };
+
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Left,
+        (0, 7),
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌──────────────────┐",
+            "│在可以水平滚动了！│",
+            "│ph can scroll hori│",
+            "│ine               │",
+            "│                  │",
+            "│                  │",
+            "│                  │",
+            "│                  │",
+            "│                  │",
+            "└──────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+    // only support Alignment::Left
+    test_case(
+        Alignment::Right,
+        (0, 7),
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌──────────────────┐",
+            "│段落现在可以水平滚│",
+            "│Paragraph can scro│",
+            "│        Short line│",
+            "│                  │",
+            "│                  │",
+            "│                  │",
+            "│                  │",
+            "│                  │",
+            "└──────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+}

tests/widgets_table.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,823 @@
+use tui::{
+    backend::TestBackend,
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Constraint,
+    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    text::{Span, Spans},
+    widgets::{Block, Borders, Cell, Row, Table, TableState},
+    Terminal,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_table_column_spacing_can_be_changed() {
+    let test_case = |column_spacing, expected| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 10);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                let size = f.size();
+                let table = Table::new(vec![
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"]),
+                ])
+                .header(Row::new(vec!["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"]).bottom_margin(1))
+                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .widths(&[
+                    Constraint::Length(5),
+                    Constraint::Length(5),
+                    Constraint::Length(5),
+                ])
+                .column_spacing(column_spacing);
+                f.render_widget(table, size);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+    };
+
+    // no space between columns
+    test_case(
+        0,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│Head1Head2Head3             │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row11Row12Row13             │",
+            "│Row21Row22Row23             │",
+            "│Row31Row32Row33             │",
+            "│Row41Row42Row43             │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // one space between columns
+    test_case(
+        1,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│Head1 Head2 Head3           │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row11 Row12 Row13           │",
+            "│Row21 Row22 Row23           │",
+            "│Row31 Row32 Row33           │",
+            "│Row41 Row42 Row43           │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // enough space to just not hide the third column
+    test_case(
+        6,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│Head1      Head2      Head3 │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row11      Row12      Row13 │",
+            "│Row21      Row22      Row23 │",
+            "│Row31      Row32      Row33 │",
+            "│Row41      Row42      Row43 │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // enough space to hide part of the third column
+    test_case(
+        7,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│Head1       Head2       Head│",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row11       Row12       Row1│",
+            "│Row21       Row22       Row2│",
+            "│Row31       Row32       Row3│",
+            "│Row41       Row42       Row4│",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_table_columns_widths_can_use_fixed_length_constraints() {
+    let test_case = |widths, expected| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 10);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                let size = f.size();
+                let table = Table::new(vec![
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"]),
+                ])
+                .header(Row::new(vec!["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"]).bottom_margin(1))
+                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .widths(widths);
+                f.render_widget(table, size);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+    };
+
+    // columns of zero width show nothing
+    test_case(
+        &[
+            Constraint::Length(0),
+            Constraint::Length(0),
+            Constraint::Length(0),
+        ],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // columns of 1 width trim
+    test_case(
+        &[
+            Constraint::Length(1),
+            Constraint::Length(1),
+            Constraint::Length(1),
+        ],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│H H H                       │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│R R R                       │",
+            "│R R R                       │",
+            "│R R R                       │",
+            "│R R R                       │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // columns of large width just before pushing a column off
+    test_case(
+        &[
+            Constraint::Length(8),
+            Constraint::Length(8),
+            Constraint::Length(8),
+        ],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│Head1    Head2    Head3     │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row11    Row12    Row13     │",
+            "│Row21    Row22    Row23     │",
+            "│Row31    Row32    Row33     │",
+            "│Row41    Row42    Row43     │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_table_columns_widths_can_use_percentage_constraints() {
+    let test_case = |widths, expected| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 10);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                let size = f.size();
+                let table = Table::new(vec![
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"]),
+                ])
+                .header(Row::new(vec!["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"]).bottom_margin(1))
+                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .widths(widths)
