wip

[ty] Filter TypeVar/ParamSpec/TypeVarTuple definitions out of the builtins fallback
[ty] Infer type[Unknown] for calls to type() when overload evaluation is ambiguous (#22569 )
2026-01-14 14:28:47 +00:00 · 2026-01-14 14:28:06 +00:00 · 2026-01-14 14:23:07 +00:00 · 2026-01-14 09:14:59 -05:00 · 2026-01-14 08:56:04 -05:00 · 2026-01-14 08:48:53 -05:00
28 changed files with 1174 additions and 346 deletions
--- a/crates/ty/docs/rules.md
+++ b/crates/ty/docs/rules.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'warn'."><code>warn</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.20">0.0.1-alpha.20</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20ambiguous-protocol-member" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L542" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L543" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ def test(): -> "int":
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20call-non-callable" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L141" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L142" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ Calling a non-callable object will raise a `TypeError` at runtime.
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.7">0.0.7</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20call-top-callable" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L159" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L160" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ def f(x: object):
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20conflicting-argument-forms" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L210" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L211" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ f(int)  # error
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20conflicting-declarations" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L236" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L237" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ a = 1
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20conflicting-metaclass" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L261" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L262" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ class C(A, B): ...
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20cyclic-class-definition" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L287" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L288" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ class B(A): ...
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Preview (since <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/1.0.0">1.0.0</a>) ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20cyclic-type-alias-definition" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L313" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L314" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ type B = A
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'warn'."><code>warn</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.16">0.0.1-alpha.16</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20deprecated" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L357" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L358" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ old_func()  # emits [deprecated] diagnostic
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'ignore'."><code>ignore</code></a> ·
 Preview (since <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a>) ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20division-by-zero" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L335" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L336" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ false positives it can produce.
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20duplicate-base" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L378" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L379" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ class B(A, A): ...
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.12">0.0.1-alpha.12</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20duplicate-kw-only" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L399" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L400" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ def test(): -> "Literal[5]":
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20inconsistent-mro" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L625" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L626" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ class C(A, B): ...
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20index-out-of-bounds" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L649" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L650" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -579,13 +579,47 @@ t = (0, 1, 2)
 t[3]  # IndexError: tuple index out of range
 ```

+## `ineffective-final`
+
+<small>
+Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'warn'."><code>warn</code></a> ·
+Preview (since <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.33">0.0.1-alpha.33</a>) ·
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20ineffective-final" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1793" target="_blank">View source</a>
+</small>
+
+
+**What it does**
+
+Checks for calls to `final()` that type checkers cannot interpret.
+
+**Why is this bad?**
+
+The `final()` function is designed to be used as a decorator. When called directly
+as a function (e.g., `final(type(...))`), type checkers will not understand the
+application of `final` and will not prevent subclassing.
+
+**Example**
+
+
+```python
+from typing import final
+
+# Incorrect: type checkers will not prevent subclassing
+MyClass = final(type("MyClass", (), {}))
+
+# Correct: use `final` as a decorator
+@final
+class MyClass: ...
+```
+
 ## `instance-layout-conflict`

 <small>
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.12">0.0.1-alpha.12</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20instance-layout-conflict" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L431" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L432" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -674,7 +708,7 @@ an atypical memory layout.
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-argument-type" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L703" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L704" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -701,7 +735,7 @@ func("foo")  # error: [invalid-argument-type]
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-assignment" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L743" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L744" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -729,7 +763,7 @@ a: int = ''
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-attribute-access" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2122" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2151" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -763,7 +797,7 @@ C.instance_var = 3  # error: Cannot assign to instance variable
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.19">0.0.1-alpha.19</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-await" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L765" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L766" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -799,7 +833,7 @@ asyncio.run(main())
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-base" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L795" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L796" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -823,7 +857,7 @@ class A(42): ...  # error: [invalid-base]
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-context-manager" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L880" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L881" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -850,7 +884,7 @@ with 1:
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-declaration" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L901" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L902" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -879,7 +913,7 @@ a: str
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-exception-caught" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L924" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L925" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -923,7 +957,7 @@ except ZeroDivisionError:
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.28">0.0.1-alpha.28</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-explicit-override" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1792" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1821" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -965,7 +999,7 @@ class D(A):
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.35">0.0.1-alpha.35</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-frozen-dataclass-subclass" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2373" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2402" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1009,7 +1043,7 @@ class NonFrozenChild(FrozenBase):  # Error raised here
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-generic-class" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1002" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1003" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1047,7 +1081,7 @@ class D(Generic[U, T]): ...
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.12">0.0.12</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-generic-enum" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L960" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L961" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1126,7 +1160,7 @@ a = 20 / 0  # type: ignore
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.17">0.0.1-alpha.17</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-key" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L670" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L671" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1165,7 +1199,7 @@ carol = Person(name="Carol", age=25)  # typo!
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-legacy-type-variable" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1033" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1034" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1200,7 +1234,7 @@ def f(t: TypeVar("U")): ...
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-metaclass" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1130" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1131" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1234,7 +1268,7 @@ class B(metaclass=f): ...
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.20">0.0.1-alpha.20</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-method-override" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2275" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2304" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1341,7 +1375,7 @@ Correct use of `@override` is enforced by ty's `invalid-explicit-override` rule.
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.19">0.0.1-alpha.19</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-named-tuple" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L577" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L578" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1395,7 +1429,7 @@ AttributeError: Cannot overwrite NamedTuple attribute _asdict
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Preview (since <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/1.0.0">1.0.0</a>) ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-newtype" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1106" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1107" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1425,7 +1459,7 @@ Baz = NewType("Baz", int | str)  # error: invalid base for `typing.NewType`
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-overload" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1157" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1158" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1475,7 +1509,7 @@ def foo(x: int) -> int: ...
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-parameter-default" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1256" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1257" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1501,7 +1535,7 @@ def f(a: int = ''): ...
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-paramspec" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1061" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1062" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1532,7 +1566,7 @@ P2 = ParamSpec("S2")  # error: ParamSpec name must match the variable it's assig
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-protocol" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L513" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L514" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1566,7 +1600,7 @@ TypeError: Protocols can only inherit from other protocols, got <class 'int'>
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-raise" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1276" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1277" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1615,7 +1649,7 @@ def g():
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-return-type" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L724" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L725" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1640,7 +1674,7 @@ def func() -> int:
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-super-argument" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1319" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1320" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1736,7 +1770,7 @@ class C: ...
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.10">0.0.10</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-total-ordering" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2411" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2440" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1782,7 +1816,7 @@ class MyClass:
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.6">0.0.1-alpha.6</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-type-alias-type" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1085" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1086" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1809,7 +1843,7 @@ NewAlias = TypeAliasType(get_name(), int)        # error: TypeAliasType name mus
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.29">0.0.1-alpha.29</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-type-arguments" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1551" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1552" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1856,7 +1890,7 @@ Bar[int]  # error: too few arguments
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-type-checking-constant" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1358" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1359" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1886,7 +1920,7 @@ TYPE_CHECKING = ''
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-type-form" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1382" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1383" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1916,7 +1950,7 @@ b: Annotated[int]  # `Annotated` expects at least two arguments
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.11">0.0.1-alpha.11</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-type-guard-call" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1434" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1435" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1950,7 +1984,7 @@ f(10)  # Error
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.11">0.0.1-alpha.11</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-type-guard-definition" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1406" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1407" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -1984,7 +2018,7 @@ class C:
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-type-variable-constraints" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1462" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1463" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2019,7 +2053,7 @@ T = TypeVar('T', bound=str)  # valid bound TypeVar
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.9">0.0.9</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20invalid-typed-dict-statement" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2250" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2279" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2050,7 +2084,7 @@ class Foo(TypedDict):
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20missing-argument" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1491" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1492" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2075,7 +2109,7 @@ func()  # TypeError: func() missing 1 required positional argument: 'x'
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.20">0.0.1-alpha.20</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20missing-typed-dict-key" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2223" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2252" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2108,7 +2142,7 @@ alice["age"]  # KeyError
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20no-matching-overload" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1510" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1511" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2137,7 +2171,7 @@ func("string")  # error: [no-matching-overload]
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20not-iterable" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1592" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1593" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2163,7 +2197,7 @@ for i in 34:  # TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20not-subscriptable" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1533" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1534" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2187,7 +2221,7 @@ Subscripting an object that does not support it will raise a `TypeError` at runt
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.29">0.0.1-alpha.29</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20override-of-final-method" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1765" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1766" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2220,7 +2254,7 @@ class B(A):
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20parameter-already-assigned" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1643" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1644" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2247,7 +2281,7 @@ f(1, x=2)  # Error raised here
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.22">0.0.1-alpha.22</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20positional-only-parameter-as-kwarg" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1976" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2005" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2274,7 +2308,7 @@ f(x=1)  # Error raised here
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'warn'."><code>warn</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.22">0.0.1-alpha.22</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20possibly-missing-attribute" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1664" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1665" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2302,7 +2336,7 @@ A.c  # AttributeError: type object 'A' has no attribute 'c'
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'warn'."><code>warn</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.22">0.0.1-alpha.22</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20possibly-missing-implicit-call" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L184" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L185" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2334,7 +2368,7 @@ A()[0]  # TypeError: 'A' object is not subscriptable
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'ignore'."><code>ignore</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.22">0.0.1-alpha.22</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20possibly-missing-import" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1686" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1687" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2371,7 +2405,7 @@ from module import a  # ImportError: cannot import name 'a' from 'module'
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'ignore'."><code>ignore</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20possibly-unresolved-reference" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1716" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1717" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2435,7 +2469,7 @@ def test(): -> "int":
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'warn'."><code>warn</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20redundant-cast" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2150" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2179" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2462,7 +2496,7 @@ cast(int, f())  # Redundant
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20static-assert-error" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2098" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2127" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2492,7 +2526,7 @@ static_assert(int(2.0 * 3.0) == 6)  # error: does not have a statically known tr
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20subclass-of-final-class" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1742" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1743" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2521,7 +2555,7 @@ class B(A): ...  # Error raised here
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Preview (since <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.30">0.0.1-alpha.30</a>) ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20super-call-in-named-tuple-method" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1910" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1939" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2555,7 +2589,7 @@ class F(NamedTuple):
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20too-many-positional-arguments" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1850" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1879" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2582,7 +2616,7 @@ f("foo")  # Error raised here
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20type-assertion-failure" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1828" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1857" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2610,7 +2644,7 @@ def _(x: int):
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20unavailable-implicit-super-arguments" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1871" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1900" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2656,7 +2690,7 @@ class A:
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'warn'."><code>warn</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20undefined-reveal" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1937" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1966" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2680,7 +2714,7 @@ reveal_type(1)  # NameError: name 'reveal_type' is not defined
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20unknown-argument" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1955" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1984" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2707,7 +2741,7 @@ f(x=1, y=2)  # Error raised here
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20unresolved-attribute" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1997" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2026" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2735,7 +2769,7 @@ A().foo  # AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute 'foo'
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'warn'."><code>warn</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.15">0.0.1-alpha.15</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20unresolved-global" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2171" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2200" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2793,7 +2827,7 @@ def g():
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20unresolved-import" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2019" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2048" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2818,7 +2852,7 @@ import foo  # ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'foo'
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20unresolved-reference" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2038" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2067" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2843,7 +2877,7 @@ print(x)  # NameError: name 'x' is not defined
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'warn'."><code>warn</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.7">0.0.1-alpha.7</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20unsupported-base" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L813" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L814" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2882,7 +2916,7 @@ class D(C): ...  # error: [unsupported-base]
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20unsupported-bool-conversion" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1612" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1613" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2919,7 +2953,7 @@ b1 < b2 < b1  # exception raised here
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'ignore'."><code>ignore</code></a> ·
 Preview (since <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/1.0.0">1.0.0</a>) ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20unsupported-dynamic-base" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L846" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L847" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -2960,7 +2994,7 @@ def factory(base: type[Base]) -> type:
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20unsupported-operator" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2057" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2086" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -3024,7 +3058,7 @@ to `false` to prevent this rule from reporting unused `type: ignore` comments.
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'warn'."><code>warn</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.22">0.0.1-alpha.22</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20useless-overload-body" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1200" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L1201" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


@@ -3087,7 +3121,7 @@ def foo(x: int | str) -> int | str:
 Default level: <a href="../../rules#rule-levels" title="This lint has a default level of 'error'."><code>error</code></a> ·
 Added in <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases/tag/0.0.1-alpha.1">0.0.1-alpha.1</a> ·
 <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues?q=sort%3Aupdated-desc%20is%3Aissue%20is%3Aopen%20zero-stepsize-in-slice" target="_blank">Related issues</a> ·
-<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2079" target="_blank">View source</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/crates%2Fty_python_semantic%2Fsrc%2Ftypes%2Fdiagnostic.rs#L2108" target="_blank">View source</a>
 </small>


--- a/crates/ty_ide/src/completion.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_ide/src/completion.rs
@@ -2585,7 +2585,7 @@ type<CURSOR>

        assert_snapshot!(
            test.type_signatures().skip_auto_import().build().snapshot(),
-            @r"
+            @"
        type :: <class 'type'>
        TypeError :: <class 'TypeError'>
        ",
@@ -8009,7 +8009,7 @@ my_list[0].remove<CURSOR>
        );
        assert_snapshot!(
            builder.build().snapshot(),
-            @r"
+            @"
        removeprefix
        removesuffix
        ",
@@ -8030,7 +8030,7 @@ def f(x: Any | str):
        );
        assert_snapshot!(
            builder.build().snapshot(),
-            @r"
+            @"
        removeprefix
        removesuffix
        ",
@@ -8052,7 +8052,7 @@ def f(x: Intersection[int, Any] | str):
        );
        assert_snapshot!(
            builder.build().snapshot(),
-            @r"
+            @"
        removeprefix
        removesuffix
        ",
--- a/crates/ty_ide/src/docstring.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_ide/src/docstring.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 use regex::Regex;
 use ruff_python_trivia::{PythonWhitespace, leading_indentation};
 use ruff_source_file::UniversalNewlines;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::LazyLock;

@@ -349,16 +350,37 @@ fn render_markdown(docstring: &str) -> String {
                    | "versionchanged" | "version-changed" | "version-deprecated" | "deprecated"
                    | "version-removed" | "versionremoved",
                ) => {
+                    // Map version directives to human-readable phrases (matching Sphinx output)
+                    let pretty_directive = match directive.unwrap() {
+                        "versionadded" | "version-added" => Cow::Borrowed("Added in version"),
+                        "versionchanged" | "version-changed" => Cow::Borrowed("Changed in version"),
+                        "deprecated" | "version-deprecated" => {
+                            Cow::Borrowed("Deprecated since version")
+                        }
+                        "versionremoved" | "version-removed" => Cow::Borrowed("Removed in version"),
+                        other => Cow::Owned(
+                            other
+                                .char_indices()
+                                .map(|(index, c)| {
+                                    if index == 0 {
+                                        c.to_ascii_uppercase()
+                                    } else {
+                                        c
+                                    }
+                                })
+                                .collect(),
+                        ),
+                    };
+
                    // Render the argument of things like `.. version-added:: 4.0`
                    let suffix = if let Some(lang) = lang {
-                        format!(" *{lang}*")
+                        format!(" {lang}")
                    } else {
                        String::new()
                    };
                    // We prepend without_directive here out of caution for preserving input.
                    // This is probably gibberish/invalid syntax? But it's a no-op in normal cases.
-                    temp_owned_line =
-                        format!("**{without_directive}{}:**{suffix}", directive.unwrap());
+                    temp_owned_line = format!("**{without_directive}{pretty_directive}{suffix}:**");

                    line = temp_owned_line.as_str();
                    None
@@ -1076,7 +1098,7 @@ mod tests {
        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @r#"
        The thing you need to understand is that computers are hard.  
          
-        **warning:**  
+        **Warning:**  
        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Now listen here buckaroo you might have seen me say computers are hard,  
        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and though "yeah I know computers are hard but NO you DON'T KNOW.  
          
@@ -1115,12 +1137,12 @@ mod tests {
        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @"
        Some much-updated docs  
          
-        **version-added:** *3.0*  
+        **Added in version 3.0:**  
        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Function added  
          
-        **version-changed:** *4.0*  
+        **Changed in version 4.0:**  
        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The `spam` argument was added  
-        **version-changed:** *4.1*  
+        **Changed in version 4.1:**  
        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The `spam` argument is considered evil now.  
          
        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You really shouldnt use it  
@@ -1141,7 +1163,7 @@ mod tests {
        let docstring = Docstring::new(docstring.to_owned());

        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @"
-        **wow this is some changes deprecated:** *1.2.3*  
+        **wow this is some changes Deprecated since version 1.2.3:**  
        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;x = 2
        ");
    }
@@ -1151,7 +1173,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn explicit_markdown_block_with_ps1_contents() {
        let docstring = r#"
        My cool func:
-        
+
        ```python
        >>> thing.do_thing()
        wow it did the thing
@@ -1162,7 +1184,7 @@ mod tests {

