Ruff 0.9.1 (#15407)

## Summary

The recent release of Pygments
([2.19.1](https://github.com/pygments/pygments/releases/tag/2.19.1))
allows the pinned version to be removed as the PYI alias for Python
syntax highlighting has been removed.

## Test Plan

- Follow the steps outlined in
https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#mkdocs to
get the documentation site running locally.
- Spot test rules pages that have PYI code blocks to ensure that syntax
highlighting remains e.g.
[http://127.0.0.1:8000/ruff/rules/complex-if-statement-in-stub/](http://127.0.0.1:8000/ruff/rules/complex-if-statement-in-stub/).

**Note:** I am unable to test the insiders build but would assume that
it functions locally as I do not have access to MkDocs Insiders, but I
would like to assume that it functions in the same way as the
non-insiders build.

.github/actionlint.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Configuration for the actionlint tool, which we run via pre-commit
+# to verify the correctness of the syntax in our GitHub Actions workflows.
+
+self-hosted-runner:
+  # Various runners we use that aren't recognized out-of-the-box by actionlint:
+  labels:
+    - depot-ubuntu-latest-8
+    - depot-ubuntu-22.04-16
+    - windows-latest-xlarge

.github/renovate.json5

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
       groupName: "Artifact GitHub Actions dependencies",
       matchManagers: ["github-actions"],
       matchDatasources: ["gitea-tags", "github-tags"],
-      matchPackagePatterns: ["actions/.*-artifact"],
+      matchPackageNames: ["actions/.*-artifact"],
       description: "Weekly update of artifact-related GitHub Actions dependencies",
     },
     {
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
     {
       // Disable updates of `zip-rs`; intentionally pinned for now due to ownership change
       // See: https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/issues/3642
-      matchPackagePatterns: ["zip"],
+      matchPackageNames: ["zip"],
       matchManagers: ["cargo"],
       enabled: false,
     },
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
       // with `mkdocs-material-insider`.
       // See: https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/insiders/upgrade/
       matchManagers: ["pip_requirements"],
-      matchPackagePatterns: ["mkdocs-material"],
+      matchPackageNames: ["mkdocs-material"],
       enabled: false,
     },
     {
@@ -87,13 +87,13 @@
     {
       groupName: "Monaco",
       matchManagers: ["npm"],
-      matchPackagePatterns: ["monaco"],
+      matchPackageNames: ["monaco"],
       description: "Weekly update of the Monaco editor",
     },
     {
       groupName: "strum",
       matchManagers: ["cargo"],
-      matchPackagePatterns: ["strum"],
+      matchPackageNames: ["strum"],
       description: "Weekly update of strum dependencies",
     },
     {

.github/workflows/build-binaries.yml

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ jobs:
           args: --out dist
       - name: "Test sdist"
         run: |
-          pip install dist/${PACKAGE_NAME}-*.tar.gz --force-reinstall
+          pip install dist/"${PACKAGE_NAME}"-*.tar.gz --force-reinstall
           "${MODULE_NAME}" --help
           python -m "${MODULE_NAME}" --help
       - name: "Upload sdist"
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ jobs:
           args: --release --locked --out dist
       - name: "Test wheel - aarch64"
         run: |
-          pip install dist/${PACKAGE_NAME}-*.whl --force-reinstall
+          pip install dist/"${PACKAGE_NAME}"-*.whl --force-reinstall
           ruff --help
           python -m ruff --help
       - name: "Upload wheels"
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ !startsWith(matrix.platform.target, 'aarch64') }}
         shell: bash
         run: |
-          python -m pip install dist/${PACKAGE_NAME}-*.whl --force-reinstall
+          python -m pip install dist/"${PACKAGE_NAME}"-*.whl --force-reinstall
           "${MODULE_NAME}" --help
           python -m "${MODULE_NAME}" --help
       - name: "Upload wheels"
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: "Test wheel"
         if: ${{ startsWith(matrix.target, 'x86_64') }}
         run: |
-          pip install dist/${PACKAGE_NAME}-*.whl --force-reinstall
+          pip install dist/"${PACKAGE_NAME}"-*.whl --force-reinstall
           "${MODULE_NAME}" --help
           python -m "${MODULE_NAME}" --help
       - name: "Upload wheels"

.github/workflows/build-docker.yml

@@ -48,11 +48,13 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Check tag consistency
         if: ${{ inputs.plan != '' && !fromJson(inputs.plan).announcement_tag_is_implicit }}
+        env:
+          TAG: ${{ inputs.plan != '' && fromJson(inputs.plan).announcement_tag || 'dry-run' }}
         run: |
           version=$(grep "version = " pyproject.toml | sed -e 's/version = "\(.*\)"/\1/g')
-          if [ "${{ fromJson(inputs.plan).announcement_tag }}" != "${version}" ]; then
+          if [ "${TAG}" != "${version}" ]; then
             echo "The input tag does not match the version from pyproject.toml:" >&2
-            echo "${{ fromJson(inputs.plan).announcement_tag }}" >&2
+            echo "${TAG}" >&2
             echo "${version}" >&2
             exit 1
           else
@@ -142,6 +144,7 @@ jobs:
         # The printf will expand the base image with the `<RUFF_BASE_IMG>@sha256:<sha256> ...` for each sha256 in the directory
         # The final command becomes `docker buildx imagetools create -t tag1 -t tag2 ... <RUFF_BASE_IMG>@sha256:<sha256_1> <RUFF_BASE_IMG>@sha256:<sha256_2> ...`
         run: |
+          # shellcheck disable=SC2046
           docker buildx imagetools create \
             $(jq -cr '.tags | map("-t " + .) | join(" ")' <<< "$DOCKER_METADATA_OUTPUT_JSON") \
             $(printf "${RUFF_BASE_IMG}@sha256:%s " *)
@@ -174,6 +177,8 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Generate Dynamic Dockerfile Tags
         shell: bash
+        env:
+          TAG_VALUE: ${{ fromJson(inputs.plan).announcement_tag }}
         run: |
           set -euo pipefail
 
@@ -194,8 +199,8 @@ jobs:
           # Loop through all base tags and append its docker metadata pattern to the list
           # Order is on purpose such that the label org.opencontainers.image.version has the first pattern with the full version
           IFS=','; for TAG in ${BASE_TAGS}; do
-            TAG_PATTERNS="${TAG_PATTERNS}type=pep440,pattern={{ version }},suffix=-${TAG},value=${{ fromJson(inputs.plan).announcement_tag }}\n"
-            TAG_PATTERNS="${TAG_PATTERNS}type=pep440,pattern={{ major }}.{{ minor }},suffix=-${TAG},value=${{ fromJson(inputs.plan).announcement_tag }}\n"
+            TAG_PATTERNS="${TAG_PATTERNS}type=pep440,pattern={{ version }},suffix=-${TAG},value=${TAG_VALUE}\n"
+            TAG_PATTERNS="${TAG_PATTERNS}type=pep440,pattern={{ major }}.{{ minor }},suffix=-${TAG},value=${TAG_VALUE}\n"
             TAG_PATTERNS="${TAG_PATTERNS}type=raw,value=${TAG}\n"
           done
 
@@ -286,6 +291,8 @@ jobs:
         # The final command becomes `docker buildx imagetools create -t tag1 -t tag2 ... <RUFF_BASE_IMG>@sha256:<sha256_1> <RUFF_BASE_IMG>@sha256:<sha256_2> ...`
         run: |
           readarray -t lines <<< "$DOCKER_METADATA_OUTPUT_ANNOTATIONS"; annotations=(); for line in "${lines[@]}"; do annotations+=(--annotation "$line"); done
+
+          # shellcheck disable=SC2046
           docker buildx imagetools create \
             "${annotations[@]}" \
             $(jq -cr '.tags | map("-t " + .) | join(" ")' <<< "$DOCKER_METADATA_OUTPUT_JSON") \

.github/workflows/ci.yaml

@@ -290,7 +290,9 @@ jobs:
           file: "Cargo.toml"
           field: "workspace.package.rust-version"
       - name: "Install Rust toolchain"
-        run: rustup default ${{ steps.msrv.outputs.value }}
+        env:
+          MSRV: ${{ steps.msrv.outputs.value }}
+        run: rustup default "${MSRV}"
       - name: "Install mold"
         uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
       - name: "Install cargo nextest"
@@ -306,7 +308,8 @@ jobs:
         shell: bash
         env:
           NEXTEST_PROFILE: "ci"
-        run: cargo +${{ steps.msrv.outputs.value }} insta test --all-features --unreferenced reject --test-runner nextest
+          MSRV: ${{ steps.msrv.outputs.value }}
+        run: cargo "+${MSRV}" insta test --all-features --unreferenced reject --test-runner nextest
 
   cargo-fuzz-build:
     name: "cargo fuzz build"
@@ -346,7 +349,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
-      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v4
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
       - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         name: Download Ruff binary to test
         id: download-cached-binary
@@ -354,16 +357,18 @@ jobs:
           name: ruff
           path: ruff-to-test
       - name: Fuzz
+        env:
+          DOWNLOAD_PATH: ${{ steps.download-cached-binary.outputs.download-path }}
         run: |
           # Make executable, since artifact download doesn't preserve this
-          chmod +x ${{ steps.download-cached-binary.outputs.download-path }}/ruff
+          chmod +x "${DOWNLOAD_PATH}/ruff"
 
           (
             uvx \
-            --python=${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }} \
+            --python="${PYTHON_VERSION}" \
             --from=./python/py-fuzzer \
             fuzz \
-            --test-executable=${{ steps.download-cached-binary.outputs.download-path }}/ruff \
+            --test-executable="${DOWNLOAD_PATH}/ruff" \
             --bin=ruff \
             0-500
           )
@@ -381,7 +386,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: "Install Rust toolchain"
         run: rustup component add rustfmt
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - run: ./scripts/add_rule.py --name DoTheThing --prefix PL --code C0999 --linter pylint
+      - run: ./scripts/add_rule.py --name DoTheThing --prefix F --code 999 --linter pyflakes
       - run: cargo check
       - run: cargo fmt --all --check
       - run: |
@@ -429,64 +434,72 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Run `ruff check` stable ecosystem check
         if: ${{ needs.determine_changes.outputs.linter == 'true' }}
+        env:
+          DOWNLOAD_PATH: ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}
         run: |
           # Make executable, since artifact download doesn't preserve this
-          chmod +x ./ruff ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}/ruff
+          chmod +x ./ruff "${DOWNLOAD_PATH}/ruff"
 
           # Set pipefail to avoid hiding errors with tee
           set -eo pipefail
 
-          ruff-ecosystem check ./ruff ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}/ruff --cache ./checkouts --output-format markdown | tee ecosystem-result-check-stable
+          ruff-ecosystem check ./ruff "${DOWNLOAD_PATH}/ruff" --cache ./checkouts --output-format markdown | tee ecosystem-result-check-stable
 
-          cat ecosystem-result-check-stable > $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+          cat ecosystem-result-check-stable > "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
           echo "### Linter (stable)"  > ecosystem-result
           cat ecosystem-result-check-stable >> ecosystem-result
           echo "" >> ecosystem-result
 
