Update CHANGELOG.md with the new commits for 0.8.1 (#14664)

The 0.8.1 release was delayed, so this PR updates the CHANGELOG.md with
the latest commits on `main`.

.editorconfig

@@ -17,4 +17,7 @@ indent_size = 4
 trim_trailing_whitespace = false
 
 [*.md]
-max_line_length = 100
+max_line_length = 100
+
+[*.toml]
+indent_size = 4

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@
 # flake8-pyi
 /crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/flake8_pyi/ @AlexWaygood
 
-# Script for fuzzing the parser
-/scripts/fuzz-parser/ @AlexWaygood
+# Script for fuzzing the parser/red-knot etc.
+/python/py-fuzzer/ @AlexWaygood
 
 # red-knot
 /crates/red_knot* @carljm @MichaReiser @AlexWaygood @sharkdp
 /crates/ruff_db/ @carljm @MichaReiser @AlexWaygood @sharkdp
+/scripts/knot_benchmark/ @carljm @MichaReiser @AlexWaygood @sharkdp

.github/workflows/ci.yaml

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
               - crates/ruff_text_size/**
               - crates/ruff_python_ast/**
               - crates/ruff_python_parser/**
-              - scripts/fuzz-parser/**
+              - python/py-fuzzer/**
               - .github/workflows/ci.yaml
 
             linter:
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ jobs:
             code:
               - "**/*"
               - "!**/*.md"
+              - "crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/**/*.md"
               - "!docs/**"
               - "!assets/**"
 
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ jobs:
 
   cargo-test-linux:
     name: "cargo test (linux)"
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: depot-ubuntu-22.04-16
     needs: determine_changes
     if: ${{ needs.determine_changes.outputs.code == 'true' || github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
     timeout-minutes: 20
@@ -157,9 +158,36 @@ jobs:
           name: ruff
           path: target/debug/ruff
 
+  cargo-test-linux-release:
+    name: "cargo test (linux, release)"
+    runs-on: depot-ubuntu-22.04-16
+    needs: determine_changes
+    if: ${{ needs.determine_changes.outputs.code == 'true' || github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
+    timeout-minutes: 20
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: "Install Rust toolchain"
+        run: rustup show
+      - name: "Install mold"
+        uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - name: "Install cargo nextest"
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
+        with:
+          tool: cargo-nextest
+      - name: "Install cargo insta"
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
+        with:
+          tool: cargo-insta
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - name: "Run tests"
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          NEXTEST_PROFILE: "ci"
+        run: cargo insta test --release --all-features --unreferenced reject --test-runner nextest
+
   cargo-test-windows:
     name: "cargo test (windows)"
-    runs-on: windows-latest
+    runs-on: windows-latest-xlarge
     needs: determine_changes
     if: ${{ needs.determine_changes.outputs.code == 'true' || github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
     timeout-minutes: 20
@@ -197,6 +225,8 @@ jobs:
           cache: "npm"
           cache-dependency-path: playground/package-lock.json
       - uses: jetli/wasm-pack-action@v0.4.0
+        with:
+          version: v0.13.1
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
       - name: "Test ruff_wasm"
         run: |
@@ -210,8 +240,7 @@ jobs:
   cargo-build-release:
     name: "cargo build (release)"
     runs-on: macos-latest
-    needs: determine_changes
-    if: ${{ needs.determine_changes.outputs.code == 'true' || github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
+    if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
     timeout-minutes: 20
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -255,11 +284,11 @@ jobs:
           NEXTEST_PROFILE: "ci"
         run: cargo +${{ steps.msrv.outputs.value }} insta test --all-features --unreferenced reject --test-runner nextest
 
-  cargo-fuzz:
-    name: "cargo fuzz"
+  cargo-fuzz-build:
+    name: "cargo fuzz build"
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: determine_changes
-    if: ${{ needs.determine_changes.outputs.code == 'true' || github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
+    if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
     timeout-minutes: 10
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -278,7 +307,7 @@ jobs:
       - run: cargo fuzz build -s none
 
   fuzz-parser:
-    name: "Fuzz the parser"
+    name: "fuzz parser"
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs:
       - cargo-test-linux
@@ -289,13 +318,7 @@ jobs:
       FORCE_COLOR: 1
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-        with:
-          python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
-      - name: Install uv
-        run: curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
-      - name: Install Python requirements
-        run: uv pip install -r scripts/fuzz-parser/requirements.txt --system
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v4
       - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         name: Download Ruff binary to test
         id: download-cached-binary
@@ -307,7 +330,15 @@ jobs:
           # Make executable, since artifact download doesn't preserve this
           chmod +x ${{ steps.download-cached-binary.outputs.download-path }}/ruff
 
-          python scripts/fuzz-parser/fuzz.py 0-500 --test-executable ${{ steps.download-cached-binary.outputs.download-path }}/ruff
+          (
+            uvx \
+            --python=${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }} \
+            --from=./python/py-fuzzer \
+            fuzz \
+            --test-executable=${{ steps.download-cached-binary.outputs.download-path }}/ruff \
+            --bin=ruff \
+            0-500
+          )
 
   scripts:
     name: "test scripts"
@@ -331,7 +362,7 @@ jobs:
 
   ecosystem:
     name: "ecosystem"
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: depot-ubuntu-latest-8
     needs:
       - cargo-test-linux
       - determine_changes
@@ -561,12 +592,12 @@ jobs:
         run: rustup show
       - name: "Cache rust"
         uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - name: "Formatter progress"
+      - name: "Run checks"
         run: scripts/formatter_ecosystem_checks.sh
       - name: "Github step summary"
-        run: cat target/progress_projects_stats.txt > $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+        run: cat target/formatter-ecosystem/stats.txt > $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
       - name: "Remove checkouts from cache"
-        run: rm -r target/progress_projects
+        run: rm -r target/formatter-ecosystem
 
   check-ruff-lsp:
     name: "test ruff-lsp"

.github/workflows/daily_fuzz.yaml

@@ -32,13 +32,7 @@ jobs:
     if: ${{ github.repository == 'astral-sh/ruff' || github.event_name != 'schedule' }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-        with:
-          python-version: "3.12"
-      - name: Install uv
-        run: curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
-      - name: Install Python requirements
-        run: uv pip install -r scripts/fuzz-parser/requirements.txt --system
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v4
       - name: "Install Rust toolchain"
         run: rustup show
       - name: "Install mold"
@@ -49,7 +43,16 @@ jobs:
         # but this is outweighed by the fact that a release build takes *much* longer to compile in CI
         run: cargo build --locked
       - name: Fuzz
-        run: python scripts/fuzz-parser/fuzz.py $(shuf -i 0-9999999999999999999 -n 1000) --test-executable target/debug/ruff
+        run: |
+          (
+            uvx \
+            --python=3.12 \
+            --from=./python/py-fuzzer \
+            fuzz \
+            --test-executable=target/debug/ruff \
+            --bin=ruff \
+            $(shuf -i 0-9999999999999999999 -n 1000)
+          )
 
   create-issue-on-failure:
     name: Create an issue if the daily fuzz surfaced any bugs

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# This file was autogenerated by cargo-dist: https://opensource.axo.dev/cargo-dist/
+# This file was autogenerated by dist: https://opensource.axo.dev/cargo-dist/
 #
 # Copyright 2022-2024, axodotdev
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT or Apache-2.0
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 # CI that:
 #
 # * checks for a Git Tag that looks like a release
-# * builds artifacts with cargo-dist (archives, installers, hashes)
+# * builds artifacts with dist (archives, installers, hashes)
 # * uploads those artifacts to temporary workflow zip
 # * on success, uploads the artifacts to a GitHub Release
 #
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ permissions:
 # must be a Cargo-style SemVer Version (must have at least major.minor.patch).
 #
 # If PACKAGE_NAME is specified, then the announcement will be for that
-# package (erroring out if it doesn't have the given version or isn't cargo-dist-able).
+# package (erroring out if it doesn't have the given version or isn't dist-able).
 #
 # If PACKAGE_NAME isn't specified, then the announcement will be for all
-# (cargo-dist-able) packages in the workspace with that version (this mode is
+# (dist-able) packages in the workspace with that version (this mode is
 # intended for workspaces with only one dist-able package, or with all dist-able
 # packages versioned/released in lockstep).
 #
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ on:
         type: string
 
 jobs:
-  # Run 'cargo dist plan' (or host) to determine what tasks we need to do
+  # Run 'dist plan' (or host) to determine what tasks we need to do
   plan:
     runs-on: "ubuntu-20.04"
     outputs:
@@ -62,16 +62,16 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           submodules: recursive
-      - name: Install cargo-dist
+      - name: Install dist
         # we specify bash to get pipefail; it guards against the `curl` command
         # failing. otherwise `sh` won't catch that `curl` returned non-0
         shell: bash
-        run: "curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -LsSf https://github.com/axodotdev/cargo-dist/releases/download/v0.22.1/cargo-dist-installer.sh | sh"
-      - name: Cache cargo-dist
+        run: "curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -LsSf https://github.com/axodotdev/cargo-dist/releases/download/v0.25.2-prerelease.3/cargo-dist-installer.sh | sh"
+      - name: Cache dist
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: cargo-dist-cache
-          path: ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-dist
+          path: ~/.cargo/bin/dist
       # sure would be cool if github gave us proper conditionals...
       # so here's a doubly-nested ternary-via-truthiness to try to provide the best possible
       # functionality based on whether this is a pull_request, and whether it's from a fork.
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ jobs:
       # but also really annoying to build CI around when it needs secrets to work right.)
       - id: plan
         run: |
-          cargo dist ${{ (inputs.tag && inputs.tag != 'dry-run' && format('host --steps=create --tag={0}', inputs.tag)) || 'plan' }} --output-format=json > plan-dist-manifest.json
-          echo "cargo dist ran successfully"
+          dist ${{ (inputs.tag && inputs.tag != 'dry-run' && format('host --steps=create --tag={0}', inputs.tag)) || 'plan' }} --output-format=json > plan-dist-manifest.json
+          echo "dist ran successfully"
           cat plan-dist-manifest.json
           echo "manifest=$(jq -c "." plan-dist-manifest.json)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
       - name: "Upload dist-manifest.json"
@@ -124,12 +124,12 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           submodules: recursive
-      - name: Install cached cargo-dist
+      - name: Install cached dist
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: cargo-dist-cache
           path: ~/.cargo/bin/
-      - run: chmod +x ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-dist
+      - run: chmod +x ~/.cargo/bin/dist
       # Get all the local artifacts for the global tasks to use (for e.g. checksums)
       - name: Fetch local artifacts
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ jobs:
       - id: cargo-dist
         shell: bash
         run: |
-          cargo dist build ${{ needs.plan.outputs.tag-flag }} --output-format=json "--artifacts=global" > dist-manifest.json
-          echo "cargo dist ran successfully"
+          dist build ${{ needs.plan.outputs.tag-flag }} --output-format=json "--artifacts=global" > dist-manifest.json
+          echo "dist ran successfully"
 
           # Parse out what we just built and upload it to scratch storage
           echo "paths<<EOF" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
@@ -174,12 +174,12 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           submodules: recursive
-      - name: Install cached cargo-dist
+      - name: Install cached dist
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: cargo-dist-cache
           path: ~/.cargo/bin/
-      - run: chmod +x ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-dist
+      - run: chmod +x ~/.cargo/bin/dist
       # Fetch artifacts from scratch-storage
       - name: Fetch artifacts
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ jobs:
       - id: host
         shell: bash
         run: |
-          cargo dist host ${{ needs.plan.outputs.tag-flag }} --steps=upload --steps=release --output-format=json > dist-manifest.json
+          dist host ${{ needs.plan.outputs.tag-flag }} --steps=upload --steps=release --output-format=json > dist-manifest.json
           echo "artifacts uploaded and released successfully"
           cat dist-manifest.json
           echo "manifest=$(jq -c "." dist-manifest.json)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ exclude: |
 
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/abravalheri/validate-pyproject
-    rev: v0.22
+    rev: v0.23
     hooks:
       - id: validate-pyproject
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ repos:
         pass_filenames: false # This makes it a lot faster
 
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.7.3
+    rev: v0.7.4
     hooks:
       - id: ruff-format
       - id: ruff

BREAKING_CHANGES.md

@@ -1,5 +1,30 @@
 # Breaking Changes
 
+## 0.8.0
+
+- **Default to Python 3.9**
+
+    Ruff now defaults to Python 3.9 instead of 3.8 if no explicit Python version is configured using [`ruff.target-version`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/settings/#target-version) or [`project.requires-python`](https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/guides/writing-pyproject-toml/#python-requires) ([#13896](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/13896))
+
+- **Changed location of `pydoclint` diagnostics**
+
+    [`pydoclint`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#pydoclint-doc) diagnostics now point to the first-line of the problematic docstring. Previously, this was not the case.
+
+    If you've opted into these preview rules but have them suppressed using
+    [`noqa`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/linter/#error-suppression) comments in
+    some places, this change may mean that you need to move the `noqa` suppression
+    comments. Most users should be unaffected by this change.
+
+- **Use XDG (i.e. `~/.local/bin`) instead of the Cargo home directory in the standalone installer**
+
+    Previously, Ruff's installer used `$CARGO_HOME` or `~/.cargo/bin` for its target install directory. Now, Ruff will be installed into `$XDG_BIN_HOME`, `$XDG_DATA_HOME/../bin`, or `~/.local/bin` (in that order).
+
+    This change is only relevant to users of the standalone Ruff installer (using the shell or PowerShell script). If you installed Ruff using uv or pip, you should be unaffected.
+
+- **Changes to the line width calculation**
+
+    Ruff now uses a new version of the [unicode-width](https://github.com/unicode-rs/unicode-width) Rust crate to calculate the line width. In very rare cases, this may lead to lines containing Unicode characters being reformatted, or being considered too long when they were not before ([`E501`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/line-too-long/)).
+
 ## 0.7.0
 
 - The pytest rules `PT001` and `PT023` now default to omitting the decorator parentheses when there are no arguments

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,5 +1,194 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## 0.8.1
+
+### Preview features
+
+- Formatter: Avoid invalid syntax for format-spec with quotes for all Python versions ([#14625](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14625))
+- Formatter: Consider quotes inside format-specs when choosing the quotes for an f-string ([#14493](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14493))
+- Formatter: Do not consider f-strings with escaped newlines as multiline ([#14624](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14624))
+- Formatter: Fix f-string formatting in assignment statement ([#14454](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14454))
+- Formatter: Fix unnecessary space around power operator (`**`) in overlong f-string expressions ([#14489](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14489))
+- \[`airflow`\] Avoid implicit `schedule` argument to `DAG` and `@dag` (`AIR301`) ([#14581](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14581))
+- \[`flake8-builtins`\] Exempt private built-in modules (`A005`) ([#14505](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14505))
+- \[`flake8-pytest-style`\] Fix `pytest.mark.parametrize` rules to check calls instead of decorators ([#14515](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14515))
+- \[`flake8-type-checking`\] Implement `runtime-cast-value` (`TC006`) ([#14511](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14511))
+- \[`flake8-type-checking`\] Implement `unquoted-type-alias` (`TC007`) and `quoted-type-alias` (`TC008`) ([#12927](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/12927))
+- \[`flake8-use-pathlib`\] Recommend `Path.iterdir()` over `os.listdir()` (`PTH208`) ([#14509](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14509))
+- \[`pylint`\] Extend `invalid-envvar-default` to detect `os.environ.get` (`PLW1508`) ([#14512](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14512))
+- \[`pylint`\] Implement `len-test` (`PLC1802`) ([#14309](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14309))
+- \[`refurb`\] Fix bug where methods defined using lambdas were flagged by `FURB118` ([#14639](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14639))
+- \[`ruff`\] Auto-add `r` prefix when string has no backslashes for `unraw-re-pattern` (`RUF039`) ([#14536](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14536))
+- \[`ruff`\] Implement `invalid-assert-message-literal-argument` (`RUF040`) ([#14488](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14488))
+- \[`ruff`\] Implement `unnecessary-nested-literal` (`RUF041`) ([#14323](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14323))
+- \[`ruff`\] Implement `unnecessary-regular-expression` (`RUF055`) ([#14659](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14659))
+
+### Rule changes
+
+- Ignore more rules for stub files ([#14541](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14541))
+- \[`pep8-naming`\] Eliminate false positives for single-letter names (`N811`, `N814`) ([#14584](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14584))
+- \[`pyflakes`\] Avoid false positives in `@no_type_check` contexts (`F821`, `F722`) ([#14615](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14615))
+- \[`ruff`\] Detect redirected-noqa in file-level comments (`RUF101`) ([#14635](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14635))
+- \[`ruff`\] Mark fixes for `unsorted-dunder-all` and `unsorted-dunder-slots` as unsafe when there are complex comments in the sequence (`RUF022`, `RUF023`) ([#14560](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14560))
+
+### Bug fixes
+
+- Avoid fixing code to `None | None` for `redundant-none-literal` (`PYI061`) and `never-union` (`RUF020`) ([#14583](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14583), [#14589](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14589))
+- \[`flake8-bugbear`\] Fix `mutable-contextvar-default` to resolve annotated function calls properly (`B039`) ([#14532](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14532))
+- \[`flake8-pyi`, `ruff`\] Fix traversal of nested literals and unions (`PYI016`, `PYI051`, `PYI055`, `PYI062`, `RUF041`) ([#14641](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14641))
+- \[`flake8-pyi`\] Avoid rewriting invalid type expressions in `unnecessary-type-union` (`PYI055`) ([#14660](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14660))
+- \[`flake8-type-checking`\] Avoid syntax errors and type checking problem for quoted annotations autofix (`TC003`, `TC006`) ([#14634](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14634))
+- \[`pylint`\] Do not wrap function calls in parentheses in the fix for unnecessary-dunder-call (`PLC2801`) ([#14601](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14601))
+- \[`ruff`\] Handle `attrs`'s `auto_attribs` correctly (`RUF009`) ([#14520](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14520))
+
+## 0.8.0
+
+Check out the [blog post](https://astral.sh/blog/ruff-v0.8.0) for a migration guide and overview of the changes!
+
+### Breaking changes
+
+See also, the "Remapped rules" section which may result in disabled rules.
+
+- **Default to Python 3.9**
+
+    Ruff now defaults to Python 3.9 instead of 3.8 if no explicit Python version is configured using [`ruff.target-version`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/settings/#target-version) or [`project.requires-python`](https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/guides/writing-pyproject-toml/#python-requires) ([#13896](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/13896))
+
+- **Changed location of `pydoclint` diagnostics**
+
+    [`pydoclint`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#pydoclint-doc) diagnostics now point to the first-line of the problematic docstring. Previously, this was not the case.
+
+    If you've opted into these preview rules but have them suppressed using
+    [`noqa`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/linter/#error-suppression) comments in
+    some places, this change may mean that you need to move the `noqa` suppression
+    comments. Most users should be unaffected by this change.
+
+- **Use XDG (i.e. `~/.local/bin`) instead of the Cargo home directory in the standalone installer**
+
+    Previously, Ruff's installer used `$CARGO_HOME` or `~/.cargo/bin` for its target install directory. Now, Ruff will be installed into `$XDG_BIN_HOME`, `$XDG_DATA_HOME/../bin`, or `~/.local/bin` (in that order).
+
+    This change is only relevant to users of the standalone Ruff installer (using the shell or PowerShell script). If you installed Ruff using uv or pip, you should be unaffected.
+
+- **Changes to the line width calculation**
+
+    Ruff now uses a new version of the [unicode-width](https://github.com/unicode-rs/unicode-width) Rust crate to calculate the line width. In very rare cases, this may lead to lines containing Unicode characters being reformatted, or being considered too long when they were not before ([`E501`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/line-too-long/)).
+
+### Removed Rules
+
+The following deprecated rules have been removed:
+
+- [`missing-type-self`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/missing-type-self/) (`ANN101`)
+- [`missing-type-cls`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/missing-type-cls/) (`ANN102`)
+- [`syntax-error`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/syntax-error/) (`E999`)
+- [`pytest-missing-fixture-name-underscore`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/pytest-missing-fixture-name-underscore/) (`PT004`)
+- [`pytest-incorrect-fixture-name-underscore`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/pytest-incorrect-fixture-name-underscore/) (`PT005`)
+- [`unpacked-list-comprehension`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/unpacked-list-comprehension/) (`UP027`)
+
+### Remapped rules
+
+The following rules have been remapped to new rule codes:
+
+- [`flake8-type-checking`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#flake8-type-checking-tc): `TCH` to `TC`
+
+### Stabilization
+
+The following rules have been stabilized and are no longer in preview:
+
+- [`builtin-import-shadowing`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/builtin-import-shadowing/) (`A004`)
+- [`mutable-contextvar-default`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/mutable-contextvar-default/) (`B039`)
+- [`fast-api-redundant-response-model`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/fast-api-redundant-response-model/) (`FAST001`)
+- [`fast-api-non-annotated-dependency`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/fast-api-non-annotated-dependency/) (`FAST002`)
+- [`dict-index-missing-items`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/dict-index-missing-items/) (`PLC0206`)
+- [`pep484-style-positional-only-parameter`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/pep484-style-positional-only-parameter/) (`PYI063`)
+- [`redundant-final-literal`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/redundant-final-literal/) (`PYI064`)
+- [`bad-version-info-order`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/bad-version-info-order/) (`PYI066`)
+- [`parenthesize-chained-operators`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/parenthesize-chained-operators/) (`RUF021`)
+- [`unsorted-dunder-all`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/unsorted-dunder-all/) (`RUF022`)
+- [`unsorted-dunder-slots`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/unsorted-dunder-slots/) (`RUF023`)
+- [`assert-with-print-message`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/assert-with-print-message/) (`RUF030`)
+- [`unnecessary-default-type-args`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/unnecessary-default-type-args/) (`UP043`)
+
+The following behaviors have been stabilized:
+
+- [`ambiguous-variable-name`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/ambiguous-variable-name/) (`E741`): Violations in stub files are now ignored. Stub authors typically don't control variable names.
+- [`printf-string-formatting`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/printf-string-formatting/) (`UP031`): Report all `printf`-like usages even if no autofix is available
+
+The following fixes have been stabilized:
+
+- [`zip-instead-of-pairwise`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/zip-instead-of-pairwise/) (`RUF007`)
+
+### Preview features
+
+- \[`flake8-datetimez`\] Exempt `min.time()` and `max.time()` (`DTZ901`) ([#14394](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14394))
+- \[`flake8-pie`\] Mark fix as unsafe if the following statement is a string literal (`PIE790`) ([#14393](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14393))
+- \[`flake8-pyi`\] New rule `redundant-none-literal` (`PYI061`) ([#14316](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14316))
+- \[`flake8-pyi`\] Add autofix for `redundant-numeric-union` (`PYI041`) ([#14273](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14273))
+- \[`ruff`\] New rule `map-int-version-parsing` (`RUF048`) ([#14373](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14373))
+- \[`ruff`\] New rule `redundant-bool-literal` (`RUF038`) ([#14319](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14319))
+- \[`ruff`\] New rule `unraw-re-pattern` (`RUF039`) ([#14446](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14446))
+- \[`pycodestyle`\] Exempt `pytest.importorskip()` calls (`E402`) ([#14474](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14474))
+- \[`pylint`\] Autofix suggests using sets when possible (`PLR1714`) ([#14372](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14372))
+
+### Rule changes
+
+- [`invalid-pyproject-toml`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/invalid-pyproject-toml/) (`RUF200`): Updated to reflect the provisionally accepted [PEP 639](https://peps.python.org/pep-0639/).
+- \[`flake8-pyi`\] Avoid panic in unfixable case (`PYI041`) ([#14402](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14402))
+- \[`flake8-type-checking`\] Correctly handle quotes in subscript expression when generating an autofix ([#14371](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14371))
+- \[`pylint`\] Suggest correct autofix for `__contains__` (`PLC2801`) ([#14424](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14424))
+
+### Configuration
+
+- Ruff now emits a warning instead of an error when a configuration [`ignore`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/settings/#lint_ignore)s a rule that has been removed ([#14435](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14435))
+- Ruff now validates that `lint.flake8-import-conventions.aliases` only uses valid module names and aliases ([#14477](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14477))
+
+## 0.7.4
+
+### Preview features
+
+- \[`flake8-datetimez`\] Detect usages of `datetime.max`/`datetime.min` (`DTZ901`) ([#14288](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14288))
+- \[`flake8-logging`\] Implement `root-logger-calls` (`LOG015`) ([#14302](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14302))
+- \[`flake8-no-pep420`\] Detect empty implicit namespace packages (`INP001`) ([#14236](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14236))
+- \[`flake8-pyi`\] Add "replace with `Self`" fix (`PYI019`) ([#14238](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14238))
+- \[`perflint`\] Implement quick-fix for `manual-list-comprehension` (`PERF401`) ([#13919](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/13919))
+- \[`pylint`\] Implement `shallow-copy-environ` (`W1507`) ([#14241](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14241))
+- \[`ruff`\] Implement `none-not-at-end-of-union` (`RUF036`) ([#14314](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14314))
+- \[`ruff`\] Implementation `unsafe-markup-call` from `flake8-markupsafe` plugin (`RUF035`) ([#14224](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14224))
+- \[`ruff`\] Report problems for `attrs` dataclasses (`RUF008`, `RUF009`) ([#14327](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14327))
+
+### Rule changes
+
+- \[`flake8-boolean-trap`\] Exclude dunder methods that define operators (`FBT001`) ([#14203](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14203))
+- \[`flake8-pyi`\] Add "replace with `Self`" fix (`PYI034`) ([#14217](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14217))
+- \[`flake8-pyi`\] Always autofix `duplicate-union-members` (`PYI016`) ([#14270](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14270))
+- \[`flake8-pyi`\] Improve autofix for nested and mixed type unions for `unnecessary-type-union` (`PYI055`) ([#14272](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14272))
+- \[`flake8-pyi`\] Mark fix as unsafe when type annotation contains comments for `duplicate-literal-member` (`PYI062`) ([#14268](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14268))
+
+### Server
+
+- Use the current working directory to resolve settings from `ruff.configuration` ([#14352](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14352))
+
+### Bug fixes
+
+- Avoid conflicts between `PLC014` (`useless-import-alias`) and `I002` (`missing-required-import`) by considering `lint.isort.required-imports` for `PLC014` ([#14287](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14287))
+- \[`flake8-type-checking`\] Skip quoting annotation if it becomes invalid syntax (`TCH001`)
+- \[`flake8-pyi`\] Avoid using `typing.Self` in stub files pre-Python 3.11 (`PYI034`) ([#14230](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14230))
+- \[`flake8-pytest-style`\] Flag `pytest.raises` call with keyword argument `expected_exception` (`PT011`) ([#14298](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14298))
+- \[`flake8-simplify`\] Infer "unknown" truthiness for literal iterables whose items are all unpacks (`SIM222`) ([#14263](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14263))
+- \[`flake8-type-checking`\] Fix false positives for `typing.Annotated` (`TCH001`) ([#14311](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14311))
+- \[`pylint`\] Allow `await` at the top-level scope of a notebook (`PLE1142`) ([#14225](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14225))
+- \[`pylint`\] Fix miscellaneous issues in `await-outside-async` detection (`PLE1142`) ([#14218](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14218))
+- \[`pyupgrade`\] Avoid applying PEP 646 rewrites in invalid contexts (`UP044`) ([#14234](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14234))
+- \[`pyupgrade`\] Detect permutations in redundant open modes (`UP015`) ([#14255](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14255))
+- \[`refurb`\] Avoid triggering `hardcoded-string-charset` for reordered sets (`FURB156`) ([#14233](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14233))
+- \[`refurb`\] Further special cases added to `verbose-decimal-constructor` (`FURB157`) ([#14216](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14216))
+- \[`refurb`\] Use `UserString` instead of non-existent `UserStr` (`FURB189`) ([#14209](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14209))
+- \[`ruff`\] Avoid treating lowercase letters as `# noqa` codes (`RUF100`) ([#14229](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14229))
+- \[`ruff`\] Do not report when `Optional` has no type arguments (`RUF013`) ([#14181](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14181))
+
+### Documentation
+
+- Add "Notebook behavior" section for `F704`, `PLE1142` ([#14266](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14266))
+- Document comment policy around fix safety ([#14300](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14300))
+
 ## 0.7.3
 
 ### Preview features
@@ -929,7 +1118,7 @@ The following deprecated CLI commands have been removed:
 ### Preview features
 
 - \[`flake8-bugbear`\] Implement `return-in-generator` (`B901`) ([#11644](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/11644))
-- \[`flake8-pyi`\] Implement `PYI063` ([#11699](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/11699))
+- \[`flake8-pyi`\] Implement `pep484-style-positional-only-parameter` (`PYI063`) ([#11699](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/11699))
 - \[`pygrep_hooks`\] Check blanket ignores via file-level pragmas (`PGH004`) ([#11540](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/11540))
 
 ### Rule changes

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ At a high level, the steps involved in adding a new lint rule are as follows:
 1. Create a file for your rule (e.g., `crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/flake8_bugbear/rules/assert_false.rs`).
 
 1. In that file, define a violation struct (e.g., `pub struct AssertFalse`). You can grep for
-    `#[violation]` to see examples.
+    `#[derive(ViolationMetadata)]` to see examples.
 