        let docstring = Docstring::new(docstring.to_owned());

-        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @r"
+        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @"
        My cool func:  
          
        ```python
@@ -1179,7 +1201,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn explicit_markdown_block_with_underscore_contents_tick() {
        let docstring = r#"
        My cool func:
-        
+
        `````python
        x_y = thing_do();
        ``` # this should't close the fence!
@@ -1189,7 +1211,7 @@ mod tests {

        let docstring = Docstring::new(docstring.to_owned());

-        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @r"
+        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @"
        My cool func:  
          
        `````python
@@ -1205,7 +1227,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn explicit_markdown_block_with_underscore_contents_tilde() {
        let docstring = r#"
        My cool func:
-        
+
        ~~~~~python
        x_y = thing_do();
        ~~~ # this should't close the fence!
@@ -1215,7 +1237,7 @@ mod tests {

        let docstring = Docstring::new(docstring.to_owned());

-        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @r"
+        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @"
        My cool func:  
          
        ~~~~~python
@@ -1233,7 +1255,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn explicit_markdown_block_with_indent_tick() {
        let docstring = r#"
        My cool func...
-        
+
        Returns:
            Some details
            `````python
@@ -1246,7 +1268,7 @@ mod tests {

        let docstring = Docstring::new(docstring.to_owned());

-        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @r"
+        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @"
        My cool func...  
          
        Returns:  
@@ -1267,7 +1289,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn explicit_markdown_block_with_indent_tilde() {
        let docstring = r#"
        My cool func...
-        
+
        Returns:
            Some details
            ~~~~~~python
@@ -1280,7 +1302,7 @@ mod tests {

        let docstring = Docstring::new(docstring.to_owned());

-        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @r"
+        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @"
        My cool func...  
          
        Returns:  
@@ -1299,14 +1321,14 @@ mod tests {
    fn explicit_markdown_block_with_unclosed_fence_tick() {
        let docstring = r#"
        My cool func:
-        
+
        ````python
        x_y = thing_do();
        "#;

        let docstring = Docstring::new(docstring.to_owned());

-        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @r"
+        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @"
        My cool func:  
          
        ````python
@@ -1320,14 +1342,14 @@ mod tests {
    fn explicit_markdown_block_with_unclosed_fence_tilde() {
        let docstring = r#"
        My cool func:
-        
+
        ~~~~~python
        x_y = thing_do();
        "#;

        let docstring = Docstring::new(docstring.to_owned());

-        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @r"
+        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @"
        My cool func:  
          
        ~~~~~python
@@ -1342,7 +1364,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn explicit_markdown_block_messy_corners_tick() {
        let docstring = r#"
        My cool func:
-        
+
                ``````we still think this is a codefence```
            x_y = thing_do();
        ```````````` and are sloppy as heck with indentation and closing shrugggg
@@ -1350,7 +1372,7 @@ mod tests {

        let docstring = Docstring::new(docstring.to_owned());

-        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @r"
+        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @"
        My cool func:  
          
        ``````we still think this is a codefence```
@@ -1365,7 +1387,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn explicit_markdown_block_messy_corners_tilde() {
        let docstring = r#"
        My cool func:
-        
+
                ~~~~~~we still think this is a codefence~~~
            x_y = thing_do();
        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ and are sloppy as heck with indentation and closing shrugggg
@@ -1373,7 +1395,7 @@ mod tests {

        let docstring = Docstring::new(docstring.to_owned());

-        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @r"
+        assert_snapshot!(docstring.render_markdown(), @"
        My cool func:  
          
        ~~~~~~we still think this is a codefence~~~
--- a/crates/ty_ide/src/goto_definition.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_ide/src/goto_definition.rs
@@ -1649,6 +1649,65 @@ Traceb<CURSOR>ackType
        assert_snapshot!(test.goto_definition(), @"No goto target found");
    }

+    /// goto-definition on a dynamic class literal (created via `type()`)
+    #[test]
+    fn goto_definition_dynamic_class_literal() {
+        let test = CursorTest::builder()
+            .source(
+                "main.py",
+                r#"
+DynClass = type("DynClass", (), {})
+
+x = DynCla<CURSOR>ss()
+"#,
+            )
+            .build();
+
+        assert_snapshot!(test.goto_definition(), @r#"
+        info[goto-definition]: Go to definition
+         --> main.py:4:5
+          |
+        2 | DynClass = type("DynClass", (), {})
+        3 |
+        4 | x = DynClass()
+          |     ^^^^^^^^ Clicking here
+          |
+        info: Found 2 definitions
+           --> main.py:2:1
+            |
+          2 | DynClass = type("DynClass", (), {})
+            | --------
+          3 |
+          4 | x = DynClass()
+            |
+           ::: stdlib/builtins.pyi:137:9
+            |
+        135 |     def __class__(self, type: type[Self], /) -> None: ...
+        136 |     def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+        137 |     def __new__(cls) -> Self: ...
+            |         -------
+        138 |     # N.B. `object.__setattr__` and `object.__delattr__` are heavily special-cased by type checkers.
+        139 |     # Overriding them in subclasses has different semantics, even if the override has an identical signature.
+            |
+        "#);
+    }
+
+    /// goto-definition on a dangling dynamic class literal (not assigned to a variable)
+    #[test]
+    fn goto_definition_dangling_dynamic_class_literal() {
+        let test = CursorTest::builder()
+            .source(
+                "main.py",
+                r#"
+class Foo(type("Ba<CURSOR>r", (), {})):
+    pass
+"#,
+            )
+            .build();
+
+        assert_snapshot!(test.goto_definition(), @"No goto target found");
+    }
+
    // TODO: Should only list `a: int`
    #[test]
    fn redeclarations() {
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/call/type.md
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/call/type.md
@@ -20,16 +20,13 @@ class Base: ...
 class Mixin: ...