       - name: Run `ruff check` preview ecosystem check
         if: ${{ needs.determine_changes.outputs.linter == 'true' }}
+        env:
+          DOWNLOAD_PATH: ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}
         run: |
           # Make executable, since artifact download doesn't preserve this
-          chmod +x ./ruff ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}/ruff
+          chmod +x ./ruff "${DOWNLOAD_PATH}/ruff"
 
           # Set pipefail to avoid hiding errors with tee
           set -eo pipefail
 
-          ruff-ecosystem check ./ruff ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}/ruff --cache ./checkouts --output-format markdown --force-preview | tee ecosystem-result-check-preview
+          ruff-ecosystem check ./ruff "${DOWNLOAD_PATH}/ruff" --cache ./checkouts --output-format markdown --force-preview | tee ecosystem-result-check-preview
 
-          cat ecosystem-result-check-preview > $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+          cat ecosystem-result-check-preview > "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
           echo "### Linter (preview)" >> ecosystem-result
           cat ecosystem-result-check-preview >> ecosystem-result
           echo "" >> ecosystem-result
 
       - name: Run `ruff format` stable ecosystem check
         if: ${{ needs.determine_changes.outputs.formatter == 'true' }}
+        env:
+          DOWNLOAD_PATH: ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}
         run: |
           # Make executable, since artifact download doesn't preserve this
-          chmod +x ./ruff ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}/ruff
+          chmod +x ./ruff "${DOWNLOAD_PATH}/ruff"
 
           # Set pipefail to avoid hiding errors with tee
           set -eo pipefail
 
-          ruff-ecosystem format ./ruff ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}/ruff --cache ./checkouts --output-format markdown | tee ecosystem-result-format-stable
+          ruff-ecosystem format ./ruff "${DOWNLOAD_PATH}/ruff" --cache ./checkouts --output-format markdown | tee ecosystem-result-format-stable
 
-          cat ecosystem-result-format-stable > $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+          cat ecosystem-result-format-stable > "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
           echo "### Formatter (stable)" >> ecosystem-result
           cat ecosystem-result-format-stable >> ecosystem-result
           echo "" >> ecosystem-result
 
       - name: Run `ruff format` preview ecosystem check
         if: ${{ needs.determine_changes.outputs.formatter == 'true' }}
+        env:
+          DOWNLOAD_PATH: ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}
         run: |
           # Make executable, since artifact download doesn't preserve this
-          chmod +x ./ruff ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}/ruff
+          chmod +x ./ruff "${DOWNLOAD_PATH}/ruff"
 
           # Set pipefail to avoid hiding errors with tee
           set -eo pipefail
 
-          ruff-ecosystem format ./ruff ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}/ruff --cache ./checkouts --output-format markdown --force-preview | tee ecosystem-result-format-preview
+          ruff-ecosystem format ./ruff "${DOWNLOAD_PATH}/ruff" --cache ./checkouts --output-format markdown --force-preview | tee ecosystem-result-format-preview
 
-          cat ecosystem-result-format-preview > $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+          cat ecosystem-result-format-preview > "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
           echo "### Formatter (preview)" >> ecosystem-result
           cat ecosystem-result-format-preview >> ecosystem-result
           echo "" >> ecosystem-result
@@ -541,7 +554,7 @@ jobs:
           args: --out dist
       - name: "Test wheel"
         run: |
-          pip install --force-reinstall --find-links dist ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}
+          pip install --force-reinstall --find-links dist "${PACKAGE_NAME}"
           ruff --help
           python -m ruff --help
       - name: "Remove wheels from cache"
@@ -570,13 +583,14 @@ jobs:
           key: pre-commit-${{ hashFiles('.pre-commit-config.yaml') }}
       - name: "Run pre-commit"
         run: |
-          echo '```console' > $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+          echo '```console' > "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
           # Enable color output for pre-commit and remove it for the summary
-          SKIP=cargo-fmt,clippy,dev-generate-all pre-commit run --all-files --show-diff-on-failure --color=always | \
-            tee >(sed -E 's/\x1B\[([0-9]{1,2}(;[0-9]{1,2})*)?[mGK]//g' >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY) >&1
-          exit_code=${PIPESTATUS[0]}
-          echo '```' >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          exit $exit_code
+          # Use --hook-stage=manual to enable slower pre-commit hooks that are skipped by default
+          SKIP=cargo-fmt,clippy,dev-generate-all pre-commit run --all-files --show-diff-on-failure --color=always --hook-stage=manual | \
+            tee >(sed -E 's/\x1B\[([0-9]{1,2}(;[0-9]{1,2})*)?[mGK]//g' >> "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY") >&1
+          exit_code="${PIPESTATUS[0]}"
+          echo '```' >> "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
+          exit "$exit_code"
 
   docs:
     name: "mkdocs"
@@ -599,7 +613,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: "Install Rust toolchain"
         run: rustup show
       - name: Install uv
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v4
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
       - name: "Install Insiders dependencies"
         if: ${{ env.MKDOCS_INSIDERS_SSH_KEY_EXISTS == 'true' }}
@@ -637,7 +651,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: "Run checks"
         run: scripts/formatter_ecosystem_checks.sh
       - name: "Github step summary"
-        run: cat target/formatter-ecosystem/stats.txt > $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+        run: cat target/formatter-ecosystem/stats.txt > "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
       - name: "Remove checkouts from cache"
         run: rm -r target/formatter-ecosystem
 
@@ -676,11 +690,13 @@ jobs:
           just install
 
       - name: Run ruff-lsp tests
+        env:
+          DOWNLOAD_PATH: ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}
         run: |
           # Setup development binary
           pip uninstall --yes ruff
-          chmod +x ${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}/ruff
-          export PATH=${{ steps.ruff-target.outputs.download-path }}:$PATH
+          chmod +x "${DOWNLOAD_PATH}/ruff"
+          export PATH="${DOWNLOAD_PATH}:${PATH}"
           ruff version
 
           just test

.github/workflows/daily_fuzz.yaml

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
-      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v4
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
       - name: "Install Rust toolchain"
         run: rustup show
       - name: "Install mold"
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ jobs:
         run: cargo build --locked
       - name: Fuzz
         run: |
+          # shellcheck disable=SC2046
           (
             uvx \
             --python=3.12 \
@@ -72,6 +73,6 @@ jobs:
               owner: "astral-sh",
               repo: "ruff",
               title: `Daily parser fuzz failed on ${new Date().toDateString()}`,
-              body: "Runs listed here: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/actions/workflows/daily_fuzz.yml",
+              body: "Run listed here: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               labels: ["bug", "parser", "fuzzer"],
             })

.github/workflows/daily_property_tests.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+name: Daily property test run
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: "0 12 * * *"
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - ".github/workflows/daily_property_tests.yaml"
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+env:
+  CARGO_INCREMENTAL: 0
+  CARGO_NET_RETRY: 10
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+  RUSTUP_MAX_RETRIES: 10
+  FORCE_COLOR: 1
+
+jobs:
+  property_tests:
+    name: Property tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 20
+    # Don't run the cron job on forks:
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'astral-sh/ruff' || github.event_name != 'schedule' }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: "Install Rust toolchain"
+        run: rustup show
+      - name: "Install mold"
+        uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - name: Build Red Knot
+        # A release build takes longer (2 min vs 1 min), but the property tests run much faster in release
+        # mode (1.5 min vs 14 min), so the overall time is shorter with a release build.
+        run: cargo build --locked --release --package red_knot_python_semantic --tests
+      - name: Run property tests
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          export QUICKCHECK_TESTS=100000
+          for _ in {1..5}; do
+            cargo test --locked --release --package red_knot_python_semantic -- --ignored types::property_tests::stable
+          done
+
+  create-issue-on-failure:
+    name: Create an issue if the daily property test run surfaced any bugs
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: property_tests
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'astral-sh/ruff' && always() && github.event_name == 'schedule' && needs.property_tests.result == 'failure' }}
+    permissions:
+      issues: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/github-script@v7
+        with:
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          script: |
+            await github.rest.issues.create({
+              owner: "astral-sh",
+              repo: "ruff",
+              title: `Daily property test run failed on ${new Date().toDateString()}`,
+              body: "Run listed here: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              labels: ["bug", "red-knot", "testing"],
+            })

.github/workflows/pr-comment.yaml

@@ -10,12 +10,11 @@ on:
         description: The ecosystem workflow that triggers the workflow run
         required: true
 
-permissions:
-  pull-requests: write
-
 jobs:
   comment:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      pull-requests: write
     steps:
       - uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v7
         name: Download pull request number
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           if [[ -f pr-number ]]
           then
-            echo "pr-number=$(<pr-number)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+            echo "pr-number=$(<pr-number)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           fi
 
       - uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v7
@@ -66,9 +65,9 @@ jobs:
           cat pr/ecosystem/ecosystem-result >> comment.txt
           echo "" >> comment.txt
 
-          echo 'comment<<EOF' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          cat comment.txt >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-          echo 'EOF' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo 'comment<<EOF' >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          cat comment.txt >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          echo 'EOF' >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: Find existing comment
         uses: peter-evans/find-comment@v3

.github/workflows/publish-docs.yml

@@ -33,8 +33,9 @@ jobs:
           python-version: 3.12
 
       - name: "Set docs version"
+        env:
+          version: ${{ (inputs.plan != '' && fromJson(inputs.plan).announcement_tag) || inputs.ref }}
         run: |
-          version="${{ (inputs.plan != '' && fromJson(inputs.plan).announcement_tag) || inputs.ref }}"
           # if version is missing, use 'latest'
           if [ -z "$version" ]; then
             echo "Using 'latest' as version"
@@ -44,8 +45,8 @@ jobs:
           # Use version as display name for now
           display_name="$version"
 
-          echo "version=$version" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "display_name=$display_name" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "version=$version" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "display_name=$display_name" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
       - name: "Set branch name"
         run: |
@@ -55,8 +56,8 @@ jobs:
           # characters disallowed in git branch names with hyphens
           branch_display_name="$(echo "${display_name}" | tr -c '[:alnum:]._' '-' | tr -s '-')"
 
-          echo "branch_name=update-docs-$branch_display_name-$timestamp" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "timestamp=$timestamp" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "branch_name=update-docs-$branch_display_name-$timestamp" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "timestamp=$timestamp" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
       - name: "Add SSH key"
         if: ${{ env.MKDOCS_INSIDERS_SSH_KEY_EXISTS == 'true' }}
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ jobs:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.ASTRAL_DOCS_PAT }}
         run: |
           # set the PR title
-          pull_request_title="Update ruff documentation for "${display_name}""
+          pull_request_title="Update ruff documentation for ${display_name}"
 
           # Delete any existing pull requests that are open for this version
           # by checking against pull_request_title because the new PR will
@@ -124,10 +125,12 @@ jobs:
           git push origin "${branch_name}"
 