 1. In that file, define a function that adds the violation to the diagnostic list as appropriate
     (e.g., `pub(crate) fn assert_false`) based on whatever inputs are required for the rule (e.g.,

Cargo.lock

@@ -170,6 +170,12 @@ version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f1fdabc7756949593fe60f30ec81974b613357de856987752631dea1e3394c80"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "base64"
+version = "0.13.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9e1b586273c5702936fe7b7d6896644d8be71e6314cfe09d3167c95f712589e8"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "base64"
 version = "0.22.0"
@@ -207,10 +213,16 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "bstr"
-version = "1.10.0"
+name = "boxcar"
+version = "0.2.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40723b8fb387abc38f4f4a37c09073622e41dd12327033091ef8950659e6dc0c"
+checksum = "7f839cdf7e2d3198ac6ca003fd8ebc61715755f41c1cad15ff13df67531e00ed"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bstr"
+version = "1.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1a68f1f47cdf0ec8ee4b941b2eee2a80cb796db73118c0dd09ac63fbe405be22"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "regex-automata 0.4.8",
@@ -341,9 +353,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.5.20"
+version = "4.5.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b97f376d85a664d5837dbae44bf546e6477a679ff6610010f17276f686d867e8"
+checksum = "fb3b4b9e5a7c7514dfa52869339ee98b3156b0bfb4e8a77c4ff4babb64b1604f"
 dependencies = [
  "clap_builder",
  "clap_derive",
@@ -351,9 +363,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.5.20"
+version = "4.5.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "19bc80abd44e4bed93ca373a0704ccbd1b710dc5749406201bb018272808dc54"
+checksum = "b17a95aa67cc7b5ebd32aa5370189aa0d79069ef1c64ce893bd30fb24bff20ec"
 dependencies = [
  "anstream",
  "anstyle",
@@ -401,7 +413,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -681,7 +693,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "strsim 0.10.0",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -692,7 +704,7 @@ checksum = "a668eda54683121533a393014d8692171709ff57a7d61f187b6e782719f8933f"
 dependencies = [
  "darling_core",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -746,23 +758,23 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "dir-test"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5c44bdf9319ad5223afb7eb15a7110452b0adf0373ea6756561b2c708eef0dd1"
+checksum = "b12781621d53fd9087021f5a338df5c57c04f84a6231c1f4726f45e2e333470b"
 dependencies = [
  "dir-test-macros",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "dir-test-macros"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "644f96047137dfaa7a09e34d4623f9e52a1926ecc25ba32ad2ba3fc422536b25"
+checksum = "1340852f50b2285d01a7f598cc5d08b572669c3e09e614925175cc3c26787b91"
 dependencies = [
  "glob",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -814,7 +826,7 @@ checksum = "97369cbbc041bc366949bc74d34658d6cda5621039731c6310521892a3a20ae0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -829,6 +841,12 @@ version = "0.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9bda8e21c04aca2ae33ffc2fd8c23134f3cac46db123ba97bd9d3f3b8a4a85e1"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "dunce"
+version = "1.0.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "92773504d58c093f6de2459af4af33faa518c13451eb8f2b5698ed3d36e7c813"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "dyn-clone"
 version = "1.0.17"
@@ -1050,9 +1068,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.15.1"
+version = "0.15.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3a9bfc1af68b1726ea47d3d5109de126281def866b33970e10fbab11b5dafab3"
+checksum = "bf151400ff0baff5465007dd2f3e717f3fe502074ca563069ce3a6629d07b289"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hashlink"
@@ -1228,7 +1246,7 @@ checksum = "1ec89e9337638ecdc08744df490b221a7399bf8d164eb52a665454e60e075ad6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1301,22 +1319,22 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "707907fe3c25f5424cce2cb7e1cbcafee6bdbe735ca90ef77c29e84591e5b9da"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
- "hashbrown 0.15.1",
+ "hashbrown 0.15.2",
  "serde",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indicatif"
-version = "0.17.8"
+version = "0.17.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "763a5a8f45087d6bcea4222e7b72c291a054edf80e4ef6efd2a4979878c7bea3"
+checksum = "cbf675b85ed934d3c67b5c5469701eec7db22689d0a2139d856e0925fa28b281"
 dependencies = [
  "console",
- "instant",
  "number_prefix",
  "portable-atomic",
- "unicode-width 0.1.13",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "vt100",
+ "web-time",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1358,6 +1376,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pest",
  "pest_derive",
  "regex",
+ "ron",
  "serde",
  "similar",
  "walkdir",
@@ -1401,7 +1420,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1501,15 +1520,15 @@ checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.162"
+version = "0.2.164"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "18d287de67fe55fd7e1581fe933d965a5a9477b38e949cfa9f8574ef01506398"
+checksum = "433bfe06b8c75da9b2e3fbea6e5329ff87748f0b144ef75306e674c3f6f7c13f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libcst"
-version = "1.5.0"
+version = "1.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1586dd7a857d8a61a577afde1a24cc9573ff549eff092d5ce968b1ec93cc61b6"
+checksum = "fa3e60579a8cba3d86aa4a5f7fc98973cc0fd2ac270bf02f85a9bef09700b075"
 dependencies = [
  "chic",
  "libcst_derive",
@@ -1527,7 +1546,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a2ae40017ac09cd2c6a53504cb3c871c7f2b41466eac5bc66ba63f39073b467b"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1691,9 +1710,9 @@ checksum = "308d96db8debc727c3fd9744aac51751243420e46edf401010908da7f8d5e57c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "newtype-uuid"
-version = "1.1.0"
+version = "1.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3526cb7c660872e401beaf3297f95f548ce3b4b4bdd8121b7c0713771d7c4a6e"
+checksum = "4c8781e2ef64806278a55ad223f0bc875772fd40e1fe6e73e8adbf027817229d"
 dependencies = [
  "uuid",
 ]
@@ -1922,18 +1941,6 @@ version = "0.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e3aeb8f54c078314c2065ee649a7241f46b9d8e418e1a9581ba0546657d7aa3a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "pep440_rs"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e0c29f9c43de378b4e4e0cd7dbcce0e5cfb80443de8c05620368b2948bc936a1"
-dependencies = [
- "once_cell",
- "regex",
- "serde",
- "unicode-width 0.1.13",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "pep440_rs"
 version = "0.7.2"
@@ -1943,22 +1950,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "unscanny",
+ "version-ranges",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pep508_rs"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.9.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "910c513bea0f4f833122321c0f20e8c704e01de98692f6989c2ec21f43d88b1e"
+checksum = "8c2feee999fa547bacab06a4881bacc74688858b92fa8ef1e206c748b0a76048"
 dependencies = [
+ "boxcar",
+ "indexmap",
+ "itertools 0.13.0",
  "once_cell",
- "pep440_rs 0.4.0",
+ "pep440_rs",
  "regex",
+ "rustc-hash 2.0.0",
  "serde",
+ "smallvec",
  "thiserror 1.0.67",
- "tracing",
- "unicode-width 0.1.13",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "url",
+ "urlencoding",
+ "version-ranges",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1998,7 +2012,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pest_meta",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2113,46 +2127,47 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.89"
+version = "1.0.92"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f139b0662de085916d1fb67d2b4169d1addddda1919e696f3252b740b629986e"
+checksum = "37d3544b3f2748c54e147655edb5025752e2303145b5aefb3c3ea2c78b973bb0"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyproject-toml"
-version = "0.9.0"
+version = "0.13.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "95c3dd745f99aa3c554b7bb00859f7d18c2f1d6afd749ccc86d60b61e702abd9"
+checksum = "643af57c3f36ba90a8b53e972727d8092f7408a9ebfbaf4c3d2c17b07c58d835"
 dependencies = [
  "indexmap",
- "pep440_rs 0.4.0",
+ "pep440_rs",
  "pep508_rs",
  "serde",
+ "thiserror 1.0.67",
  "toml",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quick-junit"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62ffd2f9a162cfae131bed6d9d1ed60adced33be340a94f96952897d7cb0c240"
+checksum = "3ed1a693391a16317257103ad06a88c6529ac640846021da7c435a06fffdacd7"
 dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "indexmap",
  "newtype-uuid",
  "quick-xml",
  "strip-ansi-escapes",
- "thiserror 1.0.67",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
  "uuid",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quick-xml"
-version = "0.36.1"
+version = "0.37.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "96a05e2e8efddfa51a84ca47cec303fac86c8541b686d37cac5efc0e094417bc"
+checksum = "f22f29bdff3987b4d8632ef95fd6424ec7e4e0a57e2f4fc63e489e75357f6a03"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
@@ -2251,7 +2266,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "compact_str",
  "countme",
  "dir-test",
- "hashbrown 0.15.1",
+ "hashbrown 0.15.2",
  "indexmap",
  "insta",
  "itertools 0.13.0",
@@ -2269,6 +2284,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ruff_text_size",
  "rustc-hash 2.0.0",
  "salsa",
+ "serde",
  "smallvec",
  "static_assertions",
  "tempfile",
@@ -2353,7 +2369,10 @@ version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "crossbeam",
+ "glob",
+ "insta",
  "notify",
+ "pep440_rs",
  "rayon",
  "red_knot_python_semantic",
  "red_knot_vendored",
@@ -2363,7 +2382,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "ruff_text_size",
  "rustc-hash 2.0.0",
  "salsa",
- "tempfile",
+ "serde",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
+ "toml",
  "tracing",
 ]
 
@@ -2455,9 +2476,20 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ron"
+version = "0.7.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "88073939a61e5b7680558e6be56b419e208420c2adb92be54921fa6b72283f1a"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64 0.13.1",
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff"
-version = "0.7.3"
+version = "0.8.1"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "argfile",
@@ -2556,7 +2588,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "camino",
  "countme",
  "dashmap 6.1.0",
+ "dunce",
  "filetime",
+ "glob",
  "ignore",
  "insta",
  "matchit",
@@ -2642,7 +2676,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "static_assertions",
  "tracing",
- "unicode-width 0.1.13",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2674,7 +2708,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff_linter"
-version = "0.7.3"
+version = "0.8.1"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "annotate-snippets 0.9.2",
@@ -2697,7 +2731,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "natord",
  "path-absolutize",
  "pathdiff",
- "pep440_rs 0.7.2",
+ "pep440_rs",
  "pyproject-toml",
  "quick-junit",
  "regex",
@@ -2728,7 +2762,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "toml",
  "typed-arena",
  "unicode-normalization",
- "unicode-width 0.1.13",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "unicode_names2",
  "url",
 ]
@@ -2741,7 +2775,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "ruff_python_trivia",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2778,7 +2812,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
  "rustc-hash 2.0.0",
- "salsa",
  "schemars",
  "serde",
 ]
@@ -2990,7 +3023,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff_wasm"
-version = "0.7.3"
+version = "0.8.1"
 dependencies = [
  "console_error_panic_hook",
  "console_log",
@@ -3029,7 +3062,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "matchit",
  "path-absolutize",
  "path-slash",
- "pep440_rs 0.7.2",
+ "pep440_rs",
  "regex",
  "ruff_cache",
  "ruff_formatter",
@@ -3039,6 +3072,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ruff_python_ast",
  "ruff_python_formatter",
  "ruff_python_semantic",
+ "ruff_python_stdlib",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "rustc-hash 2.0.0",
  "schemars",
@@ -3161,7 +3195,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
  "synstructure",
 ]
 
@@ -3195,7 +3229,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "serde_derive_internals",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3218,9 +3252,9 @@ checksum = "1c107b6f4780854c8b126e228ea8869f4d7b71260f962fefb57b996b8959ba6b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.214"
+version = "1.0.215"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f55c3193aca71c12ad7890f1785d2b73e1b9f63a0bbc353c08ef26fe03fc56b5"
+checksum = "6513c1ad0b11a9376da888e3e0baa0077f1aed55c17f50e7b2397136129fb88f"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
@@ -3238,13 +3272,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.214"
+version = "1.0.215"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "de523f781f095e28fa605cdce0f8307e451cc0fd14e2eb4cd2e98a355b147766"
+checksum = "ad1e866f866923f252f05c889987993144fb74e722403468a4ebd70c3cd756c0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3255,14 +3289,14 @@ checksum = "330f01ce65a3a5fe59a60c82f3c9a024b573b8a6e875bd233fe5f934e71d54e3"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.132"
+version = "1.0.133"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d726bfaff4b320266d395898905d0eba0345aae23b54aee3a737e260fd46db03"
+checksum = "c7fceb2473b9166b2294ef05efcb65a3db80803f0b03ef86a5fc88a2b85ee377"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
  "memchr",
@@ -3278,7 +3312,7 @@ checksum = "6c64451ba24fc7a6a2d60fc75dd9c83c90903b19028d4eff35e88fc1e86564e9"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3319,7 +3353,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "darling",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3427,7 +3461,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustversion",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3438,20 +3472,9 @@ checksum = "81cdd64d312baedb58e21336b31bc043b77e01cc99033ce76ef539f78e965ebc"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "1.0.109"
+version = "2.0.89"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "72b64191b275b66ffe2469e8af2c1cfe3bafa67b529ead792a6d0160888b4237"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "unicode-ident",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.87"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "25aa4ce346d03a6dcd68dd8b4010bcb74e54e62c90c573f394c46eae99aba32d"
+checksum = "44d46482f1c1c87acd84dea20c1bf5ebff4c757009ed6bf19cfd36fb10e92c4e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3466,7 +3489,7 @@ checksum = "c8af7666ab7b6390ab78131fb5b0fce11d6b7a6951602017c35fa82800708971"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3529,7 +3552,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3540,7 +3563,7 @@ checksum = "5c89e72a01ed4c579669add59014b9a524d609c0c88c6a585ce37485879f6ffb"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
  "test-case-core",
 ]
 
@@ -3570,7 +3593,7 @@ checksum = "b607164372e89797d78b8e23a6d67d5d1038c1c65efd52e1389ef8b77caba2a6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3581,7 +3604,7 @@ checksum = "f077553d607adc1caf65430528a576c757a71ed73944b66ebb58ef2bbd243568"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3703,7 +3726,7 @@ checksum = "34704c8d6ebcbc939824180af020566b01a7c01f80641264eba0999f6c2b6be7"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3842,9 +3865,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.13"
+version = "1.0.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e91b56cd4cadaeb79bbf1a5645f6b4f8dc5bde8834ad5894a8db35fda9efa1fe"
+checksum = "adb9e6ca4f869e1180728b7950e35922a7fc6397f7b641499e8f3ef06e50dc83"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-normalization"
@@ -3907,7 +3930,7 @@ version = "2.10.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b74fc6b57825be3373f7054754755f03ac3a8f5d70015ccad699ba2029956f4a"
 dependencies = [
- "base64",
+ "base64 0.22.0",
  "flate2",
  "log",
  "once_cell",
@@ -3919,9 +3942,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "url"
-version = "2.5.3"
+version = "2.5.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8d157f1b96d14500ffdc1f10ba712e780825526c03d9a49b4d0324b0d9113ada"
+checksum = "32f8b686cadd1473f4bd0117a5d28d36b1ade384ea9b5069a1c40aefed7fda60"
 dependencies = [
  "form_urlencoded",
  "idna",
@@ -3929,6 +3952,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "urlencoding"
+version = "2.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "daf8dba3b7eb870caf1ddeed7bc9d2a049f3cfdfae7cb521b087cc33ae4c49da"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "utf16_iter"
 version = "1.0.5"
@@ -3967,7 +3996,7 @@ checksum = "6b91f57fe13a38d0ce9e28a03463d8d3c2468ed03d75375110ec71d93b449a08"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3976,6 +4005,15 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "830b7e5d4d90034032940e4ace0d9a9a057e7a45cd94e6c007832e39edb82f6d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "version-ranges"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f8d079415ceb2be83fc355adbadafe401307d5c309c7e6ade6638e6f9f42f42d"
+dependencies = [
+ "smallvec",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "version_check"
 version = "0.9.4"
@@ -4053,7 +4091,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
@@ -4087,7 +4125,7 @@ checksum = "26c6ab57572f7a24a4985830b120de1594465e5d500f24afe89e16b4e833ef68"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
  "wasm-bindgen-backend",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
@@ -4121,7 +4159,7 @@ checksum = "c97b2ef2c8d627381e51c071c2ab328eac606d3f69dd82bcbca20a9e389d95f0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4424,7 +4462,7 @@ checksum = "28cc31741b18cb6f1d5ff12f5b7523e3d6eb0852bbbad19d73905511d9849b95"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
  "synstructure",
 ]
 
@@ -4445,7 +4483,7 @@ checksum = "9ce1b18ccd8e73a9321186f97e46f9f04b778851177567b1975109d26a08d2a6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4465,7 +4503,7 @@ checksum = "0ea7b4a3637ea8669cedf0f1fd5c286a17f3de97b8dd5a70a6c167a1730e63a5"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
  "synstructure",
 ]
 
@@ -4494,7 +4532,7 @@ checksum = "6eafa6dfb17584ea3e2bd6e76e0cc15ad7af12b09abdd1ca55961bed9b1063c6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]

Cargo.toml

@@ -65,7 +65,8 @@ compact_str = "0.8.0"
 criterion = { version = "0.5.1", default-features = false }
 crossbeam = { version = "0.8.4" }
 dashmap = { version = "6.0.1" }
-dir-test = { version = "0.3.0" }
+dir-test = { version = "0.4.0" }
+dunce = { version = "1.0.5" }
 drop_bomb = { version = "0.1.5" }
 env_logger = { version = "0.11.0" }
 etcetera = { version = "0.8.0" }
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ hashbrown = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = [
 ignore = { version = "0.4.22" }
 imara-diff = { version = "0.1.5" }
 imperative = { version = "1.0.4" }
-indexmap = {version = "2.6.0" }
+indexmap = { version = "2.6.0" }
 indicatif = { version = "0.17.8" }
 indoc = { version = "2.0.4" }
 insta = { version = "1.35.1" }
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ pathdiff = { version = "0.2.1" }
 pep440_rs = { version = "0.7.1" }
 pretty_assertions = "1.3.0"
 proc-macro2 = { version = "1.0.79" }
-pyproject-toml = { version = "0.9.0" }
+pyproject-toml = { version = "0.13.4" }
 quick-junit = { version = "0.5.0" }
 quote = { version = "1.0.23" }
 rand = { version = "0.8.5" }
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ tracing-tree = { version = "0.4.0" }
 typed-arena = { version = "2.0.2" }
 unic-ucd-category = { version = "0.9" }
 unicode-ident = { version = "1.0.12" }
-unicode-width = { version = "0.1.11" }
+unicode-width = { version = "0.2.0" }
 unicode_names2 = { version = "1.2.2" }
 unicode-normalization = { version = "0.1.23" }
 ureq = { version = "2.9.6" }
@@ -247,10 +248,10 @@ debug = 1
 [profile.dist]
 inherits = "release"
 
-# Config for 'cargo dist'
+# Config for 'dist'
 [workspace.metadata.dist]
-# The preferred cargo-dist version to use in CI (Cargo.toml SemVer syntax)
-cargo-dist-version = "0.22.1"
+# The preferred dist version to use in CI (Cargo.toml SemVer syntax)
+cargo-dist-version = "0.25.2-prerelease.3"
 # CI backends to support
 ci = "github"
 # The installers to generate for each app
@@ -281,13 +282,13 @@ targets = [
 ]
 # Whether to auto-include files like READMEs, LICENSEs, and CHANGELOGs (default true)
 auto-includes = false
-# Whether cargo-dist should create a GitHub Release or use an existing draft
+# Whether dist should create a Github Release or use an existing draft
 create-release = true
 # Which actions to run on pull requests
 pr-run-mode = "skip"
 # Whether CI should trigger releases with dispatches instead of tag pushes
 dispatch-releases = true
-# Which phase cargo-dist should use to create the GitHub release
+# Which phase dist should use to create the GitHub release
 github-release = "announce"
 # Whether CI should include auto-generated code to build local artifacts
 build-local-artifacts = false
@@ -296,14 +297,10 @@ local-artifacts-jobs = ["./build-binaries", "./build-docker"]
 # Publish jobs to run in CI
 publish-jobs = ["./publish-pypi", "./publish-wasm"]
 # Post-announce jobs to run in CI
-post-announce-jobs = [
-    "./notify-dependents",
-    "./publish-docs",
-    "./publish-playground",
-]
+post-announce-jobs = ["./notify-dependents", "./publish-docs", "./publish-playground"]
 # Custom permissions for GitHub Jobs
 github-custom-job-permissions = { "build-docker" = { packages = "write", contents = "read" }, "publish-wasm" = { contents = "read", id-token = "write", packages = "write" } }
 # Whether to install an updater program
 install-updater = false
 # Path that installers should place binaries in
-install-path = "CARGO_HOME"
+install-path = ["$XDG_BIN_HOME/", "$XDG_DATA_HOME/../bin", "~/.local/bin"]

README.md

@@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/ruff/install.sh | sh
 powershell -c "irm https://astral.sh/ruff/install.ps1 | iex"
 
 # For a specific version.
-curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/ruff/0.7.3/install.sh | sh
-powershell -c "irm https://astral.sh/ruff/0.7.3/install.ps1 | iex"
+curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/ruff/0.8.1/install.sh | sh
+powershell -c "irm https://astral.sh/ruff/0.8.1/install.ps1 | iex"
 ```
 
 You can also install Ruff via [Homebrew](https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/ruff), [Conda](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ruff),
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ Ruff can also be used as a [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com/) hook via [`ruff
 ```yaml
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
   # Ruff version.
-  rev: v0.7.3
+  rev: v0.8.1
   hooks:
     # Run the linter.
     - id: ruff
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@ exclude = [
 line-length = 88
 indent-width = 4
 
-# Assume Python 3.8
-target-version = "py38"
+# Assume Python 3.9
+target-version = "py39"
 
 [lint]
 # Enable Pyflakes (`F`) and a subset of the pycodestyle (`E`)  codes by default.

_typos.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 [files]
 # https://github.com/crate-ci/typos/issues/868
-extend-exclude = ["crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/**/*", "**/resources/**/*", "**/snapshots/**/*"]
+extend-exclude = [
+  "crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/**/*",
+  "**/resources/**/*",
+  "**/snapshots/**/*",
+  "crates/red_knot_workspace/src/workspace/pyproject/package_name.rs"
+]
 
 [default.extend-words]
 "arange" = "arange"  # e.g. `numpy.arange`

clippy.toml

@@ -1,21 +1,25 @@
 doc-valid-idents = [
-  "..",
-  "CodeQL",
-  "FastAPI",
-  "IPython",
-  "LangChain",
-  "LibCST",
-  "McCabe",
-  "NumPy",
-  "SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE",
-  "SQLAlchemy",
-  "StackOverflow",
-  "PyCharm",
+    "..",
+    "CodeQL",
+    "FastAPI",
+    "IPython",
+    "LangChain",
+    "LibCST",
+    "McCabe",
+    "NumPy",
+    "SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE",
+    "SQLAlchemy",
+    "StackOverflow",
+    "PyCharm",
+    "SNMPv1",
+    "SNMPv2",
+    "SNMPv3",
+    "PyFlakes"
 ]
 
 ignore-interior-mutability = [
-  # Interned is read-only. The wrapped `Rc` never gets updated.
-  "ruff_formatter::format_element::Interned",
-  # The expression is read-only.
-  "ruff_python_ast::hashable::HashableExpr",
+    # Interned is read-only. The wrapped `Rc` never gets updated.
+    "ruff_formatter::format_element::Interned",
+    # The expression is read-only.
+    "ruff_python_ast::hashable::HashableExpr",
 ]

crates/red_knot/Cargo.toml

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ tracing-tree = { workspace = true }
 [dev-dependencies]
 filetime = { workspace = true }
 tempfile = { workspace = true }
+ruff_db = { workspace = true, features = ["testing"] }
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true

crates/red_knot/src/main.rs

@@ -183,10 +183,10 @@ fn run() -> anyhow::Result<ExitStatus> {
 
     let system = OsSystem::new(cwd.clone());
     let cli_configuration = args.to_configuration(&cwd);
-    let workspace_metadata = WorkspaceMetadata::from_path(
+    let workspace_metadata = WorkspaceMetadata::discover(
         system.current_directory(),
         &system,
-        Some(cli_configuration.clone()),
+        Some(&cli_configuration),
     )?;
 
     // TODO: Use the `program_settings` to compute the key for the database's persistent

crates/red_knot/src/target_version.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Hash, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Default, clap::ValueEnum)]
 pub enum TargetVersion {
     Py37,
-    #[default]
     Py38,
+    #[default]
     Py39,
     Py310,
     Py311,
@@ -46,3 +46,17 @@ impl From<TargetVersion> for red_knot_python_semantic::PythonVersion {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::target_version::TargetVersion;
+    use red_knot_python_semantic::PythonVersion;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn same_default_as_python_version() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            PythonVersion::from(TargetVersion::default()),
+            PythonVersion::default()
+        );
+    }
+}

crates/red_knot/tests/file_watching.rs

@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ use std::io::Write;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
-
 use red_knot_python_semantic::{resolve_module, ModuleName, Program, PythonVersion, SitePackages};
-use red_knot_workspace::db::RootDatabase;
+use red_knot_workspace::db::{Db, RootDatabase};
 use red_knot_workspace::watch;
 use red_knot_workspace::watch::{directory_watcher, WorkspaceWatcher};
 use red_knot_workspace::workspace::settings::{Configuration, SearchPathConfiguration};
@@ -14,6 +13,7 @@ use red_knot_workspace::workspace::WorkspaceMetadata;
 use ruff_db::files::{system_path_to_file, File, FileError};
 use ruff_db::source::source_text;
 use ruff_db::system::{OsSystem, SystemPath, SystemPathBuf};
+use ruff_db::testing::{setup_logging, setup_logging_with_filter};
 use ruff_db::Upcast;
 
 struct TestCase {
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ impl TestCase {
     }
 
     fn try_stop_watch(&mut self, timeout: Duration) -> Option<Vec<watch::ChangeEvent>> {
+        tracing::debug!("Try stopping watch with timeout {:?}", timeout);
+
         let watcher = self
             .watcher
             .take()
@@ -55,8 +57,11 @@ impl TestCase {
             .changes_receiver
             .recv_timeout(timeout)
             .unwrap_or_default();
+
         watcher.flush();
+        tracing::debug!("Flushed file watcher");
         watcher.stop();
+        tracing::debug!("Stopping file watcher");
 
         for event in &self.changes_receiver {
             all_events.extend(event);
@@ -69,7 +74,6 @@ impl TestCase {
         Some(all_events)
     }
 
-    #[cfg(unix)]
     fn take_watch_changes(&self) -> Vec<watch::ChangeEvent> {
         self.try_take_watch_changes(Duration::from_secs(10))
             .expect("Expected watch changes but observed none")
@@ -110,8 +114,8 @@ impl TestCase {
     ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         let program = Program::get(self.db());
 
-        self.configuration.search_paths = configuration.clone();
-        let new_settings = configuration.into_settings(self.db.workspace().root(&self.db));
+        let new_settings = configuration.to_settings(self.db.workspace().root(&self.db));
+        self.configuration.search_paths = configuration;
 
         program.update_search_paths(&mut self.db, &new_settings)?;
 
@@ -204,7 +208,9 @@ where
             .as_utf8_path()
             .canonicalize_utf8()
             .with_context(|| "Failed to canonicalize root path.")?,
-    );
+    )
+    .simplified()
+    .to_path_buf();
 
     let workspace_path = root_path.join("workspace");
 
@@ -241,8 +247,7 @@ where
         search_paths,
     };
 
-    let workspace =
-        WorkspaceMetadata::from_path(&workspace_path, &system, Some(configuration.clone()))?;
+    let workspace = WorkspaceMetadata::discover(&workspace_path, &system, Some(&configuration))?;
 
     let db = RootDatabase::new(workspace, system)?;
 
@@ -599,6 +604,8 @@ fn directory_moved_to_trash() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
 
 #[test]
 fn directory_renamed() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let _tracing = setup_logging_with_filter("file_watching=TRACE,red_knot=TRACE");
+
     let mut case = setup([
         ("bar.py", "import sub.a"),
         ("sub/__init__.py", ""),
@@ -639,6 +646,10 @@ fn directory_renamed() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
 
     let changes = case.stop_watch();
 
+    for event in &changes {
+        tracing::debug!("Event: {:?}", event);
+    }
+
     case.apply_changes(changes);
 
     // `import sub.a` should no longer resolve
@@ -1311,3 +1322,138 @@ mod unix {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn nested_packages_delete_root() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let mut case = setup(|root: &SystemPath, workspace_root: &SystemPath| {
+        std::fs::write(
+            workspace_root.join("pyproject.toml").as_std_path(),
+            r#"
+            [project]
+            name = "inner"
+            "#,
+        )?;
+
+        std::fs::write(
+            root.join("pyproject.toml").as_std_path(),
+            r#"
+            [project]
+            name = "outer"
+            "#,
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    })?;
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        case.db().workspace().root(case.db()),
+        &*case.workspace_path("")
+    );
+
+    std::fs::remove_file(case.workspace_path("pyproject.toml").as_std_path())?;
+
+    let changes = case.stop_watch();
+
+    case.apply_changes(changes);
+
+    // It should now pick up the outer workspace.
+    assert_eq!(case.db().workspace().root(case.db()), case.root_path());
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn added_package() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let _ = setup_logging();
+    let mut case = setup([
+        (
+            "pyproject.toml",
+            r#"
+            [project]
+            name = "inner"
+
+            [tool.knot.workspace]
+            members = ["packages/*"]
+            "#,
+        ),
+        (
+            "packages/a/pyproject.toml",
+            r#"
+            [project]
+            name = "a"
+            "#,
+        ),
+    ])?;
+
+    assert_eq!(case.db().workspace().packages(case.db()).len(), 2);
+
+    std::fs::create_dir(case.workspace_path("packages/b").as_std_path())
+        .context("failed to create folder for package 'b'")?;
+
+    // It seems that the file watcher won't pick up on file changes shortly after the folder
+    // was created... I suspect this is because most file watchers don't support recursive
+    // file watching. Instead, file-watching libraries manually implement recursive file watching
+    // by setting a watcher for each directory. But doing this obviously "lags" behind.
+    case.take_watch_changes();
+
+    std::fs::write(
+        case.workspace_path("packages/b/pyproject.toml")
+            .as_std_path(),
+        r#"
+            [project]
+            name = "b"
+            "#,
+    )
+    .context("failed to write pyproject.toml for package b")?;
+
+    let changes = case.stop_watch();
+
+    case.apply_changes(changes);
+
+    assert_eq!(case.db().workspace().packages(case.db()).len(), 3);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn removed_package() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let mut case = setup([
+        (
+            "pyproject.toml",
+            r#"
+            [project]
+            name = "inner"
+
+            [tool.knot.workspace]
+            members = ["packages/*"]
+            "#,
+        ),
+        (
+            "packages/a/pyproject.toml",
+            r#"
+            [project]
+            name = "a"
+            "#,
+        ),
+        (
+            "packages/b/pyproject.toml",
+            r#"
+            [project]
+            name = "b"
+            "#,
+        ),
+    ])?;
+
+    assert_eq!(case.db().workspace().packages(case.db()).len(), 3);
+
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(case.workspace_path("packages/b").as_std_path())
+        .context("failed to remove package 'b'")?;
+
+    let changes = case.stop_watch();
+
+    case.apply_changes(changes);
+
+    assert_eq!(case.db().workspace().packages(case.db()).len(), 2);
+
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/Cargo.toml

@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ license = { workspace = true }
 [dependencies]
 ruff_db = { workspace = true }
 ruff_index = { workspace = true }
-ruff_python_ast = { workspace = true, features = ["salsa"] }
+ruff_python_ast = { workspace = true }
+ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
 ruff_python_stdlib = { workspace = true }
 ruff_source_file = { workspace = true }
 ruff_text_size = { workspace = true }
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ thiserror = { workspace = true }
 tracing = { workspace = true }
 rustc-hash = { workspace = true }
 hashbrown = { workspace = true }
+serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 smallvec = { workspace = true }
 static_assertions = { workspace = true }
 test-case = { workspace = true }