 # We synthesize a class type using the name argument
-Foo = type("Foo", (), {})
-reveal_type(Foo)  # revealed: <class 'Foo'>
+reveal_type(type("Foo", (), {}))  # revealed: <class 'Foo'>

 # With a single base class
-Foo2 = type("Foo", (Base,), {"attr": 1})
-reveal_type(Foo2)  # revealed: <class 'Foo'>
+reveal_type(type("Foo", (Base,), {"attr": 1}))  # revealed: <class 'Foo'>

 # With multiple base classes
-Foo3 = type("Foo", (Base, Mixin), {})
-reveal_type(Foo3)  # revealed: <class 'Foo'>
+reveal_type(type("Foo", (Base, Mixin), {}))  # revealed: <class 'Foo'>

 # The inferred type is assignable to type[Base] since Foo inherits from Base
 tests: list[type[Base]] = []
@@ -499,39 +496,38 @@ Other numbers of arguments are invalid:

 ```py
 # error: [no-matching-overload] "No overload of class `type` matches arguments"
-reveal_type(type("Foo", ()))  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(type("Foo", ()))  # revealed: type[Unknown]

 # TODO: the keyword arguments for `Foo`/`Bar`/`Baz` here are invalid
-# (you cannot pass `metaclass=` to `type()`, and none of them have
-# base classes with `__init_subclass__` methods),
-# but `type[Unknown]` would be better than `Unknown` here
+# (none of them have base classes with `__init_subclass__` methods).
 #
+# The intent to create a new class is however clear,
+# so we still infer these as class-literal types.
+reveal_type(type("Foo", (), {}, weird_other_arg=42))  # revealed: <class 'Foo'>
+reveal_type(type("Bar", (int,), {}, weird_other_arg=42))  # revealed: <class 'Bar'>
+
+# You can't pass `metaclass=` to the `type()` constructor, but the intent is clear,
+# so we infer `<class 'Baz'>` here rather than `type[Unknown]`
 # error: [no-matching-overload] "No overload of class `type` matches arguments"
-reveal_type(type("Foo", (), {}, weird_other_arg=42))  # revealed: Unknown
-# error: [no-matching-overload] "No overload of class `type` matches arguments"
-reveal_type(type("Bar", (int,), {}, weird_other_arg=42))  # revealed: Unknown
-# error: [no-matching-overload] "No overload of class `type` matches arguments"
-reveal_type(type("Baz", (), {}, metaclass=type))  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(type("Baz", (), {}, metaclass=type))  # revealed: <class 'Baz'>
 ```

-The following calls are also invalid, due to incorrect argument types.
-
-Inline calls (not assigned to a variable) fall back to regular `type` overload matching, which
-produces slightly different error messages than assigned dynamic class creation:
+The following calls are also invalid, due to incorrect argument types:

 ```py
 class Base: ...

-# error: 6 [invalid-argument-type] "Argument to class `type` is incorrect: Expected `str`, found `Literal[b"Foo"]`"
+# error: [invalid-argument-type] "Invalid argument to parameter 1 (`name`) of `type()`: Expected `str`, found `Literal[b"Foo"]`"
 type(b"Foo", (), {})

-# error: 13 [invalid-argument-type] "Argument to class `type` is incorrect: Expected `tuple[type, ...]`, found `<class 'Base'>`"
+# error: [invalid-argument-type] "Invalid argument to parameter 2 (`bases`) of `type()`: Expected `tuple[type, ...]`, found `<class 'Base'>`"
 type("Foo", Base, {})

-# error: 13 [invalid-argument-type] "Argument to class `type` is incorrect: Expected `tuple[type, ...]`, found `tuple[Literal[1], Literal[2]]`"
+# error: 14 [invalid-base] "Invalid class base with type `Literal[1]`"
+# error: 17 [invalid-base] "Invalid class base with type `Literal[2]`"
 type("Foo", (1, 2), {})

-# error: 22 [invalid-argument-type] "Argument to class `type` is incorrect: Expected `dict[str, Any]`, found `dict[str | bytes, Any]`"
+# error: [invalid-argument-type] "Invalid argument to parameter 3 (`namespace`) of `type()`: Expected `dict[str, Any]`, found `dict[Unknown | bytes, Unknown | int]`"
 type("Foo", (Base,), {b"attr": 1})
 ```

@@ -598,6 +594,19 @@ class Y(C, B): ...
 Conflict = type("Conflict", (X, Y), {})
 ```

+## MRO error highlighting (snapshot)
+
+<!-- snapshot-diagnostics -->
+
+This snapshot test documents the diagnostic highlighting range for dynamic class literals.
+Currently, the entire `type()` call expression is highlighted:
+
+```py
+class A: ...
+
+Dup = type("Dup", (A, A), {})  # error: [duplicate-base]
+```
+
 ## Metaclass conflicts

 Metaclass conflicts are detected and reported:
@@ -853,55 +862,77 @@ def f(*args, **kwargs):

    # Has a string first arg, but unknown additional args from *args
    B = type("B", *args, **kwargs)
-    # TODO: `type[Unknown]` would cause fewer false positives
-    reveal_type(B)  # revealed: <class 'str'>
+    reveal_type(B)  # revealed: type[Unknown]

    # Has string and tuple, but unknown additional args
    C = type("C", (), *args, **kwargs)
-    # TODO: `type[Unknown]` would cause fewer false positives
-    reveal_type(C)  # revealed: type
+    reveal_type(C)  # revealed: type[Unknown]

    # All three positional args provided, only **kwargs unknown
    D = type("D", (), {}, **kwargs)
-    # TODO: `type[Unknown]` would cause fewer false positives
-    reveal_type(D)  # revealed: type
+    reveal_type(D)  # revealed: <class 'D'>

    # Three starred expressions - we can't know how they expand
    a = ("E",)
    b = ((),)
    c = ({},)
    E = type(*a, *b, *c)
-    # TODO: `type[Unknown]` would cause fewer false positives
-    reveal_type(E)  # revealed: type
+    reveal_type(E)  # revealed: type[Unknown]
 ```

 ## Explicit type annotations

-TODO: Annotated assignments with `type()` calls don't currently synthesize the specific class type.
-This will be fixed when we support all `type()` calls (including inline) via generic handling.
+When an explicit type annotation is provided, the inferred type is checked against it:

 ```py
+# The annotation `type` is compatible with the inferred class literal type
+T: type = type("T", (), {})
+reveal_type(T)  # revealed: <class 'T'>
+
+# The annotation `type[Base]` is compatible with the inferred type
 class Base: ...

-# TODO: Should infer `<class 'T'>` instead of `type`
-T: type = type("T", (), {})
-reveal_type(T)  # revealed: type
-
-# TODO: Should infer `<class 'Derived'>` instead of `type[Base]}
-# error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `type` is not assignable to `type[Base]`"
 Derived: type[Base] = type("Derived", (Base,), {})
-reveal_type(Derived)  # revealed: type[Base]
+reveal_type(Derived)  # revealed: <class 'Derived'>
+
+# Incompatible annotation produces an error
+class Unrelated: ...
+
+# error: [invalid-assignment]
+Bad: type[Unrelated] = type("Bad", (Base,), {})
 ```

 ## Special base classes

 Some special base classes work with dynamic class creation, but special semantics may not be fully
-synthesized:
+synthesized.
+
+### Invalid special bases
+
+Dynamic classes cannot directly inherit from `Generic`, `Protocol`, or `TypedDict`. These special
+forms require class syntax for their semantics to be properly applied:
+
+```py
+from typing import Generic, Protocol, TypeVar
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+# error: [invalid-base] "Invalid base for class created via `type()`"
+GenericClass = type("GenericClass", (Generic[T],), {})
+
+# error: [unsupported-dynamic-base] "Unsupported base for class created via `type()`"
+ProtocolClass = type("ProtocolClass", (Protocol,), {})
+
+# error: [invalid-base] "Invalid base for class created via `type()`"
+TypedDictClass = type("TypedDictClass", (TypedDict,), {})
+```

 ### Protocol bases

+Inheriting from a class that is itself a protocol is valid:
+
 ```py
-# Protocol bases work - the class is created as a subclass of the protocol
 from typing import Protocol
 from ty_extensions import reveal_mro

@@ -918,8 +949,9 @@ reveal_type(instance)  # revealed: ProtoImpl

 ### TypedDict bases

+Inheriting from a class that is itself a TypedDict is valid:
+
 ```py
-# TypedDict bases work but TypedDict semantics aren't applied to dynamic subclasses
 from typing_extensions import TypedDict
 from ty_extensions import reveal_mro

@@ -952,26 +984,26 @@ reveal_mro(Point3D)  # revealed: (<class 'Point3D'>, <class 'Point'>, <class 'tu

 ### Enum bases

+Creating a class via `type()` that inherits from any Enum class fails at runtime because `EnumMeta`
+expects special attributes in the class dict that `type()` doesn't provide:
+
 ```py
-# Enum subclassing via type() is not supported - EnumMeta requires special dict handling
-# that type() cannot provide. This applies even to empty enums.
 from enum import Enum

 class Color(Enum):
    RED = 1
    GREEN = 2

+# Enums with members are final and cannot be subclassed
+# error: [subclass-of-final-class]
+ExtendedColor = type("ExtendedColor", (Color,), {})
+
 class EmptyEnum(Enum):
    pass

-# TODO: We should emit a diagnostic here - type() cannot create Enum subclasses
-ExtendedColor = type("ExtendedColor", (Color,), {})
-reveal_type(ExtendedColor)  # revealed: <class 'ExtendedColor'>
-
-# Even empty enums fail - EnumMeta requires special dict handling
-# TODO: We should emit a diagnostic here too
-ValidExtension = type("ValidExtension", (EmptyEnum,), {})
-reveal_type(ValidExtension)  # revealed: <class 'ValidExtension'>
+# Empty enums fail because EnumMeta requires special dict handling
+# error: [invalid-base] "Invalid base for class created via `type()`"
+InvalidExtension = type("InvalidExtension", (EmptyEnum,), {})
 ```

 ## `__init_subclass__` keyword arguments
@@ -992,9 +1024,6 @@ class Child(Base, required_arg="value"):
 # The dynamically assigned attribute has Unknown in its type
 reveal_type(Child.config)  # revealed: Unknown | str

-# Dynamic class creation - keyword arguments are not yet supported
-# TODO: This should work: type("DynamicChild", (Base,), {}, required_arg="value")
-# error: [no-matching-overload]
 DynamicChild = type("DynamicChild", (Base,), {}, required_arg="value")
 ```

@@ -1034,3 +1063,27 @@ reveal_type(Dynamic)  # revealed: <class 'Dynamic'>
 # Metaclass attributes are accessible on the class
 reveal_type(Dynamic.custom_attr)  # revealed: str
 ```
+
+## `final()` on dynamic classes
+
+Using `final()` as a function (not a decorator) on dynamic classes will not be understood by type
+checkers. The class is passed through unchanged, and subclassing will not be prevented:
+
+```py
+from typing import final
+
+# error: [ineffective-final]
+FinalClass = final(type("FinalClass", (), {}))
+reveal_type(FinalClass)  # revealed: <class 'FinalClass'>
+
+# Subclassing is allowed because type checkers don't understand `final()` called as a function
+class Child(FinalClass): ...
+
+# Same with base classes
+class Base: ...
+
+# error: [ineffective-final]
+FinalDerived = final(type("FinalDerived", (Base,), {}))
+
+class Child2(FinalDerived): ...
+```
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/diagnostics/unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/diagnostics/unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# Unsupported base for dynamic `type()` classes
+
+<!-- snapshot-diagnostics -->
+
+## `@final` class
+
+Classes decorated with `@final` cannot be subclassed:
+
+```py
+from typing import final
+
+@final
+class FinalClass:
+    pass
+
+X = type("X", (FinalClass,), {})  # error: [subclass-of-final-class]
+```
+
+## `Generic` base
+
+Dynamic classes created via `type()` cannot inherit from `Generic`:
+
+```py
+from typing import Generic, TypeVar
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+X = type("X", (Generic[T],), {})  # error: [invalid-base]
+```
+
+## `Protocol` base
+
+Dynamic classes created via `type()` cannot inherit from `Protocol`:
+
+```py
+from typing import Protocol
+
+X = type("X", (Protocol,), {})  # error: [unsupported-dynamic-base]
+```
+
+## `TypedDict` base
+
+Dynamic classes created via `type()` cannot inherit from `TypedDict` directly. Use
+`TypedDict("Name", ...)` instead:
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+X = type("X", (TypedDict,), {})  # error: [invalid-base]
+```
+
+## Enum base
+
+Dynamic classes created via `type()` cannot inherit from Enum classes because `EnumMeta` expects
+special dict attributes that `type()` doesn't provide:
+
+```py
+from enum import Enum
+
+class MyEnum(Enum):
+    pass
+
+X = type("X", (MyEnum,), {})  # error: [invalid-base]
+```
+
+## Enum with members
+
+Enums with members are final and cannot be subclassed at all:
+
+```py
+from enum import Enum
+
+class Color(Enum):
+    RED = 1
+    GREEN = 2
+
+X = type("X", (Color,), {})  # error: [subclass-of-final-class]
+```
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/import/builtins.md
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/import/builtins.md
@@ -137,3 +137,5 @@ foo: int
 baz: str
 chr: int
 ```
+
+## `TypeVar`/`ParamSpec`/`TypeVarTuple`
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/narrow/type.md
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/narrow/type.md
@@ -210,12 +210,15 @@ Narrowing does not occur in the same way if `type` is used to dynamically create