           # create the PR
-          gh pr create --base main --head "${branch_name}" \
-            --title "$pull_request_title" \
-            --body "Automated documentation update for "${display_name}"" \
-            --label "documentation"
+          gh pr create \
+            --base=main \
+            --head="${branch_name}" \
+            --title="${pull_request_title}" \
+            --body="Automated documentation update for ${display_name}" \
+            --label="documentation"
 
       - name: "Merge Pull Request"
         if: ${{ inputs.plan != '' && !fromJson(inputs.plan).announcement_tag_is_implicit }}

.github/workflows/publish-pypi.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
       id-token: write
     steps:
       - name: "Install uv"
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v4
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
       - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
           pattern: wheels-*

.github/workflows/sync_typeshed.yaml

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           cd ruff
           git push --force origin typeshedbot/sync-typeshed
-          gh pr list --repo $GITHUB_REPOSITORY --head typeshedbot/sync-typeshed --json id --jq length | grep 1 && exit 0 # exit if there is existing pr
+          gh pr list --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" --head typeshedbot/sync-typeshed --json id --jq length | grep 1 && exit 0 # exit if there is existing pr
           gh pr create --title "Sync vendored typeshed stubs" --body "Close and reopen this PR to trigger CI" --label "internal"
 
   create-issue-on-failure:

.github/zizmor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Configuration for the zizmor static analysis tool, run via pre-commit in CI
+# https://woodruffw.github.io/zizmor/configuration/
+#
+# TODO: can we remove the ignores here so that our workflows are more secure?
+rules:
+  dangerous-triggers:
+    ignore:
+      - pr-comment.yaml
+  cache-poisoning:
+    ignore:
+      - build-docker.yml
+      - publish-playground.yml

.markdownlint.yaml

@@ -21,3 +21,11 @@ MD014: false
 MD024:
   # Allow when nested under different parents e.g. CHANGELOG.md
   siblings_only: true
+
+# MD046/code-block-style
+#
+# Ignore this because it conflicts with the code block style used in content
+# tabs of mkdocs-material which is to add a blank line after the content title.
+#
+# Ref: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15011#issuecomment-2544790854
+MD046: false

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ fail_fast: false
 
 exclude: |
   (?x)^(
+    .github/workflows/release.yml|
     crates/red_knot_vendored/vendor/.*|
     crates/red_knot_workspace/resources/.*|
     crates/ruff_linter/resources/.*|
@@ -22,13 +23,12 @@ repos:
       - id: validate-pyproject
 
   - repo: https://github.com/executablebooks/mdformat
-    rev: 0.7.19
+    rev: 0.7.21
     hooks:
       - id: mdformat
         additional_dependencies:
-          - mdformat-mkdocs
-          - mdformat-admon
-          - mdformat-footnote
+          - mdformat-mkdocs==4.0.0
+          - mdformat-footnote==0.1.1
         exclude: |
           (?x)^(
             docs/formatter/black\.md
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ repos:
           - black==24.10.0
 
   - repo: https://github.com/crate-ci/typos
-    rev: v1.28.2
+    rev: v1.29.4
     hooks:
       - id: typos
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ repos:
         pass_filenames: false # This makes it a lot faster
 
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.8.2
+    rev: v0.8.6
     hooks:
       - id: ruff-format
       - id: ruff
@@ -88,18 +88,37 @@ repos:
       - id: prettier
         types: [yaml]
 
+  # zizmor detects security vulnerabilities in GitHub Actions workflows.
+  # Additional configuration for the tool is found in `.github/zizmor.yml`
   - repo: https://github.com/woodruffw/zizmor-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.8.0
+    rev: v1.0.0
     hooks:
       - id: zizmor
-        # `release.yml` is autogenerated by `dist`; security issues need to be fixed there
-        # (https://opensource.axo.dev/cargo-dist/)
-        exclude: .github/workflows/release.yml
 
   - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
     rev: 0.30.0
     hooks:
       - id: check-github-workflows
 
+  # `actionlint` hook, for verifying correct syntax in GitHub Actions workflows.
+  # Some additional configuration for `actionlint` can be found in `.github/actionlint.yaml`.
+  - repo: https://github.com/rhysd/actionlint
+    rev: v1.7.6
+    hooks:
+      - id: actionlint
+        stages:
+          # This hook is disabled by default, since it's quite slow.
+          # To run all hooks *including* this hook, use `uvx pre-commit run -a --hook-stage=manual`.
+          # To run *just* this hook, use `uvx pre-commit run -a actionlint --hook-stage=manual`.
+          - manual
+        args:
+          - "-ignore=SC2129" # ignorable stylistic lint from shellcheck
+          - "-ignore=SC2016" # another shellcheck lint: seems to have false positives?
+        additional_dependencies:
+          # actionlint has a shellcheck integration which extracts shell scripts in `run:` steps from GitHub Actions
+          # and checks these with shellcheck. This is arguably its most useful feature,
+          # but the integration only works if shellcheck is installed
+          - "github.com/wasilibs/go-shellcheck/cmd/shellcheck@v0.10.0"
+
 ci:
   skip: [cargo-fmt, dev-generate-all]

BREAKING_CHANGES.md

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 # Breaking Changes
 
+## 0.9.0
+
+Ruff now formats your code according to the 2025 style guide. As a result, your code might now get formatted differently. See the [changelog](./CHANGELOG.md#090) for a detailed list of changes.
+
 ## 0.8.0
 