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/never.md

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# NoReturn & Never
+
+`NoReturn` is used to annotate the return type for functions that never return. `Never` is the
+bottom type, representing the empty set of Python objects. These two annotations can be used
+interchangeably.
+
+## Function Return Type Annotation
+
+```py
+from typing import NoReturn
+
+def stop() -> NoReturn:
+    raise RuntimeError("no way")
+
+# revealed: Never
+reveal_type(stop())
+```
+
+## Assignment
+
+```py
+from typing import NoReturn, Never, Any
+
+# error: [invalid-type-parameter] "Type `typing.Never` expected no type parameter"
+x: Never[int]
+a1: NoReturn
+# TODO: Test `Never` is only available in python >= 3.11
+a2: Never
+b1: Any
+b2: int
+
+def f():
+    # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(a1)
+    # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(a2)
+
+    # Never is assignable to all types.
+    v1: int = a1
+    v2: str = a1
+    # Other types are not assignable to Never except for Never (and Any).
+    v3: Never = b1
+    v4: Never = a2
+    v5: Any = b2
+    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal[1]` is not assignable to `Never`"
+    v6: Never = 1
+```
+
+## Typing Extensions
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import NoReturn, Never
+
+x: NoReturn
+y: Never
+
+def f():
+    # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(x)
+    # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(y)
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/optional.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Optional
+
+## Annotation
+
+`typing.Optional` is equivalent to using the type with a None in a Union.
+
+```py
+from typing import Optional
+
+a: Optional[int]
+a1: Optional[bool]
+a2: Optional[Optional[bool]]
+a3: Optional[None]
+
+def f():
+    # revealed: int | None
+    reveal_type(a)
+    # revealed: bool | None
+    reveal_type(a1)
+    # revealed: bool | None
+    reveal_type(a2)
+    # revealed: None
+    reveal_type(a3)
+```
+
+## Assignment
+
+```py
+from typing import Optional
+
+a: Optional[int] = 1
+a = None
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal[""]` is not assignable to `int | None`"
+a = ""
+```
+
+## Typing Extensions
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import Optional
+
+a: Optional[int]
+
+def f():
+    # revealed: int | None
+    reveal_type(a)
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/starred.md

@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ Ts = TypeVarTuple("Ts")
 
 def append_int(*args: *Ts) -> tuple[*Ts, int]:
     # TODO: should show some representation of the variadic generic type
-    reveal_type(args)  # revealed: @Todo
+    reveal_type(args)  # revealed: @Todo(function parameter type)
 
     return (*args, 1)
 
 # TODO should be tuple[Literal[True], Literal["a"], int]
-reveal_type(append_int(True, "a"))  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(append_int(True, "a"))  # revealed: @Todo(full tuple[...] support)
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/string.md

@@ -1,9 +1,219 @@
 # String annotations
 
+## Simple
+
 ```py
 def f() -> "int":
     return 1
 
-# TODO: We do not support string annotations, but we should not panic if we encounter them
-reveal_type(f())  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: int
+```
+
+## Nested
+
+```py
+def f() -> "'int'":
+    return 1
+
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: int
+```
+
+## Type expression
+
+```py
+def f1() -> "int | str":
+    return 1
+
+def f2() -> "tuple[int, str]":
+    return 1
+
+reveal_type(f1())  # revealed: int | str
+reveal_type(f2())  # revealed: tuple[int, str]
+```
+
+## Partial
+
+```py
+def f() -> tuple[int, "str"]:
+    return 1
+
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: tuple[int, str]
+```
+
+## Deferred
+
+```py
+def f() -> "Foo":
+    return Foo()
+
+class Foo:
+    pass
+
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: Foo
+```
+
+## Deferred (undefined)
+
+```py
+# error: [unresolved-reference]
+def f() -> "Foo":
+    pass
+
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: Unknown
+```
+
+## Partial deferred
+
+```py
+def f() -> int | "Foo":
+    return 1
+
+class Foo:
+    pass
+
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: int | Foo
+```
+
+## `typing.Literal`
+
+```py
+from typing import Literal
+
+def f1() -> Literal["Foo", "Bar"]:
+    return "Foo"
+
+def f2() -> 'Literal["Foo", "Bar"]':
+    return "Foo"
+
+class Foo:
+    pass
+
+reveal_type(f1())  # revealed: Literal["Foo", "Bar"]
+reveal_type(f2())  # revealed: Literal["Foo", "Bar"]
+```
+
+## Various string kinds
+
+```py
+# error: [annotation-raw-string] "Type expressions cannot use raw string literal"
+def f1() -> r"int":
+    return 1
+
+# error: [annotation-f-string] "Type expressions cannot use f-strings"
+def f2() -> f"int":
+    return 1
+
+# error: [annotation-byte-string] "Type expressions cannot use bytes literal"
+def f3() -> b"int":
+    return 1
+
+def f4() -> "int":
+    return 1
+
+# error: [annotation-implicit-concat] "Type expressions cannot span multiple string literals"
+def f5() -> "in" "t":
+    return 1
+
+# error: [annotation-escape-character] "Type expressions cannot contain escape characters"
+def f6() -> "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER I}nt":
+    return 1
+
+# error: [annotation-escape-character] "Type expressions cannot contain escape characters"
+def f7() -> "\x69nt":
+    return 1
+
+def f8() -> """int""":
+    return 1
+
+# error: [annotation-byte-string] "Type expressions cannot use bytes literal"
+def f9() -> "b'int'":
+    return 1
+
+reveal_type(f1())  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(f2())  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(f3())  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(f4())  # revealed: int
+reveal_type(f5())  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(f6())  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(f7())  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(f8())  # revealed: int
+reveal_type(f9())  # revealed: Unknown
+```
+
+## Various string kinds in `typing.Literal`
+
+```py
+from typing import Literal
+
+def f() -> Literal["a", r"b", b"c", "d" "e", "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER F}", "\x67", """h"""]:
+    return "normal"
+
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: Literal["a", "b", "de", "f", "g", "h"] | Literal[b"c"]
+```
+
+## Class variables
+
+```py
+MyType = int
+
+class Aliases:
+    MyType = str
+
+    forward: "MyType"
+    not_forward: MyType
+
+reveal_type(Aliases.forward)  # revealed: str
+reveal_type(Aliases.not_forward)  # revealed: str
+```
+
+## Annotated assignment
+
+```py
+a: "int" = 1
+b: "'int'" = 1
+c: "Foo"
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal[1]` is not assignable to `Foo`"
+d: "Foo" = 1
+
+class Foo:
+    pass
+
+c = Foo()
+
+reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+reveal_type(c)  # revealed: Foo
+reveal_type(d)  # revealed: Foo
+```
+
+## Parameter
+
+TODO: Add tests once parameter inference is supported
+
+## Invalid expressions
+
+The expressions in these string annotations aren't valid expressions in this context but we
+shouldn't panic.
+
+```py
+a: "1 or 2"
+b: "(x := 1)"
+c: "1 + 2"
+d: "lambda x: x"
+e: "x if True else y"
+f: "{'a': 1, 'b': 2}"
+g: "{1, 2}"
+h: "[i for i in range(5)]"
+i: "{i for i in range(5)}"
+j: "{i: i for i in range(5)}"
+k: "(i for i in range(5))"
+l: "await 1"
+# error: [forward-annotation-syntax-error]
+m: "yield 1"
+# error: [forward-annotation-syntax-error]
+n: "yield from 1"
+o: "1 < 2"
+p: "call()"
+r: "[1, 2]"
+s: "(1, 2)"
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/union.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# Union
+
+## Annotation
+
+`typing.Union` can be used to construct union types same as `|` operator.
+
+```py
+from typing import Union
+
+a: Union[int, str]
+a1: Union[int, bool]
+a2: Union[int, Union[float, str]]
+a3: Union[int, None]
+a4: Union[Union[float, str]]
+a5: Union[int]
+a6: Union[()]
+
+def f():
+    # revealed: int | str
+    reveal_type(a)
+    # Since bool is a subtype of int we simplify to int here. But we do allow assigning boolean values (see below).
+    # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(a1)
+    # revealed: int | float | str
+    reveal_type(a2)
+    # revealed: int | None
+    reveal_type(a3)
+    # revealed: float | str
+    reveal_type(a4)
+    # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(a5)
+    # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(a6)
+```
+
+## Assignment
+
+```py
+from typing import Union
+
+a: Union[int, str]
+a = 1
+a = ""
+a1: Union[int, bool]
+a1 = 1
+a1 = True
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal[b""]` is not assignable to `int | str`"
+a = b""
+```
+
+## Typing Extensions
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import Union
+
+a: Union[int, str]
+
+def f():
+    # revealed: int | str
+    reveal_type(a)
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/assignment/annotations.md

@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ reveal_type(c)  # revealed: tuple[str, int]
 reveal_type(d)  # revealed: tuple[tuple[str, str], tuple[int, int]]
 
 # TODO: homogenous tuples, PEP-646 tuples
-reveal_type(e)  # revealed: @Todo
-reveal_type(f)  # revealed: @Todo
-reveal_type(g)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(e)  # revealed: @Todo(full tuple[...] support)
+reveal_type(f)  # revealed: @Todo(full tuple[...] support)
+reveal_type(g)  # revealed: @Todo(full tuple[...] support)
 
 # TODO: support more kinds of type expressions in annotations
-reveal_type(h)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(h)  # revealed: @Todo(full tuple[...] support)
 
 reveal_type(i)  # revealed: tuple[str | int, str | int]
 reveal_type(j)  # revealed: tuple[str | int]
@@ -110,3 +110,29 @@ c: builtins.tuple[builtins.tuple[builtins.int, builtins.int], builtins.int] = ((
 # error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal["foo"]` is not assignable to `tuple[tuple[int, int], int]`"
 c: builtins.tuple[builtins.tuple[builtins.int, builtins.int], builtins.int] = "foo"
 ```
+
+## Future annotations are deferred
+
+```py
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+x: Foo
+
+class Foo:
+    pass
+
+x = Foo()
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Foo
+```
+
+## Annotations in stub files are deferred
+
+```pyi path=main.pyi
+x: Foo
+
+class Foo:
+    pass
+
+x = Foo()
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Foo
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/binary/instances.md

@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ reveal_type(1 + A())  # revealed: int
 reveal_type(A() + "foo")  # revealed: A
 # TODO should be `A` since `str.__add__` doesn't support `A` instances
 # TODO overloads
-reveal_type("foo" + A())  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type("foo" + A())  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 
 reveal_type(A() + b"foo")  # revealed: A
 # TODO should be `A` since `bytes.__add__` doesn't support `A` instances
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ reveal_type(b"foo" + A())  # revealed: bytes
 
 reveal_type(A() + ())  # revealed: A
 # TODO this should be `A`, since `tuple.__add__` doesn't support `A` instances
-reveal_type(() + A())  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(() + A())  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 
 literal_string_instance = "foo" * 1_000_000_000
 # the test is not testing what it's meant to be testing if this isn't a `LiteralString`:
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ reveal_type(literal_string_instance)  # revealed: LiteralString
 reveal_type(A() + literal_string_instance)  # revealed: A
 # TODO should be `A` since `str.__add__` doesn't support `A` instances
 # TODO overloads
-reveal_type(literal_string_instance + A())  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(literal_string_instance + A())  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 ```
 
 ## Operations involving instances of classes inheriting from `Any`

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/call/function.md

@@ -16,7 +16,16 @@ async def get_int_async() -> int:
     return 42
 
 # TODO: we don't yet support `types.CoroutineType`, should be generic `Coroutine[Any, Any, int]`
-reveal_type(get_int_async())  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(get_int_async())  # revealed: @Todo(generic types.CoroutineType)
+```
+
+## Generic
+
+```py
+def get_int[T]() -> int:
+    return 42
+
+reveal_type(get_int())  # revealed: int
 ```
 
 ## Decorated
@@ -35,7 +44,7 @@ def bar() -> str:
     return "bar"
 
 # TODO: should reveal `int`, as the decorator replaces `bar` with `foo`
-reveal_type(bar())  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(bar())  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 ```
 
 ## Invalid callable

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/comparison/tuples.md

@@ -58,7 +58,9 @@ reveal_type(c >= d)  # revealed: Literal[True]
 #### Results with Ambiguity
 
 ```py
-def bool_instance() -> bool: ...
+def bool_instance() -> bool:
+    return True
+
 def int_instance() -> int:
     return 42
 
@@ -134,23 +136,158 @@ reveal_type(c >= c)  # revealed: Literal[True]
 
 #### Non Boolean Rich Comparisons
 
+Rich comparison methods defined in a class affect tuple comparisons as well. Proper type inference
+should be possible even in cases where these methods return non-boolean types.
+
+Note: Tuples use lexicographic comparisons. If the `==` result for all paired elements in the tuple
+is True, the comparison then considers the tuple’s length. Regardless of the return type of the
+dunder methods, the final result can still be a boolean value.
+
+(+cpython: For tuples, `==` and `!=` always produce boolean results, regardless of the return type
+of the dunder methods.)
+
 ```py
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 class A:
-    def __eq__(self, o) -> str: ...
-    def __ne__(self, o) -> int: ...
-    def __lt__(self, o) -> float: ...
-    def __le__(self, o) -> object: ...
-    def __gt__(self, o) -> tuple: ...
-    def __ge__(self, o) -> list: ...
+    def __eq__(self, o: object) -> str:
+        return "hello"
+
+    def __ne__(self, o: object) -> bytes:
+        return b"world"
+
+    def __lt__(self, o: A) -> float:
+        return 3.14
+
+    def __le__(self, o: A) -> complex:
+        return complex(0.5, -0.5)
+
+    def __gt__(self, o: A) -> tuple:
+        return (1, 2, 3)
+
+    def __ge__(self, o: A) -> list:
+        return [1, 2, 3]
 
 a = (A(), A())
 
+reveal_type(a == a)  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(a != a)  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(a < a)  # revealed: float | Literal[False]
+reveal_type(a <= a)  # revealed: complex | Literal[True]
+reveal_type(a > a)  # revealed: tuple | Literal[False]
+reveal_type(a >= a)  # revealed: list | Literal[True]
+
+# If lexicographic comparison is finished before comparing A()
+b = ("1_foo", A())
+c = ("2_bar", A())
+
+reveal_type(b == c)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(b != c)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(b < c)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(b <= c)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(b > c)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(b >= c)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+
+class B:
+    def __lt__(self, o: B) -> set:
+        return set()
+
+reveal_type((A(), B()) < (A(), B()))  # revealed: float | set | Literal[False]
+```
+
+#### Special Handling of Eq and NotEq in Lexicographic Comparisons
+
+> Example: `(int_instance(), "foo") == (int_instance(), "bar")`
+
+`Eq` and `NotEq` have unique behavior compared to other operators in lexicographic comparisons.
+Specifically, for `Eq`, if any non-equal pair exists within the tuples being compared, we can
+immediately conclude that the tuples are not equal. Conversely, for `NotEq`, if any non-equal pair
+exists, we can determine that the tuples are unequal.
+
+In contrast, with operators like `<` and `>`, the comparison must consider each pair of elements
+sequentially, and the final outcome might remain ambiguous until all pairs are compared.
+
+```py
+def str_instance() -> str:
+    return "hello"
+
+def int_instance() -> int:
+    return 42
+
+reveal_type("foo" == "bar")  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(("foo",) == ("bar",))  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type((4, "foo") == (4, "bar"))  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type((int_instance(), "foo") == (int_instance(), "bar"))  # revealed: Literal[False]
+
+a = (str_instance(), int_instance(), "foo")
+
 reveal_type(a == a)  # revealed: bool
 reveal_type(a != a)  # revealed: bool
 reveal_type(a < a)  # revealed: bool
 reveal_type(a <= a)  # revealed: bool
 reveal_type(a > a)  # revealed: bool
 reveal_type(a >= a)  # revealed: bool
+
+b = (str_instance(), int_instance(), "bar")
+
+reveal_type(a == b)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(a != b)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(a < b)  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(a <= b)  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(a > b)  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(a >= b)  # revealed: bool
+
+c = (str_instance(), int_instance(), "foo", "different_length")
+reveal_type(a == c)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(a != c)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(a < c)  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(a <= c)  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(a > c)  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(a >= c)  # revealed: bool
+```
+
+#### Error Propagation
+
+Errors occurring within a tuple comparison should propagate outward. However, if the tuple
+comparison can clearly conclude before encountering an error, the error should not be raised.
+
+```py
+def int_instance() -> int:
+    return 42
+
+def str_instance() -> str:
+    return "hello"
+
+class A: ...
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `<` is not supported for types `A` and `A`"
+A() < A()
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `<=` is not supported for types `A` and `A`"
+A() <= A()
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `>` is not supported for types `A` and `A`"
+A() > A()
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `>=` is not supported for types `A` and `A`"
+A() >= A()
+
+a = (0, int_instance(), A())
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `<` is not supported for types `A` and `A`, in comparing `tuple[Literal[0], int, A]` with `tuple[Literal[0], int, A]`"
+reveal_type(a < a)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `<=` is not supported for types `A` and `A`, in comparing `tuple[Literal[0], int, A]` with `tuple[Literal[0], int, A]`"
+reveal_type(a <= a)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `>` is not supported for types `A` and `A`, in comparing `tuple[Literal[0], int, A]` with `tuple[Literal[0], int, A]`"
+reveal_type(a > a)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `>=` is not supported for types `A` and `A`, in comparing `tuple[Literal[0], int, A]` with `tuple[Literal[0], int, A]`"
+reveal_type(a >= a)  # revealed: Unknown
+
+# Comparison between `a` and `b` should only involve the first elements, `Literal[0]` and `Literal[99999]`,
+# and should terminate immediately.
+b = (99999, int_instance(), A())
+
+reveal_type(a < b)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(a <= b)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(a > b)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(a >= b)  # revealed: Literal[False]
 ```
 
 ### Membership Test Comparisons

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/comparison/unsupported.md

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 def bool_instance() -> bool:
     return True
 
+class A: ...
+
 a = 1 in 7  # error: "Operator `in` is not supported for types `Literal[1]` and `Literal[7]`"
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: bool
 
@@ -33,4 +35,8 @@ reveal_type(e)  # revealed: bool
 f = (1, 2) < (1, "hello")
 # TODO: should be Unknown, once operand type check is implemented
 reveal_type(f)  # revealed: bool
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `<` is not supported for types `A` and `A`, in comparing `tuple[bool, A]` with `tuple[bool, A]`"
+g = (bool_instance(), A()) < (bool_instance(), A())
+reveal_type(g)  # revealed: Unknown
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/exception/basic.md

@@ -41,21 +41,20 @@ except EXCEPTIONS as f:
 ## Dynamic exception types
 
 ```py
-# TODO: we should not emit these `call-possibly-unbound-method` errors for `tuple.__class_getitem__`
 def foo(
     x: type[AttributeError],
-    y: tuple[type[OSError], type[RuntimeError]],  # error: [call-possibly-unbound-method]
-    z: tuple[type[BaseException], ...],  # error: [call-possibly-unbound-method]
+    y: tuple[type[OSError], type[RuntimeError]],
+    z: tuple[type[BaseException], ...],
 ):
     try:
         help()
     except x as e:
         # TODO: should be `AttributeError`
-        reveal_type(e)  # revealed: @Todo
+        reveal_type(e)  # revealed: @Todo(exception type)
     except y as f:
         # TODO: should be `OSError | RuntimeError`
-        reveal_type(f)  # revealed: @Todo
+        reveal_type(f)  # revealed: @Todo(exception type)
     except z as g:
         # TODO: should be `BaseException`
-        reveal_type(g)  # revealed: @Todo
+        reveal_type(g)  # revealed: @Todo(exception type)
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/expression/if.md

@@ -22,3 +22,22 @@ reveal_type(1 if None else 2)  # revealed: Literal[2]
 reveal_type(1 if "" else 2)  # revealed: Literal[2]
 reveal_type(1 if 0 else 2)  # revealed: Literal[2]
 ```
+
+## Leaked Narrowing Constraint
+
+(issue #14588)
+
+The test inside an if expression should not affect code outside of the expression.
+
+```py
+def bool_instance() -> bool:
+    return True
+
+x: Literal[42, "hello"] = 42 if bool_instance() else "hello"
+
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[42] | Literal["hello"]
+
+_ = ... if isinstance(x, str) else ...
+
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[42] | Literal["hello"]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/generics.md

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ box: MyBox[int] = MyBox(5)
 wrong_innards: MyBox[int] = MyBox("five")
 
 # TODO reveal int
-reveal_type(box.data)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(box.data)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
 
 reveal_type(MyBox.box_model_number)  # revealed: Literal[695]
 ```
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class MySecureBox[T](MyBox[T]): ...
 secure_box: MySecureBox[int] = MySecureBox(5)
 reveal_type(secure_box)  # revealed: MySecureBox
 # TODO reveal int
-reveal_type(secure_box.data)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(secure_box.data)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
 ```
 
 ## Cyclical class definition
@@ -60,52 +60,20 @@ reveal_type(S)  # revealed: Literal[S]
 
 ## Type params
 
-A PEP695 type variable defines a value of type `typing.TypeVar` with attributes `__name__`,
-`__bounds__`, `__constraints__`, and `__default__` (the latter three all lazily evaluated):
+A PEP695 type variable defines a value of type `typing.TypeVar`.
 
 ```py
-def f[T, U: A, V: (A, B), W = A, X: A = A1]():
-    reveal_type(T)  # revealed: TypeVar
+def f[T]():
+    reveal_type(T)  # revealed: T
     reveal_type(T.__name__)  # revealed: Literal["T"]
-    reveal_type(T.__bound__)  # revealed: None
-    reveal_type(T.__constraints__)  # revealed: tuple[()]
-    reveal_type(T.__default__)  # revealed: NoDefault
-
-    reveal_type(U)  # revealed: TypeVar
-    reveal_type(U.__name__)  # revealed: Literal["U"]
-    reveal_type(U.__bound__)  # revealed: type[A]
-    reveal_type(U.__constraints__)  # revealed: tuple[()]
-    reveal_type(U.__default__)  # revealed: NoDefault
-
-    reveal_type(V)  # revealed: TypeVar
-    reveal_type(V.__name__)  # revealed: Literal["V"]
-    reveal_type(V.__bound__)  # revealed: None
-    reveal_type(V.__constraints__)  # revealed: tuple[type[A], type[B]]
-    reveal_type(V.__default__)  # revealed: NoDefault
-
-    reveal_type(W)  # revealed: TypeVar
-    reveal_type(W.__name__)  # revealed: Literal["W"]
-    reveal_type(W.__bound__)  # revealed: None
-    reveal_type(W.__constraints__)  # revealed: tuple[()]
-    reveal_type(W.__default__)  # revealed: type[A]
-
-    reveal_type(X)  # revealed: TypeVar
-    reveal_type(X.__name__)  # revealed: Literal["X"]
-    reveal_type(X.__bound__)  # revealed: type[A]
-    reveal_type(X.__constraints__)  # revealed: tuple[()]
-    reveal_type(X.__default__)  # revealed: type[A1]
-
-class A: ...
-class B: ...
-class A1(A): ...
 ```
 
 ## Minimum two constraints
 
-A typevar with less than two constraints emits a diagnostic and is treated as unconstrained:
+A typevar with less than two constraints emits a diagnostic:
 
 ```py
 # error: [invalid-typevar-constraints] "TypeVar must have at least two constrained types"
 def f[T: (int,)]():
-    reveal_type(T.__constraints__)  # revealed: tuple[()]
+    pass
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/literal/literal.md

@@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ invalid1: Literal[3 + 4]
 invalid2: Literal[4 + 3j]
 # error: [invalid-literal-parameter]
 invalid3: Literal[(3, 4)]
+
+hello = "hello"
 invalid4: Literal[
     1 + 2,  # error: [invalid-literal-parameter]
     "foo",
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ from other import Literal
 a1: Literal[26]
 
 def f():
-    reveal_type(a1)  # revealed: @Todo
+    reveal_type(a1)  # revealed: @Todo(generics)
 ```
 
 ## Detecting typing_extensions.Literal

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/loops/async_for.md

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ async def foo():
         pass
 
     # TODO: should reveal `Unknown` because `__aiter__` is not defined
-    # revealed: @Todo
+    # revealed: @Todo(async iterables/iterators)
     # error: [possibly-unresolved-reference]
     reveal_type(x)
 ```
@@ -40,6 +40,6 @@ async def foo():
         pass
 
     # error: [possibly-unresolved-reference]
-    # revealed: @Todo
+    # revealed: @Todo(async iterables/iterators)
     reveal_type(x)
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/loops/while_loop.md

@@ -52,3 +52,29 @@ else:
 reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[2, 3]
 reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal[1, 2, 4]
 ```
+
+## Nested while loops
+
+```py
+def flag() -> bool:
+    return True
+
+x = 1
+
+while flag():
+    x = 2
+
+    while flag():
+        x = 3
+        if flag():
+            break
+    else:
+        x = 4
+
+    if flag():
+        break
+else:
+    x = 5
+
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[3, 4, 5]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/metaclass.md

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ def f(*args, **kwargs) -> int: ...
 class A(metaclass=f): ...
 
 # TODO should be `type[int]`
-reveal_type(A.__class__)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(A.__class__)  # revealed: @Todo(metaclass not a class)
 ```
 
 ## Cyclic

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/mro.md

@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class O: ...
 class X(O): ...
 class Y(O): ...
 
-if bool():
+if returns_bool():
     foo = Y
 else:
     foo = object

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/narrow/post_if_statement.md

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Consolidating narrowed types after if statement
+
+## After if-else statements, narrowing has no effect if the variable is not mutated in any branch
+
+```py
+def optional_int() -> int | None: ...
+
+x = optional_int()
+
+if x is None:
+    pass
+else:
+    pass
+
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int | None
+```
+
+## Narrowing can have a persistent effect if the variable is mutated in one branch
+
+```py
+def optional_int() -> int | None: ...
+
+x = optional_int()
+
+if x is None:
+    x = 10
+else:
+    pass
+
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int
+```
+
+## An if statement without an explicit `else` branch is equivalent to one with a no-op `else` branch
+
+```py
+def optional_int() -> int | None: ...
+
+x = optional_int()
+y = optional_int()
+
+if x is None:
+    x = 0
+
+if y is None:
+    pass
+
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int
+reveal_type(y)  # revealed: int | None
+```
+
+## An if-elif without an explicit else branch is equivalent to one with an empty else branch
+
+```py
+def optional_int() -> int | None: ...
+
+x = optional_int()
+
+if x is None:
+    x = 0
+elif x > 50:
+    x = 50
+
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/narrow/type.md

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# Narrowing for checks involving `type(x)`
+
+## `type(x) is C`
+
+```py
+class A: ...
+class B: ...
+
+def get_a_or_b() -> A | B:
+    return A()
+
+x = get_a_or_b()
+
+if type(x) is A:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A
+else:
+    # It would be wrong to infer `B` here. The type
+    # of `x` could be a subclass of `A`, so we need
+    # to infer the full union type:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A | B
+```
+
+## `type(x) is not C`
+
+```py
+class A: ...
+class B: ...
+
+def get_a_or_b() -> A | B:
+    return A()
+
+x = get_a_or_b()
+
+if type(x) is not A:
+    # Same reasoning as above: no narrowing should occur here.
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A | B
+else:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A
+```
+
+## `type(x) == C`, `type(x) != C`
+
+No narrowing can occur for equality comparisons, since there might be a custom `__eq__`
+implementation on the metaclass.
+
+TODO: Narrowing might be possible in some cases where the classes themselves are `@final` or their
+metaclass is `@final`.
+
+```py
+class IsEqualToEverything(type):
+    def __eq__(cls, other):
+        return True
+
+class A(metaclass=IsEqualToEverything): ...
+class B(metaclass=IsEqualToEverything): ...
+
+def get_a_or_b() -> A | B:
+    return B()
+
+x = get_a_or_b()
+
+if type(x) == A:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A | B
+
+if type(x) != A:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A | B
+```
+
+## No narrowing for custom `type` callable
+
+```py
+class A: ...
+class B: ...
+
+def type(x):
+    return int
+
+def get_a_or_b() -> A | B:
+    return A()
+
+x = get_a_or_b()
+
+if type(x) is A:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A | B
+else:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A | B
+```
+
+## No narrowing for multiple arguments
+
+No narrowing should occur if `type` is used to dynamically create a class:
+
+```py
+def get_str_or_int() -> str | int:
+    return "test"
+
+x = get_str_or_int()
+
+if type(x, (), {}) is str:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: str | int
+else:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: str | int
+```
+
+## No narrowing for keyword arguments
+
+`type` can't be used with a keyword argument:
+
+```py
+def get_str_or_int() -> str | int:
+    return "test"
+
+x = get_str_or_int()
+
+# TODO: we could issue a diagnostic here
+if type(object=x) is str:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: str | int
+```
+
+## Narrowing if `type` is aliased
+
+```py
+class A: ...
+class B: ...
+
+alias_for_type = type
+
+def get_a_or_b() -> A | B:
+    return A()
+
+x = get_a_or_b()
+
+if alias_for_type(x) is A:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A
+```
+
+## Limitations
+
+```py
+class Base: ...
+class Derived(Base): ...
+
+def get_base() -> Base:
+    return Base()
+
+x = get_base()
+
+if type(x) is Base:
+    # Ideally, this could be narrower, but there is now way to
+    # express a constraint like `Base & ~ProperSubtypeOf[Base]`.
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Base
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/regression/14334_diagnostics_in_wrong_file.md

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Regression test for #14334
+
+Regression test for [this issue](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/14334).
+
+```py path=base.py
+# error: [invalid-base]
+class Base(2): ...
+```
+
+```py path=a.py
+# No error here
+from base import Base
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/scopes/moduletype_attrs.md

@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@ reveal_type(__doc__)  # revealed: str | None
 # (needs support for `*` imports)
 reveal_type(__spec__)  # revealed: Unknown | None
 
-# TODO: generics
-reveal_type(__path__)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(__path__)  # revealed: @Todo(generics)
 
 class X:
     reveal_type(__name__)  # revealed: str
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ reveal_type(typing.__class__)  # revealed: Literal[type]
 
 # TODO: needs support for attribute access on instances, properties and generics;
 # should be `dict[str, Any]`
-reveal_type(typing.__dict__)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(typing.__dict__)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
 ```
 
 Typeshed includes a fake `__getattr__` method in the stub for `types.ModuleType` to help out with
@@ -96,8 +95,8 @@ from foo import __dict__ as foo_dict
 
 # TODO: needs support for attribute access on instances, properties, and generics;
 # should be `dict[str, Any]` for both of these:
-reveal_type(foo.__dict__)  # revealed: @Todo
-reveal_type(foo_dict)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(foo.__dict__)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+reveal_type(foo_dict)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
 ```
 
 ## Conditionally global or `ModuleType` attribute

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/subscript/bytes.md

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def int_instance() -> int:
 
 a = b"abcde"[int_instance()]
 # TODO: Support overloads... Should be `bytes`
-reveal_type(a)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(a)  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 ```
 
 ## Slices
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ def int_instance() -> int: ...
 
 byte_slice1 = b[int_instance() : int_instance()]
 # TODO: Support overloads... Should be `bytes`
-reveal_type(byte_slice1)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(byte_slice1)  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 
 def bytes_instance() -> bytes: ...
 
 byte_slice2 = bytes_instance()[0:5]
 # TODO: Support overloads... Should be `bytes`
-reveal_type(byte_slice2)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(byte_slice2)  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/subscript/class.md

@@ -21,10 +21,11 @@ reveal_type(Identity[0])  # revealed: str
 ## Class getitem union
 