 ```py
 def _(x: str | int):
-    # Inline type() calls fall back to regular type overload matching.
-    # TODO: Once inline type() calls synthesize class types, this should narrow x to Never.
+    # The following diagnostic is valid, since the three-argument form of `type`
+    # can only be called with `str` as the first argument.
    #
-    # error: 13 [invalid-argument-type] "Argument to class `type` is incorrect: Expected `str`, found `str | int`"
+    # error: [invalid-argument-type] "Invalid argument to parameter 1 (`name`) of `type()`: Expected `str`, found `str | int`"
    if type(x, (), {}) is str:
-        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: str | int
+        # But we synthesize a new class object as the result of a three-argument call to `type`,
+        # and we know that this synthesized class object is not the same object as the `str` class object,
+        # so here the type is narrowed to `Never`!
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Never
    else:
        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: str | int
 ```
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/no_matching_overload…_-_No_matching_overload…_-_A_class_constructor_…_(dd9f8a8f736a329).snap
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/no_matching_overload…_-_No_matching_overload…_-_A_class_constructor_…_(dd9f8a8f736a329).snap
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ error[no-matching-overload]: No overload of class `type` matches arguments
 1 | type()  # error: [no-matching-overload]
  | ^^^^^^
  |
+help: `builtins.type()` can either be called with one or three positional arguments (got 0)
 info: rule `no-matching-overload` is enabled by default

 ```
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/type.md_-_Calls_to_`type()`_-_MRO_error_highlighti…_(12acd974e75461ea).snap
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/type.md_-_Calls_to_`type()`_-_MRO_error_highlighti…_(12acd974e75461ea).snap
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+---
+source: crates/ty_test/src/lib.rs
+expression: snapshot
+---
+
+---
+mdtest name: type.md - Calls to `type()` - MRO error highlighting (snapshot)
+mdtest path: crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/call/type.md
+---
+
+# Python source files
+
+## mdtest_snippet.py
+
+```
+1 | class A: ...
+2 | 
+3 | Dup = type("Dup", (A, A), {})  # error: [duplicate-base]
+```
+
+# Diagnostics
+
+```
+error[duplicate-base]: Duplicate base class <class 'A'> in class `Dup`
+ --> src/mdtest_snippet.py:3:7
+  |
+1 | class A: ...
+2 |
+3 | Dup = type("Dup", (A, A), {})  # error: [duplicate-base]
+  |       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+  |
+info: rule `duplicate-base` is enabled by default
+
+```
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/unsupported_base_dyn…_-_Unsupported_base_for…_-_Enum_base_(4873196c8b48364).snap
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/unsupported_base_dyn…_-_Unsupported_base_for…_-_Enum_base_(4873196c8b48364).snap
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+source: crates/ty_test/src/lib.rs
+expression: snapshot
+---
+
+---
+mdtest name: unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md - Unsupported base for dynamic `type()` classes - Enum base
+mdtest path: crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/diagnostics/unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md
+---
+
+# Python source files
+
+## mdtest_snippet.py
+
+```
+1 | from enum import Enum
+2 | 
+3 | class MyEnum(Enum):
+4 |     pass
+5 | 
+6 | X = type("X", (MyEnum,), {})  # error: [invalid-base]
+```
+
+# Diagnostics
+
+```
+error[invalid-base]: Invalid base for class created via `type()`
+ --> src/mdtest_snippet.py:6:16
+  |
+4 |     pass
+5 |
+6 | X = type("X", (MyEnum,), {})  # error: [invalid-base]
+  |                ^^^^^^ Has type `<class 'MyEnum'>`
+  |
+info: Creating an enum class via `type()` is not supported
+info: Consider using `Enum("X", [])` instead
+info: rule `invalid-base` is enabled by default
+
+```
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/unsupported_base_dyn…_-_Unsupported_base_for…_-_Enum_with_members_(81bef9a8e1230854).snap
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/unsupported_base_dyn…_-_Unsupported_base_for…_-_Enum_with_members_(81bef9a8e1230854).snap
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+---
+source: crates/ty_test/src/lib.rs
+expression: snapshot
+---
+
+---
+mdtest name: unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md - Unsupported base for dynamic `type()` classes - Enum with members
+mdtest path: crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/diagnostics/unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md
+---
+
+# Python source files
+
+## mdtest_snippet.py
+
+```
+1 | from enum import Enum
+2 | 
+3 | class Color(Enum):
+4 |     RED = 1
+5 |     GREEN = 2
+6 | 
+7 | X = type("X", (Color,), {})  # error: [subclass-of-final-class]
+```
+
+# Diagnostics
+
+```
+error[subclass-of-final-class]: Class `X` cannot inherit from final class `Color`
+ --> src/mdtest_snippet.py:7:16
+  |
+5 |     GREEN = 2
+6 |
+7 | X = type("X", (Color,), {})  # error: [subclass-of-final-class]
+  |                ^^^^^
+  |
+info: rule `subclass-of-final-class` is enabled by default
+
+```
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/unsupported_base_dyn…_-_Unsupported_base_for…_-_`@final`_class_(ea69d237256b3762).snap
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/unsupported_base_dyn…_-_Unsupported_base_for…_-_`@final`_class_(ea69d237256b3762).snap
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+---
+source: crates/ty_test/src/lib.rs
+expression: snapshot
+---
+
+---
+mdtest name: unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md - Unsupported base for dynamic `type()` classes - `@final` class
+mdtest path: crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/diagnostics/unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md
+---
+
+# Python source files
+
+## mdtest_snippet.py
+
+```
+1 | from typing import final
+2 | 
+3 | @final
+4 | class FinalClass:
+5 |     pass
+6 | 
+7 | X = type("X", (FinalClass,), {})  # error: [subclass-of-final-class]
+```
+
+# Diagnostics
+
+```
+error[subclass-of-final-class]: Class `X` cannot inherit from final class `FinalClass`
+ --> src/mdtest_snippet.py:7:16
+  |
+5 |     pass
+6 |
+7 | X = type("X", (FinalClass,), {})  # error: [subclass-of-final-class]
+  |                ^^^^^^^^^^
+  |
+info: rule `subclass-of-final-class` is enabled by default
+
+```
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/unsupported_base_dyn…_-_Unsupported_base_for…_-_`Generic`_base_(d455f46a27cec685).snap
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/unsupported_base_dyn…_-_Unsupported_base_for…_-_`Generic`_base_(d455f46a27cec685).snap
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+---
+source: crates/ty_test/src/lib.rs
+expression: snapshot
+---
+
+---
+mdtest name: unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md - Unsupported base for dynamic `type()` classes - `Generic` base
+mdtest path: crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/diagnostics/unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md
+---
+
+# Python source files
+
+## mdtest_snippet.py
+
+```
+1 | from typing import Generic, TypeVar
+2 | 
+3 | T = TypeVar("T")
+4 | 
+5 | X = type("X", (Generic[T],), {})  # error: [invalid-base]
+```
+
+# Diagnostics
+
+```
+error[invalid-base]: Invalid base for class created via `type()`
+ --> src/mdtest_snippet.py:5:16
+  |
+3 | T = TypeVar("T")
+4 |
+5 | X = type("X", (Generic[T],), {})  # error: [invalid-base]
+  |                ^^^^^^^^^^ Has type `<special-form 'typing.Generic[T]'>`
+  |
+info: Classes created via `type()` cannot be generic
+info: Consider using `class X(Generic[...]): ...` instead
+info: rule `invalid-base` is enabled by default
+
+```
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/unsupported_base_dyn…_-_Unsupported_base_for…_-_`Protocol`_base_(99c9bde73664dd51).snap
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/unsupported_base_dyn…_-_Unsupported_base_for…_-_`Protocol`_base_(99c9bde73664dd51).snap
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+source: crates/ty_test/src/lib.rs
+expression: snapshot
+---
+
+---
+mdtest name: unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md - Unsupported base for dynamic `type()` classes - `Protocol` base
+mdtest path: crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/diagnostics/unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md
+---
+
+# Python source files
+
+## mdtest_snippet.py
+
+```
+1 | from typing import Protocol
+2 | 
+3 | X = type("X", (Protocol,), {})  # error: [unsupported-dynamic-base]
+```
+
+# Diagnostics
+
+```
+info[unsupported-dynamic-base]: Unsupported base for class created via `type()`
+ --> src/mdtest_snippet.py:3:16
+  |
+1 | from typing import Protocol
+2 |
+3 | X = type("X", (Protocol,), {})  # error: [unsupported-dynamic-base]
+  |                ^^^^^^^^ Has type `<special-form 'typing.Protocol'>`
+  |
+info: Classes created via `type()` cannot be protocols
+info: Consider using `class X(Protocol): ...` instead
+info: rule `unsupported-dynamic-base` is enabled by default
+
+```
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/unsupported_base_dyn…_-_Unsupported_base_for…_-_`TypedDict`_base_(6f76171c88fc8760).snap
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/snapshots/unsupported_base_dyn…_-_Unsupported_base_for…_-_`TypedDict`_base_(6f76171c88fc8760).snap
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+source: crates/ty_test/src/lib.rs
+expression: snapshot
+---
+
+---
+mdtest name: unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md - Unsupported base for dynamic `type()` classes - `TypedDict` base
+mdtest path: crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/diagnostics/unsupported_base_dynamic_type.md
+---
+
+# Python source files
+
+## mdtest_snippet.py
+
+```
+1 | from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+2 | 
+3 | X = type("X", (TypedDict,), {})  # error: [invalid-base]
+```
+
+# Diagnostics
+
+```
+error[invalid-base]: Invalid base for class created via `type()`
+ --> src/mdtest_snippet.py:3:16
+  |
+1 | from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+2 |
+3 | X = type("X", (TypedDict,), {})  # error: [invalid-base]
+  |                ^^^^^^^^^ Has type `<special-form 'typing.TypedDict'>`
+  |
+info: Classes created via `type()` cannot be TypedDicts
+info: Consider using `TypedDict("X", {})` instead
+info: rule `invalid-base` is enabled by default
+
+```
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/semantic_index/definition.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/semantic_index/definition.rs
@@ -938,6 +938,18 @@ impl DefinitionKind<'_> {
            | DefinitionKind::ExceptHandler(_) => DefinitionCategory::Binding,
        }
    }
+
+    /// Returns the value expression for assignment-based definitions.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Some` for `Assignment` and `AnnotatedAssignment` (if it has a value),
+    /// `None` for all other definition kinds.
+    pub(crate) fn value<'ast>(&self, module: &'ast ParsedModuleRef) -> Option<&'ast ast::Expr> {
+        match self {
+            DefinitionKind::Assignment(assignment) => Some(assignment.value(module)),
+            DefinitionKind::AnnotatedAssignment(assignment) => assignment.value(module),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
 }