 - **Default to Python 3.9**

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,5 +1,208 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## 0.9.1
+
+### Preview features
+
+- \[`pycodestyle`\] Run `too-many-newlines-at-end-of-file` on each cell in notebooks (`W391`) ([#15308](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15308))
+- \[`ruff`\] Omit diagnostic for shadowed private function parameters in `used-dummy-variable` (`RUF052`) ([#15376](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15376))
+
+### Rule changes
+
+- \[`flake8-bugbear`\] Improve `assert-raises-exception` message (`B017`) ([#15389](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15389))
+
+### Formatter
+
+- Preserve trailing end-of line comments for the last string literal in implicitly concatenated strings ([#15378](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15378))
+
+### Server
+
+- Fix a bug where the server and client notebooks were out of sync after reordering cells ([#15398](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15398))
+
+### Bug fixes
+
+- \[`flake8-pie`\] Correctly remove wrapping parentheses (`PIE800`) ([#15394](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15394))
+- \[`pyupgrade`\] Handle comments and multiline expressions correctly (`UP037`) ([#15337](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15337))
+
+## 0.9.0
+
+Check out the [blog post](https://astral.sh/blog/ruff-v0.9.0) for a migration guide and overview of the changes!
+
+### Breaking changes
+
+Ruff now formats your code according to the 2025 style guide. As a result, your code might now get formatted differently. See the formatter section for a detailed list of changes.
+
+This release doesn’t remove or remap any existing stable rules.
+
+### Stabilization
+
+The following rules have been stabilized and are no longer in preview:
+
+- [`stdlib-module-shadowing`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/stdlib-module-shadowing/) (`A005`).
+    This rule has also been renamed: previously, it was called `builtin-module-shadowing`.
+- [`builtin-lambda-argument-shadowing`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/builtin-lambda-argument-shadowing/) (`A006`)
+- [`slice-to-remove-prefix-or-suffix`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/slice-to-remove-prefix-or-suffix/) (`FURB188`)
+- [`boolean-chained-comparison`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/boolean-chained-comparison/) (`PLR1716`)
+- [`decimal-from-float-literal`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/decimal-from-float-literal/) (`RUF032`)
+- [`post-init-default`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/post-init-default/) (`RUF033`)
+- [`useless-if-else`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/useless-if-else/) (`RUF034`)
+
+The following behaviors have been stabilized:
+
+- [`pytest-parametrize-names-wrong-type`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/pytest-parametrize-names-wrong-type/) (`PT006`): Detect [`pytest.parametrize`](https://docs.pytest.org/en/7.1.x/how-to/parametrize.html#parametrize) calls outside decorators and calls with keyword arguments.
+- [`module-import-not-at-top-of-file`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/module-import-not-at-top-of-file/) (`E402`): Ignore [`pytest.importorskip`](https://docs.pytest.org/en/7.1.x/reference/reference.html#pytest-importorskip) calls between import statements.
+- [`mutable-dataclass-default`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/mutable-dataclass-default/) (`RUF008`) and [`function-call-in-dataclass-default-argument`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/function-call-in-dataclass-default-argument/) (`RUF009`): Add support for [`attrs`](https://www.attrs.org/en/stable/).
+- [`bad-version-info-comparison`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/bad-version-info-comparison/) (`PYI006`): Extend the rule to check non-stub files.
+
+The following fixes or improvements to fixes have been stabilized:
+
+- [`redundant-numeric-union`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/redundant-numeric-union/) (`PYI041`)
+- [`duplicate-union-members`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/duplicate-union-member/) (`PYI016`)
+
+### Formatter
+
+This release introduces the new 2025 stable style ([#13371](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/13371)), stabilizing the following changes:
+
+- Format expressions in f-string elements ([#7594](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/7594))
+- Alternate quotes for strings inside f-strings ([#13860](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/13860))
+- Preserve the casing of hex codes in f-string debug expressions ([#14766](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/14766))
+- Choose the quote style for each string literal in an implicitly concatenated f-string rather than for the entire string ([#13539](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/13539))
+- Automatically join an implicitly concatenated string into a single string literal if it fits on a single line ([#9457](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/9457))
+- Remove the [`ISC001`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/single-line-implicit-string-concatenation/) incompatibility warning ([#15123](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15123))
+- Prefer parenthesizing the `assert` message over breaking the assertion expression ([#9457](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/9457))
+- Automatically parenthesize over-long `if` guards in `match` `case` clauses ([#13513](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/13513))
+- More consistent formatting for `match` `case` patterns ([#6933](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/6933))
+- Avoid unnecessary parentheses around return type annotations ([#13381](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/13381))
+- Keep the opening parentheses on the same line as the `if` keyword for comprehensions where the condition has a leading comment ([#12282](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/12282))
+- More consistent formatting for `with` statements with a single context manager for Python 3.8 or older ([#10276](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/10276))
+- Correctly calculate the line-width for code blocks in docstrings when using `max-doc-code-line-length = "dynamic"` ([#13523](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/13523))
+
+### Preview features
+
+- \[`flake8-bugbear`\] Implement `class-as-data-structure` (`B903`) ([#9601](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/9601))
+- \[`flake8-type-checking`\] Apply `quoted-type-alias` more eagerly in `TYPE_CHECKING` blocks and ignore it in stubs (`TC008`) ([#15180](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15180))
+- \[`pylint`\] Ignore `eq-without-hash` in stub files (`PLW1641`) ([#15310](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15310))
+- \[`pyupgrade`\] Split `UP007` into two individual rules: `UP007` for `Union` and `UP045` for `Optional` (`UP007`, `UP045`) ([#15313](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15313))
+- \[`ruff`\] New rule that detects classes that are both an enum and a `dataclass` (`RUF049`) ([#15299](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15299))
+- \[`ruff`\] Recode `RUF025` to `RUF037` (`RUF037`) ([#15258](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15258))
+
+### Rule changes
+
+- \[`flake8-builtins`\] Ignore [`stdlib-module-shadowing`](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/stdlib-module-shadowing/) in stub files(`A005`) ([#15350](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15350))
+- \[`flake8-return`\] Add support for functions returning `typing.Never` (`RET503`) ([#15298](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15298))
+
+### Server
+
+- Improve the observability by removing the need for the ["trace" value](https://microsoft.github.io/language-server-protocol/specifications/lsp/3.17/specification/#traceValue) to turn on or off logging. The server logging is solely controlled using the [`logLevel` server setting](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/editors/settings/#loglevel)
+    which defaults to `info`. This addresses the issue where users were notified about an error and told to consult the log, but it didn’t contain any messages. ([#15232](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15232))
+- Ignore diagnostics from other sources for code action requests ([#15373](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15373))
+
+### CLI
+
+- Improve the error message for `--config key=value` when the `key` is for a table and it’s a simple `value`
+
+### Bug fixes
+
+- \[`eradicate`\] Ignore metadata blocks directly followed by normal blocks (`ERA001`) ([#15330](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15330))
+- \[`flake8-django`\] Recognize other magic methods (`DJ012`) ([#15365](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15365))
+- \[`pycodestyle`\] Avoid false positives related to type aliases (`E252`) ([#15356](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15356))
+- \[`pydocstyle`\] Avoid treating newline-separated sections as sub-sections (`D405`) ([#15311](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15311))
+- \[`pyflakes`\] Remove call when removing final argument from `format` (`F523`) ([#15309](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15309))
+- \[`refurb`\] Mark fix as unsafe when the right-hand side is a string (`FURB171`) ([#15273](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15273))
+- \[`ruff`\] Treat `)` as a regex metacharacter (`RUF043`, `RUF055`) ([#15318](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15318))
+- \[`ruff`\] Parenthesize the `int`-call argument when removing the `int` call would change semantics (`RUF046`) ([#15277](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15277))
+
+## 0.8.6
+
+### Preview features
+
+- \[`format`\]: Preserve multiline implicit concatenated strings in docstring positions ([#15126](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15126))
+- \[`ruff`\] Add rule to detect empty literal in deque call (`RUF025`) ([#15104](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15104))
+- \[`ruff`\] Avoid reporting when `ndigits` is possibly negative (`RUF057`) ([#15234](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15234))
+
+### Rule changes
+
+- \[`flake8-todos`\] remove issue code length restriction (`TD003`) ([#15175](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15175))
+- \[`pyflakes`\] Ignore errors in `@no_type_check` string annotations (`F722`, `F821`) ([#15215](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15215))
+
+### CLI
+
+- Show errors for attempted fixes only when passed `--verbose` ([#15237](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15237))
+
+### Bug fixes
+
+- \[`ruff`\] Avoid syntax error when removing int over multiple lines (`RUF046`) ([#15230](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15230))
+- \[`pyupgrade`\] Revert "Add all PEP-585 names to `UP006` rule" ([#15250](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15250))
+
+## 0.8.5
+
+### Preview features
+
+- \[`airflow`\] Extend names moved from core to provider (`AIR303`) ([#15145](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15145), [#15159](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15159), [#15196](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15196), [#15216](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15216))
+- \[`airflow`\] Extend rule to check class attributes, methods, arguments (`AIR302`) ([#15054](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15054), [#15083](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15083))
+- \[`fastapi`\] Update `FAST002` to check keyword-only arguments ([#15119](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15119))
+- \[`flake8-type-checking`\] Disable `TC006` and `TC007` in stub files ([#15179](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15179))
+- \[`pylint`\] Detect nested methods correctly (`PLW1641`) ([#15032](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15032))
+- \[`ruff`\] Detect more strict-integer expressions (`RUF046`) ([#14833](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14833))
+- \[`ruff`\] Implement `falsy-dict-get-fallback` (`RUF056`) ([#15160](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15160))
+- \[`ruff`\] Implement `unnecessary-round` (`RUF057`) ([#14828](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14828))
+
+### Rule changes
+
+- Visit PEP 764 inline `TypedDict` keys as non-type-expressions ([#15073](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15073))
+- \[`flake8-comprehensions`\] Skip `C416` if comprehension contains unpacking ([#14909](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14909))
+- \[`flake8-pie`\] Allow `cast(SomeType, ...)` (`PIE796`) ([#15141](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15141))
+- \[`flake8-simplify`\] More precise inference for dictionaries (`SIM300`) ([#15164](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15164))
+- \[`flake8-use-pathlib`\] Catch redundant joins in `PTH201` and avoid syntax errors ([#15177](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15177))
+- \[`pycodestyle`\] Preserve original value format (`E731`) ([#15097](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15097))
+- \[`pydocstyle`\] Split on first whitespace character (`D403`) ([#15082](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15082))
+- \[`pyupgrade`\] Add all PEP-585 names to `UP006` rule ([#5454](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/5454))
+
+### Configuration
+
+- \[`flake8-type-checking`\] Improve flexibility of `runtime-evaluated-decorators` ([#15204](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15204))
+- \[`pydocstyle`\] Add setting to ignore missing documentation for `*args` and `**kwargs` parameters (`D417`) ([#15210](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15210))
+- \[`ruff`\] Add an allowlist for `unsafe-markup-use` (`RUF035`) ([#15076](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15076))
+
+### Bug fixes
+
+- Fix type subscript on older python versions ([#15090](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15090))
+- Use `TypeChecker` for detecting `fastapi` routes ([#15093](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15093))
+- \[`pycodestyle`\] Avoid false positives and negatives related to type parameter default syntax (`E225`, `E251`) ([#15214](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15214))
+
+### Documentation
+
+- Fix incorrect doc in `shebang-not-executable` (`EXE001`) and add git+windows solution to executable bit ([#15208](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15208))
+- Rename rules currently not conforming to naming convention ([#15102](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15102))
+
+## 0.8.4
+
+### Preview features
+
+- \[`airflow`\] Extend `AIR302` with additional functions and classes ([#15015](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15015))
+- \[`airflow`\] Implement `moved-to-provider-in-3` for modules that has been moved to Airflow providers (`AIR303`) ([#14764](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14764))
+- \[`flake8-use-pathlib`\] Extend check for invalid path suffix to include the case `"."` (`PTH210`) ([#14902](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14902))
+- \[`perflint`\] Fix panic in `PERF401` when list variable is after the `for` loop ([#14971](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14971))
+- \[`perflint`\] Simplify finding the loop target in `PERF401` ([#15025](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15025))
+- \[`pylint`\] Preserve original value format (`PLR6104`) ([#14978](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14978))
+- \[`ruff`\] Avoid false positives for `RUF027` for typing context bindings ([#15037](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15037))
+- \[`ruff`\] Check for ambiguous pattern passed to `pytest.raises()` (`RUF043`) ([#14966](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14966))
+
+### Rule changes
+
+- \[`flake8-bandit`\] Check `S105` for annotated assignment ([#15059](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15059))
+- \[`flake8-pyi`\] More autofixes for `redundant-none-literal` (`PYI061`) ([#14872](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14872))
+- \[`pydocstyle`\] Skip leading whitespace for `D403` ([#14963](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14963))
+- \[`ruff`\] Skip `SQLModel` base classes for `mutable-class-default` (`RUF012`) ([#14949](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/14949))
+
+### Bug
+
+- \[`perflint`\] Parenthesize walrus expressions in autofix for `manual-list-comprehension` (`PERF401`) ([#15050](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15050))
+
+### Server
+
+- Check diagnostic refresh support from client capability which enables dynamic configuration for various editors ([#15014](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15014))
+
 ## 0.8.3
 