+                .column_spacing(0);
+                f.render_widget(table, size);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+    };
+
+    // columns of zero width show nothing
+    test_case(
+        &[
+            Constraint::Percentage(0),
+            Constraint::Percentage(0),
+            Constraint::Percentage(0),
+        ],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // columns of not enough width trims the data
+    test_case(
+        &[
+            Constraint::Percentage(11),
+            Constraint::Percentage(11),
+            Constraint::Percentage(11),
+        ],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│HeaHeaHea                   │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│RowRowRow                   │",
+            "│RowRowRow                   │",
+            "│RowRowRow                   │",
+            "│RowRowRow                   │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // columns of large width just before pushing a column off
+    test_case(
+        &[
+            Constraint::Percentage(33),
+            Constraint::Percentage(33),
+            Constraint::Percentage(33),
+        ],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│Head1    Head2    Head3     │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row11    Row12    Row13     │",
+            "│Row21    Row22    Row23     │",
+            "│Row31    Row32    Row33     │",
+            "│Row41    Row42    Row43     │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // percentages summing to 100 should give equal widths
+    test_case(
+        &[Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│Head1         Head2         │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row11         Row12         │",
+            "│Row21         Row22         │",
+            "│Row31         Row32         │",
+            "│Row41         Row42         │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_table_columns_widths_can_use_mixed_constraints() {
+    let test_case = |widths, expected| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 10);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                let size = f.size();
+                let table = Table::new(vec![
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"]),
+                ])
+                .header(Row::new(vec!["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"]).bottom_margin(1))
+                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .widths(widths);
+                f.render_widget(table, size);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+    };
+
+    // columns of zero width show nothing
+    test_case(
+        &[
+            Constraint::Percentage(0),
+            Constraint::Length(0),
+            Constraint::Percentage(0),
+        ],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // columns of not enough width trims the data
+    test_case(
+        &[
+            Constraint::Percentage(11),
+            Constraint::Length(20),
+            Constraint::Percentage(11),
+        ],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│Hea Head2                He │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row Row12                Ro │",
+            "│Row Row22                Ro │",
+            "│Row Row32                Ro │",
+            "│Row Row42                Ro │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // columns of large width just before pushing a column off
+    test_case(
+        &[
+            Constraint::Percentage(33),
+            Constraint::Length(10),
+            Constraint::Percentage(33),
+        ],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│Head1     Head2      Head3  │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row11     Row12      Row13  │",
+            "│Row21     Row22      Row23  │",
+            "│Row31     Row32      Row33  │",
+            "│Row41     Row42      Row43  │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // columns of large size (>100% total) hide the last column
+    test_case(
+        &[
+            Constraint::Percentage(60),
+            Constraint::Length(10),
+            Constraint::Percentage(60),
+        ],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│Head1            Head2      │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row11            Row12      │",
+            "│Row21            Row22      │",
+            "│Row31            Row32      │",
+            "│Row41            Row42      │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_table_columns_widths_can_use_ratio_constraints() {
+    let test_case = |widths, expected| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 10);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                let size = f.size();
+                let table = Table::new(vec![
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"]),
+                ])
+                .header(Row::new(vec!["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"]).bottom_margin(1))
+                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .widths(widths)
+                .column_spacing(0);
+                f.render_widget(table, size);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+    };
+
+    // columns of zero width show nothing
+    test_case(
+        &[
+            Constraint::Ratio(0, 1),
+            Constraint::Ratio(0, 1),
+            Constraint::Ratio(0, 1),
+        ],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // columns of not enough width trims the data
+    test_case(
+        &[
+            Constraint::Ratio(1, 9),
+            Constraint::Ratio(1, 9),
+            Constraint::Ratio(1, 9),
+        ],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│HeaHeaHea                   │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│RowRowRow                   │",
+            "│RowRowRow                   │",
+            "│RowRowRow                   │",
+            "│RowRowRow                   │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // columns of large width just before pushing a column off
+    test_case(
+        &[
+            Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
+            Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
+            Constraint::Ratio(1, 3),
+        ],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│Head1    Head2    Head3     │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row11    Row12    Row13     │",