 ```py
-flag = True
+def bool_instance() -> bool:
+    return True
 
 class UnionClassGetItem:
-    if flag:
+    if bool_instance():
 
         def __class_getitem__(cls, item: int) -> str:
             return item
@@ -59,9 +60,10 @@ reveal_type(x[0])  # revealed: str | int
 ## Class getitem with unbound method union
 
 ```py
-flag = True
+def bool_instance() -> bool:
+    return True
 
-if flag:
+if bool_instance():
     class Spam:
         def __class_getitem__(self, x: int) -> str:
             return "foo"
@@ -77,9 +79,10 @@ reveal_type(Spam[42])
 ## TODO: Class getitem non-class union
 
 ```py
-flag = True
+def bool_instance() -> bool:
+    return True
 
-if flag:
+if bool_instance():
     class Eggs:
         def __class_getitem__(self, x: int) -> str:
             return "foo"

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/subscript/instance.md

@@ -30,10 +30,11 @@ reveal_type(Identity()[0])  # revealed: int
 ## Getitem union
 
 ```py
-flag = True
+def bool_instance() -> bool:
+    return True
 
 class Identity:
-    if flag:
+    if bool_instance():
 
         def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> int:
             return index

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/subscript/lists.md

@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ x = [1, 2, 3]
 reveal_type(x)  # revealed: list
 
 # TODO reveal int
-reveal_type(x[0])  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(x[0])  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 
 # TODO reveal list
-reveal_type(x[0:1])  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(x[0:1])  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 
 # TODO error
-reveal_type(x["a"])  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(x["a"])  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 ```
 
 ## Assignments within list assignment

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/subscript/string.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def int_instance() -> int: ...
 
 a = "abcde"[int_instance()]
 # TODO: Support overloads... Should be `str`
-reveal_type(a)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(a)  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 ```
 
 ## Slices
@@ -78,13 +78,13 @@ def int_instance() -> int: ...
 
 substring1 = s[int_instance() : int_instance()]
 # TODO: Support overloads... Should be `LiteralString`
-reveal_type(substring1)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(substring1)  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 
 def str_instance() -> str: ...
 
 substring2 = str_instance()[0:5]
 # TODO: Support overloads... Should be `str`
-reveal_type(substring2)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(substring2)  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 ```
 
 ## Unsupported slice types

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/subscript/tuple.md

@@ -71,5 +71,5 @@ def int_instance() -> int: ...
 
 tuple_slice = t[int_instance() : int_instance()]
 # TODO: Support overloads... Should be `tuple[Literal[1, 'a', b"b"] | None, ...]`
-reveal_type(tuple_slice)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(tuple_slice)  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/sys_version_info.md

@@ -22,23 +22,23 @@ type:
 ```py
 import sys
 
-reveal_type(sys.version_info >= (3, 8))  # revealed: Literal[True]
-reveal_type((3, 8) <= sys.version_info)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(sys.version_info >= (3, 9))  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type((3, 9) <= sys.version_info)  # revealed: Literal[True]
 
-reveal_type(sys.version_info > (3, 8))  # revealed: Literal[True]
-reveal_type((3, 8) < sys.version_info)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(sys.version_info > (3, 9))  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type((3, 9) < sys.version_info)  # revealed: Literal[True]
 
-reveal_type(sys.version_info < (3, 8))  # revealed: Literal[False]
-reveal_type((3, 8) > sys.version_info)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(sys.version_info < (3, 9))  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type((3, 9) > sys.version_info)  # revealed: Literal[False]
 
-reveal_type(sys.version_info <= (3, 8))  # revealed: Literal[False]
-reveal_type((3, 8) >= sys.version_info)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(sys.version_info <= (3, 9))  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type((3, 9) >= sys.version_info)  # revealed: Literal[False]
 
-reveal_type(sys.version_info == (3, 8))  # revealed: Literal[False]
-reveal_type((3, 8) == sys.version_info)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(sys.version_info == (3, 9))  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type((3, 9) == sys.version_info)  # revealed: Literal[False]
 
-reveal_type(sys.version_info != (3, 8))  # revealed: Literal[True]
-reveal_type((3, 8) != sys.version_info)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(sys.version_info != (3, 9))  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type((3, 9) != sys.version_info)  # revealed: Literal[True]
 ```
 
 ## Non-literal types from comparisons
@@ -49,15 +49,16 @@ sometimes not:
 ```py
 import sys
 
-reveal_type(sys.version_info >= (3, 8, 1))  # revealed: bool
-reveal_type(sys.version_info >= (3, 8, 1, "final", 0))  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(sys.version_info >= (3, 9, 1))  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(sys.version_info >= (3, 9, 1, "final", 0))  # revealed: bool
 
-# TODO: this is an invalid comparison (`sys.version_info` is a tuple of length 5)
-# Should we issue a diagnostic here?
-reveal_type(sys.version_info >= (3, 8, 1, "final", 0, 5))  # revealed: bool
+# TODO: While this won't fail at runtime, the user has probably made a mistake
+# if they're comparing a tuple of length >5 with `sys.version_info`
+# (`sys.version_info` is a tuple of length 5). It might be worth
+# emitting a lint diagnostic of some kind warning them about the probable error?
+reveal_type(sys.version_info >= (3, 9, 1, "final", 0, 5))  # revealed: bool
 
-# TODO: this should be `Literal[False]`; see #14279
-reveal_type(sys.version_info == (3, 8, 1, "finallllll", 0))  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(sys.version_info == (3, 8, 1, "finallllll", 0))  # revealed: Literal[False]
 ```
 
 ## Imports and aliases
@@ -69,11 +70,11 @@ another name:
 from sys import version_info
 from sys import version_info as foo
 
-reveal_type(version_info >= (3, 8))  # revealed: Literal[True]
-reveal_type(foo >= (3, 8))  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(version_info >= (3, 9))  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(foo >= (3, 9))  # revealed: Literal[True]
 
 bar = version_info
-reveal_type(bar >= (3, 8))  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(bar >= (3, 9))  # revealed: Literal[True]
 ```
 
 ## Non-stdlib modules named `sys`
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ version_info: tuple[int, int] = (4, 2)
 ```py path=package/script.py
 from .sys import version_info
 
-reveal_type(version_info >= (3, 8))  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(version_info >= (3, 9))  # revealed: bool
 ```
 
 ## Accessing fields by name
@@ -101,8 +102,8 @@ The fields of `sys.version_info` can be accessed by name:
 import sys
 
 reveal_type(sys.version_info.major >= 3)  # revealed: Literal[True]
-reveal_type(sys.version_info.minor >= 8)  # revealed: Literal[True]
-reveal_type(sys.version_info.minor >= 9)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(sys.version_info.minor >= 9)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(sys.version_info.minor >= 10)  # revealed: Literal[False]
 ```
 
 But the `micro`, `releaselevel` and `serial` fields are inferred as `@Todo` until we support
@@ -111,9 +112,9 @@ properties on instance types:
 ```py path=b.py
 import sys
 
-reveal_type(sys.version_info.micro)  # revealed: @Todo
-reveal_type(sys.version_info.releaselevel)  # revealed: @Todo
-reveal_type(sys.version_info.serial)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(sys.version_info.micro)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+reveal_type(sys.version_info.releaselevel)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+reveal_type(sys.version_info.serial)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
 ```
 
 ## Accessing fields by index/slice
@@ -124,14 +125,14 @@ The fields of `sys.version_info` can be accessed by index or by slice:
 import sys
 
 reveal_type(sys.version_info[0] < 3)  # revealed: Literal[False]
-reveal_type(sys.version_info[1] > 8)  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(sys.version_info[1] > 9)  # revealed: Literal[False]
 
-# revealed: tuple[Literal[3], Literal[8], int, Literal["alpha", "beta", "candidate", "final"], int]
+# revealed: tuple[Literal[3], Literal[9], int, Literal["alpha", "beta", "candidate", "final"], int]
 reveal_type(sys.version_info[:5])
 
-reveal_type(sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 8))  # revealed: Literal[True]
-reveal_type(sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 9))  # revealed: Literal[False]
-reveal_type(sys.version_info[:3] >= (3, 9, 1))  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9))  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 10))  # revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(sys.version_info[:3] >= (3, 10, 1))  # revealed: Literal[False]
 reveal_type(sys.version_info[3] == "final")  # revealed: bool
 reveal_type(sys.version_info[3] == "finalllllll")  # revealed: Literal[False]
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/type_alias.md

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# Type aliases
+
+## Basic
+
+```py
+type IntOrStr = int | str
+
+reveal_type(IntOrStr)  # revealed: typing.TypeAliasType
+reveal_type(IntOrStr.__name__)  # revealed: Literal["IntOrStr"]
+
+x: IntOrStr = 1
+
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+
+def f() -> None:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int | str
+```
+
+## `__value__` attribute
+
+```py
+type IntOrStr = int | str
+
+# TODO: This should either fall back to the specified type from typeshed,
+# which is `Any`, or be the actual type of the runtime value expression
+# `int | str`, i.e. `types.UnionType`.
+reveal_type(IntOrStr.__value__)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+```
+
+## Invalid assignment
+
+```py
+type OptionalInt = int | None
+
+# error: [invalid-assignment]
+x: OptionalInt = "1"
+```
+
+## Type aliases in type aliases
+
+```py
+type IntOrStr = int | str
+type IntOrStrOrBytes = IntOrStr | bytes
+
+x: IntOrStrOrBytes = 1
+
+def f() -> None:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int | str | bytes
+```
+
+## Aliased type aliases
+
+```py
+type IntOrStr = int | str
+MyIntOrStr = IntOrStr
+
+x: MyIntOrStr = 1
+
+# error: [invalid-assignment]
+y: MyIntOrStr = None
+```
+
+## Generic type aliases
+
+```py
+type ListOrSet[T] = list[T] | set[T]
+
+# TODO: Should be `tuple[typing.TypeVar | typing.ParamSpec | typing.TypeVarTuple, ...]`,
+# as specified in the `typeshed` stubs.
+reveal_type(ListOrSet.__type_params__)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/unary/invert_add_usub.md

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-# Unary Operations
+# Invert, UAdd, USub
+
+## Instance
 
 ```py
 from typing import Literal

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/unary/not.md

@@ -113,3 +113,101 @@ reveal_type(not ())  # revealed: Literal[True]
 reveal_type(not ("hello",))  # revealed: Literal[False]
 reveal_type(not (1, "hello"))  # revealed: Literal[False]
 ```
+
+## Instance
+
+Not operator is inferred based on
+<https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing>. An instance is True or False
+if the `__bool__` method says so.
+
+At runtime, the `__len__` method is a fallback for `__bool__`, but we can't make use of that. If we
+have a class that defines `__len__` but not `__bool__`, it is possible that any subclass could add a
+`__bool__` method that would invalidate whatever conclusion we drew from `__len__`. So instances of
+classes without a `__bool__` method, with or without `__len__`, must be inferred as unknown
+truthiness.
+
+```py
+class AlwaysTrue:
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[True]:
+        return True
+
+# revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(not AlwaysTrue())
+
+class AlwaysFalse:
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[False]:
+        return False
+
+# revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(not AlwaysFalse())
+
+# We don't get into a cycle if someone sets their `__bool__` method to the `bool` builtin:
+class BoolIsBool:
+    __bool__ = bool
+
+# revealed: bool
+reveal_type(not BoolIsBool())
+
+# At runtime, no `__bool__` and no `__len__` means truthy, but we can't rely on that, because
+# a subclass could add a `__bool__` method.
+class NoBoolMethod: ...
+
+# revealed: bool
+reveal_type(not NoBoolMethod())
+
+# And we can't rely on `__len__` for the same reason: a subclass could add `__bool__`.
+class LenZero:
+    def __len__(self) -> Literal[0]:
+        return 0
+
+# revealed: bool
+reveal_type(not LenZero())
+
+class LenNonZero:
+    def __len__(self) -> Literal[1]:
+        return 1
+
+# revealed: bool
+reveal_type(not LenNonZero())
+
+class WithBothLenAndBool1:
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[False]:
+        return False
+
+    def __len__(self) -> Literal[2]:
+        return 2
+
+# revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(not WithBothLenAndBool1())
+
+class WithBothLenAndBool2:
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[True]:
+        return True
+
+    def __len__(self) -> Literal[0]:
+        return 0
+
+# revealed: Literal[False]
+reveal_type(not WithBothLenAndBool2())
+
+# TODO: raise diagnostic when __bool__ method is not valid: [unsupported-operator] "Method __bool__ for type `MethodBoolInvalid` should return `bool`, returned type `int`"
+# https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__bool__
+class MethodBoolInvalid:
+    def __bool__(self) -> int:
+        return 0
+
+# revealed: bool
+reveal_type(not MethodBoolInvalid())
+
+# Don't trust a possibly-unbound `__bool__` method:
+def get_flag() -> bool:
+    return True
+
+class PossiblyUnboundBool:
+    if get_flag():
+        def __bool__(self) -> Literal[False]:
+            return False
+
+# revealed: bool
+reveal_type(not PossiblyUnboundBool())
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/unpacking.md

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Literal[2]
 [a, *b, c, d] = (1, 2)
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1]
 # TODO: Should be list[Any] once support for assigning to starred expression is added
-reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
 reveal_type(c)  # revealed: Literal[2]
 reveal_type(d)  # revealed: Unknown
 ```
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ reveal_type(d)  # revealed: Unknown
 [a, *b, c] = (1, 2)
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1]
 # TODO: Should be list[Any] once support for assigning to starred expression is added
-reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
 reveal_type(c)  # revealed: Literal[2]
 ```
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ reveal_type(c)  # revealed: Literal[2]
 [a, *b, c] = (1, 2, 3)
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1]
 # TODO: Should be list[int] once support for assigning to starred expression is added
-reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
 reveal_type(c)  # revealed: Literal[3]
 ```
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ reveal_type(c)  # revealed: Literal[3]
 [a, *b, c, d] = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1]
 # TODO: Should be list[int] once support for assigning to starred expression is added
-reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
 reveal_type(c)  # revealed: Literal[5]
 reveal_type(d)  # revealed: Literal[6]
 ```
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ reveal_type(d)  # revealed: Literal[6]
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1]
 reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Literal[2]
 # TODO: Should be list[int] once support for assigning to starred expression is added
-reveal_type(c)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(c)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
 ```
 
 ### Starred expression (6)
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ reveal_type(c)  # revealed: @Todo
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1]
 reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Unknown
 reveal_type(c)  # revealed: Unknown
-reveal_type(d)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(d)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
 reveal_type(e)  # revealed: Unknown
 reveal_type(f)  # revealed: Unknown
 ```
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ reveal_type(b)  # revealed: LiteralString
 (a, *b, c, d) = "ab"
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: LiteralString
 # TODO: Should be list[LiteralString] once support for assigning to starred expression is added
-reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
 reveal_type(c)  # revealed: LiteralString
 reveal_type(d)  # revealed: Unknown
 ```
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ reveal_type(d)  # revealed: Unknown
 (a, *b, c) = "ab"
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: LiteralString
 # TODO: Should be list[Any] once support for assigning to starred expression is added
-reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
 reveal_type(c)  # revealed: LiteralString
 ```
 
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ reveal_type(c)  # revealed: LiteralString
 (a, *b, c) = "abc"
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: LiteralString
 # TODO: Should be list[LiteralString] once support for assigning to starred expression is added
-reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
 reveal_type(c)  # revealed: LiteralString
 ```
 