 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Hash, get_size2::GetSize)]
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/semantic_index/scope.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/semantic_index/scope.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::ops::Range;

 use ruff_db::{files::File, parsed::ParsedModuleRef};
 use ruff_index::newtype_index;
-use ruff_python_ast as ast;
+use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, NodeIndex};

 use crate::{
    Db,
@@ -463,6 +463,27 @@ impl NodeWithScopeKind {
            _ => None,
        }
    }
+
+    /// Returns the anchor node index for this scope, or `None` for the module scope.
+    ///
+    /// This is used to compute relative node indices for expressions within the scope,
+    /// providing a stable anchor that only changes when the scope-introducing node changes.
+    pub(crate) fn node_index(&self) -> Option<NodeIndex> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Module => None,
+            Self::Class(class) => Some(class.index()),
+            Self::ClassTypeParameters(class) => Some(class.index()),
+            Self::Function(function) => Some(function.index()),
+            Self::FunctionTypeParameters(function) => Some(function.index()),
+            Self::TypeAlias(type_alias) => Some(type_alias.index()),
+            Self::TypeAliasTypeParameters(type_alias) => Some(type_alias.index()),
+            Self::Lambda(lambda) => Some(lambda.index()),
+            Self::ListComprehension(comp) => Some(comp.index()),
+            Self::SetComprehension(comp) => Some(comp.index()),
+            Self::DictComprehension(comp) => Some(comp.index()),
+            Self::GeneratorExpression(generator) => Some(generator.index()),
+        }
+    }
 }

 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, get_size2::GetSize)]
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types.rs
@@ -1090,6 +1090,15 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
            Type::FunctionLiteral(f) => {
                f.has_known_decorator(db, FunctionDecorators::TYPE_CHECK_ONLY)
            }
+            Type::TypeAlias(alias) => alias.value_type(db).is_type_check_only(db),
+            Type::Union(union) => union
+                .elements(db)
+                .iter()
+                .all(|ty| ty.is_type_check_only(db)),
+            Type::Intersection(intersection) => intersection
+                .positive(db)
+                .iter()
+                .any(|element| element.is_type_check_only(db)),
            _ => false,
        }
    }
@@ -4111,55 +4120,6 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
                    .into()
                }

-                Some(KnownClass::Type) => {
-                    let str_instance = KnownClass::Str.to_instance(db);
-                    let type_instance = KnownClass::Type.to_instance(db);
-
-                    // ```py
-                    // class type:
-                    //     @overload
-                    //     def __init__(self, o: object, /) -> None: ...
-                    //     @overload
-                    //     def __init__(self, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], dict: dict[str, Any], /, **kwds: Any) -> None: ...
-                    // ```
-                    CallableBinding::from_overloads(
-                        self,
-                        [
-                            Signature::new(
-                                Parameters::new(
-                                    db,
-                                    [Parameter::positional_only(Some(Name::new_static("o")))
-                                        .with_annotated_type(Type::any())],
-                                ),
-                                type_instance,
-                            ),
-                            Signature::new(
-                                Parameters::new(
-                                    db,
-                                    [
-                                        Parameter::positional_only(Some(Name::new_static("name")))
-                                            .with_annotated_type(str_instance),
-                                        Parameter::positional_only(Some(Name::new_static("bases")))
-                                            .with_annotated_type(Type::homogeneous_tuple(
-                                                db,
-                                                type_instance,
-                                            )),
-                                        Parameter::positional_only(Some(Name::new_static("dict")))
-                                            .with_annotated_type(
-                                                KnownClass::Dict.to_specialized_instance(
-                                                    db,
-                                                    &[str_instance, Type::any()],
-                                                ),
-                                            ),
-                                    ],
-                                ),
-                                type_instance,
-                            ),
-                        ],
-                    )
-                    .into()
-                }
-
                Some(KnownClass::Object) => {
                    // ```py
                    // class object:
@@ -6559,9 +6519,9 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
                Some(TypeDefinition::Function(function.definition(db)))
            }
            Self::ModuleLiteral(module) => Some(TypeDefinition::Module(module.module(db))),
-            Self::ClassLiteral(class_literal) => Some(class_literal.type_definition(db)),
+            Self::ClassLiteral(class_literal) => class_literal.type_definition(db),
            Self::GenericAlias(alias) => Some(TypeDefinition::StaticClass(alias.definition(db))),
-            Self::NominalInstance(instance) => Some(instance.class(db).type_definition(db)),
+            Self::NominalInstance(instance) => instance.class(db).type_definition(db),
            Self::KnownInstance(instance) => match instance {
                KnownInstanceType::TypeVar(var) => {
                    Some(TypeDefinition::TypeVar(var.definition(db)?))
@@ -6575,7 +6535,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {

            Self::SubclassOf(subclass_of_type) => match subclass_of_type.subclass_of() {
                SubclassOfInner::Dynamic(_) => None,
-                SubclassOfInner::Class(class) => Some(class.type_definition(db)),
+                SubclassOfInner::Class(class) => class.type_definition(db),
                SubclassOfInner::TypeVar(bound_typevar) => {
                    Some(TypeDefinition::TypeVar(bound_typevar.typevar(db).definition(db)?))
                }
@@ -6605,7 +6565,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
            Self::TypeVar(bound_typevar) => Some(TypeDefinition::TypeVar(bound_typevar.typevar(db).definition(db)?)),

            Self::ProtocolInstance(protocol) => match protocol.inner {
-                Protocol::FromClass(class) => Some(class.type_definition(db)),
+                Protocol::FromClass(class) => class.type_definition(db),
                Protocol::Synthesized(_) => None,
            },

--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/call/bind.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/call/bind.rs
@@ -1443,12 +1443,6 @@ impl<'db> Bindings<'db> {
                            }
                        }

-                        Some(KnownClass::Type) if overload_index == 0 => {
-                            if let [Some(arg)] = overload.parameter_types() {
-                                overload.set_return_type(arg.dunder_class(db));
-                            }
-                        }
-
                        Some(KnownClass::Property) => {
                            if let [getter, setter, ..] = overload.parameter_types() {
                                overload.set_return_type(Type::PropertyInstance(
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/class.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/class.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ use crate::{
        attribute_assignments,
        definition::{DefinitionKind, TargetKind},
        place_table,
-        scope::{FileScopeId, ScopeId},
+        scope::ScopeId,
        semantic_index, use_def_map,
    },
    types::{
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ use ruff_db::diagnostic::Span;
 use ruff_db::files::File;
 use ruff_db::parsed::{ParsedModuleRef, parsed_module};
 use ruff_python_ast::name::Name;
-use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, PythonVersion};
+use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, NodeIndex, PythonVersion};
 use ruff_text_size::{Ranged, TextRange};
 use rustc_hash::FxHashSet;
 use ty_module_resolver::{KnownModule, file_to_module};
@@ -562,25 +562,16 @@ impl<'db> ClassLiteral<'db> {
    }

    /// Returns the generic context if this is a generic class.
-    ///
-    // TODO: We should emit a diagnostic if a dynamic class (created via `type()`) attempts
-    // to inherit from `Generic[T]`, since dynamic classes can't be generic. See also: `is_protocol`.
    pub(crate) fn generic_context(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Option<GenericContext<'db>> {
        self.as_static().and_then(|class| class.generic_context(db))
    }

    /// Returns whether this class is a protocol.
-    ///
-    // TODO: We should emit a diagnostic if a dynamic class (created via `type()`) attempts
-    // to inherit from `Protocol`, since dynamic classes can't be protocols. See also: `generic_context`.
    pub(crate) fn is_protocol(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> bool {
        self.as_static().is_some_and(|class| class.is_protocol(db))
    }

    /// Returns whether this class is a `TypedDict`.
-    // TODO: We should emit a diagnostic if a dynamic class (created via `type()`) attempts
-    // to inherit from `TypedDict`. To create a dynamic TypedDict, you should invoke
-    // `TypedDict` as a function, not `type`. See also: `generic_context`, `is_protocol`.
    pub fn is_typed_dict(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> bool {
        match self {
            Self::Static(class) => class.is_typed_dict(db),
@@ -613,7 +604,7 @@ impl<'db> ClassLiteral<'db> {
    pub(crate) fn file(self, db: &dyn Db) -> File {
        match self {
            Self::Static(class) => class.file(db),
-            Self::Dynamic(class) => class.file(db),
+            Self::Dynamic(class) => class.scope(db).file(db),
        }
    }

@@ -634,10 +625,12 @@ impl<'db> ClassLiteral<'db> {
    }

    /// Returns whether this class is final.
-    // TODO: Support `@final` on dynamic classes, e.g. `X = final(type("X", (), {}))`.
-    // We should either recognize and track this, or emit a diagnostic if unsupported.
    pub(crate) fn is_final(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> bool {
-        self.as_static().is_some_and(|class| class.is_final(db))
+        match self {
+            Self::Static(class) => class.is_final(db),
+            // Dynamic classes created via `type()` cannot be marked as final.
+            Self::Dynamic(_) => false,
+        }
    }

    /// Returns `true` if this class defines any ordering method (`__lt__`, `__le__`, `__gt__`,
@@ -664,10 +657,10 @@ impl<'db> ClassLiteral<'db> {
        }
    }

-    /// Returns the definition of this class.
-    pub(crate) fn definition(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Definition<'db> {
+    /// Returns the definition of this class, if available.
+    pub(crate) fn definition(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Option<Definition<'db>> {
        match self {
-            Self::Static(class) => class.definition(db),
+            Self::Static(class) => Some(class.definition(db)),
            Self::Dynamic(class) => class.definition(db),
        }
    }
@@ -675,11 +668,11 @@ impl<'db> ClassLiteral<'db> {
    /// Returns the type definition for this class.
    ///
    /// For static classes, returns `TypeDefinition::StaticClass`.
-    /// For dynamic classes, returns `TypeDefinition::DynamicClass`.
-    pub(crate) fn type_definition(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> TypeDefinition<'db> {
+    /// For dynamic classes, returns `TypeDefinition::DynamicClass` if a definition is available.
+    pub(crate) fn type_definition(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Option<TypeDefinition<'db>> {
        match self {
-            Self::Static(class) => TypeDefinition::StaticClass(class.definition(db)),
-            Self::Dynamic(class) => TypeDefinition::DynamicClass(class.definition(db)),
+            Self::Static(class) => Some(TypeDefinition::StaticClass(class.definition(db))),
+            Self::Dynamic(class) => class.definition(db).map(TypeDefinition::DynamicClass),
        }
    }

@@ -944,13 +937,13 @@ impl<'db> ClassType<'db> {
        self.class_literal(db).known(db)
    }

-    /// Returns the definition for this class.
-    pub(crate) fn definition(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Definition<'db> {
+    /// Returns the definition for this class, if available.
+    pub(crate) fn definition(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Option<Definition<'db>> {
        self.class_literal(db).definition(db)
    }

    /// Returns the type definition for this class.
-    pub(crate) fn type_definition(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> TypeDefinition<'db> {
+    pub(crate) fn type_definition(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Option<TypeDefinition<'db>> {
        self.class_literal(db).type_definition(db)
    }

