[flake8-use-pathlib] Fix PTH116 false positive when stat is passed a file descriptor (#17709)

Co-authored-by: Dhruv Manilawala <dhruvmanila@gmail.com>

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_use_pathlib/full_name.py

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ open(x)
 def foo(y: int):
     open(y)
 
+
 # https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/17691
 def f() -> int:
     return 1
@@ -68,3 +69,16 @@ open(byte_str)
 def bytes_str_func() -> bytes:
     return b"foo"
 open(bytes_str_func())
+
+# https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/17693
+os.stat(1)
+os.stat(x)
+
+
+def func() -> int:
+    return 2
+os.stat(func())
+
+
+def bar(x: int):
+    os.stat(x)

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/flake8_use_pathlib/rules/replaceable_by_pathlib.rs

@@ -55,7 +55,16 @@ pub(crate) fn replaceable_by_pathlib(checker: &Checker, call: &ExprCall) {
         // PTH114
         ["os", "path", "islink"] => OsPathIslink.into(),
         // PTH116
-        ["os", "stat"] => OsStat.into(),
+        ["os", "stat"] => {
+            if call
+                .arguments
+                .find_positional(0)
+                .is_some_and(|expr| is_file_descriptor(expr, checker.semantic()))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+            OsStat.into()
+        }
         // PTH117
         ["os", "path", "isabs"] => OsPathIsabs.into(),
         // PTH118