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ reveal_type(c)  # revealed: LiteralString
 (a, *b, c, d) = "abcdef"
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: LiteralString
 # TODO: Should be list[LiteralString] once support for assigning to starred expression is added
-reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
 reveal_type(c)  # revealed: LiteralString
 reveal_type(d)  # revealed: LiteralString
 ```
@@ -265,5 +265,5 @@ reveal_type(d)  # revealed: LiteralString
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: LiteralString
 reveal_type(b)  # revealed: LiteralString
 # TODO: Should be list[int] once support for assigning to starred expression is added
-reveal_type(c)  # revealed: @Todo
+reveal_type(c)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/with/async.md

@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ class Manager:
 
 async def test():
     async with Manager() as f:
-        reveal_type(f)  # revealed: @Todo
+        reveal_type(f)  # revealed: @Todo(async with statement)
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/module_resolver/typeshed.rs

@@ -459,11 +459,11 @@ foo: 3.8-   # trailing comment
 ";
         let parsed_versions = TypeshedVersions::from_str(VERSIONS).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(parsed_versions.len(), 3);
-        assert_snapshot!(parsed_versions.to_string(), @r###"
+        assert_snapshot!(parsed_versions.to_string(), @r"
         bar: 2.7-3.10
         bar.baz: 3.1-3.9
         foo: 3.8-
-        "###
+        "
         );
     }
 

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/node_key.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-use ruff_python_ast::{AnyNodeRef, NodeKind};
-use ruff_text_size::{Ranged, TextRange};
+use ruff_python_ast::AnyNodeRef;
 
 /// Compact key for a node for use in a hash map.
 ///
-/// Compares two nodes by their kind and text range.
+/// Stores the memory address of the node, because using the range and the kind
+/// of the node is not enough to uniquely identify them in ASTs resulting from
+/// invalid syntax. For example, parsing the input `for` results in a `StmtFor`
+/// AST node where both the `target` and the `iter` field are `ExprName` nodes
+/// with the same (empty) range `3..3`.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub(super) struct NodeKey {
-    kind: NodeKind,
-    range: TextRange,
-}
+pub(super) struct NodeKey(usize);
 
 impl NodeKey {
     pub(super) fn from_node<'a, N>(node: N) -> Self
@@ -16,9 +16,6 @@ impl NodeKey {
         N: Into<AnyNodeRef<'a>>,
     {
         let node = node.into();
-        NodeKey {
-            kind: node.kind(),
-            range: node.range(),
-        }
+        NodeKey(node.as_ptr().as_ptr() as usize)
     }
 }

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/program.rs

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ impl Program {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize))]
 pub struct ProgramSettings {
     pub target_version: PythonVersion,
     pub search_paths: SearchPathSettings,
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ pub struct ProgramSettings {
 
 /// Configures the search paths for module resolution.
 #[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize))]
 pub struct SearchPathSettings {
     /// List of user-provided paths that should take first priority in the module resolution.
     /// Examples in other type checkers are mypy's MYPYPATH environment variable,
@@ -91,6 +93,7 @@ impl SearchPathSettings {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize))]
 pub enum SitePackages {
     Derived {
         venv_path: SystemPathBuf,

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/python_version.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use std::fmt;
 /// Unlike the `TargetVersion` enums in the CLI crates,
 /// this does not necessarily represent a Python version that we actually support.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize))]
 pub struct PythonVersion {
     pub major: u8,
     pub minor: u8,
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ impl PythonVersion {
 
 impl Default for PythonVersion {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::PY38
+        Self::PY39
     }
 }
 

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/semantic_index/ast_ids.rs

@@ -49,64 +49,50 @@ fn ast_ids<'db>(db: &'db dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> &'db AstIds {
     semantic_index(db, scope.file(db)).ast_ids(scope.file_scope_id(db))
 }
 
-pub trait HasScopedUseId {
-    /// The type of the ID uniquely identifying the use.
-    type Id: Copy;
-
-    /// Returns the ID that uniquely identifies the use in `scope`.
-    fn scoped_use_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> Self::Id;
-}
-
 /// Uniquely identifies a use of a name in a [`crate::semantic_index::symbol::FileScopeId`].
 #[newtype_index]
 pub struct ScopedUseId;
 
-impl HasScopedUseId for ast::ExprName {
-    type Id = ScopedUseId;
+pub trait HasScopedUseId {
+    /// Returns the ID that uniquely identifies the use in `scope`.
+    fn scoped_use_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> ScopedUseId;
+}
 
-    fn scoped_use_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> Self::Id {
+impl HasScopedUseId for ast::ExprName {
+    fn scoped_use_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> ScopedUseId {
         let expression_ref = ExpressionRef::from(self);
         expression_ref.scoped_use_id(db, scope)
     }
 }
 
 impl HasScopedUseId for ast::ExpressionRef<'_> {
-    type Id = ScopedUseId;
-
-    fn scoped_use_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> Self::Id {
+    fn scoped_use_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> ScopedUseId {
         let ast_ids = ast_ids(db, scope);
         ast_ids.use_id(*self)
     }
 }
 
-pub trait HasScopedAstId {
-    /// The type of the ID uniquely identifying the node.
-    type Id: Copy;
-
-    /// Returns the ID that uniquely identifies the node in `scope`.
-    fn scoped_ast_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> Self::Id;
-}
-
-impl<T: HasScopedAstId> HasScopedAstId for Box<T> {
-    type Id = <T as HasScopedAstId>::Id;
-
-    fn scoped_ast_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> Self::Id {
-        self.as_ref().scoped_ast_id(db, scope)
-    }
-}
-
 /// Uniquely identifies an [`ast::Expr`] in a [`crate::semantic_index::symbol::FileScopeId`].
 #[newtype_index]
 pub struct ScopedExpressionId;
 
+pub trait HasScopedExpressionId {
+    /// Returns the ID that uniquely identifies the node in `scope`.
+    fn scoped_expression_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> ScopedExpressionId;
+}
+
+impl<T: HasScopedExpressionId> HasScopedExpressionId for Box<T> {
+    fn scoped_expression_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> ScopedExpressionId {
+        self.as_ref().scoped_expression_id(db, scope)
+    }
+}
+
 macro_rules! impl_has_scoped_expression_id {
     ($ty: ty) => {
-        impl HasScopedAstId for $ty {
-            type Id = ScopedExpressionId;
-
-            fn scoped_ast_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> Self::Id {
+        impl HasScopedExpressionId for $ty {
+            fn scoped_expression_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> ScopedExpressionId {
                 let expression_ref = ExpressionRef::from(self);
-                expression_ref.scoped_ast_id(db, scope)
+                expression_ref.scoped_expression_id(db, scope)
             }
         }
     };
@@ -146,29 +132,20 @@ impl_has_scoped_expression_id!(ast::ExprSlice);
 impl_has_scoped_expression_id!(ast::ExprIpyEscapeCommand);
 impl_has_scoped_expression_id!(ast::Expr);
 
-impl HasScopedAstId for ast::ExpressionRef<'_> {
-    type Id = ScopedExpressionId;
-
-    fn scoped_ast_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> Self::Id {
+impl HasScopedExpressionId for ast::ExpressionRef<'_> {
+    fn scoped_expression_id(&self, db: &dyn Db, scope: ScopeId) -> ScopedExpressionId {
         let ast_ids = ast_ids(db, scope);
         ast_ids.expression_id(*self)
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub(super) struct AstIdsBuilder {
     expressions_map: FxHashMap<ExpressionNodeKey, ScopedExpressionId>,
     uses_map: FxHashMap<ExpressionNodeKey, ScopedUseId>,
 }
 
 impl AstIdsBuilder {
-    pub(super) fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            expressions_map: FxHashMap::default(),
-            uses_map: FxHashMap::default(),
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Adds `expr` to the expression ids map and returns its id.
     pub(super) fn record_expression(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr) -> ScopedExpressionId {
         let expression_id = self.expressions_map.len().into();

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/semantic_index/builder.rs

@@ -36,12 +36,25 @@ use super::definition::{
 
 mod except_handlers;
 
+/// Are we in a state where a `break` statement is allowed?
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+enum LoopState {
+    InLoop,
+    NotInLoop,
+}
+
+impl LoopState {
+    fn is_inside(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, LoopState::InLoop)
+    }
+}
+
 pub(super) struct SemanticIndexBuilder<'db> {
     // Builder state
     db: &'db dyn Db,
     file: File,
     module: &'db ParsedModule,
-    scope_stack: Vec<FileScopeId>,
+    scope_stack: Vec<(FileScopeId, LoopState)>,
     /// The assignments we're currently visiting, with
     /// the most recent visit at the end of the Vec
     current_assignments: Vec<CurrentAssignment<'db>>,
@@ -103,9 +116,24 @@ impl<'db> SemanticIndexBuilder<'db> {
         *self
             .scope_stack
             .last()
+            .map(|(scope, _)| scope)
             .expect("Always to have a root scope")
     }
 
+    fn loop_state(&self) -> LoopState {
+        self.scope_stack
+            .last()
+            .expect("Always to have a root scope")
+            .1
+    }
+
+    fn set_inside_loop(&mut self, state: LoopState) {
+        self.scope_stack
+            .last_mut()
+            .expect("Always to have a root scope")
+            .1 = state;
+    }
+
     fn push_scope(&mut self, node: NodeWithScopeRef) {
         let parent = self.current_scope();
         self.push_scope_with_parent(node, Some(parent));
@@ -124,22 +152,23 @@ impl<'db> SemanticIndexBuilder<'db> {
         self.try_node_context_stack_manager.enter_nested_scope();
 
         let file_scope_id = self.scopes.push(scope);
-        self.symbol_tables.push(SymbolTableBuilder::new());
-        self.use_def_maps.push(UseDefMapBuilder::new());
-        let ast_id_scope = self.ast_ids.push(AstIdsBuilder::new());
+        self.symbol_tables.push(SymbolTableBuilder::default());
+        self.use_def_maps.push(UseDefMapBuilder::default());
+        let ast_id_scope = self.ast_ids.push(AstIdsBuilder::default());
 
         let scope_id = ScopeId::new(self.db, self.file, file_scope_id, countme::Count::default());
 
         self.scope_ids_by_scope.push(scope_id);
-        self.scopes_by_node.insert(node.node_key(), file_scope_id);
+        let previous = self.scopes_by_node.insert(node.node_key(), file_scope_id);
+        debug_assert_eq!(previous, None);
 
         debug_assert_eq!(ast_id_scope, file_scope_id);
 
-        self.scope_stack.push(file_scope_id);
+        self.scope_stack.push((file_scope_id, LoopState::NotInLoop));
     }
 
     fn pop_scope(&mut self) -> FileScopeId {
-        let id = self.scope_stack.pop().expect("Root scope to be present");
+        let (id, _) = self.scope_stack.pop().expect("Root scope to be present");
         let children_end = self.scopes.next_index();
         let scope = &mut self.scopes[id];
         scope.descendents = scope.descendents.start..children_end;
@@ -594,17 +623,17 @@ where
                     type_alias
                         .name
                         .as_name_expr()
-                        .expect("type alias name is a name expr")
-                        .id
-                        .clone(),
+                        .map(|name| name.id.clone())
+                        .unwrap_or("<unknown>".into()),
                 );
                 self.add_definition(symbol, type_alias);
+                self.visit_expr(&type_alias.name);
 
                 self.with_type_params(
                     NodeWithScopeRef::TypeAliasTypeParameters(type_alias),
                     type_alias.type_params.as_ref(),
                     |builder| {
-                        builder.push_scope(NodeWithScopeRef::TypeAliasTypeParameters(type_alias));
+                        builder.push_scope(NodeWithScopeRef::TypeAlias(type_alias));
                         builder.visit_expr(&type_alias.value);
                         builder.pop_scope()
                     },
@@ -697,9 +726,18 @@ where
                 if let Some(value) = &node.value {
                     self.visit_expr(value);
                 }
-                self.push_assignment(node.into());
-                self.visit_expr(&node.target);
-                self.pop_assignment();
+
+                // See https://docs.python.org/3/library/ast.html#ast.AnnAssign
+                if matches!(
+                    *node.target,
+                    ast::Expr::Attribute(_) | ast::Expr::Subscript(_) | ast::Expr::Name(_)
+                ) {
+                    self.push_assignment(node.into());
+                    self.visit_expr(&node.target);
+                    self.pop_assignment();
+                } else {
+                    self.visit_expr(&node.target);
+                }
             }
             ast::Stmt::AugAssign(
                 aug_assign @ ast::StmtAugAssign {
@@ -711,9 +749,18 @@ where
             ) => {
                 debug_assert_eq!(&self.current_assignments, &[]);
                 self.visit_expr(value);
-                self.push_assignment(aug_assign.into());
-                self.visit_expr(target);
-                self.pop_assignment();
+
+                // See https://docs.python.org/3/library/ast.html#ast.AugAssign
+                if matches!(
+                    **target,
+                    ast::Expr::Attribute(_) | ast::Expr::Subscript(_) | ast::Expr::Name(_)
+                ) {
+                    self.push_assignment(aug_assign.into());
+                    self.visit_expr(target);
+                    self.pop_assignment();
+                } else {
+                    self.visit_expr(target);
+                }
             }
             ast::Stmt::If(node) => {
                 self.visit_expr(&node.test);
@@ -722,7 +769,22 @@ where
                 let mut constraints = vec![constraint];
                 self.visit_body(&node.body);
                 let mut post_clauses: Vec<FlowSnapshot> = vec![];
-                for clause in &node.elif_else_clauses {
+                let elif_else_clauses = node
+                    .elif_else_clauses
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|clause| (clause.test.as_ref(), clause.body.as_slice()));
+                let has_else = node
+                    .elif_else_clauses
+                    .last()
+                    .is_some_and(|clause| clause.test.is_none());
+                let elif_else_clauses = elif_else_clauses.chain(if has_else {
+                    // if there's an `else` clause already, we don't need to add another
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    // if there's no `else` branch, we should add a no-op `else` branch
+                    Some((None, Default::default()))
+                });
+                for (clause_test, clause_body) in elif_else_clauses {
                     // snapshot after every block except the last; the last one will just become
                     // the state that we merge the other snapshots into
                     post_clauses.push(self.flow_snapshot());
@@ -732,24 +794,15 @@ where
                     for constraint in &constraints {
                         self.record_negated_constraint(*constraint);
                     }
-                    if let Some(elif_test) = &clause.test {
+                    if let Some(elif_test) = clause_test {
                         self.visit_expr(elif_test);
                         constraints.push(self.record_expression_constraint(elif_test));
                     }
-                    self.visit_body(&clause.body);
+                    self.visit_body(clause_body);
                 }
                 for post_clause_state in post_clauses {
                     self.flow_merge(post_clause_state);
                 }
-                let has_else = node
-                    .elif_else_clauses
-                    .last()
-                    .is_some_and(|clause| clause.test.is_none());
-                if !has_else {
-                    // if there's no else clause, then it's possible we took none of the branches,
-                    // and the pre_if state can reach here
-                    self.flow_merge(pre_if);
-                }
             }
             ast::Stmt::While(ast::StmtWhile {
                 test,
@@ -766,7 +819,10 @@ where
 
                 // TODO: definitions created inside the body should be fully visible
                 // to other statements/expressions inside the body --Alex/Carl
+                let outer_loop_state = self.loop_state();
+                self.set_inside_loop(LoopState::InLoop);
                 self.visit_body(body);
+                self.set_inside_loop(outer_loop_state);
 
                 // Get the break states from the body of this loop, and restore the saved outer
                 // ones.
@@ -805,7 +861,9 @@ where
                 self.visit_body(body);
             }
             ast::Stmt::Break(_) => {
-                self.loop_break_states.push(self.flow_snapshot());
+                if self.loop_state().is_inside() {
+                    self.loop_break_states.push(self.flow_snapshot());
+                }
             }
 
             ast::Stmt::For(
@@ -832,7 +890,10 @@ where
                 // TODO: Definitions created by loop variables
                 // (and definitions created inside the body)
                 // are fully visible to other statements/expressions inside the body --Alex/Carl
+                let outer_loop_state = self.loop_state();
+                self.set_inside_loop(LoopState::InLoop);
                 self.visit_body(body);
+                self.set_inside_loop(outer_loop_state);
 
                 let break_states =
                     std::mem::replace(&mut self.loop_break_states, saved_break_states);
@@ -1093,9 +1154,15 @@ where
             ast::Expr::Named(node) => {
                 // TODO walrus in comprehensions is implicitly nonlocal
                 self.visit_expr(&node.value);
-                self.push_assignment(node.into());
-                self.visit_expr(&node.target);
-                self.pop_assignment();
+
+                // See https://peps.python.org/pep-0572/#differences-between-assignment-expressions-and-assignment-statements
+                if node.target.is_name_expr() {
+                    self.push_assignment(node.into());
+                    self.visit_expr(&node.target);
+                    self.pop_assignment();
+                } else {
+                    self.visit_expr(&node.target);
+                }
             }
             ast::Expr::Lambda(lambda) => {
                 if let Some(parameters) = &lambda.parameters {
@@ -1128,8 +1195,8 @@ where
                 // AST inspection, so we can't simplify here, need to record test expression for
                 // later checking)
                 self.visit_expr(test);
-                let constraint = self.record_expression_constraint(test);
                 let pre_if = self.flow_snapshot();
+                let constraint = self.record_expression_constraint(test);
                 self.visit_expr(body);
                 let post_body = self.flow_snapshot();
                 self.flow_restore(pre_if);

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/semantic_index/symbol.rs

@@ -116,14 +116,11 @@ impl<'db> ScopeId<'db> {
         // Type parameter scopes behave like function scopes in terms of name resolution; CPython
         // symbol table also uses the term "function-like" for these scopes.
         matches!(
-            self.node(db),
-            NodeWithScopeKind::ClassTypeParameters(_)
-                | NodeWithScopeKind::FunctionTypeParameters(_)
-                | NodeWithScopeKind::Function(_)
-                | NodeWithScopeKind::ListComprehension(_)
-                | NodeWithScopeKind::SetComprehension(_)
-                | NodeWithScopeKind::DictComprehension(_)
-                | NodeWithScopeKind::GeneratorExpression(_)
+            self.node(db).scope_kind(),
+            ScopeKind::Annotation
+                | ScopeKind::Function
+                | ScopeKind::TypeAlias
+                | ScopeKind::Comprehension
         )
     }
 
@@ -142,13 +139,14 @@ impl<'db> ScopeId<'db> {
             NodeWithScopeKind::Class(class) | NodeWithScopeKind::ClassTypeParameters(class) => {
                 class.name.as_str()
             }
-            NodeWithScopeKind::TypeAliasTypeParameters(type_alias) => type_alias
+            NodeWithScopeKind::Function(function)
+            | NodeWithScopeKind::FunctionTypeParameters(function) => function.name.as_str(),
+            NodeWithScopeKind::TypeAlias(type_alias)
+            | NodeWithScopeKind::TypeAliasTypeParameters(type_alias) => type_alias
                 .name
                 .as_name_expr()
                 .map(|name| name.id.as_str())
                 .unwrap_or("<type alias>"),
-            NodeWithScopeKind::Function(function)
-            | NodeWithScopeKind::FunctionTypeParameters(function) => function.name.as_str(),
             NodeWithScopeKind::Lambda(_) => "<lambda>",
             NodeWithScopeKind::ListComprehension(_) => "<listcomp>",
             NodeWithScopeKind::SetComprehension(_) => "<setcomp>",
@@ -206,6 +204,7 @@ pub enum ScopeKind {
     Class,
     Function,
     Comprehension,
+    TypeAlias,
 }
 
 impl ScopeKind {
@@ -215,7 +214,7 @@ impl ScopeKind {
 }
 
 /// Symbol table for a specific [`Scope`].
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct SymbolTable {
     /// The symbols in this scope.
     symbols: IndexVec<ScopedSymbolId, Symbol>,
@@ -225,13 +224,6 @@ pub struct SymbolTable {
 }
 
 impl SymbolTable {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            symbols: IndexVec::new(),
-            symbols_by_name: SymbolMap::default(),
-        }
-    }
-
     fn shrink_to_fit(&mut self) {
         self.symbols.shrink_to_fit();
     }
@@ -283,18 +275,12 @@ impl PartialEq for SymbolTable {
 
 impl Eq for SymbolTable {}
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub(super) struct SymbolTableBuilder {
     table: SymbolTable,
 }
 
 impl SymbolTableBuilder {
-    pub(super) fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            table: SymbolTable::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
     pub(super) fn add_symbol(&mut self, name: Name) -> (ScopedSymbolId, bool) {
         let hash = SymbolTable::hash_name(&name);
         let entry = self
@@ -344,6 +330,7 @@ pub(crate) enum NodeWithScopeRef<'a> {
     Lambda(&'a ast::ExprLambda),
     FunctionTypeParameters(&'a ast::StmtFunctionDef),
     ClassTypeParameters(&'a ast::StmtClassDef),
+    TypeAlias(&'a ast::StmtTypeAlias),
     TypeAliasTypeParameters(&'a ast::StmtTypeAlias),
     ListComprehension(&'a ast::ExprListComp),
     SetComprehension(&'a ast::ExprSetComp),
@@ -366,6 +353,9 @@ impl NodeWithScopeRef<'_> {
             NodeWithScopeRef::Function(function) => {
                 NodeWithScopeKind::Function(AstNodeRef::new(module, function))
             }
+            NodeWithScopeRef::TypeAlias(type_alias) => {
+                NodeWithScopeKind::TypeAlias(AstNodeRef::new(module, type_alias))
+            }
             NodeWithScopeRef::TypeAliasTypeParameters(type_alias) => {
                 NodeWithScopeKind::TypeAliasTypeParameters(AstNodeRef::new(module, type_alias))
             }
@@ -409,6 +399,9 @@ impl NodeWithScopeRef<'_> {
             NodeWithScopeRef::ClassTypeParameters(class) => {
                 NodeWithScopeKey::ClassTypeParameters(NodeKey::from_node(class))
             }
+            NodeWithScopeRef::TypeAlias(type_alias) => {
+                NodeWithScopeKey::TypeAlias(NodeKey::from_node(type_alias))
+            }
             NodeWithScopeRef::TypeAliasTypeParameters(type_alias) => {
                 NodeWithScopeKey::TypeAliasTypeParameters(NodeKey::from_node(type_alias))
             }
@@ -437,6 +430,7 @@ pub enum NodeWithScopeKind {
     Function(AstNodeRef<ast::StmtFunctionDef>),
     FunctionTypeParameters(AstNodeRef<ast::StmtFunctionDef>),
     TypeAliasTypeParameters(AstNodeRef<ast::StmtTypeAlias>),
+    TypeAlias(AstNodeRef<ast::StmtTypeAlias>),
     Lambda(AstNodeRef<ast::ExprLambda>),
     ListComprehension(AstNodeRef<ast::ExprListComp>),
     SetComprehension(AstNodeRef<ast::ExprSetComp>),
@@ -449,11 +443,11 @@ impl NodeWithScopeKind {
         match self {
             Self::Module => ScopeKind::Module,
             Self::Class(_) => ScopeKind::Class,
-            Self::Function(_) => ScopeKind::Function,
-            Self::Lambda(_) => ScopeKind::Function,
+            Self::Function(_) | Self::Lambda(_) => ScopeKind::Function,
             Self::FunctionTypeParameters(_)
             | Self::ClassTypeParameters(_)
             | Self::TypeAliasTypeParameters(_) => ScopeKind::Annotation,
+            Self::TypeAlias(_) => ScopeKind::TypeAlias,
             Self::ListComprehension(_)
             | Self::SetComprehension(_)
             | Self::DictComprehension(_)
@@ -474,6 +468,13 @@ impl NodeWithScopeKind {
             _ => panic!("expected function"),
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn expect_type_alias(&self) -> &ast::StmtTypeAlias {
+        match self {
+            Self::TypeAlias(type_alias) => type_alias.node(),
+            _ => panic!("expected type alias"),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
@@ -483,6 +484,7 @@ pub(crate) enum NodeWithScopeKey {
     ClassTypeParameters(NodeKey),
     Function(NodeKey),
     FunctionTypeParameters(NodeKey),
+    TypeAlias(NodeKey),
     TypeAliasTypeParameters(NodeKey),
     Lambda(NodeKey),
     ListComprehension(NodeKey),

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/semantic_index/use_def.rs

@@ -459,10 +459,6 @@ pub(super) struct UseDefMapBuilder<'db> {
 }
 
 impl<'db> UseDefMapBuilder<'db> {
-    pub(super) fn new() -> Self {
-        Self::default()
-    }
-
     pub(super) fn add_symbol(&mut self, symbol: ScopedSymbolId) {
         let new_symbol = self.symbol_states.push(SymbolState::undefined());
         debug_assert_eq!(symbol, new_symbol);

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/semantic_model.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use ruff_source_file::LineIndex;
 
 use crate::module_name::ModuleName;
 use crate::module_resolver::{resolve_module, Module};
-use crate::semantic_index::ast_ids::HasScopedAstId;
+use crate::semantic_index::ast_ids::HasScopedExpressionId;
 use crate::semantic_index::semantic_index;
 use crate::types::{binding_ty, infer_scope_types, Type};
 use crate::Db;
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl HasTy for ast::ExpressionRef<'_> {
         let file_scope = index.expression_scope_id(*self);
         let scope = file_scope.to_scope_id(model.db, model.file);
 
-        let expression_id = self.scoped_ast_id(model.db, scope);
+        let expression_id = self.scoped_expression_id(model.db, scope);
         infer_scope_types(model.db, scope).expression_ty(expression_id)
     }
 }

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/site_packages.rs

@@ -732,7 +732,20 @@ mod tests {
         let system = TestSystem::default();
         assert!(matches!(
             VirtualEnvironment::new("/.venv", &system),
-            Err(SitePackagesDiscoveryError::VenvDirIsNotADirectory(_))
+            Err(SitePackagesDiscoveryError::VenvDirCanonicalizationError(..))
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reject_venv_that_is_not_a_directory() {
+        let system = TestSystem::default();
+        system
+            .memory_file_system()
+            .write_file("/.venv", "")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(
+            VirtualEnvironment::new("/.venv", &system),
+            Err(SitePackagesDiscoveryError::VenvDirIsNotADirectory(..))
         ));
     }
 

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/types.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,15 @@ use itertools::Itertools;
 use ruff_db::files::File;
 use ruff_python_ast as ast;
 
-use crate::semantic_index::ast_ids::HasScopedAstId;
+pub(crate) use self::builder::{IntersectionBuilder, UnionBuilder};
+pub use self::diagnostic::{TypeCheckDiagnostic, TypeCheckDiagnostics};
+pub(crate) use self::display::TypeArrayDisplay;
+pub(crate) use self::infer::{
+    infer_deferred_types, infer_definition_types, infer_expression_types, infer_scope_types,
+};
+pub(crate) use self::signatures::Signature;
+use crate::module_resolver::file_to_module;
+use crate::semantic_index::ast_ids::HasScopedExpressionId;
 use crate::semantic_index::definition::Definition;
 use crate::semantic_index::symbol::{self as symbol, ScopeId, ScopedSymbolId};
 use crate::semantic_index::{
@@ -20,14 +28,7 @@ use crate::symbol::{Boundness, Symbol};
 use crate::types::diagnostic::TypeCheckDiagnosticsBuilder;
 use crate::types::mro::{ClassBase, Mro, MroError, MroIterator};
 use crate::types::narrow::narrowing_constraint;
-use crate::{Db, FxOrderSet, HasTy, Module, Program, SemanticModel};
-
-pub(crate) use self::builder::{IntersectionBuilder, UnionBuilder};
-pub use self::diagnostic::{TypeCheckDiagnostic, TypeCheckDiagnostics};
-pub(crate) use self::display::TypeArrayDisplay;
-pub(crate) use self::infer::{
-    infer_deferred_types, infer_definition_types, infer_expression_types, infer_scope_types,
-};
+use crate::{Db, FxOrderSet, Module, Program};
 
 mod builder;
 mod diagnostic;
@@ -35,6 +36,8 @@ mod display;
 mod infer;
 mod mro;
 mod narrow;
+mod signatures;
+mod string_annotation;
 mod unpacker;
 
 #[salsa::tracked(return_ref)]
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ pub fn check_types(db: &dyn Db, file: File) -> TypeCheckDiagnostics {
     tracing::debug!("Checking file '{path}'", path = file.path(db));
 
     let index = semantic_index(db, file);
-    let mut diagnostics = TypeCheckDiagnostics::new();
+    let mut diagnostics = TypeCheckDiagnostics::default();
 
     for scope_id in index.scope_ids() {
         let result = infer_scope_types(db, scope_id);
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ pub fn check_types(db: &dyn Db, file: File) -> TypeCheckDiagnostics {
 
 /// Infer the public type of a symbol (its type as seen from outside its scope).
 fn symbol_by_id<'db>(db: &'db dyn Db, scope: ScopeId<'db>, symbol: ScopedSymbolId) -> Symbol<'db> {
-    let _span = tracing::trace_span!("symbol_ty_by_id", ?symbol).entered();
+    let _span = tracing::trace_span!("symbol_by_id", ?symbol).entered();
 
     let use_def = use_def_map(db, scope);
 
@@ -191,6 +194,8 @@ fn declaration_ty<'db>(db: &'db dyn Db, definition: Definition<'db>) -> Type<'db
 
 /// Infer the type of a (possibly deferred) sub-expression of a [`Definition`].
 ///
+/// Supports expressions that are evaluated within a type-params sub-scope.
+///
 /// ## Panics
 /// If the given expression is not a sub-expression of the given [`Definition`].
 fn definition_expression_ty<'db>(
@@ -198,12 +203,22 @@ fn definition_expression_ty<'db>(
     definition: Definition<'db>,
     expression: &ast::Expr,
 ) -> Type<'db> {
-    let expr_id = expression.scoped_ast_id(db, definition.scope(db));
-    let inference = infer_definition_types(db, definition);
-    if let Some(ty) = inference.try_expression_ty(expr_id) {
-        ty
+    let file = definition.file(db);
+    let index = semantic_index(db, file);
+    let file_scope = index.expression_scope_id(expression);
+    let scope = file_scope.to_scope_id(db, file);
+    let expr_id = expression.scoped_expression_id(db, scope);
+    if scope == definition.scope(db) {
+        // expression is in the definition scope
+        let inference = infer_definition_types(db, definition);
+        if let Some(ty) = inference.try_expression_ty(expr_id) {
+            ty
+        } else {
+            infer_deferred_types(db, definition).expression_ty(expr_id)
+        }
     } else {
-        infer_deferred_types(db, definition).expression_ty(expr_id)
+        // expression is in a type-params sub-scope
+        infer_scope_types(db, scope).expression_ty(expr_id)
     }
 }
 
@@ -309,6 +324,61 @@ fn declarations_ty<'db>(
     }
 }
 
+/// Meta data for `Type::Todo`, which represents a known limitation in red-knot.
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum TodoType {
+    FileAndLine(&'static str, u32),
+    Message(&'static str),
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+impl std::fmt::Display for TodoType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            TodoType::FileAndLine(file, line) => write!(f, "[{file}:{line}]"),
+            TodoType::Message(msg) => write!(f, "({msg})"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct TodoType;
+
+#[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+impl std::fmt::Display for TodoType {
+    fn fmt(&self, _: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a `Type::Todo` variant to represent a known limitation in the type system.
+///
+/// It can be used with a custom message (preferred): `todo_type!("PEP 604 not supported")`,
+/// or simply using `todo_type!()`, which will include information about the file and line.
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+macro_rules! todo_type {
+    () => {
+        Type::Todo(crate::types::TodoType::FileAndLine(file!(), line!()))
+    };
+    ($message:literal) => {
+        Type::Todo(crate::types::TodoType::Message($message))
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+macro_rules! todo_type {
+    () => {
+        Type::Todo(crate::types::TodoType)
+    };
+    ($message:literal) => {
+        Type::Todo(crate::types::TodoType)
+    };
+}
+
+pub(crate) use todo_type;
+
 /// Representation of a type: a set of possible values at runtime.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, salsa::Update)]
 pub enum Type<'db> {
@@ -325,7 +395,9 @@ pub enum Type<'db> {
     /// General rule: `Todo` should only propagate when the presence of the input `Todo` caused the
     /// output to be unknown. An output should only be `Todo` if fixing all `Todo` inputs to be not
     /// `Todo` would change the output type.
-    Todo,
+    ///
+    /// This variant should be created with the `todo_type!` macro.
+    Todo(TodoType),
     /// The empty set of values
     Never,
     /// A specific function object
@@ -369,7 +441,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
     }
 
     pub const fn is_todo(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, Type::Todo)
+        matches!(self, Type::Todo(_))
     }
 
     pub const fn class_literal(class: Class<'db>) -> Self {
@@ -465,6 +537,19 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             .expect("Expected a Type::IntLiteral variant")
     }
 
+    pub const fn into_known_instance(self) -> Option<KnownInstanceType<'db>> {
+        match self {
+            Type::KnownInstance(known_instance) => Some(known_instance),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn expect_known_instance(self) -> KnownInstanceType<'db> {
+        self.into_known_instance()
+            .expect("Expected a Type::KnownInstance variant")
+    }
+
     pub const fn is_boolean_literal(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, Type::BooleanLiteral(..))
     }
@@ -515,8 +600,8 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             return true;
         }
         match (self, target) {
-            (Type::Unknown | Type::Any | Type::Todo, _) => false,
-            (_, Type::Unknown | Type::Any | Type::Todo) => false,
+            (Type::Unknown | Type::Any | Type::Todo(_), _) => false,
+            (_, Type::Unknown | Type::Any | Type::Todo(_)) => false,
             (Type::Never, _) => true,
             (_, Type::Never) => false,
             (_, Type::Instance(InstanceType { class }))
@@ -651,8 +736,8 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             return true;
         }
         match (self, target) {
-            (Type::Unknown | Type::Any | Type::Todo, _) => true,
-            (_, Type::Unknown | Type::Any | Type::Todo) => true,
+            (Type::Unknown | Type::Any | Type::Todo(_), _) => true,
+            (_, Type::Unknown | Type::Any | Type::Todo(_)) => true,
             (Type::Union(union), ty) => union
                 .elements(db)
                 .iter()
@@ -688,6 +773,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
         // of `NoneType` and `NoDefaultType` in typeshed. This should not be required anymore once
         // we understand `sys.version_info` branches.
         self == other
+            || matches!((self, other), (Type::Todo(_), Type::Todo(_)))
             || matches!((self, other),
                 (
                     Type::Instance(InstanceType { class: self_class }),
@@ -711,7 +797,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
 
             (Type::Any, _) | (_, Type::Any) => false,
             (Type::Unknown, _) | (_, Type::Unknown) => false,
-            (Type::Todo, _) | (_, Type::Todo) => false,
+            (Type::Todo(_), _) | (_, Type::Todo(_)) => false,
 
             (Type::Union(union), other) | (other, Type::Union(union)) => union
                 .elements(db)
@@ -916,7 +1002,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             Type::Any
             | Type::Never
             | Type::Unknown
-            | Type::Todo
+            | Type::Todo(_)
             | Type::IntLiteral(..)
             | Type::StringLiteral(..)
             | Type::BytesLiteral(..)
@@ -992,7 +1078,10 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
 
             Type::Instance(InstanceType { class }) => match class.known(db) {
                 Some(