@@ -4704,12 +4697,8 @@ impl<'db> VarianceInferable<'db> for ClassLiteral<'db> {
 ///
 /// # Salsa interning
 ///
-/// Each `type()` call is uniquely identified by its [`Definition`], which provides
-/// stable identity without depending on AST node indices that can change when code
-/// is inserted above the call site.
-///
-/// Two different `type()` calls always produce distinct `DynamicClassLiteral`
-/// instances, even if they have the same name and bases:
+/// This is a Salsa-interned struct. Two different `type()` calls always produce
+/// distinct `DynamicClassLiteral` instances, even if they have the same name and bases:
 ///
 /// ```python
 /// Foo1 = type("Foo", (Base,), {})
@@ -4717,9 +4706,11 @@ impl<'db> VarianceInferable<'db> for ClassLiteral<'db> {
 /// # Foo1 and Foo2 are distinct types
 /// ```
 ///
-/// Note: Only assigned `type()` calls are currently supported (e.g., `Foo = type(...)`).
-/// Inline calls like `process(type(...))` fall back to normal call handling.
-#[salsa::interned(debug, heap_size = ruff_memory_usage::heap_size)]
+/// The `anchor` field provides stable identity:
+/// - For assigned `type()` calls, the `Definition` uniquely identifies the class.
+/// - For dangling `type()` calls, a relative node offset anchored to the enclosing scope
+///   provides stable identity that only changes when the scope itself changes.
+#[salsa::interned(debug, heap_size=ruff_memory_usage::heap_size)]
 #[derive(PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct DynamicClassLiteral<'db> {
    /// The name of the class (from the first argument to `type()`).
@@ -4730,8 +4721,13 @@ pub struct DynamicClassLiteral<'db> {
    #[returns(deref)]
    pub bases: Box<[ClassBase<'db>]>,

-    /// The definition where this class is created.
-    pub definition: Definition<'db>,
+    /// The anchor for this dynamic class, providing stable identity.
+    ///
+    /// - `Definition`: The `type()` call is assigned to a variable. The definition
+    ///   uniquely identifies this class and can be used to find the `type()` call.
+    /// - `ScopeOffset`: The `type()` call is "dangling" (not assigned). The offset
+    ///   is relative to the enclosing scope's anchor node index.
+    pub anchor: DynamicClassAnchor<'db>,

    /// The class members from the namespace dict (third argument to `type()`).
    /// Each entry is a (name, type) pair extracted from the dict literal.
@@ -4748,38 +4744,87 @@ pub struct DynamicClassLiteral<'db> {
    pub dataclass_params: Option<DataclassParams<'db>>,
 }

+/// Anchor for identifying a dynamic class literal.
+///
+/// This enum provides stable identity for `DynamicClassLiteral`:
+/// - For assigned calls, the `Definition` uniquely identifies the class.
+/// - For dangling calls, a relative offset provides stable identity.
+#[derive(
+    Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord, salsa::Update, get_size2::GetSize,
+)]
+pub enum DynamicClassAnchor<'db> {
+    /// The `type()` call is assigned to a variable.
+    ///
+    /// The `Definition` uniquely identifies this class. The `type()` call expression
+    /// is the `value` of the assignment, so we can get its range from the definition.
+    Definition(Definition<'db>),
+
+    /// The `type()` call is "dangling" (not assigned to a variable).
+    ///
+    /// The offset is relative to the enclosing scope's anchor node index.
+    /// For module scope, this is equivalent to an absolute index (anchor is 0).
+    ScopeOffset { scope: ScopeId<'db>, offset: u32 },
+}
+
 impl get_size2::GetSize for DynamicClassLiteral<'_> {}

 #[salsa::tracked]
 impl<'db> DynamicClassLiteral<'db> {
+    /// Returns the definition where this class is created, if it was assigned to a variable.
+    pub(crate) fn definition(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Option<Definition<'db>> {
+        match self.anchor(db) {
+            DynamicClassAnchor::Definition(definition) => Some(definition),
+            DynamicClassAnchor::ScopeOffset { .. } => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the scope in which this dynamic class was created.
+    pub(crate) fn scope(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> ScopeId<'db> {
+        match self.anchor(db) {
+            DynamicClassAnchor::Definition(definition) => definition.scope(db),
+            DynamicClassAnchor::ScopeOffset { scope, .. } => scope,
+        }
+    }
+
    /// Returns a [`Span`] with the range of the `type()` call expression.
    ///
    /// See [`Self::header_range`] for more details.
    pub(super) fn header_span(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Span {
-        Span::from(self.file(db)).with_range(self.header_range(db))
+        Span::from(self.scope(db).file(db)).with_range(self.header_range(db))
    }

    /// Returns the range of the `type()` call expression that created this class.
    pub(super) fn header_range(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> TextRange {
-        let definition = self.definition(db);
-        let file = definition.file(db);
+        let scope = self.scope(db);
+        let file = scope.file(db);
        let module = parsed_module(db, file).load(db);

-        // Dynamic classes are only created from regular assignments (e.g., `Foo = type(...)`).
-        let DefinitionKind::Assignment(assignment) = definition.kind(db) else {
-            unreachable!("DynamicClassLiteral should only be created from Assignment definitions");
-        };
-        assignment.value(&module).range()
-    }
+        match self.anchor(db) {
+            DynamicClassAnchor::Definition(definition) => {
+                // For definitions, get the range from the definition's value.
+                // The `type()` call is the value of the assignment.
+                definition
+                    .kind(db)
+                    .value(&module)
+                    .expect("DynamicClassAnchor::Definition should only be used for assignments")
+                    .range()
+            }
+            DynamicClassAnchor::ScopeOffset { offset, .. } => {
+                // For dangling `type()` calls, compute the absolute index from the offset.
+                let scope_anchor = scope.node(db).node_index().unwrap_or(NodeIndex::from(0));
+                let anchor_u32 = scope_anchor
+                    .as_u32()
+                    .expect("anchor should not be NodeIndex::NONE");
+                let absolute_index = NodeIndex::from(anchor_u32 + offset);

-    /// Returns the file containing the `type()` call.
-    pub(crate) fn file(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> File {
-        self.definition(db).file(db)
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the scope containing the `type()` call.
-    pub(crate) fn file_scope(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> FileScopeId {
-        self.definition(db).file_scope(db)
+                // Get the node and return its range.
+                let node: &ast::ExprCall = module
+                    .get_by_index(absolute_index)
+                    .try_into()
+                    .expect("scope offset should point to ExprCall");
+                node.range()
+            }
+        }
    }

    /// Get the metaclass of this dynamic class.
@@ -5020,7 +5065,7 @@ impl<'db> DynamicClassLiteral<'db> {
            db,
            self.name(db).clone(),
            self.bases(db),
-            self.definition(db),
+            self.anchor(db),
            self.members(db),
            self.has_dynamic_namespace(db),
            dataclass_params,
@@ -5314,7 +5359,8 @@ impl<'db> QualifiedClassName<'db> {
            }
            ClassLiteral::Dynamic(class) => {
                // Dynamic classes don't have a body scope; start from the enclosing scope.
-                (class.file(self.db), class.file_scope(self.db), 0)
+                let scope = class.scope(self.db);
+                (scope.file(self.db), scope.file_scope_id(self.db), 0)
            }
        };

--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/diagnostic.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/diagnostic.rs
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ pub(crate) fn register_lints(registry: &mut LintRegistryBuilder) {
    registry.register_lint(&POSSIBLY_UNRESOLVED_REFERENCE);
    registry.register_lint(&SUBCLASS_OF_FINAL_CLASS);
    registry.register_lint(&OVERRIDE_OF_FINAL_METHOD);
+    registry.register_lint(&INEFFECTIVE_FINAL);
    registry.register_lint(&TYPE_ASSERTION_FAILURE);
    registry.register_lint(&TOO_MANY_POSITIONAL_ARGUMENTS);
    registry.register_lint(&UNAVAILABLE_IMPLICIT_SUPER_ARGUMENTS);
@@ -1789,6 +1790,34 @@ declare_lint! {
    }
 }

+declare_lint! {
+    /// ## What it does
+    /// Checks for calls to `final()` that type checkers cannot interpret.
+    ///
+    /// ## Why is this bad?
+    /// The `final()` function is designed to be used as a decorator. When called directly
+    /// as a function (e.g., `final(type(...))`), type checkers will not understand the
+    /// application of `final` and will not prevent subclassing.
+    ///
+    /// ## Example
+    ///
+    /// ```python
+    /// from typing import final
+    ///
+    /// # Incorrect: type checkers will not prevent subclassing
+    /// MyClass = final(type("MyClass", (), {}))
+    ///
+    /// # Correct: use `final` as a decorator
+    /// @final
+    /// class MyClass: ...
+    /// ```
+    pub(crate) static INEFFECTIVE_FINAL = {
+        summary: "detects calls to `final()` that type checkers cannot interpret",
+        status: LintStatus::preview("0.0.1-alpha.33"),
+        default_level: Level::Warn,
+    }
+}
+
 declare_lint! {
    /// ## What it does
    /// Checks for methods that are decorated with `@override` but do not override any method in a superclass.
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/enums.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/enums.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ pub(crate) fn enum_metadata<'db>(
            //
            // MyEnum = type("MyEnum", (BaseEnum,), {"A": 1, "B": 2})
            // ```
-            // TODO: Add a diagnostic for including an enum in a `type(...)` call.
            return None;
        }
    };
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/generics.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/generics.rs
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ pub(crate) fn typing_self<'db>(
    let identity = TypeVarIdentity::new(
        db,
        ast::name::Name::new_static("Self"),
-        Some(class.definition(db)),
+        class.definition(db),
        TypeVarKind::TypingSelf,
    );
    let bounds = TypeVarBoundOrConstraints::UpperBound(Type::instance(
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/ide_support.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/ide_support.rs
@@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ pub fn definitions_for_name<'db>(
                // instead of `int` (hover only shows the docstring of the first definition).
                .rev()
                .filter_map(|ty| ty.as_nominal_instance())
-                .map(|instance| {
-                    let definition = instance.class_literal(db).definition(db);
-                    ResolvedDefinition::Definition(definition)
+                .filter_map(|instance| {
+                    let definition = instance.class_literal(db).definition(db)?;
+                    Some(ResolvedDefinition::Definition(definition))
                })
                .collect();
        }
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/infer/builder.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/infer/builder.rs
@@ -55,21 +55,22 @@ use crate::subscript::{PyIndex, PySlice};
 use crate::types::call::bind::{CallableDescription, MatchingOverloadIndex};
 use crate::types::call::{Argument, Binding, Bindings, CallArguments, CallError, CallErrorKind};
 use crate::types::class::{
-    ClassLiteral, CodeGeneratorKind, DynamicClassLiteral, DynamicMetaclassConflict, FieldKind,
-    MetaclassErrorKind, MethodDecorator,
+    ClassLiteral, CodeGeneratorKind, DynamicClassAnchor, DynamicClassLiteral,
+    DynamicMetaclassConflict, FieldKind, MetaclassErrorKind, MethodDecorator,
 };
 use crate::types::context::{InNoTypeCheck, InferContext};
 use crate::types::cyclic::CycleDetector;
 use crate::types::diagnostic::{
    self, CALL_NON_CALLABLE, CONFLICTING_DECLARATIONS, CONFLICTING_METACLASS,
    CYCLIC_CLASS_DEFINITION, CYCLIC_TYPE_ALIAS_DEFINITION, DIVISION_BY_ZERO, DUPLICATE_BASE,
-    DUPLICATE_KW_ONLY, INCONSISTENT_MRO, INVALID_ARGUMENT_TYPE, INVALID_ASSIGNMENT,
-    INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_ACCESS, INVALID_BASE, INVALID_DECLARATION, INVALID_GENERIC_CLASS,
-    INVALID_GENERIC_ENUM, INVALID_KEY, INVALID_LEGACY_TYPE_VARIABLE, INVALID_METACLASS,
-    INVALID_NAMED_TUPLE, INVALID_NEWTYPE, INVALID_OVERLOAD, INVALID_PARAMETER_DEFAULT,
-    INVALID_PARAMSPEC, INVALID_PROTOCOL, INVALID_TYPE_ARGUMENTS, INVALID_TYPE_FORM,
-    INVALID_TYPE_GUARD_CALL, INVALID_TYPE_GUARD_DEFINITION, INVALID_TYPE_VARIABLE_CONSTRAINTS,
-    INVALID_TYPED_DICT_STATEMENT, IncompatibleBases, NOT_SUBSCRIPTABLE, POSSIBLY_MISSING_ATTRIBUTE,
+    DUPLICATE_KW_ONLY, INCONSISTENT_MRO, INEFFECTIVE_FINAL, INVALID_ARGUMENT_TYPE,
+    INVALID_ASSIGNMENT, INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_ACCESS, INVALID_BASE, INVALID_DECLARATION,
+    INVALID_GENERIC_CLASS, INVALID_GENERIC_ENUM, INVALID_KEY, INVALID_LEGACY_TYPE_VARIABLE,
+    INVALID_METACLASS, INVALID_NAMED_TUPLE, INVALID_NEWTYPE, INVALID_OVERLOAD,
+    INVALID_PARAMETER_DEFAULT, INVALID_PARAMSPEC, INVALID_PROTOCOL, INVALID_TYPE_ARGUMENTS,
+    INVALID_TYPE_FORM, INVALID_TYPE_GUARD_CALL, INVALID_TYPE_GUARD_DEFINITION,
+    INVALID_TYPE_VARIABLE_CONSTRAINTS, INVALID_TYPED_DICT_STATEMENT, IncompatibleBases,
+    NO_MATCHING_OVERLOAD, NOT_SUBSCRIPTABLE, POSSIBLY_MISSING_ATTRIBUTE,
    POSSIBLY_MISSING_IMPLICIT_CALL, POSSIBLY_MISSING_IMPORT, SUBCLASS_OF_FINAL_CLASS,
    TypedDictDeleteErrorKind, UNDEFINED_REVEAL, UNRESOLVED_ATTRIBUTE, UNRESOLVED_GLOBAL,
    UNRESOLVED_IMPORT, UNRESOLVED_REFERENCE, UNSUPPORTED_DYNAMIC_BASE, UNSUPPORTED_OPERATOR,
@@ -5581,10 +5582,7 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
                            // Try to extract the dynamic class with definition.
                            // This returns `None` if it's not a three-arg call to `type()`,
                            // signalling that we must fall back to normal call inference.
-                            self.infer_dynamic_type_expression(call_expr, definition)
-                                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                                    self.infer_call_expression_impl(call_expr, callable_type, tcx)
-                                })
+                            self.infer_builtins_type_call(call_expr, Some(definition))
                        }
                        Some(_) | None => {
                            self.infer_call_expression_impl(call_expr, callable_type, tcx)
@@ -6189,19 +6187,21 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
        }
    }