 ### Preview features

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ cargo build --release && hyperfine --warmup 10 \
   "./target/release/ruff check ./crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/cpython/ --no-cache -e --select W505,E501"
 ```
 
-You can run `poetry install` from `./scripts/benchmarks` to create a working environment for the
+You can run `uv venv --project ./scripts/benchmarks`, activate the venv and then run `uv sync --project ./scripts/benchmarks` to create a working environment for the
 above. All reported benchmarks were computed using the versions specified by
 `./scripts/benchmarks/pyproject.toml` on Python 3.11.
 

Cargo.lock

@@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
-version = "1.0.94"
+version = "1.0.95"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c1fd03a028ef38ba2276dce7e33fcd6369c158a1bca17946c4b1b701891c1ff7"
+checksum = "34ac096ce696dc2fcabef30516bb13c0a68a11d30131d3df6f04711467681b04"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "append-only-vec"
@@ -220,9 +220,9 @@ checksum = "7f839cdf7e2d3198ac6ca003fd8ebc61715755f41c1cad15ff13df67531e00ed"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bstr"
-version = "1.11.0"
+version = "1.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1a68f1f47cdf0ec8ee4b941b2eee2a80cb796db73118c0dd09ac63fbe405be22"
+checksum = "531a9155a481e2ee699d4f98f43c0ca4ff8ee1bfd55c31e9e98fb29d2b176fe0"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "regex-automata 0.4.8",
@@ -291,12 +291,6 @@ version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cfg_aliases"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fd16c4719339c4530435d38e511904438d07cce7950afa3718a84ac36c10e89e"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg_aliases"
 version = "0.2.1"
@@ -314,9 +308,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chrono"
-version = "0.4.38"
+version = "0.4.39"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a21f936df1771bf62b77f047b726c4625ff2e8aa607c01ec06e5a05bd8463401"
+checksum = "7e36cc9d416881d2e24f9a963be5fb1cd90966419ac844274161d10488b3e825"
 dependencies = [
  "android-tzdata",
  "iana-time-zone",
@@ -413,7 +407,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -424,15 +418,15 @@ checksum = "f46ad14479a25103f283c0f10005961cf086d8dc42205bb44c46ac563475dca6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clearscreen"
-version = "3.0.0"
+version = "4.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2f8c93eb5f77c9050c7750e14f13ef1033a40a0aac70c6371535b6763a01438c"
+checksum = "8c41dc435a7b98e4608224bbf65282309f5403719df9113621b30f8b6f74e2f4"
 dependencies = [
- "nix 0.28.0",
+ "nix",
  "terminfo",
- "thiserror 1.0.67",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "which",
- "winapi",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -465,19 +459,19 @@ checksum = "acbf1af155f9b9ef647e42cdc158db4b64a1b61f743629225fde6f3e0be2a7c7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "colored"
-version = "2.1.0"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cbf2150cce219b664a8a70df7a1f933836724b503f8a413af9365b4dcc4d90b8"
+checksum = "117725a109d387c937a1533ce01b450cbde6b88abceea8473c4d7a85853cda3c"
 dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "compact_str"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6050c3a16ddab2e412160b31f2c871015704239bca62f72f6e5f0be631d3f644"
+checksum = "3b79c4069c6cad78e2e0cdfcbd26275770669fb39fd308a752dc110e83b9af32"
 dependencies = [
  "castaway",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -668,7 +662,7 @@ version = "3.4.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "90eeab0aa92f3f9b4e87f258c72b139c207d251f9cbc1080a0086b86a8870dd3"
 dependencies = [
- "nix 0.29.0",
+ "nix",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
@@ -693,7 +687,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "strsim 0.10.0",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -704,7 +698,7 @@ checksum = "a668eda54683121533a393014d8692171709ff57a7d61f187b6e782719f8933f"
 dependencies = [
  "darling_core",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -774,16 +768,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "glob",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "dirs"
-version = "4.0.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ca3aa72a6f96ea37bbc5aa912f6788242832f75369bdfdadcb0e38423f100059"
-dependencies = [
- "dirs-sys 0.3.7",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -792,18 +777,7 @@ version = "5.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "44c45a9d03d6676652bcb5e724c7e988de1acad23a711b5217ab9cbecbec2225"
 dependencies = [
- "dirs-sys 0.4.1",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "dirs-sys"
-version = "0.3.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1b1d1d91c932ef41c0f2663aa8b0ca0342d444d842c06914aa0a7e352d0bada6"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "redox_users",
- "winapi",
+ "dirs-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -826,7 +800,7 @@ checksum = "97369cbbc041bc366949bc74d34658d6cda5621039731c6310521892a3a20ae0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -876,10 +850,16 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "env_logger"
-version = "0.11.5"
+name = "env_home"
+version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e13fa619b91fb2381732789fc5de83b45675e882f66623b7d8cb4f643017018d"
+checksum = "c7f84e12ccf0a7ddc17a6c41c93326024c42920d7ee630d04950e6926645c0fe"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "env_logger"
+version = "0.11.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dcaee3d8e3cfc3fd92428d477bc97fc29ec8716d180c0d74c643bb26166660e0"
 dependencies = [
  "anstream",
  "anstyle",
@@ -923,9 +903,9 @@ checksum = "e8c02a5121d4ea3eb16a80748c74f5549a5665e4c21333c6098f283870fbdea6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern"
-version = "0.7.0"
+version = "0.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "69ff9c9d5fb3e6da8ac2f77ab76fe7e8087d512ce095200f8f29ac5b656cf6dc"
+checksum = "4316185f709b23713e41e3195f90edef7fb00c3ed4adc79769cf09cc762a3b29"
 dependencies = [
  "log",
 ]
@@ -1019,9 +999,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "glob"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d2fabcfbdc87f4758337ca535fb41a6d701b65693ce38287d856d1674551ec9b"
+checksum = "a8d1add55171497b4705a648c6b583acafb01d58050a51727785f0b2c8e0a2b2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "globset"
@@ -1246,7 +1226,7 @@ checksum = "1ec89e9337638ecdc08744df490b221a7399bf8d164eb52a665454e60e075ad6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1365,14 +1345,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "insta"
-version = "1.41.1"
+version = "1.42.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7e9ffc4d4892617c50a928c52b2961cb5174b6fc6ebf252b2fac9d21955c48b8"
+checksum = "6513e4067e16e69ed1db5ab56048ed65db32d10ba5fc1217f5393f8f17d8b5a5"
 dependencies = [
  "console",
  "globset",
- "lazy_static",
  "linked-hash-map",
+ "once_cell",
  "pest",
  "pest_derive",
  "regex",
@@ -1420,7 +1400,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1462,6 +1442,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "either",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.14.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2b192c782037fadd9cfa75548310488aabdbf3d2da73885b31bd0abd03351285"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
 version = "1.0.11"
@@ -1521,9 +1510,9 @@ checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.167"
+version = "0.2.169"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "09d6582e104315a817dff97f75133544b2e094ee22447d2acf4a74e189ba06fc"
+checksum = "b5aba8db14291edd000dfcc4d620c7ebfb122c613afb886ca8803fa4e128a20a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libcst"
@@ -1547,7 +1536,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a2ae40017ac09cd2c6a53504cb3c871c7f2b41466eac5bc66ba63f39073b467b"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1607,13 +1596,14 @@ checksum = "a7a70ba024b9dc04c27ea2f0c0548feb474ec5c54bba33a7f72f873a39d07b24"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lsp-server"
-version = "0.7.7"
+version = "0.7.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "550446e84739dcaf6d48a4a093973850669e13e8a34d8f8d64851041be267cd9"
+checksum = "9462c4dc73e17f971ec1f171d44bfffb72e65a130117233388a0ebc7ec5656f9"
 dependencies = [
  "crossbeam-channel",
  "log",
  "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
  "serde_json",
 ]
 
@@ -1646,9 +1636,9 @@ checksum = "2532096657941c2fea9c289d370a250971c689d4f143798ff67113ec042024a5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "matchit"
-version = "0.8.5"
+version = "0.8.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bd0aa4b8ca861b08d68afc8702af3250776898c1508b278e1da9d01e01d4b45c"
+checksum = "2f926ade0c4e170215ae43342bf13b9310a437609c81f29f86c5df6657582ef9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
@@ -1718,18 +1708,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "uuid",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "nix"
-version = "0.28.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ab2156c4fce2f8df6c499cc1c763e4394b7482525bf2a9701c9d79d215f519e4"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
- "cfg-if",
- "cfg_aliases 0.1.1",
- "libc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "nix"
 version = "0.29.0"
@@ -1738,7 +1716,7 @@ checksum = "71e2746dc3a24dd78b3cfcb7be93368c6de9963d30f43a6a73998a9cf4b17b46"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "cfg-if",
- "cfg_aliases 0.2.1",
+ "cfg_aliases",
  "libc",
 ]
 
@@ -2014,7 +1992,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pest_meta",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2161,7 +2139,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "newtype-uuid",
  "quick-xml",
  "strip-ansi-escapes",
- "thiserror 2.0.6",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "uuid",
 ]
 
@@ -2196,9 +2174,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.37"
+version = "1.0.38"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b5b9d34b8991d19d98081b46eacdd8eb58c6f2b201139f7c5f643cc155a633af"
+checksum = "0e4dccaaaf89514f546c693ddc140f729f958c247918a13380cccc6078391acc"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
@@ -2288,10 +2266,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "compact_str",
  "countme",
  "dir-test",
+ "drop_bomb",
  "hashbrown 0.15.2",
  "indexmap",
  "insta",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "memchr",
  "ordermap",
  "quickcheck",
@@ -2305,6 +2284,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ruff_python_literal",
  "ruff_python_parser",
  "ruff_python_stdlib",
+ "ruff_python_trivia",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
  "rustc-hash 2.1.0",
@@ -2314,7 +2294,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "static_assertions",
  "tempfile",
  "test-case",
- "thiserror 2.0.6",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "tracing",
 ]
 
@@ -2411,7 +2391,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc-hash 2.1.0",
  "salsa",
  "serde",
- "thiserror 2.0.6",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "toml",
  "tracing",
 ]
@@ -2517,7 +2497,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff"
-version = "0.8.3"
+version = "0.9.1"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "argfile",
@@ -2537,7 +2517,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "insta",
  "insta-cmd",
  "is-macro",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "log",
  "mimalloc",
  "notify",
@@ -2564,7 +2544,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "strum",
  "tempfile",
  "test-case",
- "thiserror 2.0.6",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "tikv-jemallocator",
  "toml",
  "tracing",
@@ -2603,7 +2583,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "filetime",
  "glob",
  "globset",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "regex",
  "ruff_macros",
  "seahash",
@@ -2634,7 +2614,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "salsa",
  "serde",
  "tempfile",
- "thiserror 2.0.6",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "tracing",
  "tracing-subscriber",
  "tracing-tree",
@@ -2652,7 +2632,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "imara-diff",
  "indicatif",
  "indoc",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "libcst",
  "pretty_assertions",
  "rayon",
@@ -2736,7 +2716,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff_linter"
-version = "0.8.3"
+version = "0.9.1"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "annotate-snippets 0.9.2",
@@ -2752,7 +2732,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "insta",