-                    KnownClass::NoneType | KnownClass::NoDefaultType | KnownClass::VersionInfo,
+                    KnownClass::NoneType
+                    | KnownClass::NoDefaultType
+                    | KnownClass::VersionInfo
+                    | KnownClass::TypeAliasType,
                 ) => true,
                 Some(
                     KnownClass::Bool
@@ -1019,7 +1108,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             Type::Any
             | Type::Never
             | Type::Unknown
-            | Type::Todo
+            | Type::Todo(_)
             | Type::Union(..)
             | Type::Intersection(..)
             | Type::LiteralString => false,
@@ -1037,12 +1126,12 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             Type::Any => Type::Any.into(),
             Type::Never => {
                 // TODO: attribute lookup on Never type
-                Type::Todo.into()
+                todo_type!().into()
             }
             Type::Unknown => Type::Unknown.into(),
             Type::FunctionLiteral(_) => {
                 // TODO: attribute lookup on function type
-                Type::Todo.into()
+                todo_type!().into()
             }
             Type::ModuleLiteral(file) => {
                 // `__dict__` is a very special member that is never overridden by module globals;
@@ -1092,7 +1181,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
                         Type::IntLiteral(Program::get(db).target_version(db).minor.into())
                     }
                     // TODO MRO? get_own_instance_member, get_instance_member
-                    _ => Type::Todo,
+                    _ => todo_type!("instance attributes"),
                 };
                 ty.into()
             }
@@ -1134,36 +1223,36 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             Type::Intersection(_) => {
                 // TODO perform the get_member on each type in the intersection
                 // TODO return the intersection of those results
-                Type::Todo.into()
+                todo_type!().into()
             }
             Type::IntLiteral(_) => {
                 // TODO raise error
-                Type::Todo.into()
+                todo_type!().into()
             }
-            Type::BooleanLiteral(_) => Type::Todo.into(),
+            Type::BooleanLiteral(_) => todo_type!().into(),
             Type::StringLiteral(_) => {
                 // TODO defer to `typing.LiteralString`/`builtins.str` methods
                 // from typeshed's stubs
-                Type::Todo.into()
+                todo_type!().into()
             }
             Type::LiteralString => {
                 // TODO defer to `typing.LiteralString`/`builtins.str` methods
                 // from typeshed's stubs
-                Type::Todo.into()
+                todo_type!().into()
             }
             Type::BytesLiteral(_) => {
                 // TODO defer to Type::Instance(<bytes from typeshed>).member
-                Type::Todo.into()
+                todo_type!().into()
             }
             Type::SliceLiteral(_) => {
                 // TODO defer to `builtins.slice` methods
-                Type::Todo.into()
+                todo_type!().into()
             }
             Type::Tuple(_) => {
                 // TODO: implement tuple methods
-                Type::Todo.into()
+                todo_type!().into()
             }
-            Type::Todo => Type::Todo.into(),
+            &todo @ Type::Todo(_) => todo.into(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1173,7 +1262,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
     /// when `bool(x)` is called on an object `x`.
     fn bool(&self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Truthiness {
         match self {
-            Type::Any | Type::Todo | Type::Never | Type::Unknown => Truthiness::Ambiguous,
+            Type::Any | Type::Todo(_) | Type::Never | Type::Unknown => Truthiness::Ambiguous,
             Type::FunctionLiteral(_) => Truthiness::AlwaysTrue,
             Type::ModuleLiteral(_) => Truthiness::AlwaysTrue,
             Type::ClassLiteral(_) => {
@@ -1185,14 +1274,40 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
                 // TODO: see above
                 Truthiness::Ambiguous
             }
-            Type::Instance(InstanceType { class }) => {
-                // TODO: lookup `__bool__` and `__len__` methods on the instance's class
-                // More info in https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing
-                // For now, we only special-case some builtin classes
+            instance_ty @ Type::Instance(InstanceType { class }) => {
                 if class.is_known(db, KnownClass::NoneType) {
                     Truthiness::AlwaysFalse
                 } else {
-                    Truthiness::Ambiguous
+                    // We only check the `__bool__` method for truth testing, even though at
+                    // runtime there is a fallback to `__len__`, since `__bool__` takes precedence
+                    // and a subclass could add a `__bool__` method. We don't use
+                    // `Type::call_dunder` here because of the need to check for `__bool__ = bool`.
+
+                    // Don't trust a maybe-unbound `__bool__` method.
+                    let Symbol::Type(bool_method, Boundness::Bound) =
+                        instance_ty.to_meta_type(db).member(db, "__bool__")
+                    else {
+                        return Truthiness::Ambiguous;
+                    };
+
+                    // Check if the class has `__bool__ = bool` and avoid infinite recursion, since
+                    // `Type::call` on `bool` will call `Type::bool` on the argument.
+                    if bool_method
+                        .into_class_literal()
+                        .is_some_and(|ClassLiteralType { class }| {
+                            class.is_known(db, KnownClass::Bool)
+                        })
+                    {
+                        return Truthiness::Ambiguous;
+                    }
+
+                    if let Some(Type::BooleanLiteral(bool_val)) =
+                        bool_method.call(db, &[*instance_ty]).return_ty(db)
+                    {
+                        bool_val.into()
+                    } else {
+                        Truthiness::Ambiguous
+                    }
                 }
             }
             Type::KnownInstance(known_instance) => known_instance.bool(),
@@ -1233,11 +1348,11 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             Type::FunctionLiteral(function_type) => {
                 if function_type.is_known(db, KnownFunction::RevealType) {
                     CallOutcome::revealed(
-                        function_type.return_ty(db),
+                        function_type.signature(db).return_ty,
                         *arg_types.first().unwrap_or(&Type::Unknown),
                     )
                 } else {
-                    CallOutcome::callable(function_type.return_ty(db))
+                    CallOutcome::callable(function_type.signature(db).return_ty)
                 }
             }
 
@@ -1288,7 +1403,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             // `Any` is callable, and its return type is also `Any`.
             Type::Any => CallOutcome::callable(Type::Any),
 
-            Type::Todo => CallOutcome::callable(Type::Todo),
+            Type::Todo(_) => CallOutcome::callable(todo_type!()),
 
             Type::Unknown => CallOutcome::callable(Type::Unknown),
 
@@ -1301,7 +1416,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             ),
 
             // TODO: intersection types
-            Type::Intersection(_) => CallOutcome::callable(Type::Todo),
+            Type::Intersection(_) => CallOutcome::callable(todo_type!()),
 
             _ => CallOutcome::not_callable(self),
         }
@@ -1340,7 +1455,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             };
         }
 
-        if matches!(self, Type::Unknown | Type::Any | Type::Todo) {
+        if matches!(self, Type::Unknown | Type::Any | Type::Todo(_)) {
             // Explicit handling of `Unknown` and `Any` necessary until `type[Unknown]` and
             // `type[Any]` are not defined as `Todo` anymore.
             return IterationOutcome::Iterable { element_ty: self };
@@ -1399,14 +1514,14 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
     pub fn to_instance(&self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Type<'db> {
         match self {
             Type::Any => Type::Any,
-            Type::Todo => Type::Todo,
+            todo @ Type::Todo(_) => *todo,
             Type::Unknown => Type::Unknown,
             Type::Never => Type::Never,
             Type::ClassLiteral(ClassLiteralType { class }) => Type::instance(*class),
             Type::SubclassOf(SubclassOfType { class }) => Type::instance(*class),
             Type::Union(union) => union.map(db, |element| element.to_instance(db)),
             // TODO: we can probably do better here: --Alex
-            Type::Intersection(_) => Type::Todo,
+            Type::Intersection(_) => todo_type!(),
             // TODO: calling `.to_instance()` on any of these should result in a diagnostic,
             // since they already indicate that the object is an instance of some kind:
             Type::BooleanLiteral(_)
@@ -1423,6 +1538,28 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// If we see a value of this type used as a type expression, what type does it name?
+    ///
+    /// For example, the builtin `int` as a value expression is of type
+    /// `Type::ClassLiteral(builtins.int)`, that is, it is the `int` class itself. As a type
+    /// expression, it names the type `Type::Instance(builtins.int)`, that is, all objects whose
+    /// `__class__` is `int`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn in_type_expression(&self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Type<'db> {
+        match self {
+            Type::ClassLiteral(_) | Type::SubclassOf(_) => self.to_instance(db),
+            Type::Union(union) => union.map(db, |element| element.in_type_expression(db)),
+            Type::Unknown => Type::Unknown,
+            // TODO map this to a new `Type::TypeVar` variant
+            Type::KnownInstance(KnownInstanceType::TypeVar(_)) => *self,
+            Type::KnownInstance(KnownInstanceType::TypeAliasType(alias)) => alias.value_ty(db),
+            Type::KnownInstance(KnownInstanceType::Never | KnownInstanceType::NoReturn) => {
+                Type::Never
+            }
+            _ => todo_type!(),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// The type `NoneType` / `None`
     pub fn none(db: &'db dyn Db) -> Type<'db> {
         KnownClass::NoneType.to_instance(db)
@@ -1494,8 +1631,8 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             // TODO: `type[Unknown]`?
             Type::Unknown => Type::Unknown,
             // TODO intersections
-            Type::Intersection(_) => Type::Todo,
-            Type::Todo => Type::Todo,
+            Type::Intersection(_) => todo_type!(),
+            todo @ Type::Todo(_) => *todo,
         }
     }
 
@@ -1583,6 +1720,7 @@ pub enum KnownClass {
     // Typing
     SpecialForm,
     TypeVar,
+    TypeAliasType,
     NoDefaultType,
     // sys
     VersionInfo,
@@ -1609,6 +1747,7 @@ impl<'db> KnownClass {
             Self::NoneType => "NoneType",
             Self::SpecialForm => "_SpecialForm",
             Self::TypeVar => "TypeVar",
+            Self::TypeAliasType => "TypeAliasType",
             Self::NoDefaultType => "_NoDefaultType",
             // This is the name the type of `sys.version_info` has in typeshed,
             // which is different to what `type(sys.version_info).__name__` is at runtime.
@@ -1647,7 +1786,7 @@ impl<'db> KnownClass {
             Self::VersionInfo => CoreStdlibModule::Sys,
             Self::GenericAlias | Self::ModuleType | Self::FunctionType => CoreStdlibModule::Types,
             Self::NoneType => CoreStdlibModule::Typeshed,
-            Self::SpecialForm | Self::TypeVar => CoreStdlibModule::Typing,
+            Self::SpecialForm | Self::TypeVar | Self::TypeAliasType => CoreStdlibModule::Typing,
             // TODO when we understand sys.version_info, we will need an explicit fallback here,
             // because typing_extensions has a 3.13+ re-export for the `typing.NoDefault`
             // singleton, but not for `typing._NoDefaultType`
@@ -1661,7 +1800,7 @@ impl<'db> KnownClass {
     const fn is_singleton(self) -> bool {
         // TODO there are other singleton types (EllipsisType, NotImplementedType)
         match self {
-            Self::NoneType | Self::NoDefaultType | Self::VersionInfo => true,
+            Self::NoneType | Self::NoDefaultType | Self::VersionInfo | Self::TypeAliasType => true,
             Self::Bool
             | Self::Object
             | Self::Bytes
@@ -1682,7 +1821,7 @@ impl<'db> KnownClass {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn try_from_module(module: &Module, class_name: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+    pub fn try_from_file(db: &dyn Db, file: File, class_name: &str) -> Option<Self> {
         // Note: if this becomes hard to maintain (as rust can't ensure at compile time that all
         // variants of `Self` are covered), we might use a macro (in-house or dependency)
         // See: https://stackoverflow.com/q/39070244
@@ -1703,13 +1842,15 @@ impl<'db> KnownClass {
             "NoneType" => Self::NoneType,
             "ModuleType" => Self::ModuleType,
             "FunctionType" => Self::FunctionType,
+            "TypeAliasType" => Self::TypeAliasType,
             "_SpecialForm" => Self::SpecialForm,
             "_NoDefaultType" => Self::NoDefaultType,
             "_version_info" => Self::VersionInfo,
             _ => return None,
         };
 
-        candidate.check_module(module).then_some(candidate)
+        let module = file_to_module(db, file)?;
+        candidate.check_module(&module).then_some(candidate)
     }
 
     /// Return `true` if the module of `self` matches `module_name`
@@ -1735,7 +1876,7 @@ impl<'db> KnownClass {
             | Self::VersionInfo
             | Self::FunctionType => module.name() == self.canonical_module().as_str(),
             Self::NoneType => matches!(module.name().as_str(), "_typeshed" | "types"),
-            Self::SpecialForm | Self::TypeVar | Self::NoDefaultType => {
+            Self::SpecialForm | Self::TypeVar | Self::TypeAliasType | Self::NoDefaultType => {
                 matches!(module.name().as_str(), "typing" | "typing_extensions")
             }
         }
@@ -1747,24 +1888,44 @@ impl<'db> KnownClass {
 pub enum KnownInstanceType<'db> {
     /// The symbol `typing.Literal` (which can also be found as `typing_extensions.Literal`)
     Literal,
+    /// The symbol `typing.Optional` (which can also be found as `typing_extensions.Optional`)
+    Optional,
+    /// The symbol `typing.Union` (which can also be found as `typing_extensions.Union`)
+    Union,
+    /// The symbol `typing.NoReturn` (which can also be found as `typing_extensions.NoReturn`)
+    NoReturn,
+    /// The symbol `typing.Never` available since 3.11 (which can also be found as `typing_extensions.Never`)
+    Never,
     /// A single instance of `typing.TypeVar`
     TypeVar(TypeVarInstance<'db>),
+    /// A single instance of `typing.TypeAliasType` (PEP 695 type alias)
+    TypeAliasType(TypeAliasType<'db>),
     // TODO: fill this enum out with more special forms, etc.
 }
 
 impl<'db> KnownInstanceType<'db> {
     pub const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
-            KnownInstanceType::Literal => "Literal",
-            KnownInstanceType::TypeVar(_) => "TypeVar",
+            Self::Literal => "Literal",
+            Self::Optional => "Optional",
+            Self::Union => "Union",
+            Self::TypeVar(_) => "TypeVar",
+            Self::NoReturn => "NoReturn",
+            Self::Never => "Never",
+            Self::TypeAliasType(_) => "TypeAliasType",
         }
     }
 
     /// Evaluate the known instance in boolean context
     pub const fn bool(self) -> Truthiness {
         match self {
-            Self::Literal => Truthiness::AlwaysTrue,
-            Self::TypeVar(_) => Truthiness::AlwaysTrue,
+            Self::Literal
+            | Self::Optional
+            | Self::TypeVar(_)
+            | Self::Union
+            | Self::NoReturn
+            | Self::Never
+            | Self::TypeAliasType(_) => Truthiness::AlwaysTrue,
         }
     }
 
@@ -1772,7 +1933,12 @@ impl<'db> KnownInstanceType<'db> {
     pub fn repr(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> &'db str {
         match self {
             Self::Literal => "typing.Literal",
+            Self::Optional => "typing.Optional",
+            Self::Union => "typing.Union",
+            Self::NoReturn => "typing.NoReturn",
+            Self::Never => "typing.Never",
             Self::TypeVar(typevar) => typevar.name(db),
+            Self::TypeAliasType(_) => "typing.TypeAliasType",
         }
     }
 
@@ -1780,7 +1946,12 @@ impl<'db> KnownInstanceType<'db> {
     pub const fn class(self) -> KnownClass {
         match self {
             Self::Literal => KnownClass::SpecialForm,
+            Self::Optional => KnownClass::SpecialForm,
+            Self::Union => KnownClass::SpecialForm,
+            Self::NoReturn => KnownClass::SpecialForm,
+            Self::Never => KnownClass::SpecialForm,
             Self::TypeVar(_) => KnownClass::TypeVar,
+            Self::TypeAliasType(_) => KnownClass::TypeAliasType,
         }
     }
 
@@ -1799,6 +1970,10 @@ impl<'db> KnownInstanceType<'db> {
         }
         match (module.name().as_str(), instance_name) {
             ("typing" | "typing_extensions", "Literal") => Some(Self::Literal),
+            ("typing" | "typing_extensions", "Optional") => Some(Self::Optional),
+            ("typing" | "typing_extensions", "Union") => Some(Self::Union),
+            ("typing" | "typing_extensions", "NoReturn") => Some(Self::NoReturn),
+            ("typing" | "typing_extensions", "Never") => Some(Self::Never),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
@@ -1806,23 +1981,7 @@ impl<'db> KnownInstanceType<'db> {
     fn member(self, db: &'db dyn Db, name: &str) -> Symbol<'db> {
         let ty = match (self, name) {
             (Self::TypeVar(typevar), "__name__") => Type::string_literal(db, typevar.name(db)),
-            (Self::TypeVar(typevar), "__bound__") => typevar
-                .upper_bound(db)
-                .map(|ty| ty.to_meta_type(db))
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| KnownClass::NoneType.to_instance(db)),
-            (Self::TypeVar(typevar), "__constraints__") => {
-                let tuple_elements: Vec<Type<'db>> = typevar
-                    .constraints(db)
-                    .unwrap_or_default()
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|ty| ty.to_meta_type(db))
-                    .collect();
-                Type::tuple(db, &tuple_elements)
-            }
-            (Self::TypeVar(typevar), "__default__") => typevar
-                .default_ty(db)
-                .map(|ty| ty.to_meta_type(db))
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| KnownClass::NoDefaultType.to_instance(db)),
+            (Self::TypeAliasType(alias), "__name__") => Type::string_literal(db, alias.name(db)),
             _ => return self.instance_fallback(db).member(db, name),
         };
         ty.into()
@@ -1854,6 +2013,7 @@ pub struct TypeVarInstance<'db> {
 }
 
 impl<'db> TypeVarInstance<'db> {
+    #[allow(unused)]
     pub(crate) fn upper_bound(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Option<Type<'db>> {
         if let Some(TypeVarBoundOrConstraints::UpperBound(ty)) = self.bound_or_constraints(db) {
             Some(ty)
@@ -1862,6 +2022,7 @@ impl<'db> TypeVarInstance<'db> {
         }
     }
 
+    #[allow(unused)]
     pub(crate) fn constraints(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Option<&[Type<'db>]> {
         if let Some(TypeVarBoundOrConstraints::Constraints(tuple)) = self.bound_or_constraints(db) {
             Some(tuple.elements(db))
@@ -2283,7 +2444,10 @@ impl<'db> FunctionType<'db> {
         self.decorators(db).contains(&decorator)
     }
 
-    /// inferred return type for this function
+    /// Typed externally-visible signature for this function.
+    ///
+    /// This is the signature as seen by external callers, possibly modified by decorators and/or
+    /// overloaded.
     ///
     /// ## Why is this a salsa query?
     ///
@@ -2292,34 +2456,32 @@ impl<'db> FunctionType<'db> {
     ///
     /// Were this not a salsa query, then the calling query
     /// would depend on the function's AST and rerun for every change in that file.
-    #[salsa::tracked]
-    pub fn return_ty(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Type<'db> {
+    #[salsa::tracked(return_ref)]
+    pub fn signature(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Signature<'db> {
+        let function_stmt_node = self.body_scope(db).node(db).expect_function();
+        let internal_signature = self.internal_signature(db);
+        if function_stmt_node.decorator_list.is_empty() {
+            return internal_signature;
+        }
+        // TODO process the effect of decorators on the signature
+        Signature::todo()
+    }
+
+    /// Typed internally-visible signature for this function.
+    ///
+    /// This represents the annotations on the function itself, unmodified by decorators and
+    /// overloads.
+    ///
+    /// These are the parameter and return types that should be used for type checking the body of
+    /// the function.
+    ///
+    /// Don't call this when checking any other file; only when type-checking the function body
+    /// scope.
+    fn internal_signature(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Signature<'db> {
         let scope = self.body_scope(db);
         let function_stmt_node = scope.node(db).expect_function();
-
-        // TODO if a function `bar` is decorated by `foo`,
-        // where `foo` is annotated as returning a type `X` that is a subtype of `Callable`,
-        // we need to infer the return type from `X`'s return annotation
-        // rather than from `bar`'s return annotation
-        // in order to determine the type that `bar` returns
-        if !function_stmt_node.decorator_list.is_empty() {
-            return Type::Todo;
-        }
-
-        function_stmt_node
-            .returns
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|returns| {
-                if function_stmt_node.is_async {
-                    // TODO: generic `types.CoroutineType`!
-                    Type::Todo
-                } else {
-                    let definition =
-                        semantic_index(db, scope.file(db)).definition(function_stmt_node);
-                    definition_expression_ty(db, definition, returns.as_ref())
-                }
-            })
-            .unwrap_or(Type::Unknown)
+        let definition = semantic_index(db, scope.file(db)).definition(function_stmt_node);
+        Signature::from_function(db, definition, function_stmt_node)
     }
 
     pub fn is_known(self, db: &'db dyn Db, known_function: KnownFunction) -> bool {
@@ -2422,26 +2584,13 @@ impl<'db> Class<'db> {
     fn explicit_bases_query(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Box<[Type<'db>]> {
         let class_stmt = self.node(db);
 
-        if class_stmt.type_params.is_some() {
-            // when we have a specialized scope, we'll look up the inference
-            // within that scope
-            let model = SemanticModel::new(db, self.file(db));
+        let class_definition = semantic_index(db, self.file(db)).definition(class_stmt);
 
-            class_stmt
-                .bases()
-                .iter()
-                .map(|base| base.ty(&model))
-                .collect()
-        } else {
-            // Otherwise, we can do the lookup based on the definition scope
-            let class_definition = semantic_index(db, self.file(db)).definition(class_stmt);
-
-            class_stmt
-                .bases()
-                .iter()
-                .map(|base_node| definition_expression_ty(db, class_definition, base_node))
-                .collect()
-        }
+        class_stmt
+            .bases()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|base_node| definition_expression_ty(db, class_definition, base_node))
+            .collect()
     }
 
     fn file(self, db: &dyn Db) -> File {
@@ -2502,16 +2651,9 @@ impl<'db> Class<'db> {
             .as_ref()?
             .find_keyword("metaclass")?
             .value;
-        Some(if class_stmt.type_params.is_some() {
-            // when we have a specialized scope, we'll look up the inference
-            // within that scope
-            let model = SemanticModel::new(db, self.file(db));
-            metaclass_node.ty(&model)
-        } else {
-            // Otherwise, we can do the lookup based on the definition scope
-            let class_definition = semantic_index(db, self.file(db)).definition(class_stmt);
-            definition_expression_ty(db, class_definition, metaclass_node)
-        })
+        let class_definition = semantic_index(db, self.file(db)).definition(class_stmt);
+        let metaclass_ty = definition_expression_ty(db, class_definition, metaclass_node);
+        Some(metaclass_ty)
     }
 
     /// Return the metaclass of this class, or `Unknown` if the metaclass cannot be inferred.
@@ -2553,7 +2695,7 @@ impl<'db> Class<'db> {
             // TODO: If the metaclass is not a class, we should verify that it's a callable
             // which accepts the same arguments as `type.__new__` (otherwise error), and return
             // the meta-type of its return type. (And validate that is a class type?)
-            return Ok(Type::Todo);
+            return Ok(todo_type!("metaclass not a class"));
         };
 
         // Reconcile all base classes' metaclasses with the candidate metaclass.
@@ -2667,6 +2809,27 @@ impl<'db> Class<'db> {
     }
 }
 
+#[salsa::interned]
+pub struct TypeAliasType<'db> {
+    #[return_ref]
+    pub name: ast::name::Name,
+
+    rhs_scope: ScopeId<'db>,
+}
+
+#[salsa::tracked]
+impl<'db> TypeAliasType<'db> {
+    #[salsa::tracked]
+    pub fn value_ty(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Type<'db> {
+        let scope = self.rhs_scope(db);
+
+        let type_alias_stmt_node = scope.node(db).expect_type_alias();
+        let definition = semantic_index(db, scope.file(db)).definition(type_alias_stmt_node);
+
+        definition_expression_ty(db, definition, &type_alias_stmt_node.value)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Either the explicit `metaclass=` keyword of the class, or the inferred metaclass of one of its base classes.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(super) struct MetaclassCandidate<'db> {
@@ -2853,6 +3016,11 @@ impl<'db> TupleType<'db> {
     }
 }
 
+// Make sure that the `Type` enum does not grow unexpectedly.
+#[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
+static_assertions::assert_eq_size!(Type, [u8; 16]);
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -2868,13 +3036,6 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
     use ruff_python_ast as ast;
     use test_case::test_case;
 
-    #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
-    #[test]
-    fn no_bloat_enum_sizes() {
-        use std::mem::size_of;
-        assert_eq!(size_of::<Type>(), 16);
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn setup_db() -> TestDb {
         let db = TestDb::new();
 
@@ -2928,7 +3089,7 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
                 Ty::Unknown => Type::Unknown,
                 Ty::None => Type::none(db),
                 Ty::Any => Type::Any,
-                Ty::Todo => Type::Todo,
+                Ty::Todo => todo_type!("Ty::Todo"),
                 Ty::IntLiteral(n) => Type::IntLiteral(n),
                 Ty::StringLiteral(s) => Type::string_literal(db, s),
                 Ty::BooleanLiteral(b) => Type::BooleanLiteral(b),
@@ -3519,4 +3680,95 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
 
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn type_alias_types() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let mut db = setup_db();
+
+        db.write_dedented(
+            "src/mod.py",
+            r#"
+            type Alias1 = int
+            type Alias2 = int
+        "#,
+        )?;
+
+        let mod_py = system_path_to_file(&db, "src/mod.py")?;
+        let ty_alias1 = global_symbol(&db, mod_py, "Alias1").expect_type();
+        let ty_alias2 = global_symbol(&db, mod_py, "Alias2").expect_type();
+
+        let Type::KnownInstance(KnownInstanceType::TypeAliasType(alias1)) = ty_alias1 else {
+            panic!("Expected TypeAliasType, got {ty_alias1:?}");
+        };
+        assert_eq!(alias1.name(&db), "Alias1");
+        assert_eq!(alias1.value_ty(&db), KnownClass::Int.to_instance(&db));
+
+        // Two type aliases are distinct and disjoint, even if they refer to the same type
+        assert!(!ty_alias1.is_equivalent_to(&db, ty_alias2));
+        assert!(ty_alias1.is_disjoint_from(&db, ty_alias2));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// All other tests also make sure that `Type::Todo` works as expected. This particular
+    /// test makes sure that we handle `Todo` types correctly, even if they originate from
+    /// different sources.
+    #[test]
+    fn todo_types() {
+        let db = setup_db();
+
+        let todo1 = todo_type!("1");
+        let todo2 = todo_type!("2");
+        let todo3 = todo_type!();
+        let todo4 = todo_type!();
+
+        assert!(todo1.is_equivalent_to(&db, todo2));
+        assert!(todo3.is_equivalent_to(&db, todo4));
+        assert!(todo1.is_equivalent_to(&db, todo3));
+
+        assert!(todo1.is_subtype_of(&db, todo2));
+        assert!(todo2.is_subtype_of(&db, todo1));
+
+        assert!(todo3.is_subtype_of(&db, todo4));
+        assert!(todo4.is_subtype_of(&db, todo3));
+
+        assert!(todo1.is_subtype_of(&db, todo3));
+        assert!(todo3.is_subtype_of(&db, todo1));
+
+        let int = KnownClass::Int.to_instance(&db);
+
+        assert!(int.is_assignable_to(&db, todo1));
+        assert!(int.is_assignable_to(&db, todo3));
+
+        assert!(todo1.is_assignable_to(&db, int));
+        assert!(todo3.is_assignable_to(&db, int));
+
+        // We lose information when combining several `Todo` types. This is an
+        // acknowledged limitation of the current implementation. We can not
+        // easily store the meta information of several `Todo`s in a single
+        // variant, as `TodoType` needs to implement `Copy`, meaning it can't
+        // contain `Vec`/`Box`/etc., and can't be boxed itself.
+        //
+        // Lifting this restriction would require us to intern `TodoType` in
+        // salsa, but that would mean we would have to pass in `db` everywhere.
+
+        // A union of several `Todo` types collapses to a single `Todo` type:
+        assert!(UnionType::from_elements(&db, vec![todo1, todo2, todo3, todo4]).is_todo());
+
+        // And similar for intersection types:
+        assert!(IntersectionBuilder::new(&db)
+            .add_positive(todo1)
+            .add_positive(todo2)
+            .add_positive(todo3)
+            .add_positive(todo4)
+            .build()
+            .is_todo());
+        assert!(IntersectionBuilder::new(&db)
+            .add_positive(todo1)
+            .add_negative(todo2)
+            .add_positive(todo3)
+            .add_negative(todo4)
+            .build()
+            .is_todo());
+    }
 }

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/types/builder.rs

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ impl<'db> IntersectionBuilder<'db> {
     pub(crate) fn new(db: &'db dyn Db) -> Self {
         Self {
             db,
-            intersections: vec![InnerIntersectionBuilder::new()],
+            intersections: vec![InnerIntersectionBuilder::default()],
         }
     }
 
@@ -231,10 +231,6 @@ struct InnerIntersectionBuilder<'db> {
 }
 
 impl<'db> InnerIntersectionBuilder<'db> {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        Self::default()
-    }
-
     /// Adds a positive type to this intersection.
     fn add_positive(&mut self, db: &'db dyn Db, new_positive: Type<'db>) {
         if let Type::Intersection(other) = new_positive {
@@ -253,7 +249,7 @@ impl<'db> InnerIntersectionBuilder<'db> {
                         .iter()
                         .find(|element| element.is_boolean_literal())
                     {
-                        *self = Self::new();
+                        *self = Self::default();
                         self.positive.insert(Type::BooleanLiteral(!value));
                         return;
                     }
@@ -272,7 +268,7 @@ impl<'db> InnerIntersectionBuilder<'db> {
                 }
                 // A & B = Never    if A and B are disjoint
                 if new_positive.is_disjoint_from(db, *existing_positive) {
-                    *self = Self::new();
+                    *self = Self::default();
                     self.positive.insert(Type::Never);
                     return;
                 }
@@ -285,7 +281,7 @@ impl<'db> InnerIntersectionBuilder<'db> {
             for (index, existing_negative) in self.negative.iter().enumerate() {
                 // S & ~T = Never    if S <: T
                 if new_positive.is_subtype_of(db, *existing_negative) {
-                    *self = Self::new();
+                    *self = Self::default();
                     self.positive.insert(Type::Never);
                     return;
                 }
@@ -313,7 +309,7 @@ impl<'db> InnerIntersectionBuilder<'db> {
                     self.add_positive(db, *neg);
                 }
             }
-            ty @ (Type::Any | Type::Unknown | Type::Todo) => {
+            ty @ (Type::Any | Type::Unknown | Type::Todo(_)) => {
                 // Adding any of these types to the negative side of an intersection
                 // is equivalent to adding it to the positive side. We do this to
                 // simplify the representation.
@@ -326,7 +322,7 @@ impl<'db> InnerIntersectionBuilder<'db> {
                     .iter()
                     .any(|pos| *pos == KnownClass::Bool.to_instance(db)) =>
             {
-                *self = Self::new();
+                *self = Self::default();
                 self.positive.insert(Type::BooleanLiteral(!bool));
             }
             _ => {
@@ -348,7 +344,7 @@ impl<'db> InnerIntersectionBuilder<'db> {
                 for existing_positive in &self.positive {
                     // S & ~T = Never    if S <: T
                     if existing_positive.is_subtype_of(db, new_negative) {
-                        *self = Self::new();
+                        *self = Self::default();
                         self.positive.insert(Type::Never);
                         return;
                     }
@@ -383,7 +379,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::program::{Program, SearchPathSettings};
     use crate::python_version::PythonVersion;
     use crate::stdlib::typing_symbol;
-    use crate::types::{global_symbol, KnownClass, UnionBuilder};
+    use crate::types::{global_symbol, todo_type, KnownClass, UnionBuilder};
     use crate::ProgramSettings;
     use ruff_db::files::system_path_to_file;
     use ruff_db::system::{DbWithTestSystem, SystemPathBuf};
@@ -991,7 +987,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test_case(Type::Any)]
     #[test_case(Type::Unknown)]
-    #[test_case(Type::Todo)]
+    #[test_case(todo_type!())]
     fn build_intersection_t_and_negative_t_does_not_simplify(ty: Type) {
         let db = setup_db();
 

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/types/diagnostic.rs

@@ -73,10 +73,6 @@ pub struct TypeCheckDiagnostics {
 }
 
 impl TypeCheckDiagnostics {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self { inner: Vec::new() }
-    }
-
     pub(super) fn push(&mut self, diagnostic: TypeCheckDiagnostic) {
         self.inner.push(Arc::new(diagnostic));
     }
@@ -148,7 +144,7 @@ impl<'db> TypeCheckDiagnosticsBuilder<'db> {
         Self {
             db,
             file,
-            diagnostics: TypeCheckDiagnostics::new(),
+            diagnostics: TypeCheckDiagnostics::default(),
         }
     }
 

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/types/display.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 //! Display implementations for types.
 
-use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
+use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter, Write};
 
 use ruff_db::display::FormatterJoinExtension;
 use ruff_python_ast::str::Quote;
 use ruff_python_literal::escape::AsciiEscape;
 
 use crate::types::{
-    ClassLiteralType, InstanceType, IntersectionType, KnownClass, SubclassOfType, Type, UnionType,
+    ClassLiteralType, InstanceType, IntersectionType, KnownClass, StringLiteralType,
+    SubclassOfType, Type, UnionType,
 };
 use crate::Db;
 use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ impl Display for DisplayRepresentation<'_> {
             }
             // `[Type::Todo]`'s display should be explicit that is not a valid display of
             // any other type
-            Type::Todo => f.write_str("@Todo"),
+            Type::Todo(todo) => write!(f, "@Todo{todo}"),
             Type::ModuleLiteral(file) => {
                 write!(f, "<module '{:?}'>", file.path(self.db))
             }
@@ -85,15 +86,13 @@ impl Display for DisplayRepresentation<'_> {
             Type::SubclassOf(SubclassOfType { class }) => {
                 write!(f, "type[{}]", class.name(self.db))
             }
-            Type::KnownInstance(known_instance) => f.write_str(known_instance.as_str()),
+            Type::KnownInstance(known_instance) => f.write_str(known_instance.repr(self.db)),
             Type::FunctionLiteral(function) => f.write_str(function.name(self.db)),
             Type::Union(union) => union.display(self.db).fmt(f),
             Type::Intersection(intersection) => intersection.display(self.db).fmt(f),
             Type::IntLiteral(n) => n.fmt(f),
             Type::BooleanLiteral(boolean) => f.write_str(if boolean { "True" } else { "False" }),