-    /// Try to infer a 3-argument `type(name, bases, dict)` call expression, capturing the definition.
+    /// Infer a call to `builtins.type()`.
    ///
-    /// This is called when we detect a `type()` call in assignment context and want to
-    /// associate the resulting `DynamicClassLiteral` with its definition for go-to-definition.
+    /// `builtins.type` has two overloads: a single-argument overload (e.g. `type("foo")`,
+    /// and a 3-argument `type(name, bases, dict)` overload. Both are handled here.
+    /// The `definition` parameter should be `Some()` if this call to `builtins.type()`
+    /// occurs on the right-hand side of an assignment statement that has a [`Definition`]
+    /// associated with it in the semantic index.
    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if any keywords were provided or the number of arguments is not three,
-    /// signalling that no types were stored for any AST sub-expressions and that we should
-    /// therefore fallback to normal call binding for error reporting.
-    fn infer_dynamic_type_expression(
+    /// If it's unclear which overload we should pick, we return `type[Unknown]`,
+    /// to avoid cascading errors later on.
+    fn infer_builtins_type_call(
        &mut self,
        call_expr: &ast::ExprCall,
-        definition: Definition<'db>,
-    ) -> Option<Type<'db>> {
+        definition: Option<Definition<'db>>,
+    ) -> Type<'db> {
        let db = self.db();

        let ast::Arguments {
@@ -6211,27 +6211,101 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
            node_index: _,
        } = &call_expr.arguments;

-        if !keywords.is_empty() {
-            return None;
+        for keyword in keywords {
+            self.infer_expression(&keyword.value, TypeContext::default());
        }

-        let [name_arg, bases_arg, namespace_arg] = &**args else {
-            return None;
+        let [name_arg, bases_arg, namespace_arg] = match &**args {
+            [single] => {
+                let arg_type = self.infer_expression(single, TypeContext::default());
+
+                return if keywords.is_empty() {
+                    arg_type.dunder_class(db)
+                } else {
+                    if keywords.iter().any(|keyword| keyword.arg.is_some())
+                        && let Some(builder) =
+                            self.context.report_lint(&NO_MATCHING_OVERLOAD, call_expr)
+                    {
+                        let mut diagnostic = builder
+                            .into_diagnostic("No overload of class `type` matches arguments");
+                        diagnostic.help(format_args!(
+                            "`builtins.type()` expects no keyword arguments",
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    SubclassOfType::subclass_of_unknown()
+                };
+            }
+
+            [first, second] if second.is_starred_expr() => {
+                self.infer_expression(first, TypeContext::default());
+                self.infer_expression(second, TypeContext::default());
+
+                match &**keywords {
+                    [single] if single.arg.is_none() => {
+                        return SubclassOfType::subclass_of_unknown();
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        if let Some(builder) =
+                            self.context.report_lint(&NO_MATCHING_OVERLOAD, call_expr)
+                        {
+                            let mut diagnostic = builder
+                                .into_diagnostic("No overload of class `type` matches arguments");
+                            diagnostic.help(format_args!(
+                                "`builtins.type()` expects no keyword arguments",
+                            ));
+                        }
+
+                        return SubclassOfType::subclass_of_unknown();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            [name, bases, namespace] => [name, bases, namespace],
+
+            _ => {
+                for arg in args {
+                    self.infer_expression(arg, TypeContext::default());
+                }
+
+                if let Some(builder) = self.context.report_lint(&NO_MATCHING_OVERLOAD, call_expr) {
+                    let mut diagnostic =
+                        builder.into_diagnostic("No overload of class `type` matches arguments");
+                    diagnostic.help(format_args!(
+                        "`builtins.type()` can either be called with one or three \
+                        positional arguments (got {})",
+                        args.len()
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                return SubclassOfType::subclass_of_unknown();
+            }
        };

-        // If any argument is a starred expression, we can't know how many positional arguments
-        // we're receiving, so fall back to normal call binding.
-        if args.iter().any(ast::Expr::is_starred_expr) {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        // Infer the argument types.
        let name_type = self.infer_expression(name_arg, TypeContext::default());
        let bases_type = self.infer_expression(bases_arg, TypeContext::default());
+        let namespace_type = self.infer_expression(namespace_arg, TypeContext::default());
+
+        // TODO: validate other keywords against `__init_subclass__` methods of superclasses
+        if keywords
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|keyword| keyword.arg.as_deref())
+            .contains("metaclass")
+        {
+            if let Some(builder) = self.context.report_lint(&NO_MATCHING_OVERLOAD, call_expr) {
+                let mut diagnostic =
+                    builder.into_diagnostic("No overload of class `type` matches arguments");
+                diagnostic
+                    .help("The `metaclass` keyword argument is not supported in `type()` calls");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If any argument is a starred expression, we can't know how many positional arguments
+        // we're receiving, so fall back to `type[Unknown]` to avoid false-positive errors.
+        if args.iter().any(ast::Expr::is_starred_expr) {
+            return SubclassOfType::subclass_of_unknown();
+        }

        // Extract members from the namespace dict (third argument).
-        // Infer the whole dict first to avoid double-inferring individual values.
-        let namespace_type = self.infer_expression(namespace_arg, TypeContext::default());
        let (members, has_dynamic_namespace): (Box<[(ast::name::Name, Type<'db>)]>, bool) =
            if let ast::Expr::Dict(dict) = namespace_arg {
                // Check if all keys are string literal types. If any key is not a string literal
@@ -6258,7 +6332,7 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
                    .collect();
                (members, !all_keys_are_string_literals)
            } else if let Type::TypedDict(typed_dict) = namespace_type {
-                // Namespace is a TypedDict instance. Extract known keys as members.
+                // `namespace` is a TypedDict instance. Extract known keys as members.
                // TypedDicts are "open" (can have additional string keys), so this
                // is still a dynamic namespace for unknown attributes.
                let members: Box<[(ast::name::Name, Type<'db>)]> = typed_dict
@@ -6268,7 +6342,7 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
                    .collect();
                (members, true)
            } else {
-                // Namespace is not a dict literal, so it's dynamic.
+                // `namespace` is not a dict literal, so it's dynamic.
                (Box::new([]), true)
            };

@@ -6310,11 +6384,33 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
        let (bases, mut disjoint_bases) =
            self.extract_dynamic_type_bases(bases_arg, bases_type, &name);

+        let scope = self.scope();
+
+        // Create the anchor for identifying this dynamic class.
+        // - For assigned `type()` calls, the Definition uniquely identifies the class.
+        // - For dangling calls, compute a relative offset from the scope's node index.
+        let anchor = if let Some(def) = definition {
+            DynamicClassAnchor::Definition(def)
+        } else {
+            let call_node_index = call_expr.node_index().load();
+            let scope_anchor = scope.node(db).node_index().unwrap_or(NodeIndex::from(0));
+            let anchor_u32 = scope_anchor
+                .as_u32()
+                .expect("scope anchor should not be NodeIndex::NONE");
+            let call_u32 = call_node_index
+                .as_u32()
+                .expect("call node should not be NodeIndex::NONE");
+            DynamicClassAnchor::ScopeOffset {
+                scope,
+                offset: call_u32 - anchor_u32,
+            }
+        };
+
        let dynamic_class = DynamicClassLiteral::new(
            db,
            name,
            bases,
-            definition,
+            anchor,
            members,
            has_dynamic_namespace,
            None,
@@ -6384,7 +6480,7 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
            );
        }

-        Some(Type::ClassLiteral(ClassLiteral::Dynamic(dynamic_class)))
+        Type::ClassLiteral(ClassLiteral::Dynamic(dynamic_class))
    }

    /// Extract base classes from the second argument of a `type()` call.
@@ -6421,26 +6517,129 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
                    .iter()
                    .enumerate()
                    .map(|(idx, base)| {
+                        let diagnostic_node = bases_tuple_elts
+                            .and_then(|elts| elts.get(idx))
+                            .unwrap_or(bases_node);
+
                        // First try the standard conversion.
                        if let Some(class_base) =
                            ClassBase::try_from_type(db, *base, placeholder_class)
                        {
-                            // Collect disjoint bases for instance-layout-conflict checking.
-                            if let ClassBase::Class(base_class) = class_base {
-                                if let Some(disjoint_base) = base_class.nearest_disjoint_base(db) {
-                                    disjoint_bases.insert(
-                                        disjoint_base,
-                                        idx,
-                                        base_class.class_literal(db),
-                                    );
+                            // Check for special bases that are not allowed for dynamic classes.
+                            // Dynamic classes can't be generic, protocols, TypedDicts, or enums.
+                            match class_base {
+                                ClassBase::Generic | ClassBase::TypedDict => {
+                                    if let Some(builder) =
+                                        self.context.report_lint(&INVALID_BASE, diagnostic_node)
+                                    {
+                                        let mut diagnostic = builder.into_diagnostic(
+                                            "Invalid base for class created via `type()`",
+                                        );
+                                        diagnostic.set_primary_message(format_args!(
+                                            "Has type `{}`",
+                                            base.display(db)
+                                        ));
+                                        match class_base {
+                                            ClassBase::Generic => {
+                                                diagnostic.info(
+                                                    "Classes created via `type()` cannot be generic",
+                                                );
+                                                diagnostic.info(format_args!(
+                                                    "Consider using `class {name}(Generic[...]): ...` instead"
+                                                ));
+                                            }
+                                            ClassBase::TypedDict => {
+                                                diagnostic.info(
+                                                    "Classes created via `type()` cannot be TypedDicts",
+                                                );
+                                                diagnostic.info(format_args!(
+                                                    "Consider using `TypedDict(\"{name}\", {{}})` instead"
+                                                ));
+                                            }
+                                            _ => unreachable!(),
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    return ClassBase::unknown();
                                }
-                            }
-                            return class_base;
-                        }
+                                ClassBase::Protocol => {
+                                    if let Some(builder) = self
+                                        .context
+                                        .report_lint(&UNSUPPORTED_DYNAMIC_BASE, diagnostic_node)
+                                    {
+                                        let mut diagnostic = builder.into_diagnostic(
+                                            "Unsupported base for class created via `type()`",
+                                        );
+                                        diagnostic.set_primary_message(format_args!(
+                                            "Has type `{}`",
+                                            base.display(db)
+                                        ));
+                                        diagnostic.info(
+                                            "Classes created via `type()` cannot be protocols",
+                                        );
+                                        diagnostic.info(format_args!(
+                                            "Consider using `class {name}(Protocol): ...` instead"
+                                        ));
+                                    }
+                                    return ClassBase::unknown();
+                                }
+                                ClassBase::Class(class_type) => {
+                                    // Check if base is @final (includes enums with members).
+                                    if class_type.is_final(db) {
+                                        if let Some(builder) = self
+                                            .context
+                                            .report_lint(&SUBCLASS_OF_FINAL_CLASS, diagnostic_node)
+                                        {
+                                            builder.into_diagnostic(format_args!(
+                                                "Class `{name}` cannot inherit from final class `{}`",
+                                                class_type.name(db)
+                                            ));
+                                        }
+                                        return ClassBase::unknown();
+                                    }