  "is-macro",
  "is-wsl",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "libcst",
  "log",
  "memchr",
@@ -2765,6 +2745,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "regex",
  "ruff_cache",
  "ruff_diagnostics",
+ "ruff_index",
  "ruff_macros",
  "ruff_notebook",
  "ruff_python_ast",
@@ -2786,7 +2767,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "strum",
  "strum_macros",
  "test-case",
- "thiserror 2.0.6",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "toml",
  "typed-arena",
  "unicode-normalization",
@@ -2799,11 +2780,11 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "ruff_macros"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "ruff_python_trivia",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2811,7 +2792,7 @@ name = "ruff_notebook"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "rand",
  "ruff_diagnostics",
  "ruff_source_file",
@@ -2820,7 +2801,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
  "serde_with",
  "test-case",
- "thiserror 2.0.6",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "uuid",
 ]
 
@@ -2832,7 +2813,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "compact_str",
  "is-macro",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "memchr",
  "ruff_cache",
  "ruff_macros",
@@ -2874,7 +2855,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "clap",
  "countme",
  "insta",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "memchr",
  "regex",
  "ruff_cache",
@@ -2892,7 +2873,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "similar",
  "smallvec",
  "static_assertions",
- "thiserror 2.0.6",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "tracing",
 ]
 
@@ -2912,7 +2893,7 @@ name = "ruff_python_literal"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "ruff_python_ast",
  "unic-ucd-category",
 ]
@@ -2966,6 +2947,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc-hash 2.1.0",
  "schemars",
  "serde",
+ "smallvec",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2980,7 +2962,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "ruff_python_trivia"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
  "unicode-ident",
@@ -3025,7 +3007,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "shellexpand",
- "thiserror 2.0.6",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "tracing",
  "tracing-subscriber",
 ]
@@ -3051,7 +3033,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff_wasm"
-version = "0.8.3"
+version = "0.9.1"
 dependencies = [
  "console_error_panic_hook",
  "console_log",
@@ -3085,7 +3067,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "globset",
  "ignore",
  "is-macro",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "log",
  "matchit",
  "path-absolutize",
@@ -3193,7 +3175,7 @@ checksum = "e86697c916019a8588c99b5fac3cead74ec0b4b819707a682fd4d23fa0ce1ba1"
 [[package]]
 name = "salsa"
 version = "0.18.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/salsa-rs/salsa.git?rev=254c749b02cde2fd29852a7463a33e800b771758#254c749b02cde2fd29852a7463a33e800b771758"
+source = "git+https://github.com/salsa-rs/salsa.git?rev=88a1d7774d78f048fbd77d40abca9ebd729fd1f0#88a1d7774d78f048fbd77d40abca9ebd729fd1f0"
 dependencies = [
  "append-only-vec",
  "arc-swap",
@@ -3201,8 +3183,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "dashmap 6.1.0",
  "hashlink",
  "indexmap",
- "lazy_static",
  "parking_lot",
+ "rayon",
  "rustc-hash 2.1.0",
  "salsa-macro-rules",
  "salsa-macros",
@@ -3213,17 +3195,17 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "salsa-macro-rules"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/salsa-rs/salsa.git?rev=254c749b02cde2fd29852a7463a33e800b771758#254c749b02cde2fd29852a7463a33e800b771758"
+source = "git+https://github.com/salsa-rs/salsa.git?rev=88a1d7774d78f048fbd77d40abca9ebd729fd1f0#88a1d7774d78f048fbd77d40abca9ebd729fd1f0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "salsa-macros"
 version = "0.18.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/salsa-rs/salsa.git?rev=254c749b02cde2fd29852a7463a33e800b771758#254c749b02cde2fd29852a7463a33e800b771758"
+source = "git+https://github.com/salsa-rs/salsa.git?rev=88a1d7774d78f048fbd77d40abca9ebd729fd1f0#88a1d7774d78f048fbd77d40abca9ebd729fd1f0"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
  "synstructure",
 ]
 
@@ -3257,7 +3239,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "serde_derive_internals",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3280,9 +3262,9 @@ checksum = "1c107b6f4780854c8b126e228ea8869f4d7b71260f962fefb57b996b8959ba6b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.215"
+version = "1.0.217"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6513c1ad0b11a9376da888e3e0baa0077f1aed55c17f50e7b2397136129fb88f"
+checksum = "02fc4265df13d6fa1d00ecff087228cc0a2b5f3c0e87e258d8b94a156e984c70"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
@@ -3300,13 +3282,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.215"
+version = "1.0.217"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ad1e866f866923f252f05c889987993144fb74e722403468a4ebd70c3cd756c0"
+checksum = "5a9bf7cf98d04a2b28aead066b7496853d4779c9cc183c440dbac457641e19a0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3317,14 +3299,14 @@ checksum = "330f01ce65a3a5fe59a60c82f3c9a024b573b8a6e875bd233fe5f934e71d54e3"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.133"
+version = "1.0.134"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c7fceb2473b9166b2294ef05efcb65a3db80803f0b03ef86a5fc88a2b85ee377"
+checksum = "d00f4175c42ee48b15416f6193a959ba3a0d67fc699a0db9ad12df9f83991c7d"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
  "memchr",
@@ -3340,7 +3322,7 @@ checksum = "6c64451ba24fc7a6a2d60fc75dd9c83c90903b19028d4eff35e88fc1e86564e9"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3363,9 +3345,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_with"
-version = "3.11.0"
+version = "3.12.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e28bdad6db2b8340e449f7108f020b3b092e8583a9e3fb82713e1d4e71fe817"
+checksum = "d6b6f7f2fcb69f747921f79f3926bd1e203fce4fef62c268dd3abfb6d86029aa"
 dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_derive",
@@ -3374,14 +3356,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_with_macros"
-version = "3.11.0"
+version = "3.12.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9d846214a9854ef724f3da161b426242d8de7c1fc7de2f89bb1efcb154dca79d"
+checksum = "8d00caa5193a3c8362ac2b73be6b9e768aa5a4b2f721d8f4b339600c3cb51f8e"
 dependencies = [
  "darling",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3410,7 +3392,7 @@ version = "3.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "da03fa3b94cc19e3ebfc88c4229c49d8f08cdbd1228870a45f0ffdf84988e14b"
 dependencies = [
- "dirs 5.0.1",
+ "dirs",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3495,7 +3477,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustversion",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3517,9 +3499,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.90"
+version = "2.0.95"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "919d3b74a5dd0ccd15aeb8f93e7006bd9e14c295087c9896a110f490752bcf31"
+checksum = "46f71c0377baf4ef1cc3e3402ded576dccc315800fbc62dfc7fe04b009773b4a"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3534,7 +3516,7 @@ checksum = "c8af7666ab7b6390ab78131fb5b0fce11d6b7a6951602017c35fa82800708971"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3562,11 +3544,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "terminfo"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "666cd3a6681775d22b200409aad3b089c5b99fb11ecdd8a204d9d62f8148498f"
+checksum = "d4ea810f0692f9f51b382fff5893887bb4580f5fa246fde546e0b13e7fcee662"
 dependencies = [
- "dirs 4.0.0",
  "fnv",
  "nom",
  "phf",
@@ -3597,7 +3578,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3608,7 +3589,7 @@ checksum = "5c89e72a01ed4c579669add59014b9a524d609c0c88c6a585ce37485879f6ffb"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
  "test-case-core",
 ]
 
@@ -3623,11 +3604,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "2.0.6"
+version = "2.0.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8fec2a1820ebd077e2b90c4df007bebf344cd394098a13c563957d0afc83ea47"
+checksum = "f072643fd0190df67a8bab670c20ef5d8737177d6ac6b2e9a236cb096206b2cc"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror-impl 2.0.6",
+ "thiserror-impl 2.0.9",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3638,18 +3619,18 @@ checksum = "b607164372e89797d78b8e23a6d67d5d1038c1c65efd52e1389ef8b77caba2a6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "2.0.6"
+version = "2.0.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d65750cab40f4ff1929fb1ba509e9914eb756131cef4210da8d5d700d26f6312"
+checksum = "7b50fa271071aae2e6ee85f842e2e28ba8cd2c5fb67f11fcb1fd70b276f9e7d4"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3771,7 +3752,7 @@ checksum = "395ae124c09f9e6918a2310af6038fba074bcf474ac352496d5910dd59a2226d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4041,7 +4022,7 @@ checksum = "6b91f57fe13a38d0ce9e28a03463d8d3c2468ed03d75375110ec71d93b449a08"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4136,7 +4117,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
@@ -4171,7 +4152,7 @@ checksum = "98c9ae5a76e46f4deecd0f0255cc223cfa18dc9b261213b8aa0c7b36f61b3f1d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
  "wasm-bindgen-backend",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
@@ -4205,7 +4186,7 @@ checksum = "222ebde6ea87fbfa6bdd2e9f1fd8a91d60aee5db68792632176c4e16a74fc7d8"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4239,12 +4220,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "which"
-version = "6.0.1"
+version = "7.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8211e4f58a2b2805adfbefbc07bab82958fc91e3836339b1ab7ae32465dce0d7"
+checksum = "fb4a9e33648339dc1642b0e36e21b3385e6148e289226f657c809dee59df5028"
 dependencies = [
  "either",
- "home",
+ "env_home",
  "rustix",
  "winsafe",
 ]
@@ -4508,7 +4489,7 @@ checksum = "28cc31741b18cb6f1d5ff12f5b7523e3d6eb0852bbbad19d73905511d9849b95"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
  "synstructure",
 ]
 
@@ -4529,7 +4510,7 @@ checksum = "9ce1b18ccd8e73a9321186f97e46f9f04b778851177567b1975109d26a08d2a6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4549,7 +4530,7 @@ checksum = "0ea7b4a3637ea8669cedf0f1fd5c286a17f3de97b8dd5a70a6c167a1730e63a5"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
  "synstructure",
 ]
 
@@ -4578,7 +4559,7 @@ checksum = "6eafa6dfb17584ea3e2bd6e76e0cc15ad7af12b09abdd1ca55961bed9b1063c6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.90",
+ "syn 2.0.95",
 ]
 
 [[package]]

Cargo.toml

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ camino = { version = "1.1.7" }
 chrono = { version = "0.4.35", default-features = false, features = ["clock"] }
 clap = { version = "4.5.3", features = ["derive"] }
 clap_complete_command = { version = "0.6.0" }
-clearscreen = { version = "3.0.0" }
+clearscreen = { version = "4.0.0" }
 codspeed-criterion-compat = { version = "2.6.0", default-features = false }
 colored = { version = "2.1.0" }
 console_error_panic_hook = { version = "0.1.7" }
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ insta = { version = "1.35.1" }
 insta-cmd = { version = "0.6.0" }
 is-macro = { version = "0.3.5" }
 is-wsl = { version = "0.4.0" }
-itertools = { version = "0.13.0" }
+itertools = { version = "0.14.0" }
 js-sys = { version = "0.3.69" }
 jod-thread = { version = "0.1.2" }
 libc = { version = "0.2.153" }
@@ -118,7 +118,8 @@ rand = { version = "0.8.5" }
 rayon = { version = "1.10.0" }
 regex = { version = "1.10.2" }
 rustc-hash = { version = "2.0.0" }
-salsa = { git = "https://github.com/salsa-rs/salsa.git", rev = "254c749b02cde2fd29852a7463a33e800b771758" }
+# When updating salsa, make sure to also update the revision in `fuzz/Cargo.toml`
+salsa = { git = "https://github.com/salsa-rs/salsa.git", rev = "88a1d7774d78f048fbd77d40abca9ebd729fd1f0" }
 schemars = { version = "0.8.16" }
 seahash = { version = "4.1.0" }
 serde = { version = "1.0.197", features = ["derive"] }

README.md

@@ -116,12 +116,21 @@ For more, see the [documentation](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/).
 
 ### Installation
 
-Ruff is available as [`ruff`](https://pypi.org/project/ruff/) on PyPI:
+Ruff is available as [`ruff`](https://pypi.org/project/ruff/) on PyPI.
+
+Invoke Ruff directly with [`uvx`](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/):
+
+```shell
+uvx ruff check   # Lint all files in the current directory.
+uvx ruff format  # Format all files in the current directory.
+```
+
+Or install Ruff with `uv` (recommended), `pip`, or `pipx`:
 