-            Type::StringLiteral(string) => {
-                write!(f, r#""{}""#, string.value(self.db).replace('"', r#"\""#))
-            }
+            Type::StringLiteral(string) => string.display(self.db).fmt(f),
             Type::LiteralString => f.write_str("LiteralString"),
             Type::BytesLiteral(bytes) => {
                 let escape =
@@ -328,13 +327,40 @@ impl<'db> Display for DisplayTypeArray<'_, 'db> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'db> StringLiteralType<'db> {
+    fn display(&'db self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> DisplayStringLiteralType<'db> {
+        DisplayStringLiteralType { db, ty: self }
+    }
+}
+
+struct DisplayStringLiteralType<'db> {
+    ty: &'db StringLiteralType<'db>,
+    db: &'db dyn Db,
+}
+
+impl Display for DisplayStringLiteralType<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let value = self.ty.value(self.db);
+        f.write_char('"')?;
+        for ch in value.chars() {
+            match ch {
+                // `escape_debug` will escape even single quotes, which is not necessary for our
+                // use case as we are already using double quotes to wrap the string.
+                '\'' => f.write_char('\'')?,
+                _ => write!(f, "{}", ch.escape_debug())?,
+            }
+        }
+        f.write_char('"')
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use ruff_db::files::system_path_to_file;
     use ruff_db::system::{DbWithTestSystem, SystemPathBuf};
 
     use crate::db::tests::TestDb;
-    use crate::types::{global_symbol, SliceLiteralType, Type, UnionType};
+    use crate::types::{global_symbol, SliceLiteralType, StringLiteralType, Type, UnionType};
     use crate::{Program, ProgramSettings, PythonVersion, SearchPathSettings};
 
     fn setup_db() -> TestDb {
@@ -451,4 +477,28 @@ mod tests {
             "slice[None, None, Literal[2]]"
         );
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn string_literal_display() {
+        let db = setup_db();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            Type::StringLiteral(StringLiteralType::new(&db, r"\n"))
+                .display(&db)
+                .to_string(),
+            r#"Literal["\\n"]"#
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Type::StringLiteral(StringLiteralType::new(&db, "'"))
+                .display(&db)
+                .to_string(),
+            r#"Literal["'"]"#
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Type::StringLiteral(StringLiteralType::new(&db, r#"""#))
+                .display(&db)
+                .to_string(),
+            r#"Literal["\""]"#
+        );
+    }
 }

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/types/mro.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use itertools::Either;
 use rustc_hash::FxHashSet;
 
 use super::{Class, ClassLiteralType, KnownClass, KnownInstanceType, Type};
-use crate::Db;
+use crate::{types::todo_type, Db};
 
 /// The inferred method resolution order of a given class.
 ///
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ impl<'db> ClassBase<'db> {
         match ty {
             Type::Any => Some(Self::Any),
             Type::Unknown => Some(Self::Unknown),
-            Type::Todo => Some(Self::Todo),
+            Type::Todo(_) => Some(Self::Todo),
             Type::ClassLiteral(ClassLiteralType { class }) => Some(Self::Class(class)),
             Type::Union(_) => None, // TODO -- forces consideration of multiple possible MROs?
             Type::Intersection(_) => None, // TODO -- probably incorrect?
@@ -371,8 +371,13 @@ impl<'db> ClassBase<'db> {
             | Type::ModuleLiteral(_)
             | Type::SubclassOf(_) => None,
             Type::KnownInstance(known_instance) => match known_instance {
-                KnownInstanceType::Literal => None,
-                KnownInstanceType::TypeVar(_) => None,
+                KnownInstanceType::TypeVar(_)
+                | KnownInstanceType::TypeAliasType(_)
+                | KnownInstanceType::Literal
+                | KnownInstanceType::Union
+                | KnownInstanceType::NoReturn
+                | KnownInstanceType::Never
+                | KnownInstanceType::Optional => None,
             },
         }
     }
@@ -404,7 +409,7 @@ impl<'db> From<ClassBase<'db>> for Type<'db> {
     fn from(value: ClassBase<'db>) -> Self {
         match value {
             ClassBase::Any => Type::Any,
-            ClassBase::Todo => Type::Todo,
+            ClassBase::Todo => todo_type!(),
             ClassBase::Unknown => Type::Unknown,
             ClassBase::Class(class) => Type::class_literal(class),
         }

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/types/narrow.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::semantic_index::ast_ids::HasScopedAstId;
+use crate::semantic_index::ast_ids::HasScopedExpressionId;
 use crate::semantic_index::constraint::{Constraint, ConstraintNode, PatternConstraint};
 use crate::semantic_index::definition::Definition;
 use crate::semantic_index::expression::Expression;
@@ -257,17 +257,26 @@ impl<'db> NarrowingConstraintsBuilder<'db> {
         expression: Expression<'db>,
         is_positive: bool,
     ) -> Option<NarrowingConstraints<'db>> {
+        fn is_narrowing_target_candidate(expr: &ast::Expr) -> bool {
+            matches!(expr, ast::Expr::Name(_) | ast::Expr::Call(_))
+        }
+
         let ast::ExprCompare {
             range: _,
             left,
             ops,
             comparators,
         } = expr_compare;
-        if !left.is_name_expr() && comparators.iter().all(|c| !c.is_name_expr()) {
-            // If none of the comparators are name expressions,
-            // we have no symbol to narrow down the type of.
+
+        // Performance optimization: early return if there are no potential narrowing targets.
+        if !is_narrowing_target_candidate(left)
+            && comparators
+                .iter()
+                .all(|c| !is_narrowing_target_candidate(c))
+        {
             return None;
         }
+
         if !is_positive && comparators.len() > 1 {
             // We can't negate a constraint made by a multi-comparator expression, since we can't
             // know which comparison part is the one being negated.
@@ -283,42 +292,85 @@ impl<'db> NarrowingConstraintsBuilder<'db> {
             .tuple_windows::<(&ruff_python_ast::Expr, &ruff_python_ast::Expr)>();
         let mut constraints = NarrowingConstraints::default();
         for (op, (left, right)) in std::iter::zip(&**ops, comparator_tuples) {
-            if let ast::Expr::Name(ast::ExprName {
-                range: _,
-                id,
-                ctx: _,
-            }) = left
-            {
-                // SAFETY: we should always have a symbol for every Name node.
-                let symbol = self.symbols().symbol_id_by_name(id).unwrap();
-                let rhs_ty = inference.expression_ty(right.scoped_ast_id(self.db, scope));
+            let rhs_ty = inference.expression_ty(right.scoped_expression_id(self.db, scope));
 
-                match if is_positive { *op } else { op.negate() } {
-                    ast::CmpOp::IsNot => {
-                        if rhs_ty.is_singleton(self.db) {
-                            let ty = IntersectionBuilder::new(self.db)
-                                .add_negative(rhs_ty)
-                                .build();
-                            constraints.insert(symbol, ty);
-                        } else {
-                            // Non-singletons cannot be safely narrowed using `is not`
+            match left {
+                ast::Expr::Name(ast::ExprName {
+                    range: _,
+                    id,
+                    ctx: _,
+                }) => {
+                    let symbol = self
+                        .symbols()
+                        .symbol_id_by_name(id)
+                        .expect("Should always have a symbol for every Name node");
+
+                    match if is_positive { *op } else { op.negate() } {
+                        ast::CmpOp::IsNot => {
+                            if rhs_ty.is_singleton(self.db) {
+                                let ty = IntersectionBuilder::new(self.db)
+                                    .add_negative(rhs_ty)
+                                    .build();
+                                constraints.insert(symbol, ty);
+                            } else {
+                                // Non-singletons cannot be safely narrowed using `is not`
+                            }
                         }
-                    }
-                    ast::CmpOp::Is => {
-                        constraints.insert(symbol, rhs_ty);
-                    }
-                    ast::CmpOp::NotEq => {
-                        if rhs_ty.is_single_valued(self.db) {
-                            let ty = IntersectionBuilder::new(self.db)
-                                .add_negative(rhs_ty)
-                                .build();
-                            constraints.insert(symbol, ty);
+                        ast::CmpOp::Is => {
+                            constraints.insert(symbol, rhs_ty);
+                        }
+                        ast::CmpOp::NotEq => {
+                            if rhs_ty.is_single_valued(self.db) {
+                                let ty = IntersectionBuilder::new(self.db)
+                                    .add_negative(rhs_ty)
+                                    .build();
+                                constraints.insert(symbol, ty);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            // TODO other comparison types
                         }
-                    }
-                    _ => {
-                        // TODO other comparison types
                     }
                 }
+                ast::Expr::Call(ast::ExprCall {
+                    range: _,
+                    func: callable,
+                    arguments:
+                        ast::Arguments {
+                            args,
+                            keywords,
+                            range: _,
+                        },
+                }) if rhs_ty.is_class_literal() && keywords.is_empty() => {
+                    let [ast::Expr::Name(ast::ExprName { id, .. })] = &**args else {
+                        continue;
+                    };
+
+                    let is_valid_constraint = if is_positive {
+                        op == &ast::CmpOp::Is
+                    } else {
+                        op == &ast::CmpOp::IsNot
+                    };
+
+                    if !is_valid_constraint {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    let callable_ty =
+                        inference.expression_ty(callable.scoped_expression_id(self.db, scope));
+
+                    if callable_ty
+                        .into_class_literal()
+                        .is_some_and(|c| c.class.is_known(self.db, KnownClass::Type))
+                    {
+                        let symbol = self
+                            .symbols()
+                            .symbol_id_by_name(id)
+                            .expect("Should always have a symbol for every Name node");
+                        constraints.insert(symbol, rhs_ty.to_instance(self.db));
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {}
             }
         }
         Some(constraints)
@@ -336,7 +388,7 @@ impl<'db> NarrowingConstraintsBuilder<'db> {
         // TODO: add support for PEP 604 union types on the right hand side of `isinstance`
         // and `issubclass`, for example `isinstance(x, str | (int | float))`.
         match inference
-            .expression_ty(expr_call.func.scoped_ast_id(self.db, scope))
+            .expression_ty(expr_call.func.scoped_expression_id(self.db, scope))
             .into_function_literal()
             .and_then(|f| f.known(self.db))
             .and_then(KnownFunction::constraint_function)
@@ -348,7 +400,7 @@ impl<'db> NarrowingConstraintsBuilder<'db> {
                     let symbol = self.symbols().symbol_id_by_name(id).unwrap();
 
                     let class_info_ty =
-                        inference.expression_ty(class_info.scoped_ast_id(self.db, scope));
+                        inference.expression_ty(class_info.scoped_expression_id(self.db, scope));
 
                     let to_constraint = match function {
                         KnownConstraintFunction::IsInstance => {
@@ -414,7 +466,7 @@ impl<'db> NarrowingConstraintsBuilder<'db> {
             // filter our arms with statically known truthiness
             .filter(|expr| {
                 inference
-                    .expression_ty(expr.scoped_ast_id(self.db, scope))
+                    .expression_ty(expr.scoped_expression_id(self.db, scope))
                     .bool(self.db)
                     != match expr_bool_op.op {
                         BoolOp::And => Truthiness::AlwaysTrue,

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/types/signatures.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+use super::{definition_expression_ty, Type};
+use crate::Db;
+use crate::{semantic_index::definition::Definition, types::todo_type};
+use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, name::Name};
+
+/// A typed callable signature.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct Signature<'db> {
+    parameters: Parameters<'db>,
+
+    /// Annotated return type (Unknown if no annotation.)
+    pub(crate) return_ty: Type<'db>,
+}
+
+impl<'db> Signature<'db> {
+    /// Return a todo signature: (*args: Todo, **kwargs: Todo) -> Todo
+    pub(crate) fn todo() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            parameters: Parameters::todo(),
+            return_ty: todo_type!("return type"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return a typed signature from a function definition.
+    pub(super) fn from_function(
+        db: &'db dyn Db,
+        definition: Definition<'db>,
+        function_node: &'db ast::StmtFunctionDef,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let return_ty = function_node
+            .returns
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|returns| {
+                if function_node.is_async {
+                    todo_type!("generic types.CoroutineType")
+                } else {
+                    definition_expression_ty(db, definition, returns.as_ref())
+                }
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(Type::Unknown);
+
+        Self {
+            parameters: Parameters::from_parameters(
+                db,
+                definition,
+                function_node.parameters.as_ref(),
+            ),
+            return_ty,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The parameters portion of a typed signature.
+///
+/// The ordering of parameters is always as given in this struct: first positional-only parameters,
+/// then positional-or-keyword, then optionally the variadic parameter, then keyword-only
+/// parameters, and last, optionally the variadic keywords parameter.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(super) struct Parameters<'db> {
+    /// Parameters which may only be filled by positional arguments.
+    positional_only: Box<[ParameterWithDefault<'db>]>,
+
+    /// Parameters which may be filled by positional or keyword arguments.
+    positional_or_keyword: Box<[ParameterWithDefault<'db>]>,
+
+    /// The `*args` variadic parameter, if any.
+    variadic: Option<Parameter<'db>>,
+
+    /// Parameters which may only be filled by keyword arguments.
+    keyword_only: Box<[ParameterWithDefault<'db>]>,
+
+    /// The `**kwargs` variadic keywords parameter, if any.
+    keywords: Option<Parameter<'db>>,
+}
+
+impl<'db> Parameters<'db> {
+    /// Return todo parameters: (*args: Todo, **kwargs: Todo)
+    fn todo() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            variadic: Some(Parameter {
+                name: Some(Name::new_static("args")),
+                annotated_ty: todo_type!(),
+            }),
+            keywords: Some(Parameter {
+                name: Some(Name::new_static("kwargs")),
+                annotated_ty: todo_type!(),
+            }),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_parameters(
+        db: &'db dyn Db,
+        definition: Definition<'db>,
+        parameters: &'db ast::Parameters,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let ast::Parameters {
+            posonlyargs,
+            args,
+            vararg,
+            kwonlyargs,
+            kwarg,
+            range: _,
+        } = parameters;
+        let positional_only = posonlyargs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|arg| ParameterWithDefault::from_node(db, definition, arg))
+            .collect();
+        let positional_or_keyword = args
+            .iter()
+            .map(|arg| ParameterWithDefault::from_node(db, definition, arg))
+            .collect();
+        let variadic = vararg
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|arg| Parameter::from_node(db, definition, arg));
+        let keyword_only = kwonlyargs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|arg| ParameterWithDefault::from_node(db, definition, arg))
+            .collect();
+        let keywords = kwarg
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|arg| Parameter::from_node(db, definition, arg));
+        Self {
+            positional_only,
+            positional_or_keyword,
+            variadic,
+            keyword_only,
+            keywords,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A single parameter of a typed signature, with optional default value.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(super) struct ParameterWithDefault<'db> {
+    parameter: Parameter<'db>,
+
+    /// Type of the default value, if any.
+    default_ty: Option<Type<'db>>,
+}
+
+impl<'db> ParameterWithDefault<'db> {
+    fn from_node(
+        db: &'db dyn Db,
+        definition: Definition<'db>,
+        parameter_with_default: &'db ast::ParameterWithDefault,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            default_ty: parameter_with_default
+                .default
+                .as_deref()
+                .map(|default| definition_expression_ty(db, definition, default)),
+            parameter: Parameter::from_node(db, definition, &parameter_with_default.parameter),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A single parameter of a typed signature.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(super) struct Parameter<'db> {
+    /// Parameter name.
+    ///
+    /// It is possible for signatures to be defined in ways that leave positional-only parameters
+    /// nameless (e.g. via `Callable` annotations).
+    name: Option<Name>,
+
+    /// Annotated type of the parameter (Unknown if no annotation.)
+    annotated_ty: Type<'db>,
+}
+
+impl<'db> Parameter<'db> {
+    fn from_node(
+        db: &'db dyn Db,
+        definition: Definition<'db>,
+        parameter: &'db ast::Parameter,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Parameter {
+            name: Some(parameter.name.id.clone()),
+            annotated_ty: parameter
+                .annotation
+                .as_deref()
+                .map(|annotation| definition_expression_ty(db, definition, annotation))
+                .unwrap_or(Type::Unknown),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::db::tests::TestDb;
+    use crate::program::{Program, SearchPathSettings};
+    use crate::python_version::PythonVersion;
+    use crate::types::{global_symbol, FunctionType};
+    use crate::ProgramSettings;
+    use ruff_db::system::{DbWithTestSystem, SystemPathBuf};
+
+    pub(crate) fn setup_db() -> TestDb {
+        let db = TestDb::new();
+
+        let src_root = SystemPathBuf::from("/src");
+        db.memory_file_system()
+            .create_directory_all(&src_root)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        Program::from_settings(
+            &db,
+            &ProgramSettings {
+                target_version: PythonVersion::default(),
+                search_paths: SearchPathSettings::new(src_root),
+            },
+        )
+        .expect("Valid search path settings");
+
+        db
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn get_function_f<'db>(db: &'db TestDb, file: &'static str) -> FunctionType<'db> {
+        let module = ruff_db::files::system_path_to_file(db, file).unwrap();
+        global_symbol(db, module, "f")
+            .expect_type()
+            .expect_function_literal()
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn assert_param_with_default<'db>(
+        db: &'db TestDb,
+        param_with_default: &ParameterWithDefault<'db>,
+        expected_name: &'static str,
+        expected_annotation_ty_display: &'static str,
+        expected_default_ty_display: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) {
+        assert_eq!(
+            param_with_default
+                .default_ty
+                .map(|ty| ty.display(db).to_string()),
+            expected_default_ty_display.map(ToString::to_string)
+        );
+        assert_param(
+            db,
+            &param_with_default.parameter,
+            expected_name,
+            expected_annotation_ty_display,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn assert_param<'db>(
+        db: &'db TestDb,
+        param: &Parameter<'db>,
+        expected_name: &'static str,
+        expected_annotation_ty_display: &'static str,
+    ) {
+        assert_eq!(param.name.as_ref().unwrap(), expected_name);
+        assert_eq!(
+            param.annotated_ty.display(db).to_string(),
+            expected_annotation_ty_display
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty() {
+        let mut db = setup_db();
+        db.write_dedented("/src/a.py", "def f(): ...").unwrap();
+        let func = get_function_f(&db, "/src/a.py");
+
+        let sig = func.internal_signature(&db);
+
+        assert_eq!(sig.return_ty.display(&db).to_string(), "Unknown");
+        let params = sig.parameters;
+        assert!(params.positional_only.is_empty());
+        assert!(params.positional_or_keyword.is_empty());
+        assert!(params.variadic.is_none());
+        assert!(params.keyword_only.is_empty());
+        assert!(params.keywords.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[allow(clippy::many_single_char_names)]
+    fn full() {
+        let mut db = setup_db();
+        db.write_dedented(
+            "/src/a.py",
+            "
+            def f(a, b: int, c = 1, d: int = 2, /,
+                  e = 3, f: Literal[4] = 4, *args: object,
+                  g = 5, h: Literal[6] = 6, **kwargs: str) -> bytes: ...
+            ",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let func = get_function_f(&db, "/src/a.py");
+
+        let sig = func.internal_signature(&db);
+
+        assert_eq!(sig.return_ty.display(&db).to_string(), "bytes");
+        let params = sig.parameters;
+        let [a, b, c, d] = &params.positional_only[..] else {
+            panic!("expected four positional-only parameters");
+        };
+        let [e, f] = &params.positional_or_keyword[..] else {
+            panic!("expected two positional-or-keyword parameters");
+        };
+        let Some(args) = params.variadic else {
+            panic!("expected a variadic parameter");
+        };
+        let [g, h] = &params.keyword_only[..] else {
+            panic!("expected two keyword-only parameters");
+        };
+        let Some(kwargs) = params.keywords else {
+            panic!("expected a kwargs parameter");
+        };
+
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, a, "a", "Unknown", None);
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, b, "b", "int", None);
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, c, "c", "Unknown", Some("Literal[1]"));
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, d, "d", "int", Some("Literal[2]"));
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, e, "e", "Unknown", Some("Literal[3]"));
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, f, "f", "Literal[4]", Some("Literal[4]"));
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, g, "g", "Unknown", Some("Literal[5]"));
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, h, "h", "Literal[6]", Some("Literal[6]"));
+        assert_param(&db, &args, "args", "object");
+        assert_param(&db, &kwargs, "kwargs", "str");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn not_deferred() {
+        let mut db = setup_db();
+        db.write_dedented(
+            "/src/a.py",
+            "
+            class A: ...
+            class B: ...
+
+            alias = A
+
+            def f(a: alias): ...
+
+            alias = B
+            ",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let func = get_function_f(&db, "/src/a.py");
+
+        let sig = func.internal_signature(&db);
+
+        let [a] = &sig.parameters.positional_or_keyword[..] else {
+            panic!("expected one positional-or-keyword parameter");
+        };
+        // Parameter resolution not deferred; we should see A not B
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, a, "a", "A", None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deferred_in_stub() {
+        let mut db = setup_db();
+        db.write_dedented(
+            "/src/a.pyi",
+            "
+            class A: ...
+            class B: ...
+
+            alias = A
+
+            def f(a: alias): ...
+
+            alias = B
+            ",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let func = get_function_f(&db, "/src/a.pyi");
+
+        let sig = func.internal_signature(&db);
+
+        let [a] = &sig.parameters.positional_or_keyword[..] else {
+            panic!("expected one positional-or-keyword parameter");
+        };
+        // Parameter resolution deferred; we should see B
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, a, "a", "B", None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generic_not_deferred() {
+        let mut db = setup_db();
+        db.write_dedented(
+            "/src/a.py",
+            "
+            class A: ...
+            class B: ...
+
+            alias = A
+
+            def f[T](a: alias, b: T) -> T: ...
+
+            alias = B
+            ",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let func = get_function_f(&db, "/src/a.py");
+
+        let sig = func.internal_signature(&db);
+
+        let [a, b] = &sig.parameters.positional_or_keyword[..] else {
+            panic!("expected two positional-or-keyword parameters");
+        };
+        // TODO resolution should not be deferred; we should see A not B
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, a, "a", "B", None);
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, b, "b", "T", None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generic_deferred_in_stub() {
+        let mut db = setup_db();
+        db.write_dedented(
+            "/src/a.pyi",
+            "
+            class A: ...
+            class B: ...
+
+            alias = A
+
+            def f[T](a: alias, b: T) -> T: ...
+
+            alias = B
+            ",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let func = get_function_f(&db, "/src/a.pyi");
+
+        let sig = func.internal_signature(&db);
+
+        let [a, b] = &sig.parameters.positional_or_keyword[..] else {
+            panic!("expected two positional-or-keyword parameters");
+        };
+        // Parameter resolution deferred; we should see B
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, a, "a", "B", None);
+        assert_param_with_default(&db, b, "b", "T", None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn external_signature_no_decorator() {
+        let mut db = setup_db();
+        db.write_dedented(
+            "/src/a.py",
+            "
+            def f(a: int) -> int: ...
+            ",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let func = get_function_f(&db, "/src/a.py");
+
+        let expected_sig = func.internal_signature(&db);
+
+        // With no decorators, internal and external signature are the same
+        assert_eq!(func.signature(&db), &expected_sig);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn external_signature_decorated() {
+        let mut db = setup_db();
+        db.write_dedented(
+            "/src/a.py",
+            "
+            def deco(func): ...
+
+            @deco
+            def f(a: int) -> int: ...
+            ",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let func = get_function_f(&db, "/src/a.py");
+
+        let expected_sig = Signature::todo();
+
+        // With no decorators, internal and external signature are the same
+        assert_eq!(func.signature(&db), &expected_sig);
+    }
+}

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/types/string_annotation.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+use ruff_db::files::File;
+use ruff_db::source::source_text;
+use ruff_python_ast::str::raw_contents;
+use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, ModExpression, StringFlags};
+use ruff_python_parser::{parse_expression_range, Parsed};
+use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
+
+use crate::types::diagnostic::{TypeCheckDiagnostics, TypeCheckDiagnosticsBuilder};
+use crate::Db;
+
+type AnnotationParseResult = Result<Parsed<ModExpression>, TypeCheckDiagnostics>;
+
+/// Parses the given expression as a string annotation.
+pub(crate) fn parse_string_annotation(
+    db: &dyn Db,
+    file: File,
+    string_expr: &ast::ExprStringLiteral,
+) -> AnnotationParseResult {
+    let _span = tracing::trace_span!("parse_string_annotation", string=?string_expr.range(), file=%file.path(db)).entered();
+
+    let source = source_text(db.upcast(), file);
+    let node_text = &source[string_expr.range()];
+    let mut diagnostics = TypeCheckDiagnosticsBuilder::new(db, file);
+
+    if let [string_literal] = string_expr.value.as_slice() {
+        let prefix = string_literal.flags.prefix();
+        if prefix.is_raw() {
+            diagnostics.add(
+                string_literal.into(),
+                "annotation-raw-string",
+                format_args!("Type expressions cannot use raw string literal"),
+            );
+        // Compare the raw contents (without quotes) of the expression with the parsed contents
+        // contained in the string literal.
+        } else if raw_contents(node_text)
+            .is_some_and(|raw_contents| raw_contents == string_literal.as_str())
+        {
+            let range_excluding_quotes = string_literal
+                .range()
+                .add_start(string_literal.flags.opener_len())
+                .sub_end(string_literal.flags.closer_len());
+
+            // TODO: Support multiline strings like:
+            // ```py
+            // x: """
+            //     int
+            //     | float
+            // """ = 1
+            // ```
+            match parse_expression_range(source.as_str(), range_excluding_quotes) {
+                Ok(parsed) => return Ok(parsed),
+                Err(parse_error) => diagnostics.add(
+                    string_literal.into(),
+                    "forward-annotation-syntax-error",
+                    format_args!("Syntax error in forward annotation: {}", parse_error.error),
+                ),
+            }
+        } else {
+            // The raw contents of the string doesn't match the parsed content. This could be the
+            // case for annotations that contain escape sequences.
+            diagnostics.add(
+                string_expr.into(),
+                "annotation-escape-character",
+                format_args!("Type expressions cannot contain escape characters"),
+            );
+        }
+    } else {
+        // String is implicitly concatenated.
+        diagnostics.add(
+            string_expr.into(),
+            "annotation-implicit-concat",
+            format_args!("Type expressions cannot span multiple string literals"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    Err(diagnostics.finish())
+}

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/types/unpacker.rs

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ use ruff_db::files::File;
 use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, AnyNodeRef};
 use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
 
-use crate::semantic_index::ast_ids::{HasScopedAstId, ScopedExpressionId};
+use crate::semantic_index::ast_ids::{HasScopedExpressionId, ScopedExpressionId};
 use crate::semantic_index::symbol::ScopeId;
-use crate::types::{Type, TypeCheckDiagnostics, TypeCheckDiagnosticsBuilder};
+use crate::types::{todo_type, Type, TypeCheckDiagnostics, TypeCheckDiagnosticsBuilder};
 use crate::Db;
 
 /// Unpacks the value expression type to their respective targets.
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ impl<'db> Unpacker<'db> {
         match target {
             ast::Expr::Name(target_name) => {
                 self.targets
-                    .insert(target_name.scoped_ast_id(self.db, scope), value_ty);
+                    .insert(target_name.scoped_expression_id(self.db, scope), value_ty);
             }
             ast::Expr::Starred(ast::ExprStarred { value, .. }) => {
                 self.unpack(value, value_ty, scope);
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl<'db> Unpacker<'db> {
                             // TODO: Combine the types into a list type. If the
                             // starred_element_types is empty, then it should be `List[Any]`.
                             // combine_types(starred_element_types);
-                            element_types.push(Type::Todo);
+                            element_types.push(todo_type!("starred unpacking"));
 
                             element_types.extend_from_slice(
                                 // SAFETY: Safe because of the length check above.
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl<'db> Unpacker<'db> {
                             // index.
                             element_types.resize(elts.len() - 1, Type::Unknown);
                             // TODO: This should be `list[Unknown]`
-                            element_types.insert(starred_index, Type::Todo);
+                            element_types.insert(starred_index, todo_type!("starred unpacking"));
                             Cow::Owned(element_types)
                         }
                     } else {

crates/red_knot_server/src/session.rs

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ impl Session {
             let system = LSPSystem::new(index.clone());
 
             // TODO(dhruvmanila): Get the values from the client settings
-            let metadata = WorkspaceMetadata::from_path(system_path, &system, None)?;
+            let metadata = WorkspaceMetadata::discover(system_path, &system, None)?;
             // TODO(micha): Handle the case where the program settings are incorrect more gracefully.
             workspaces.insert(path, RootDatabase::new(metadata, system)?);
         }

crates/red_knot_server/src/system.rs

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use lsp_types::Url;
 use ruff_db::file_revision::FileRevision;
 use ruff_db::system::walk_directory::WalkDirectoryBuilder;
 use ruff_db::system::{
-    DirectoryEntry, FileType, Metadata, OsSystem, Result, System, SystemPath, SystemPathBuf,
-    SystemVirtualPath, SystemVirtualPathBuf,
+    DirectoryEntry, FileType, GlobError, Metadata, OsSystem, PatternError, Result, System,
+    SystemPath, SystemPathBuf, SystemVirtualPath, SystemVirtualPathBuf,
 };
 use ruff_notebook::{Notebook, NotebookError};
 
@@ -198,6 +198,16 @@ impl System for LSPSystem {
         self.os_system.walk_directory(path)
     }
 
+    fn glob(
+        &self,
+        pattern: &str,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<
+        Box<dyn Iterator<Item = std::result::Result<SystemPathBuf, GlobError>>>,
+        PatternError,
+    > {
+        self.os_system.glob(pattern)
+    }
+
     fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
         self
     }

crates/red_knot_test/src/matcher.rs

@@ -180,6 +180,16 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+/// Discard `@Todo`-type metadata from expected types, which is not available
+/// when running in release mode.
+#[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+fn discard_todo_metadata(ty: &str) -> std::borrow::Cow<'_, str> {
+    static TODO_METADATA_REGEX: std::sync::LazyLock<regex::Regex> =
+        std::sync::LazyLock::new(|| regex::Regex::new(r"@Todo\([^)]*\)").unwrap());
+
+    TODO_METADATA_REGEX.replace_all(ty, "@Todo")
+}
+
 struct Matcher {
     line_index: LineIndex,
     source: SourceText,
@@ -276,6 +286,9 @@ impl Matcher {
                 }
             }
             Assertion::Revealed(expected_type) => {
+                #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+                let expected_type = discard_todo_metadata(&expected_type);
+
                 let mut matched_revealed_type = None;
                 let mut matched_undefined_reveal = None;
                 let expected_reveal_type_message = format!("Revealed type is `{expected_type}`");

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/source_commit.txt

@@ -1 +1 @@
-d262beb07502cda412db2179fb406d45d1a9486f
+5052fa2f18db4493892e0f2775030683c9d06531

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/VERSIONS

@@ -24,18 +24,22 @@ _asyncio: 3.0-
 _bisect: 3.0-
 _blake2: 3.6-
 _bootlocale: 3.4-3.9
+_bz2: 3.3-
 _codecs: 3.0-
 _collections_abc: 3.3-
 _compat_pickle: 3.1-
 _compression: 3.5-
+_contextvars: 3.7-
 _csv: 3.0-
 _ctypes: 3.0-
 _curses: 3.0-
+_dbm: 3.0-
 _decimal: 3.3-
 _dummy_thread: 3.0-3.8
 _dummy_threading: 3.0-3.8
 _frozen_importlib: 3.0-
 _frozen_importlib_external: 3.5-
+_gdbm: 3.0-
 _heapq: 3.0-
 _imp: 3.0-
 _interpchannels: 3.13-
@@ -45,6 +49,7 @@ _io: 3.0-
 _json: 3.0-
 _locale: 3.0-
 _lsprof: 3.0-
+_lzma: 3.3-
 _markupbase: 3.0-
 _msi: 3.0-3.12
 _operator: 3.4-
@@ -52,12 +57,14 @@ _osx_support: 3.0-
 _posixsubprocess: 3.2-
 _py_abc: 3.7-
 _pydecimal: 3.5-
+_queue: 3.7-
 _random: 3.0-
 _sitebuiltins: 3.4-
 _socket: 3.0-  # present in 3.0 at runtime, but not in typeshed
 _sqlite3: 3.0-
 _ssl: 3.0-
 _stat: 3.4-
+_struct: 3.0-
 _thread: 3.0-
 _threading_local: 3.0-
 _tkinter: 3.0-