+            "│Row21    Row22    Row23     │",
+            "│Row31    Row32    Row33     │",
+            "│Row41    Row42    Row43     │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // percentages summing to 100 should give equal widths
+    test_case(
+        &[Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)],
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│Head1         Head2         │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row11         Row12         │",
+            "│Row21         Row22         │",
+            "│Row31         Row32         │",
+            "│Row41         Row42         │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_table_can_have_rows_with_multi_lines() {
+    let test_case = |state: &mut TableState, expected: Buffer| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 8);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                let size = f.size();
+                let table = Table::new(vec![
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"]).height(2),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"]),
+                    Row::new(vec!["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"]).height(2),
+                ])
+                .header(Row::new(vec!["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"]).bottom_margin(1))
+                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .highlight_symbol(">> ")
+                .widths(&[
+                    Constraint::Length(5),
+                    Constraint::Length(5),
+                    Constraint::Length(5),
+                ])
+                .column_spacing(1);
+                f.render_stateful_widget(table, size, state);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+    };
+
+    let mut state = TableState::default();
+    // no selection
+    test_case(
+        &mut state,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│Head1 Head2 Head3           │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row11 Row12 Row13           │",
+            "│Row21 Row22 Row23           │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│Row31 Row32 Row33           │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // select first
+    state.select(Some(0));
+    test_case(
+        &mut state,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│   Head1 Head2 Head3        │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│>> Row11 Row12 Row13        │",
+            "│   Row21 Row22 Row23        │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│   Row31 Row32 Row33        │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // select second (we don't show partially the 4th row)
+    state.select(Some(1));
+    test_case(
+        &mut state,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│   Head1 Head2 Head3        │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│   Row11 Row12 Row13        │",
+            "│>> Row21 Row22 Row23        │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│   Row31 Row32 Row33        │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // select 4th (we don't show partially the 1st row)
+    state.select(Some(3));
+    test_case(
+        &mut state,
+        Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+            "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+            "│   Head1 Head2 Head3        │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│   Row31 Row32 Row33        │",
+            "│>> Row41 Row42 Row43        │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "│                            │",
+            "└────────────────────────────┘",
+        ]),
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_table_can_have_elements_styled_individually() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 4);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    let mut state = TableState::default();
+    state.select(Some(0));
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let size = f.size();
+            let table = Table::new(vec![
+                Row::new(vec!["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"]).style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green)),
+                Row::new(vec![
+                    Cell::from("Row21"),
+                    Cell::from("Row22").style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow)),
+                    Cell::from(Spans::from(vec![
+                        Span::raw("Row"),
+                        Span::styled("23", Style::default().fg(Color::Blue)),
+                    ]))
+                    .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red)),
+                ])
+                .style(Style::default().fg(Color::LightGreen)),
+            ])
+            .header(Row::new(vec!["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"]).bottom_margin(1))
+            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT))
+            .highlight_symbol(">> ")
+            .highlight_style(Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD))
+            .widths(&[
+                Constraint::Length(6),
+                Constraint::Length(6),
+                Constraint::Length(6),
+            ])
+            .column_spacing(1);
+            f.render_stateful_widget(table, size, &mut state);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let mut expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "│   Head1  Head2  Head3      │",
+        "│                            │",
+        "│>> Row11  Row12  Row13      │",
+        "│   Row21  Row22  Row23      │",
+    ]);
+    // First row = row color + highlight style
+    for col in 1..=28 {
+        expected.get_mut(col, 2).set_style(
+            Style::default()
+                .fg(Color::Green)
+                .add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+        );
+    }
+    // Second row:
+    // 1. row color
+    for col in 1..=28 {
+        expected
+            .get_mut(col, 3)
+            .set_style(Style::default().fg(Color::LightGreen));
+    }
+    // 2. cell color
+    for col in 11..=16 {
+        expected
+            .get_mut(col, 3)
+            .set_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow));
+    }
+    for col in 18..=23 {
+        expected
+            .get_mut(col, 3)
+            .set_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red));
+    }
+    // 3. text color
+    for col in 21..=22 {
+        expected
+            .get_mut(col, 3)
+            .set_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue));