 ```shell
 # With uv.
-uv add --dev ruff     # to add ruff to your project
-uv tool install ruff  # to install ruff globally
+uv tool install ruff@latest  # Install Ruff globally.
+uv add --dev ruff            # Or add Ruff to your project.
 
 # With pip.
 pip install ruff
@@ -140,8 +149,8 @@ curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/ruff/install.sh | sh
 powershell -c "irm https://astral.sh/ruff/install.ps1 | iex"
 
 # For a specific version.
-curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/ruff/0.8.3/install.sh | sh
-powershell -c "irm https://astral.sh/ruff/0.8.3/install.ps1 | iex"
+curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/ruff/0.9.1/install.sh | sh
+powershell -c "irm https://astral.sh/ruff/0.9.1/install.ps1 | iex"
 ```
 
 You can also install Ruff via [Homebrew](https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/ruff), [Conda](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ruff),
@@ -174,7 +183,7 @@ Ruff can also be used as a [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com/) hook via [`ruff
 ```yaml
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
   # Ruff version.
-  rev: v0.8.3
+  rev: v0.9.1
   hooks:
     # Run the linter.
     - id: ruff
@@ -196,7 +205,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: astral-sh/ruff-action@v1
+      - uses: astral-sh/ruff-action@v3
 ```
 
 ### Configuration<a id="configuration"></a>

crates/red_knot/src/main.rs

@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ impl MainLoop {
         while let Ok(message) = self.receiver.recv() {
             match message {
                 MainLoopMessage::CheckWorkspace => {
-                    let db = db.snapshot();
+                    let db = db.clone();
                     let sender = self.sender.clone();
 
                     // Spawn a new task that checks the workspace. This needs to be done in a separate thread

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/Cargo.toml

@@ -20,12 +20,14 @@ ruff_python_stdlib = { workspace = true }
 ruff_source_file = { workspace = true }
 ruff_text_size = { workspace = true }
 ruff_python_literal = { workspace = true }
+ruff_python_trivia = { workspace = true }
 
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
 camino = { workspace = true }
 compact_str = { workspace = true }
 countme = { workspace = true }
+drop_bomb = { workspace = true }
 indexmap = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
 ordermap = { workspace = true }
@@ -58,4 +60,3 @@ serde = ["ruff_db/serde", "dep:serde"]
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true
-

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/annotated.md

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# `Annotated`
+
+`Annotated` attaches arbitrary metadata to a given type.
+
+## Usages
+
+`Annotated[T, ...]` is equivalent to `T`: All metadata arguments are simply ignored.
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import Annotated
+
+def _(x: Annotated[int, "foo"]):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int
+
+def _(x: Annotated[int, lambda: 0 + 1 * 2 // 3, _(4)]):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int
+
+def _(x: Annotated[int, "arbitrary", "metadata", "elements", "are", "fine"]):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int
+
+def _(x: Annotated[tuple[str, int], bytes]):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: tuple[str, int]
+```
+
+## Parameterization
+
+It is invalid to parameterize `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import Annotated
+
+# error: [invalid-type-form] "`Annotated` requires at least two arguments when used in an annotation or type expression"
+def _(x: Annotated):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Unknown
+
+def _(flag: bool):
+    if flag:
+        X = Annotated
+    else:
+        X = bool
+
+    # error: [invalid-type-form] "`Annotated` requires at least two arguments when used in an annotation or type expression"
+    def f(y: X):
+        reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Unknown | bool
+
+# error: [invalid-type-form] "`Annotated` requires at least two arguments when used in an annotation or type expression"
+def _(x: Annotated | bool):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Unknown | bool
+
+# error: [invalid-type-form]
+def _(x: Annotated[()]):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Unknown
+
+# error: [invalid-type-form]
+def _(x: Annotated[int]):
+    # `Annotated[T]` is invalid and will raise an error at runtime,
+    # but we treat it the same as `T` to provide better diagnostics later on.
+    # The subscription itself is still reported, regardless.
+    # Same for the `(int,)` form below.
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int
+
+# error: [invalid-type-form]
+def _(x: Annotated[(int,)]):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int
+```
+
+## Inheritance
+
+### Correctly parameterized
+
+Inheriting from `Annotated[T, ...]` is equivalent to inheriting from `T` itself.
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import Annotated
+
+# TODO: False positive
+# error: [invalid-base]
+class C(Annotated[int, "foo"]): ...
+
+# TODO: Should be `tuple[Literal[C], Literal[int], Literal[object]]`
+reveal_type(C.__mro__)  # revealed: tuple[Literal[C], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+```
+
+### Not parameterized
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import Annotated
+
+# At runtime, this is an error.
+# error: [invalid-base]
+class C(Annotated): ...
+
+reveal_type(C.__mro__)  # revealed: tuple[Literal[C], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/any.md

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def _(s: Subclass):
 ```py
 from typing import Any
 
-# error: [invalid-type-parameter] "Type `typing.Any` expected no type parameter"
+# error: [invalid-type-form] "Type `typing.Any` expected no type parameter"
 def f(x: Any[int]):
     reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Unknown
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/literal.md

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# Literal
+
+<https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/spec/literal.html#literals>
+
+## Parameterization
+
+```py
+from typing import Literal
+from enum import Enum
+
+mode: Literal["w", "r"]
+a1: Literal[26]
+a2: Literal[0x1A]
+a3: Literal[-4]
+a4: Literal["hello world"]
+a5: Literal[b"hello world"]
+a6: Literal[True]
+a7: Literal[None]
+a8: Literal[Literal[1]]
+
+class Color(Enum):
+    RED = 0
+    GREEN = 1
+    BLUE = 2
+
+b1: Literal[Color.RED]
+
+def f():
+    reveal_type(mode)  # revealed: Literal["w", "r"]
+    reveal_type(a1)  # revealed: Literal[26]
+    reveal_type(a2)  # revealed: Literal[26]
+    reveal_type(a3)  # revealed: Literal[-4]
+    reveal_type(a4)  # revealed: Literal["hello world"]
+    reveal_type(a5)  # revealed: Literal[b"hello world"]
+    reveal_type(a6)  # revealed: Literal[True]
+    reveal_type(a7)  # revealed: None
+    reveal_type(a8)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+    # TODO: This should be Color.RED
+    reveal_type(b1)  # revealed: Literal[0]
+
+# error: [invalid-type-form]
+invalid1: Literal[3 + 4]
+# error: [invalid-type-form]
+invalid2: Literal[4 + 3j]
+# error: [invalid-type-form]
+invalid3: Literal[(3, 4)]
+
+hello = "hello"
+invalid4: Literal[
+    1 + 2,  # error: [invalid-type-form]
+    "foo",
+    hello,  # error: [invalid-type-form]
+    (1, 2, 3),  # error: [invalid-type-form]
+]
+```
+
+## Shortening unions of literals
+
+When a Literal is parameterized with more than one value, it’s treated as exactly to equivalent to
+the union of those types.
+
+```py
+from typing import Literal
+
+def x(
+    a1: Literal[Literal[Literal[1, 2, 3], "foo"], 5, None],
+    a2: Literal["w"] | Literal["r"],
+    a3: Literal[Literal["w"], Literal["r"], Literal[Literal["w+"]]],
+    a4: Literal[True] | Literal[1, 2] | Literal["foo"],
+):
+    reveal_type(a1)  # revealed: Literal[1, 2, 3, "foo", 5] | None
+    reveal_type(a2)  # revealed: Literal["w", "r"]
+    reveal_type(a3)  # revealed: Literal["w", "r", "w+"]
+    reveal_type(a4)  # revealed: Literal[True, 1, 2, "foo"]
+```
+
+## Display of heterogeneous unions of literals
+
+```py
+from typing import Literal, Union
+
+def foo(x: int) -> int:
+    return x + 1
+
+def bar(s: str) -> str:
+    return s
+
+class A: ...
+class B: ...
+
+def union_example(
+    x: Union[
+        # unknown type
+        # error: [unresolved-reference]
+        y,
+        Literal[-1],
+        Literal["A"],
+        Literal[b"A"],
+        Literal[b"\x00"],
+        Literal[b"\x07"],
+        Literal[0],
+        Literal[1],
+        Literal["B"],
+        Literal["foo"],
+        Literal["bar"],
+        Literal["B"],
+        Literal[True],
+        None,
+    ]
+):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Unknown | Literal[-1, "A", b"A", b"\x00", b"\x07", 0, 1, "B", "foo", "bar", True] | None
+```
+
+## Detecting Literal outside typing and typing_extensions
+
+Only Literal that is defined in typing and typing_extension modules is detected as the special
+Literal.
+
+```pyi path=other.pyi
+from typing import _SpecialForm
+
+Literal: _SpecialForm
+```
+
+```py
+from other import Literal
+
+a1: Literal[26]
+
+def f():
+    reveal_type(a1)  # revealed: @Todo(generics)
+```
+
+## Detecting typing_extensions.Literal
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+a1: Literal[26]
+
+def f():
+    reveal_type(a1)  # revealed: Literal[26]
+```
+
+## Invalid
+
+```py
+from typing import Literal
+
+# error: [invalid-type-form] "`Literal` requires at least one argument when used in a type expression"
+def _(x: Literal):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Unknown
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/literal_string.md

@@ -27,19 +27,19 @@ def f():
 ```py
 from typing_extensions import Literal, LiteralString
 
-bad_union: Literal["hello", LiteralString]  # error: [invalid-literal-parameter]
-bad_nesting: Literal[LiteralString]  # error: [invalid-literal-parameter]
+bad_union: Literal["hello", LiteralString]  # error: [invalid-type-form]
+bad_nesting: Literal[LiteralString]  # error: [invalid-type-form]
 ```
 
-### Parametrized
+### Parameterized
 
-`LiteralString` cannot be parametrized.
+`LiteralString` cannot be parameterized.
 
 ```py
 from typing_extensions import LiteralString
 
-a: LiteralString[str]  # error: [invalid-type-parameter]
-b: LiteralString["foo"]  # error: [invalid-type-parameter]
+a: LiteralString[str]  # error: [invalid-type-form]
+b: LiteralString["foo"]  # error: [invalid-type-form]
 ```
 
 ### As a base class
@@ -73,12 +73,12 @@ qux = (foo, bar)
 reveal_type(qux)  # revealed: tuple[Literal["foo"], Literal["bar"]]
 
 # TODO: Infer "LiteralString"
-reveal_type(foo.join(qux))  # revealed: @Todo(call todo)
+reveal_type(foo.join(qux))  # revealed: @Todo(Attribute access on `StringLiteral` types)
 
 template: LiteralString = "{}, {}"
 reveal_type(template)  # revealed: Literal["{}, {}"]
 # TODO: Infer `LiteralString`
-reveal_type(template.format(foo, bar))  # revealed: @Todo(call todo)
+reveal_type(template.format(foo, bar))  # revealed: @Todo(Attribute access on `StringLiteral` types)
 ```
 
 ### Assignability
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ def _(flag: bool):
     qux_2: Literal["qux"] = baz_2  # error: [invalid-assignment]
 
     baz_3 = "foo" if flag else 1
-    reveal_type(baz_3)  # revealed: Literal["foo"] | Literal[1]
+    reveal_type(baz_3)  # revealed: Literal["foo", 1]
     qux_3: LiteralString = baz_3  # error: [invalid-assignment]
 ```
 

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/never.md

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ reveal_type(stop())
 ```py
 from typing_extensions import NoReturn, Never, Any
 
-# error: [invalid-type-parameter] "Type `typing.Never` expected no type parameter"
+# error: [invalid-type-form] "Type `typing.Never` expected no type parameter"
 x: Never[int]
 a1: NoReturn
 a2: Never
@@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ def f():
 
 ## `typing.Never`
 
-`typing.Never` is only available in Python 3.11 and later:
+`typing.Never` is only available in Python 3.11 and later.
+
+### Python 3.11
 
 ```toml
 [environment]
@@ -57,8 +59,17 @@ python-version = "3.11"
 ```py
 from typing import Never
 
-x: Never
-
-def f():
-    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Never
+reveal_type(Never)  # revealed: typing.Never
+```
+
+### Python 3.10
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-version = "3.10"
+```
+
+```py
+# error: [unresolved-import]
+from typing import Never
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/stdlib_typing_aliases.md

@@ -3,43 +3,59 @@
 The `typing` module has various aliases to other stdlib classes. These are a legacy feature, but
 still need to be supported by a type checker.
 
-## Currently unsupported
+## Correspondence
 
-Support for most of these symbols is currently a TODO:
+All of the following symbols can be mapped one-to-one with the actual type:
 