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/_bz2.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from _typeshed import ReadableBuffer
+from typing import final
+
+@final
+class BZ2Compressor:
+    def __init__(self, compresslevel: int = 9) -> None: ...
+    def compress(self, data: ReadableBuffer, /) -> bytes: ...
+    def flush(self) -> bytes: ...
+
+@final
+class BZ2Decompressor:
+    def decompress(self, data: ReadableBuffer, max_length: int = -1) -> bytes: ...
+    @property
+    def eof(self) -> bool: ...
+    @property
+    def needs_input(self) -> bool: ...
+    @property
+    def unused_data(self) -> bytes: ...

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/_contextvars.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, Mapping
+from typing import Any, ClassVar, Generic, TypeVar, final, overload
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
+    from types import GenericAlias
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_D = TypeVar("_D")
+_P = ParamSpec("_P")
+
+@final
+class ContextVar(Generic[_T]):
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None: ...
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, name: str, *, default: _T) -> None: ...
+    def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str: ...
+    @overload
+    def get(self) -> _T: ...
+    @overload
+    def get(self, default: _T, /) -> _T: ...
+    @overload
+    def get(self, default: _D, /) -> _D | _T: ...
+    def set(self, value: _T, /) -> Token[_T]: ...
+    def reset(self, token: Token[_T], /) -> None: ...
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
+        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: Any, /) -> GenericAlias: ...
+
+@final
+class Token(Generic[_T]):
+    @property
+    def var(self) -> ContextVar[_T]: ...
+    @property
+    def old_value(self) -> Any: ...  # returns either _T or MISSING, but that's hard to express
+    MISSING: ClassVar[object]
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
+        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: Any, /) -> GenericAlias: ...
+
+def copy_context() -> Context: ...
+
+# It doesn't make sense to make this generic, because for most Contexts each ContextVar will have
+# a different value.
+@final
+class Context(Mapping[ContextVar[Any], Any]):
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: ContextVar[_T], default: None = None, /) -> _T | None: ...
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: ContextVar[_T], default: _T, /) -> _T: ...
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: ContextVar[_T], default: _D, /) -> _T | _D: ...
+    def run(self, callable: Callable[_P, _T], *args: _P.args, **kwargs: _P.kwargs) -> _T: ...
+    def copy(self) -> Context: ...
+    def __getitem__(self, key: ContextVar[_T], /) -> _T: ...
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[ContextVar[Any]]: ...
+    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
+    def __eq__(self, value: object, /) -> bool: ...

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/_dbm.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import sys
+from _typeshed import ReadOnlyBuffer, StrOrBytesPath
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import TypeVar, overload
+from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
+
+if sys.platform != "win32":
+    _T = TypeVar("_T")
+    _KeyType: TypeAlias = str | ReadOnlyBuffer
+    _ValueType: TypeAlias = str | ReadOnlyBuffer
+
+    class error(OSError): ...
+    library: str
+
+    # Actual typename dbm, not exposed by the implementation
+    class _dbm:
+        def close(self) -> None: ...
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+            def clear(self) -> None: ...
+
+        def __getitem__(self, item: _KeyType) -> bytes: ...
+        def __setitem__(self, key: _KeyType, value: _ValueType) -> None: ...
+        def __delitem__(self, key: _KeyType) -> None: ...
+        def __len__(self) -> int: ...
+        def __del__(self) -> None: ...
+        def __enter__(self) -> Self: ...
+        def __exit__(
+            self, exc_type: type[BaseException] | None, exc_val: BaseException | None, exc_tb: TracebackType | None
+        ) -> None: ...
+        @overload
+        def get(self, k: _KeyType) -> bytes | None: ...
+        @overload
+        def get(self, k: _KeyType, default: _T) -> bytes | _T: ...
+        def keys(self) -> list[bytes]: ...
+        def setdefault(self, k: _KeyType, default: _ValueType = ...) -> bytes: ...
+        # Don't exist at runtime
+        __new__: None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        __init__: None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+        def open(filename: StrOrBytesPath, flags: str = "r", mode: int = 0o666, /) -> _dbm: ...
+    else:
+        def open(filename: str, flags: str = "r", mode: int = 0o666, /) -> _dbm: ...

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/_frozen_importlib_external.pyi

@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ class FileLoader:
     def get_filename(self, name: str | None = None) -> str: ...
     def load_module(self, name: str | None = None) -> types.ModuleType: ...
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
-        def get_resource_reader(self, module: types.ModuleType) -> importlib.readers.FileReader: ...
+        def get_resource_reader(self, name: str | None = None) -> importlib.readers.FileReader: ...
     else:
-        def get_resource_reader(self, module: types.ModuleType) -> Self | None: ...
+        def get_resource_reader(self, name: str | None = None) -> Self | None: ...
         def open_resource(self, resource: str) -> _io.FileIO: ...
         def resource_path(self, resource: str) -> str: ...
         def is_resource(self, name: str) -> bool: ...

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/_gdbm.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import sys
+from _typeshed import ReadOnlyBuffer, StrOrBytesPath
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import TypeVar, overload
+from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
+
+if sys.platform != "win32":
+    _T = TypeVar("_T")
+    _KeyType: TypeAlias = str | ReadOnlyBuffer
+    _ValueType: TypeAlias = str | ReadOnlyBuffer
+
+    open_flags: str
+
+    class error(OSError): ...
+    # Actual typename gdbm, not exposed by the implementation
+    class _gdbm:
+        def firstkey(self) -> bytes | None: ...
+        def nextkey(self, key: _KeyType) -> bytes | None: ...
+        def reorganize(self) -> None: ...
+        def sync(self) -> None: ...
+        def close(self) -> None: ...
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+            def clear(self) -> None: ...
+
+        def __getitem__(self, item: _KeyType) -> bytes: ...
+        def __setitem__(self, key: _KeyType, value: _ValueType) -> None: ...
+        def __delitem__(self, key: _KeyType) -> None: ...
+        def __contains__(self, key: _KeyType) -> bool: ...
+        def __len__(self) -> int: ...
+        def __enter__(self) -> Self: ...
+        def __exit__(
+            self, exc_type: type[BaseException] | None, exc_val: BaseException | None, exc_tb: TracebackType | None
+        ) -> None: ...
+        @overload
+        def get(self, k: _KeyType) -> bytes | None: ...
+        @overload
+        def get(self, k: _KeyType, default: _T) -> bytes | _T: ...
+        def keys(self) -> list[bytes]: ...
+        def setdefault(self, k: _KeyType, default: _ValueType = ...) -> bytes: ...
+        # Don't exist at runtime
+        __new__: None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        __init__: None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+        def open(filename: StrOrBytesPath, flags: str = "r", mode: int = 0o666, /) -> _gdbm: ...
+    else:
+        def open(filename: str, flags: str = "r", mode: int = 0o666, /) -> _gdbm: ...

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/_io.pyi

@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ class _IOBase:
     def readable(self) -> bool: ...
     read: Callable[..., Any]
     def readlines(self, hint: int = -1, /) -> list[bytes]: ...
-    def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int = ..., /) -> int: ...
+    def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int = 0, /) -> int: ...
     def seekable(self) -> bool: ...
     def tell(self) -> int: ...
-    def truncate(self, size: int | None = ..., /) -> int: ...
+    def truncate(self, size: int | None = None, /) -> int: ...
     def writable(self) -> bool: ...
     write: Callable[..., Any]
     def writelines(self, lines: Iterable[ReadableBuffer], /) -> None: ...
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ class _BufferedIOBase(_IOBase):
     def readinto(self, buffer: WriteableBuffer, /) -> int: ...
     def write(self, buffer: ReadableBuffer, /) -> int: ...
     def readinto1(self, buffer: WriteableBuffer, /) -> int: ...
-    def read(self, size: int | None = ..., /) -> bytes: ...
-    def read1(self, size: int = ..., /) -> bytes: ...
+    def read(self, size: int | None = -1, /) -> bytes: ...
+    def read1(self, size: int = -1, /) -> bytes: ...
 
 class FileIO(RawIOBase, _RawIOBase, BinaryIO):  # type: ignore[misc]  # incompatible definitions of writelines in the base classes
     mode: str
@@ -69,13 +69,15 @@ class FileIO(RawIOBase, _RawIOBase, BinaryIO):  # type: ignore[misc]  # incompat
     # "name" is a str. In the future, making FileIO generic might help.
     name: Any
     def __init__(
-        self, file: FileDescriptorOrPath, mode: str = ..., closefd: bool = ..., opener: _Opener | None = ...
+        self, file: FileDescriptorOrPath, mode: str = "r", closefd: bool = True, opener: _Opener | None = None
     ) -> None: ...
     @property
     def closefd(self) -> bool: ...
+    def seek(self, pos: int, whence: int = 0, /) -> int: ...
+    def read(self, size: int | None = -1, /) -> bytes | MaybeNone: ...
 
 class BytesIO(BufferedIOBase, _BufferedIOBase, BinaryIO):  # type: ignore[misc]  # incompatible definitions of methods in the base classes
-    def __init__(self, initial_bytes: ReadableBuffer = ...) -> None: ...
+    def __init__(self, initial_bytes: ReadableBuffer = b"") -> None: ...
     # BytesIO does not contain a "name" field. This workaround is necessary
     # to allow BytesIO sub-classes to add this field, as it is defined
     # as a read-only property on IO[].
@@ -83,16 +85,22 @@ class BytesIO(BufferedIOBase, _BufferedIOBase, BinaryIO):  # type: ignore[misc]
     def getvalue(self) -> bytes: ...
     def getbuffer(self) -> memoryview: ...
     def read1(self, size: int | None = -1, /) -> bytes: ...
+    def readlines(self, size: int | None = None, /) -> list[bytes]: ...
+    def seek(self, pos: int, whence: int = 0, /) -> int: ...
 
 class BufferedReader(BufferedIOBase, _BufferedIOBase, BinaryIO):  # type: ignore[misc]  # incompatible definitions of methods in the base classes
     raw: RawIOBase
     def __init__(self, raw: RawIOBase, buffer_size: int = 8192) -> None: ...
     def peek(self, size: int = 0, /) -> bytes: ...
+    def seek(self, target: int, whence: int = 0, /) -> int: ...
+    def truncate(self, pos: int | None = None, /) -> int: ...
 
 class BufferedWriter(BufferedIOBase, _BufferedIOBase, BinaryIO):  # type: ignore[misc]  # incompatible definitions of writelines in the base classes
     raw: RawIOBase
     def __init__(self, raw: RawIOBase, buffer_size: int = 8192) -> None: ...
     def write(self, buffer: ReadableBuffer, /) -> int: ...
+    def seek(self, target: int, whence: int = 0, /) -> int: ...
+    def truncate(self, pos: int | None = None, /) -> int: ...
 
 class BufferedRandom(BufferedIOBase, _BufferedIOBase, BinaryIO):  # type: ignore[misc]  # incompatible definitions of methods in the base classes
     mode: str
@@ -101,10 +109,11 @@ class BufferedRandom(BufferedIOBase, _BufferedIOBase, BinaryIO):  # type: ignore
     def __init__(self, raw: RawIOBase, buffer_size: int = 8192) -> None: ...
     def seek(self, target: int, whence: int = 0, /) -> int: ...  # stubtest needs this
     def peek(self, size: int = 0, /) -> bytes: ...
+    def truncate(self, pos: int | None = None, /) -> int: ...
 
 class BufferedRWPair(BufferedIOBase, _BufferedIOBase):
     def __init__(self, reader: RawIOBase, writer: RawIOBase, buffer_size: int = 8192) -> None: ...
-    def peek(self, size: int = ..., /) -> bytes: ...
+    def peek(self, size: int = 0, /) -> bytes: ...
 
 class _TextIOBase(_IOBase):
     encoding: str
@@ -115,9 +124,9 @@ class _TextIOBase(_IOBase):
     def detach(self) -> BinaryIO: ...
     def write(self, s: str, /) -> int: ...
     def writelines(self, lines: Iterable[str], /) -> None: ...  # type: ignore[override]
-    def readline(self, size: int = ..., /) -> str: ...  # type: ignore[override]
+    def readline(self, size: int = -1, /) -> str: ...  # type: ignore[override]
     def readlines(self, hint: int = -1, /) -> list[str]: ...  # type: ignore[override]
-    def read(self, size: int | None = ..., /) -> str: ...
+    def read(self, size: int | None = -1, /) -> str: ...
 
 @type_check_only
 class _WrappedBuffer(Protocol):
@@ -177,9 +186,10 @@ class TextIOWrapper(TextIOBase, _TextIOBase, TextIO, Generic[_BufferT_co]):  # t
     # TextIOWrapper's version of seek only supports a limited subset of
     # operations.
     def seek(self, cookie: int, whence: int = 0, /) -> int: ...
+    def truncate(self, pos: int | None = None, /) -> int: ...
 
 class StringIO(TextIOBase, _TextIOBase, TextIO):  # type: ignore[misc]  # incompatible definitions of write in the base classes
-    def __init__(self, initial_value: str | None = ..., newline: str | None = ...) -> None: ...
+    def __init__(self, initial_value: str | None = "", newline: str | None = "\n") -> None: ...
     # StringIO does not contain a "name" field. This workaround is necessary
     # to allow StringIO sub-classes to add this field, as it is defined
     # as a read-only property on IO[].
@@ -187,9 +197,11 @@ class StringIO(TextIOBase, _TextIOBase, TextIO):  # type: ignore[misc]  # incomp
     def getvalue(self) -> str: ...
     @property
     def line_buffering(self) -> bool: ...
+    def seek(self, pos: int, whence: int = 0, /) -> int: ...
+    def truncate(self, pos: int | None = None, /) -> int: ...
 
 class IncrementalNewlineDecoder:
-    def __init__(self, decoder: codecs.IncrementalDecoder | None, translate: bool, errors: str = ...) -> None: ...
+    def __init__(self, decoder: codecs.IncrementalDecoder | None, translate: bool, errors: str = "strict") -> None: ...
     def decode(self, input: ReadableBuffer | str, final: bool = False) -> str: ...
     @property
     def newlines(self) -> str | tuple[str, ...] | None: ...

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/_lzma.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+from _typeshed import ReadableBuffer
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from typing import Any, Final, final
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+_FilterChain: TypeAlias = Sequence[Mapping[str, Any]]
+
+FORMAT_AUTO: Final = 0
+FORMAT_XZ: Final = 1
+FORMAT_ALONE: Final = 2
+FORMAT_RAW: Final = 3
+CHECK_NONE: Final = 0
+CHECK_CRC32: Final = 1
+CHECK_CRC64: Final = 4
+CHECK_SHA256: Final = 10
+CHECK_ID_MAX: Final = 15
+CHECK_UNKNOWN: Final = 16
+FILTER_LZMA1: int  # v big number
+FILTER_LZMA2: Final = 33
+FILTER_DELTA: Final = 3
+FILTER_X86: Final = 4
+FILTER_IA64: Final = 6
+FILTER_ARM: Final = 7
+FILTER_ARMTHUMB: Final = 8
+FILTER_SPARC: Final = 9
+FILTER_POWERPC: Final = 5
+MF_HC3: Final = 3
+MF_HC4: Final = 4
+MF_BT2: Final = 18
+MF_BT3: Final = 19
+MF_BT4: Final = 20
+MODE_FAST: Final = 1
+MODE_NORMAL: Final = 2
+PRESET_DEFAULT: Final = 6
+PRESET_EXTREME: int  # v big number
+
+@final
+class LZMADecompressor:
+    def __init__(self, format: int | None = ..., memlimit: int | None = ..., filters: _FilterChain | None = ...) -> None: ...
+    def decompress(self, data: ReadableBuffer, max_length: int = -1) -> bytes: ...
+    @property
+    def check(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def eof(self) -> bool: ...
+    @property
+    def unused_data(self) -> bytes: ...
+    @property
+    def needs_input(self) -> bool: ...
+
+@final
+class LZMACompressor:
+    def __init__(
+        self, format: int | None = ..., check: int = ..., preset: int | None = ..., filters: _FilterChain | None = ...
+    ) -> None: ...
+    def compress(self, data: ReadableBuffer, /) -> bytes: ...
+    def flush(self) -> bytes: ...
+
+class LZMAError(Exception): ...
+
+def is_check_supported(check_id: int, /) -> bool: ...

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/_queue.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import sys
+from typing import Any, Generic, TypeVar
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
+    from types import GenericAlias
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+class Empty(Exception): ...
+
+class SimpleQueue(Generic[_T]):
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+    def empty(self) -> bool: ...
+    def get(self, block: bool = True, timeout: float | None = None) -> _T: ...
+    def get_nowait(self) -> _T: ...
+    def put(self, item: _T, block: bool = True, timeout: float | None = None) -> None: ...
+    def put_nowait(self, item: _T) -> None: ...
+    def qsize(self) -> int: ...
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
+        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: Any, /) -> GenericAlias: ...

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/_struct.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from _typeshed import ReadableBuffer, WriteableBuffer
+from collections.abc import Iterator
+from typing import Any
+
+def pack(fmt: str | bytes, /, *v: Any) -> bytes: ...
+def pack_into(fmt: str | bytes, buffer: WriteableBuffer, offset: int, /, *v: Any) -> None: ...
+def unpack(format: str | bytes, buffer: ReadableBuffer, /) -> tuple[Any, ...]: ...
+def unpack_from(format: str | bytes, /, buffer: ReadableBuffer, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[Any, ...]: ...
+def iter_unpack(format: str | bytes, buffer: ReadableBuffer, /) -> Iterator[tuple[Any, ...]]: ...
+def calcsize(format: str | bytes, /) -> int: ...
+
+class Struct:
+    @property
+    def format(self) -> str: ...
+    @property
+    def size(self) -> int: ...
+    def __init__(self, format: str | bytes) -> None: ...
+    def pack(self, *v: Any) -> bytes: ...
+    def pack_into(self, buffer: WriteableBuffer, offset: int, *v: Any) -> None: ...
+    def unpack(self, buffer: ReadableBuffer, /) -> tuple[Any, ...]: ...
+    def unpack_from(self, buffer: ReadableBuffer, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[Any, ...]: ...
+    def iter_unpack(self, buffer: ReadableBuffer, /) -> Iterator[tuple[Any, ...]]: ...

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/_threading_local.pyi

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from typing import Any
-from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
 from weakref import ReferenceType
 
 __all__ = ["local"]
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ class _localimpl:
     def create_dict(self) -> _LocalDict: ...
 
 class local:
+    def __new__(cls, /, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Self: ...
     def __getattribute__(self, name: str) -> Any: ...
     def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None: ...
     def __delattr__(self, name: str) -> None: ...

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi

@@ -1284,9 +1284,7 @@ class property:
 
 @final
 class _NotImplementedType(Any):
-    # A little weird, but typing the __call__ as NotImplemented makes the error message
-    # for NotImplemented() much better
-    __call__: NotImplemented  # type: ignore[valid-type]  # pyright: ignore[reportInvalidTypeForm]
+    __call__: None
 
 NotImplemented: _NotImplementedType
 
@@ -1917,7 +1915,7 @@ class StopIteration(Exception):
 
 class OSError(Exception):
     errno: int | None
-    strerror: str
+    strerror: str | None
     # filename, filename2 are actually str | bytes | None
     filename: Any
     filename2: Any

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/bz2.pyi

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 import _compression
 import sys
+from _bz2 import BZ2Compressor as BZ2Compressor, BZ2Decompressor as BZ2Decompressor
 from _compression import BaseStream
 from _typeshed import ReadableBuffer, StrOrBytesPath, WriteableBuffer
 from collections.abc import Iterable
-from typing import IO, Any, Literal, Protocol, SupportsIndex, TextIO, final, overload
+from typing import IO, Any, Literal, Protocol, SupportsIndex, TextIO, overload
 from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
 
 __all__ = ["BZ2File", "BZ2Compressor", "BZ2Decompressor", "open", "compress", "decompress"]
@@ -128,19 +129,3 @@ class BZ2File(BaseStream, IO[bytes]):
     def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int = 0) -> int: ...
     def write(self, data: ReadableBuffer) -> int: ...
     def writelines(self, seq: Iterable[ReadableBuffer]) -> None: ...
-
-@final
-class BZ2Compressor:
-    def __init__(self, compresslevel: int = 9) -> None: ...
-    def compress(self, data: ReadableBuffer, /) -> bytes: ...
-    def flush(self) -> bytes: ...
-
-@final
-class BZ2Decompressor:
-    def decompress(self, data: ReadableBuffer, max_length: int = -1) -> bytes: ...
-    @property
-    def eof(self) -> bool: ...
-    @property
-    def needs_input(self) -> bool: ...
-    @property
-    def unused_data(self) -> bytes: ...

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/contextvars.pyi

@@ -1,63 +1,3 @@
-import sys
-from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, Mapping
-from typing import Any, ClassVar, Generic, TypeVar, final, overload
-from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
-
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
-    from types import GenericAlias
+from _contextvars import Context as Context, ContextVar as ContextVar, Token as Token, copy_context as copy_context
 
 __all__ = ("Context", "ContextVar", "Token", "copy_context")
-
-_T = TypeVar("_T")
-_D = TypeVar("_D")
-_P = ParamSpec("_P")
-
-@final
-class ContextVar(Generic[_T]):
-    @overload
-    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None: ...
-    @overload
-    def __init__(self, name: str, *, default: _T) -> None: ...
-    def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
-    @property
-    def name(self) -> str: ...
-    @overload
-    def get(self) -> _T: ...
-    @overload
-    def get(self, default: _T, /) -> _T: ...
-    @overload
-    def get(self, default: _D, /) -> _D | _T: ...
-    def set(self, value: _T, /) -> Token[_T]: ...
-    def reset(self, token: Token[_T], /) -> None: ...
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
-        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: Any, /) -> GenericAlias: ...
-
-@final
-class Token(Generic[_T]):
-    @property
-    def var(self) -> ContextVar[_T]: ...
-    @property
-    def old_value(self) -> Any: ...  # returns either _T or MISSING, but that's hard to express
-    MISSING: ClassVar[object]
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
-        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: Any, /) -> GenericAlias: ...
-
-def copy_context() -> Context: ...
-
-# It doesn't make sense to make this generic, because for most Contexts each ContextVar will have
-# a different value.
-@final
-class Context(Mapping[ContextVar[Any], Any]):
-    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
-    @overload
-    def get(self, key: ContextVar[_T], default: None = None, /) -> _T | None: ...
-    @overload
-    def get(self, key: ContextVar[_T], default: _T, /) -> _T: ...
-    @overload
-    def get(self, key: ContextVar[_T], default: _D, /) -> _T | _D: ...
-    def run(self, callable: Callable[_P, _T], *args: _P.args, **kwargs: _P.kwargs) -> _T: ...
-    def copy(self) -> Context: ...
-    def __getitem__(self, key: ContextVar[_T], /) -> _T: ...
-    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[ContextVar[Any]]: ...
-    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
-    def __eq__(self, value: object, /) -> bool: ...

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/dbm/gnu.pyi

@@ -1,47 +1 @@
-import sys
-from _typeshed import ReadOnlyBuffer, StrOrBytesPath
-from types import TracebackType
-from typing import TypeVar, overload
-from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
-
-if sys.platform != "win32":
-    _T = TypeVar("_T")
-    _KeyType: TypeAlias = str | ReadOnlyBuffer
-    _ValueType: TypeAlias = str | ReadOnlyBuffer
-
-    open_flags: str
-
-    class error(OSError): ...
-    # Actual typename gdbm, not exposed by the implementation
-    class _gdbm:
-        def firstkey(self) -> bytes | None: ...
-        def nextkey(self, key: _KeyType) -> bytes | None: ...
-        def reorganize(self) -> None: ...
-        def sync(self) -> None: ...
-        def close(self) -> None: ...
-        if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
-            def clear(self) -> None: ...
-
-        def __getitem__(self, item: _KeyType) -> bytes: ...
-        def __setitem__(self, key: _KeyType, value: _ValueType) -> None: ...
-        def __delitem__(self, key: _KeyType) -> None: ...
-        def __contains__(self, key: _KeyType) -> bool: ...
-        def __len__(self) -> int: ...
-        def __enter__(self) -> Self: ...
-        def __exit__(
-            self, exc_type: type[BaseException] | None, exc_val: BaseException | None, exc_tb: TracebackType | None
-        ) -> None: ...
-        @overload
-        def get(self, k: _KeyType) -> bytes | None: ...
-        @overload
-        def get(self, k: _KeyType, default: _T) -> bytes | _T: ...
-        def keys(self) -> list[bytes]: ...
-        def setdefault(self, k: _KeyType, default: _ValueType = ...) -> bytes: ...
-        # Don't exist at runtime
-        __new__: None  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        __init__: None  # type: ignore[assignment]
-
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
-        def open(filename: StrOrBytesPath, flags: str = "r", mode: int = 0o666, /) -> _gdbm: ...
-    else:
-        def open(filename: str, flags: str = "r", mode: int = 0o666, /) -> _gdbm: ...
+from _gdbm import *

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/dbm/ndbm.pyi

@@ -1,43 +1 @@
-import sys
-from _typeshed import ReadOnlyBuffer, StrOrBytesPath
-from types import TracebackType
-from typing import TypeVar, overload
-from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
-
-if sys.platform != "win32":
-    _T = TypeVar("_T")
-    _KeyType: TypeAlias = str | ReadOnlyBuffer
-    _ValueType: TypeAlias = str | ReadOnlyBuffer
-
-    class error(OSError): ...
-    library: str
-
-    # Actual typename dbm, not exposed by the implementation
-    class _dbm:
-        def close(self) -> None: ...
-        if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
-            def clear(self) -> None: ...
-
-        def __getitem__(self, item: _KeyType) -> bytes: ...
-        def __setitem__(self, key: _KeyType, value: _ValueType) -> None: ...
-        def __delitem__(self, key: _KeyType) -> None: ...
-        def __len__(self) -> int: ...
-        def __del__(self) -> None: ...
-        def __enter__(self) -> Self: ...
-        def __exit__(
-            self, exc_type: type[BaseException] | None, exc_val: BaseException | None, exc_tb: TracebackType | None
-        ) -> None: ...
-        @overload
-        def get(self, k: _KeyType) -> bytes | None: ...
-        @overload
-        def get(self, k: _KeyType, default: _T) -> bytes | _T: ...
-        def keys(self) -> list[bytes]: ...
-        def setdefault(self, k: _KeyType, default: _ValueType = ...) -> bytes: ...
-        # Don't exist at runtime
-        __new__: None  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        __init__: None  # type: ignore[assignment]
-
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
-        def open(filename: StrOrBytesPath, flags: str = "r", mode: int = 0o666, /) -> _dbm: ...
-    else:
-        def open(filename: str, flags: str = "r", mode: int = 0o666, /) -> _dbm: ...
+from _dbm import *

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/distutils/ccompiler.pyi

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from _typeshed import BytesPath, StrPath, Unused
-from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
 from distutils.file_util import _BytesPathT, _StrPathT
 from typing import Literal, overload
 from typing_extensions import TypeAlias, TypeVarTuple, Unpack
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class CCompiler:
     def set_executables(self, **args: str) -> None: ...
     def compile(
         self,
-        sources: list[str],
+        sources: Sequence[StrPath],
         output_dir: str | None = None,
         macros: list[_Macro] | None = None,
         include_dirs: list[str] | None = None,

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/fractions.pyi

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import sys
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from decimal import Decimal
 from numbers import Integral, Rational, Real
-from typing import Any, Literal, SupportsIndex, overload
+from typing import Any, Literal, Protocol, SupportsIndex, overload
 from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
 
 _ComparableNum: TypeAlias = int | float | Decimal | Real
@@ -20,11 +20,19 @@ else:
     @overload
     def gcd(a: Integral, b: Integral) -> Integral: ...
 
+class _ConvertibleToIntegerRatio(Protocol):
+    def as_integer_ratio(self) -> tuple[int | Rational, int | Rational]: ...
+
 class Fraction(Rational):
     @overload
     def __new__(cls, numerator: int | Rational = 0, denominator: int | Rational | None = None) -> Self: ...
     @overload
     def __new__(cls, value: float | Decimal | str, /) -> Self: ...
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
+        @overload
+        def __new__(cls, value: _ConvertibleToIntegerRatio) -> Self: ...
+
     @classmethod
     def from_float(cls, f: float) -> Self: ...
     @classmethod

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/getopt.pyi

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+
 __all__ = ["GetoptError", "error", "getopt", "gnu_getopt"]
 
-def getopt(args: list[str], shortopts: str, longopts: list[str] = []) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, str]], list[str]]: ...
-def gnu_getopt(args: list[str], shortopts: str, longopts: list[str] = []) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, str]], list[str]]: ...
+def getopt(args: list[str], shortopts: str, longopts: Iterable[str] | str = []) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, str]], list[str]]: ...
+def gnu_getopt(
+    args: list[str], shortopts: str, longopts: Iterable[str] | str = []
+) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, str]], list[str]]: ...
 
 class GetoptError(Exception):
     msg: str

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/ipaddress.pyi

@@ -128,19 +128,6 @@ class _BaseNetwork(_IPAddressBase, Generic[_A]):
     @property
     def hostmask(self) -> _A: ...
 
-class _BaseInterface(_BaseAddress, Generic[_A, _N]):
-    hostmask: _A
-    netmask: _A
-    network: _N
-    @property
-    def ip(self) -> _A: ...
-    @property
-    def with_hostmask(self) -> str: ...
-    @property
-    def with_netmask(self) -> str: ...
-    @property
-    def with_prefixlen(self) -> str: ...
-
 class _BaseV4:
     @property
     def version(self) -> Literal[4]: ...
@@ -154,9 +141,21 @@ class IPv4Address(_BaseV4, _BaseAddress):
 
 class IPv4Network(_BaseV4, _BaseNetwork[IPv4Address]): ...
 
-class IPv4Interface(IPv4Address, _BaseInterface[IPv4Address, IPv4Network]):
+class IPv4Interface(IPv4Address):
+    netmask: IPv4Address
+    network: IPv4Network
     def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool: ...
     def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def hostmask(self) -> IPv4Address: ...
+    @property
+    def ip(self) -> IPv4Address: ...
+    @property
+    def with_hostmask(self) -> str: ...
+    @property
+    def with_netmask(self) -> str: ...
+    @property
+    def with_prefixlen(self) -> str: ...
 
 class _BaseV6:
     @property
@@ -184,9 +183,21 @@ class IPv6Network(_BaseV6, _BaseNetwork[IPv6Address]):
     @property
     def is_site_local(self) -> bool: ...
 
-class IPv6Interface(IPv6Address, _BaseInterface[IPv6Address, IPv6Network]):
+class IPv6Interface(IPv6Address):
+    netmask: IPv6Address
+    network: IPv6Network
     def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool: ...
     def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def hostmask(self) -> IPv6Address: ...
+    @property
+    def ip(self) -> IPv6Address: ...
+    @property
+    def with_hostmask(self) -> str: ...
+    @property
+    def with_netmask(self) -> str: ...
+    @property
+    def with_prefixlen(self) -> str: ...
 
 def v4_int_to_packed(address: int) -> bytes: ...
 def v6_int_to_packed(address: int) -> bytes: ...

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/logging/config.pyi

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import sys
 from _typeshed import StrOrBytesPath
-from collections.abc import Callable, Hashable, Iterable, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Callable, Hashable, Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
 from configparser import RawConfigParser
 from re import Pattern
 from threading import Thread
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def dictConfig(config: _DictConfigArgs | dict[str, Any]) -> None: ...
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
     def fileConfig(
         fname: StrOrBytesPath | IO[str] | RawConfigParser,
-        defaults: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        defaults: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
         disable_existing_loggers: bool = True,
         encoding: str | None = None,
     ) -> None: ...
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
 else:
     def fileConfig(
         fname: StrOrBytesPath | IO[str] | RawConfigParser,
-        defaults: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        defaults: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
         disable_existing_loggers: bool = True,
     ) -> None: ...
 

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/logging/handlers.pyi

@@ -260,6 +260,8 @@ class QueueHandler(Handler):
     def __init__(self, queue: _QueueLike[Any]) -> None: ...
     def prepare(self, record: LogRecord) -> Any: ...
     def enqueue(self, record: LogRecord) -> None: ...
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+        listener: QueueListener | None
 
 class QueueListener:
     handlers: tuple[Handler, ...]  # undocumented

crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/typeshed/stdlib/lzma.pyi

@@ -1,7 +1,41 @@
 from _compression import BaseStream
+from _lzma import (
+    CHECK_CRC32 as CHECK_CRC32,
+    CHECK_CRC64 as CHECK_CRC64,
+    CHECK_ID_MAX as CHECK_ID_MAX,
+    CHECK_NONE as CHECK_NONE,
+    CHECK_SHA256 as CHECK_SHA256,
+    CHECK_UNKNOWN as CHECK_UNKNOWN,
+    FILTER_ARM as FILTER_ARM,
+    FILTER_ARMTHUMB as FILTER_ARMTHUMB,
+    FILTER_DELTA as FILTER_DELTA,
+    FILTER_IA64 as FILTER_IA64,
+    FILTER_LZMA1 as FILTER_LZMA1,
+    FILTER_LZMA2 as FILTER_LZMA2,
+    FILTER_POWERPC as FILTER_POWERPC,
+    FILTER_SPARC as FILTER_SPARC,
+    FILTER_X86 as FILTER_X86,
+    FORMAT_ALONE as FORMAT_ALONE,
+    FORMAT_AUTO as FORMAT_AUTO,
+    FORMAT_RAW as FORMAT_RAW,
+    FORMAT_XZ as FORMAT_XZ,
+    MF_BT2 as MF_BT2,
+    MF_BT3 as MF_BT3,
+    MF_BT4 as MF_BT4,
+    MF_HC3 as MF_HC3,
+    MF_HC4 as MF_HC4,
+    MODE_FAST as MODE_FAST,
+    MODE_NORMAL as MODE_NORMAL,
+    PRESET_DEFAULT as PRESET_DEFAULT,
+    PRESET_EXTREME as PRESET_EXTREME,
+    LZMACompressor as LZMACompressor,
+    LZMADecompressor as LZMADecompressor,
+    LZMAError as LZMAError,
+    _FilterChain,
+    is_check_supported as is_check_supported,
+)
 from _typeshed import ReadableBuffer, StrOrBytesPath
-from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
-from typing import IO, Any, Final, Literal, TextIO, final, overload
+from typing import IO, Literal, TextIO, overload
 from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -48,62 +82,6 @@ _OpenTextWritingMode: TypeAlias = Literal["wt", "xt", "at"]
 
 _PathOrFile: TypeAlias = StrOrBytesPath | IO[bytes]
 
-_FilterChain: TypeAlias = Sequence[Mapping[str, Any]]
-
-FORMAT_AUTO: Final = 0
-FORMAT_XZ: Final = 1
-FORMAT_ALONE: Final = 2
-FORMAT_RAW: Final = 3
-CHECK_NONE: Final = 0
-CHECK_CRC32: Final = 1
-CHECK_CRC64: Final = 4
-CHECK_SHA256: Final = 10
-CHECK_ID_MAX: Final = 15
-CHECK_UNKNOWN: Final = 16
-FILTER_LZMA1: int  # v big number
-FILTER_LZMA2: Final = 33
-FILTER_DELTA: Final = 3
-FILTER_X86: Final = 4
-FILTER_IA64: Final = 6
-FILTER_ARM: Final = 7
-FILTER_ARMTHUMB: Final = 8
-FILTER_SPARC: Final = 9
-FILTER_POWERPC: Final = 5
-MF_HC3: Final = 3
-MF_HC4: Final = 4
-MF_BT2: Final = 18
-MF_BT3: Final = 19
-MF_BT4: Final = 20
-MODE_FAST: Final = 1
-MODE_NORMAL: Final = 2
-PRESET_DEFAULT: Final = 6
-PRESET_EXTREME: int  # v big number
-
-# from _lzma.c
-@final
-class LZMADecompressor:
-    def __init__(self, format: int | None = ..., memlimit: int | None = ..., filters: _FilterChain | None = ...) -> None: ...
-    def decompress(self, data: ReadableBuffer, max_length: int = -1) -> bytes: ...
-    @property
-    def check(self) -> int: ...
-    @property
-    def eof(self) -> bool: ...
-    @property
-    def unused_data(self) -> bytes: ...
-    @property
-    def needs_input(self) -> bool: ...
-
-# from _lzma.c
-@final
-class LZMACompressor:
-    def __init__(
-        self, format: int | None = ..., check: int = ..., preset: int | None = ..., filters: _FilterChain | None = ...
-    ) -> None: ...
-    def compress(self, data: ReadableBuffer, /) -> bytes: ...
-    def flush(self) -> bytes: ...
-
-class LZMAError(Exception): ...
-
 class LZMAFile(BaseStream, IO[bytes]):  # type: ignore[misc]  # incompatible definitions of writelines in the base classes
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -194,4 +172,3 @@ def compress(
 def decompress(
     data: ReadableBuffer, format: int = 0, memlimit: int | None = None, filters: _FilterChain | None = None
 ) -> bytes: ...
-def is_check_supported(check_id: int, /) -> bool: ...