+    }
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_table_should_render_even_if_empty() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 4);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let size = f.size();
+            let table = Table::new(vec![])
+                .header(Row::new(vec!["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"]))
+                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::LEFT | Borders::RIGHT))
+                .widths(&[
+                    Constraint::Length(6),
+                    Constraint::Length(6),
+                    Constraint::Length(6),
+                ])
+                .column_spacing(1);
+            f.render_widget(table, size);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "│Head1  Head2  Head3         │",
+        "│                            │",
+        "│                            │",
+        "│                            │",
+    ]);
+
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_table_columns_dont_panic() {
+    let test_case = |state: &mut TableState, table: Table, width: u16| {
+        let backend = TestBackend::new(width, 8);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+        terminal
+            .draw(|f| {
+                let size = f.size();
+                f.render_stateful_widget(table, size, state);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+    };
+
+    // based on https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/470#issuecomment-852562848
+    let table1_width = 98;
+    let table1 = Table::new(vec![Row::new(vec!["r1", "r2", "r3", "r4"])])
+        .header(Row::new(vec!["h1", "h2", "h3", "h4"]))
+        .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+        .highlight_symbol(">> ")
+        .column_spacing(1)
+        .widths(&[
+            Constraint::Percentage(15),
+            Constraint::Percentage(15),
+            Constraint::Percentage(25),
+            Constraint::Percentage(45),
+        ]);
+
+    let mut state = TableState::default();
+
+    // select first, which would cause a panic before fix
+    state.select(Some(0));
+    test_case(&mut state, table1.clone(), table1_width);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_table_should_clamp_offset_if_rows_are_removed() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(30, 8);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    let mut state = TableState::default();
+
+    // render with 6 items => offset will be at 2
+    state.select(Some(5));
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let size = f.size();
+            let table = Table::new(vec![
+                Row::new(vec!["Row01", "Row02", "Row03"]),
+                Row::new(vec!["Row11", "Row12", "Row13"]),
+                Row::new(vec!["Row21", "Row22", "Row23"]),
+                Row::new(vec!["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"]),
+                Row::new(vec!["Row41", "Row42", "Row43"]),
+                Row::new(vec!["Row51", "Row52", "Row53"]),
+            ])
+            .header(Row::new(vec!["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"]).bottom_margin(1))
+            .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+            .widths(&[
+                Constraint::Length(5),
+                Constraint::Length(5),
+                Constraint::Length(5),
+            ])
+            .column_spacing(1);
+            f.render_stateful_widget(table, size, &mut state);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+        "│Head1 Head2 Head3           │",
+        "│                            │",
+        "│Row21 Row22 Row23           │",
+        "│Row31 Row32 Row33           │",
+        "│Row41 Row42 Row43           │",
+        "│Row51 Row52 Row53           │",
+        "└────────────────────────────┘",
+    ]);
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+
+    // render with 1 item => offset will be at 1
+    state.select(Some(1));
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let size = f.size();
+            let table = Table::new(vec![Row::new(vec!["Row31", "Row32", "Row33"])])
+                .header(Row::new(vec!["Head1", "Head2", "Head3"]).bottom_margin(1))
+                .block(Block::default().borders(Borders::ALL))
+                .widths(&[
+                    Constraint::Length(5),
+                    Constraint::Length(5),
+                    Constraint::Length(5),
+                ])
+                .column_spacing(1);
+            f.render_stateful_widget(table, size, &mut state);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![
+        "┌────────────────────────────┐",
+        "│Head1 Head2 Head3           │",
+        "│                            │",
+        "│Row31 Row32 Row33           │",
+        "│                            │",
+        "│                            │",
+        "│                            │",
+        "└────────────────────────────┘",
+    ]);
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}

tests/widgets_tabs.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+use tui::{
+    backend::TestBackend, buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, symbols, text::Spans, widgets::Tabs,
+    Terminal,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_tabs_should_not_panic_on_narrow_areas() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(1, 1);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let tabs = Tabs::new(["Tab1", "Tab2"].iter().cloned().map(Spans::from).collect());
+            f.render_widget(
+                tabs,
+                Rect {
+                    x: 0,
+                    y: 0,
+                    width: 1,
+                    height: 1,
+                },
+            );
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![" "]);
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widgets_tabs_should_truncate_the_last_item() {
+    let backend = TestBackend::new(10, 1);
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend).unwrap();
+    terminal
+        .draw(|f| {
+            let tabs = Tabs::new(["Tab1", "Tab2"].iter().cloned().map(Spans::from).collect());
+            f.render_widget(
+                tabs,
+                Rect {
+                    x: 0,
+                    y: 0,
+                    width: 9,
+                    height: 1,
+                },
+            );
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let expected = Buffer::with_lines(vec![format!(" Tab1 {} T ", symbols::line::VERTICAL)]);
+    terminal.backend().assert_buffer(&expected);
+}