Clearly indicate what is counted as a branch (#11423)

## Summary

As discussed in issue #11408, PLR0912 has a broader definition of
"branches" than I expected. This updates the documentation to include
this definition.

I also updated the example to include several different types of
branches, while still maintaining dictionary lookup as an alternative
solution. (Crafting a realistic example was quite a challenge 😅).

Closes https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/11408.

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/rules/too_many_branches.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ use ruff_macros::{derive_message_formats, violation};
 use ruff_python_ast::identifier::Identifier;
 
 /// ## What it does
-/// Checks for functions or methods with too many branches.
+/// Checks for functions or methods with too many branches, including (nested)
+/// `if`, `elif`, and `else` branches, `for` loops, `try`-`except` clauses, and
+/// `match` and `case` statements.
 ///
 /// By default, this rule allows up to 12 branches. This can be configured
 /// using the [`lint.pylint.max-branches`] option.
@@ -15,6 +17,7 @@ use ruff_python_ast::identifier::Identifier;
 /// and maintain than functions or methods with fewer branches.
 ///
 /// ## Example
+/// Given:
 /// ```python
 /// def capital(country):
 ///     if country == "Australia":
@@ -66,6 +69,77 @@ use ruff_python_ast::identifier::Identifier;
 ///     return city
 /// ```
 ///
+/// Given:
+/// ```python
+/// def grades_to_average_number(grades):
+///     numbers = []
+///     for grade in grades:  # 1st branch
+///         if len(grade) not in {1, 2}:
+///             raise ValueError(f"Invalid grade: {grade}")
+///
+///         if len(grade) == 2 and grade[1] not in {"+", "-"}:
+///             raise ValueError(f"Invalid grade: {grade}")
+///
+///         letter = grade[0]
+///
+///         if letter in {"F", "E"}:
+///             number = 0.0
+///         elif letter == "D":
+///             number = 1.0
+///         elif letter == "C":
+///             number = 2.0
+///         elif letter == "B":
+///             number = 3.0
+///         elif letter == "A":
+///             number = 4.0
+///         else:
+///             raise ValueError(f"Invalid grade: {grade}")
+///
+///         modifier = 0.0
+///         if letter != "F" and grade[-1] == "+":
+///             modifier = 0.3
+///         elif letter != "F" and grade[-1] == "-":
+///             modifier = -0.3
+///
+///         numbers.append(max(0.0, min(number + modifier, 4.0)))
+///
+///     try:
+///         return sum(numbers) / len(numbers)
+///     except ZeroDivisionError:  # 13th branch
+///         return 0
+/// ```
+///
+/// Use instead:
+/// ```python
+/// def grades_to_average_number(grades):
+///     grade_values = {"F": 0.0, "E": 0.0, "D": 1.0, "C": 2.0, "B": 3.0, "A": 4.0}
+///     modifier_values = {"+": 0.3, "-": -0.3}
+///
+///     numbers = []
+///     for grade in grades:
+///         if len(grade) not in {1, 2}:
+///             raise ValueError(f"Invalid grade: {grade}")
+///
+///         letter = grade[0]
+///         if letter not in grade_values:
+///             raise ValueError(f"Invalid grade: {grade}")
+///         number = grade_values[letter]
+///
+///         if len(grade) == 2 and grade[1] not in modifier_values:
+///             raise ValueError(f"Invalid grade: {grade}")
+///         modifier = modifier_values.get(grade[-1], 0.0)
+///
+///         if letter == "F":
+///             numbers.append(0.0)
+///         else:
+///             numbers.append(max(0.0, min(number + modifier, 4.0)))
+///
+///     try:
+///         return sum(numbers) / len(numbers)
+///     except ZeroDivisionError:
+///         return 0
+/// ```
+///
 /// ## Options
 /// - `lint.pylint.max-branches`
 #[violation]