-                        let diagnostic_node = bases_tuple_elts
-                            .and_then(|elts| elts.get(idx))
-                            .unwrap_or(bases_node);
+                                    // Enum subclasses require the EnumMeta metaclass, which
+                                    // expects special dict attributes that `type()` doesn't provide.
+                                    if let Some((static_class, _)) =
+                                        class_type.static_class_literal(db)
+                                    {
+                                        if is_enum_class_by_inheritance(db, static_class) {
+                                            if let Some(builder) = self
+                                                .context
+                                                .report_lint(&INVALID_BASE, diagnostic_node)
+                                            {
+                                                let mut diagnostic = builder.into_diagnostic(
+                                                    "Invalid base for class created via `type()`",
+                                                );
+                                                diagnostic.set_primary_message(format_args!(
+                                                    "Has type `{}`",
+                                                    base.display(db)
+                                                ));
+                                                diagnostic.info(
+                                                    "Creating an enum class via `type()` is not supported",
+                                                );
+                                                diagnostic.info(format_args!(
+                                                    "Consider using `Enum(\"{name}\", [])` instead"
+                                                ));
+                                            }
+                                            return ClassBase::unknown();
+                                        }
+                                    }
+
+                                    // Collect disjoint bases for instance-layout-conflict checking.
+                                    if let Some(disjoint_base) = class_type.nearest_disjoint_base(db)
+                                    {
+                                        disjoint_bases.insert(
+                                            disjoint_base,
+                                            idx,
+                                            class_type.class_literal(db),
+                                        );
+                                    }
+
+                                    return class_base;
+                                }
+                                ClassBase::Dynamic(_) => return class_base,
+                            }
+                        }

                        // If that fails, check if the type is "type-like" (e.g., `type[Base]`).
                        // For type-like bases we emit `unsupported-dynamic-base` and use
@@ -9514,6 +9713,13 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
            return Type::TypedDict(typed_dict);
        }

+        // Handle 3-argument `type(name, bases, dict)`.
+        if let Type::ClassLiteral(class) = callable_type
+            && class.is_known(self.db(), KnownClass::Type)
+        {
+            return self.infer_builtins_type_call(call_expression, None);
+        }
+
        // We don't call `Type::try_call`, because we want to perform type inference on the
        // arguments after matching them to parameters, but before checking that the argument types
        // are assignable to any parameter annotations.
@@ -9605,6 +9811,20 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
            {
                self.called_functions.insert(function);
            }
+
+            // Warn when `final()` is called as a function (not a decorator).
+            // Type checkers cannot interpret this usage and will not prevent subclassing.
+            if function.is_known(self.db(), KnownFunction::Final) {
+                if let Some(builder) = self
+                    .context
+                    .report_lint(&INEFFECTIVE_FINAL, call_expression)
+                {
+                    let mut diagnostic = builder.into_diagnostic(
+                        "Type checkers will not prevent subclassing when `final()` is called as a function",
+                    );
+                    diagnostic.info("Use `@final` as a decorator on a class or method instead");
+                }
+            }
        }

        let class = match callable_type {
@@ -10078,7 +10298,33 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
                if Some(self.scope()) == builtins_module_scope(db) {
                    Place::Undefined.into()
                } else {
-                    builtins_symbol(db, symbol_name)
+                    let possible_fallback = builtins_symbol(db, symbol_name);
+                    let Some(fallback_type) = possible_fallback.ignore_possibly_undefined() else {
+                        return possible_fallback;
+                    };
+                    // Exclude `TypeVar`/`ParamSpec`/`TypeVarTuple` definitions from the
+                    // builtin-scope fallback. These don't exist at runtime. And pragmatically,
+                    // unlike e.g. typeshed's protocols/typeddicts/type aliases, it's never
+                    // actually useful to reuse one of typeshed's typevarlike definitions from
+                    // `builtins.pyi`, even in an `if TYPE_CHECKING` block.
+                    match fallback_type {
+                        Type::NominalInstance(instance)
+                            if matches!(
+                                instance.known_class(db),
+                                Some(
+                                    KnownClass::TypeVar
+                                        | KnownClass::ParamSpec
+                                        | KnownClass::TypeVarTuple
+                                )
+                            ) =>
+                        {
+                            Place::Undefined.into()
+                        }
+                        Type::KnownInstance(KnownInstanceType::TypeVar(_)) => {
+                            Place::Undefined.into()
+                        }
+                        _ => possible_fallback,
+                    }
                }
            })
            // Still not found? It might be `reveal_type`...
--- a/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/typed_dict.rs
+++ b/crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/typed_dict.rs
@@ -303,14 +303,14 @@ impl<'db> TypedDictType<'db> {

    pub fn definition(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Option<Definition<'db>> {
        match self {
-            TypedDictType::Class(defining_class) => Some(defining_class.definition(db)),
+            TypedDictType::Class(defining_class) => defining_class.definition(db),
            TypedDictType::Synthesized(_) => None,
        }
    }

    pub fn type_definition(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Option<TypeDefinition<'db>> {
        match self {
-            TypedDictType::Class(defining_class) => Some(defining_class.type_definition(db)),
+            TypedDictType::Class(defining_class) => defining_class.type_definition(db),
            TypedDictType::Synthesized(_) => None,
        }
    }
--- a/ty.schema.json
+++ b/ty.schema.json
@@ -520,6 +520,16 @@
            }
          ]
        },
+        "ineffective-final": {
+          "title": "detects calls to `final()` that type checkers cannot interpret",
+          "description": "## What it does\nChecks for calls to `final()` that type checkers cannot interpret.\n\n## Why is this bad?\nThe `final()` function is designed to be used as a decorator. When called directly\nas a function (e.g., `final(type(...))`), type checkers will not understand the\napplication of `final` and will not prevent subclassing.\n\n## Example\n\n```python\nfrom typing import final\n\n# Incorrect: type checkers will not prevent subclassing\nMyClass = final(type(\"MyClass\", (), {}))\n\n# Correct: use `final` as a decorator\n@final\nclass MyClass: ...\n```",
+          "default": "warn",
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/Level"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
        "instance-layout-conflict": {
          "title": "detects class definitions that raise `TypeError` due to instance layout conflict",
          "description": "## What it does\nChecks for classes definitions which will fail at runtime due to\n\"instance memory layout conflicts\".\n\nThis error is usually caused by attempting to combine multiple classes\nthat define non-empty `__slots__` in a class's [Method Resolution Order]\n(MRO), or by attempting to combine multiple builtin classes in a class's\nMRO.\n\n## Why is this bad?\nInheriting from bases with conflicting instance memory layouts\nwill lead to a `TypeError` at runtime.\n\nAn instance memory layout conflict occurs when CPython cannot determine\nthe memory layout instances of a class should have, because the instance\nmemory layout of one of its bases conflicts with the instance memory layout\nof one or more of its other bases.\n\nFor example, if a Python class defines non-empty `__slots__`, this will\nimpact the memory layout of instances of that class. Multiple inheritance\nfrom more than one different class defining non-empty `__slots__` is not\nallowed:\n\n```python\nclass A:\n    __slots__ = (\"a\", \"b\")\n\nclass B:\n    __slots__ = (\"a\", \"b\")  # Even if the values are the same\n\n# TypeError: multiple bases have instance lay-out conflict\nclass C(A, B): ...\n```\n\nAn instance layout conflict can also be caused by attempting to use\nmultiple inheritance with two builtin classes, due to the way that these\nclasses are implemented in a CPython C extension:\n\n```python\nclass A(int, float): ...  # TypeError: multiple bases have instance lay-out conflict\n```\n\nNote that pure-Python classes with no `__slots__`, or pure-Python classes\nwith empty `__slots__`, are always compatible:\n\n```python\nclass A: ...\nclass B:\n    __slots__ = ()\nclass C:\n    __slots__ = (\"a\", \"b\")\n\n# fine\nclass D(A, B, C): ...\n```\n\n## Known problems\nClasses that have \"dynamic\" definitions of `__slots__` (definitions do not consist\nof string literals, or tuples of string literals) are not currently considered disjoint\nbases by ty.\n\nAdditionally, this check is not exhaustive: many C extensions (including several in\nthe standard library) define classes that use extended memory layouts and thus cannot\ncoexist in a single MRO. Since it is currently not possible to represent this fact in\nstub files, having a full knowledge of these classes is also impossible. When it comes\nto classes that do not define `__slots__` at the Python level, therefore, ty, currently\nonly hard-codes a number of cases where it knows that a class will produce instances with\nan atypical memory layout.\n\n## Further reading\n- [CPython documentation: `__slots__`](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#slots)\n- [CPython documentation: Method Resolution Order](https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-method-resolution-order)\n\n[Method Resolution Order]: https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-method-resolution-order",
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Alex Waygood	4d0b56393f	wip	2026-01-14 14:28:47 +00:00
Alex Waygood	50fbd93af9	[ty] Filter `TypeVar`/`ParamSpec`/`TypeVarTuple` definitions out of the builtins fallback	2026-01-14 14:28:06 +00:00
Alex Waygood	7f0ce3e88d	[ty] Infer `type[Unknown]` for calls to `type()` when overload evaluation is ambiguous (#22569 ) Co-authored-by: Charlie Marsh <charlie.r.marsh@gmail.com>	2026-01-14 14:23:07 +00:00
Charlie Marsh	ba0736385d	[ty] Add a diagnostic for non-decorator uses of final (#22555 ) ## Summary See: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/22499#discussion_r2687263390.	2026-01-14 09:14:59 -05:00
Charlie Marsh	e41f045ec5	[ty] Emit diagnostics for invalid base classes in `type(...)` (#22499 ) ## Summary Tackles a few TODOs from https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/22291.	2026-01-14 08:56:04 -05:00
Charlie Marsh	b24afb643c	[ty] Support 'dangling' `type(...)` constructors (#22537 ) ## Summary This PR adds support for 'dangling' `type(...)` constructors, e.g.: ```python class Foo(type("Bar", ...)): ... ``` As opposed to: ```python Bar = type("Bar", ...) ``` The former doesn't have a `Definition` since it doesn't get bound to a place, so we instead need to store the `NodeIndex`. Per @MichaReiser's suggestion, we can use a Salsa tracked struct for this.	2026-01-14 08:48:53 -05:00
Aryan Bagade	853bb00626	[ty] Improve rendering of ReST directives in docstrings (#22512 )	2026-01-14 12:33:07 +00:00