 ```py
 import typing
 
 def f(
-    a: typing.List,
-    b: typing.List[int],
-    c: typing.Dict,
-    d: typing.Dict[int, str],
-    e: typing.DefaultDict,
-    f: typing.DefaultDict[str, int],
-    g: typing.Set,
-    h: typing.Set[int],
-    i: typing.FrozenSet,
-    j: typing.FrozenSet[str],
-    k: typing.OrderedDict,
-    l: typing.OrderedDict[int, str],
-    m: typing.Counter,
-    n: typing.Counter[int],
+    list_bare: typing.List,
+    list_parametrized: typing.List[int],
+    dict_bare: typing.Dict,
+    dict_parametrized: typing.Dict[int, str],
+    set_bare: typing.Set,
+    set_parametrized: typing.Set[int],
+    frozen_set_bare: typing.FrozenSet,
+    frozen_set_parametrized: typing.FrozenSet[str],
+    chain_map_bare: typing.ChainMap,
+    chain_map_parametrized: typing.ChainMap[int],
+    counter_bare: typing.Counter,
+    counter_parametrized: typing.Counter[int],
+    default_dict_bare: typing.DefaultDict,
+    default_dict_parametrized: typing.DefaultDict[str, int],
+    deque_bare: typing.Deque,
+    deque_parametrized: typing.Deque[str],
+    ordered_dict_bare: typing.OrderedDict,
+    ordered_dict_parametrized: typing.OrderedDict[int, str],
 ):
-    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: @Todo(Unsupported or invalid type in a type expression)
-    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo(typing.List alias)
-    reveal_type(c)  # revealed: @Todo(Unsupported or invalid type in a type expression)
-    reveal_type(d)  # revealed: @Todo(typing.Dict alias)
-    reveal_type(e)  # revealed: @Todo(Unsupported or invalid type in a type expression)
-    reveal_type(f)  # revealed: @Todo(typing.DefaultDict[] alias)
-    reveal_type(g)  # revealed: @Todo(Unsupported or invalid type in a type expression)
-    reveal_type(h)  # revealed: @Todo(typing.Set alias)
-    reveal_type(i)  # revealed: @Todo(Unsupported or invalid type in a type expression)
-    reveal_type(j)  # revealed: @Todo(typing.FrozenSet alias)
-    reveal_type(k)  # revealed: @Todo(Unsupported or invalid type in a type expression)
-    reveal_type(l)  # revealed: @Todo(typing.OrderedDict alias)
-    reveal_type(m)  # revealed: @Todo(Unsupported or invalid type in a type expression)
-    reveal_type(n)  # revealed: @Todo(typing.Counter[] alias)
+    reveal_type(list_bare)  # revealed: list
+    reveal_type(list_parametrized)  # revealed: list
+
+    reveal_type(dict_bare)  # revealed: dict
+    reveal_type(dict_parametrized)  # revealed: dict
+
+    reveal_type(set_bare)  # revealed: set
+    reveal_type(set_parametrized)  # revealed: set
+
+    reveal_type(frozen_set_bare)  # revealed: frozenset
+    reveal_type(frozen_set_parametrized)  # revealed: frozenset
+
+    reveal_type(chain_map_bare)  # revealed: ChainMap
+    reveal_type(chain_map_parametrized)  # revealed: ChainMap
+
+    reveal_type(counter_bare)  # revealed: Counter
+    reveal_type(counter_parametrized)  # revealed: Counter
+
+    reveal_type(default_dict_bare)  # revealed: defaultdict
+    reveal_type(default_dict_parametrized)  # revealed: defaultdict
+
+    reveal_type(deque_bare)  # revealed: deque
+    reveal_type(deque_parametrized)  # revealed: deque
+
+    reveal_type(ordered_dict_bare)  # revealed: OrderedDict
+    reveal_type(ordered_dict_parametrized)  # revealed: OrderedDict
 ```
 
 ## Inheritance
@@ -49,35 +65,63 @@ The aliases can be inherited from. Some of these are still partially or wholly T
 ```py
 import typing
 
-class A(typing.Dict): ...
+####################
+### Built-ins
+
+class ListSubclass(typing.List): ...
 
 # TODO: should have `Generic`, should not have `Unknown`
-reveal_type(A.__mro__)  # revealed: tuple[Literal[A], Literal[dict], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+# revealed: tuple[Literal[ListSubclass], Literal[list], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+reveal_type(ListSubclass.__mro__)
 
-class B(typing.List): ...
+class DictSubclass(typing.Dict): ...
 
 # TODO: should have `Generic`, should not have `Unknown`
-reveal_type(B.__mro__)  # revealed: tuple[Literal[B], Literal[list], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+# revealed: tuple[Literal[DictSubclass], Literal[dict], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+reveal_type(DictSubclass.__mro__)
 
-class C(typing.Set): ...
+class SetSubclass(typing.Set): ...
 
 # TODO: should have `Generic`, should not have `Unknown`
-reveal_type(C.__mro__)  # revealed: tuple[Literal[C], Literal[set], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+# revealed: tuple[Literal[SetSubclass], Literal[set], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+reveal_type(SetSubclass.__mro__)
 
-class D(typing.FrozenSet): ...
+class FrozenSetSubclass(typing.FrozenSet): ...
 
 # TODO: should have `Generic`, should not have `Unknown`
-reveal_type(D.__mro__)  # revealed: tuple[Literal[D], Literal[frozenset], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+# revealed: tuple[Literal[FrozenSetSubclass], Literal[frozenset], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+reveal_type(FrozenSetSubclass.__mro__)
 
-class E(typing.DefaultDict): ...
+####################
+### `collections`
 
-reveal_type(E.__mro__)  # revealed: tuple[Literal[E], @Todo(Support for more typing aliases as base classes), Literal[object]]
+class ChainMapSubclass(typing.ChainMap): ...
 
-class F(typing.OrderedDict): ...
+# TODO: Should be (ChainMapSubclass, ChainMap, MutableMapping, Mapping, Collection, Sized, Iterable, Container, Generic, object)
+# revealed: tuple[Literal[ChainMapSubclass], Literal[ChainMap], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+reveal_type(ChainMapSubclass.__mro__)
 
-reveal_type(F.__mro__)  # revealed: tuple[Literal[F], @Todo(Support for more typing aliases as base classes), Literal[object]]
+class CounterSubclass(typing.Counter): ...
 
-class G(typing.Counter): ...
+# TODO: Should be (CounterSubclass, Counter, dict, MutableMapping, Mapping, Collection, Sized, Iterable, Container, Generic, object)
+# revealed: tuple[Literal[CounterSubclass], Literal[Counter], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+reveal_type(CounterSubclass.__mro__)
 
-reveal_type(G.__mro__)  # revealed: tuple[Literal[G], @Todo(Support for more typing aliases as base classes), Literal[object]]
+class DefaultDictSubclass(typing.DefaultDict): ...
+
+# TODO: Should be (DefaultDictSubclass, defaultdict, dict, MutableMapping, Mapping, Collection, Sized, Iterable, Container, Generic, object)
+# revealed: tuple[Literal[DefaultDictSubclass], Literal[defaultdict], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+reveal_type(DefaultDictSubclass.__mro__)
+
+class DequeSubclass(typing.Deque): ...
+
+# TODO: Should be (DequeSubclass, deque, MutableSequence, Sequence, Reversible, Collection, Sized, Iterable, Container, Generic, object)
+# revealed: tuple[Literal[DequeSubclass], Literal[deque], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+reveal_type(DequeSubclass.__mro__)
+
+class OrderedDictSubclass(typing.OrderedDict): ...
+
+# TODO: Should be (OrderedDictSubclass, OrderedDict, dict, MutableMapping, Mapping, Collection, Sized, Iterable, Container, Generic, object)
+# revealed: tuple[Literal[OrderedDictSubclass], Literal[OrderedDict], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+reveal_type(OrderedDictSubclass.__mro__)
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/string.md

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def f1(
 from typing import Literal
 
 def f(v: Literal["a", r"b", b"c", "d" "e", "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER F}", "\x67", """h"""]):
-    reveal_type(v)  # revealed: Literal["a", "b", "de", "f", "g", "h"] | Literal[b"c"]
+    reveal_type(v)  # revealed: Literal["a", "b", b"c", "de", "f", "g", "h"]
 ```
 
 ## Class variables

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/unsupported_special_forms.md

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class D(TypeIs): ...  # error: [invalid-base]
 class E(Concatenate): ...  # error: [invalid-base]
 class F(Callable): ...
 
-reveal_type(F.__mro__)  # revealed: tuple[Literal[F], @Todo(Support for more typing aliases as base classes), Literal[object]]
+reveal_type(F.__mro__)  # revealed: tuple[Literal[F], @Todo(Support for Callable as a base class), Literal[object]]
 ```
 
 ## Subscriptability
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ Some of these are not subscriptable:
 ```py
 from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
 
-X: TypeAlias[T] = int  # error: [invalid-type-parameter]
+X: TypeAlias[T] = int  # error: [invalid-type-form]
 
 class Foo[T]:
-    # error: [invalid-type-parameter] "Special form `typing.Self` expected no type parameter"
-    # error: [invalid-type-parameter] "Special form `typing.Self` expected no type parameter"
+    # error: [invalid-type-form] "Special form `typing.Self` expected no type parameter"
+    # error: [invalid-type-form] "Special form `typing.Self` expected no type parameter"
     def method(self: Self[int]) -> Self[int]:
         reveal_type(self)  # revealed: Unknown
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/assignment/annotations.md

@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@ b: tuple[int] = (42,)
 c: tuple[str, int] = ("42", 42)
 d: tuple[tuple[str, str], tuple[int, int]] = (("foo", "foo"), (42, 42))
 e: tuple[str, ...] = ()
-# TODO: we should not emit this error
-# error: [call-possibly-unbound-method] "Method `__class_getitem__` of type `Literal[tuple]` is possibly unbound"
 f: tuple[str, *tuple[int, ...], bytes] = ("42", b"42")
 g: tuple[str, Unpack[tuple[int, ...]], bytes] = ("42", b"42")
 h: tuple[list[int], list[int]] = ([], [])
@@ -124,3 +122,10 @@ class Foo: ...
 x = Foo()
 reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Foo
 ```
+
+## Annotated assignments in stub files are inferred correctly
+
+```pyi path=main.pyi
+x: int = 1
+reveal_type(x) # revealed: Literal[1]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/assignment/augmented.md

@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ class C:
         return 42
 
 x = C()
+# error: [invalid-argument-type]
 x -= 1
 
-# TODO: should error, once operand type check is implemented
 reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int
 ```
 

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/attributes.md

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-# Class attributes
+# Attributes
+
+Tests for attribute access on various kinds of types.
 
 ## Union of attributes
 
@@ -155,3 +157,67 @@ class Foo: ...
 
 reveal_type(Foo.__class__)  # revealed: Literal[type]
 ```
+
+## Function-literal attributes
+
+Most attribute accesses on function-literal types are delegated to `types.FunctionType`, since all
+functions are instances of that class:
+
+```py path=a.py
+def f(): ...
+
+reveal_type(f.__defaults__)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+reveal_type(f.__kwdefaults__)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+```
+
+Some attributes are special-cased, however:
+
+```py path=b.py
+def f(): ...
+
+reveal_type(f.__get__)  # revealed: @Todo(`__get__` method on functions)
+reveal_type(f.__call__)  # revealed: @Todo(`__call__` method on functions)
+```
+
+## Int-literal attributes
+
+Most attribute accesses on int-literal types are delegated to `builtins.int`, since all literal
+integers are instances of that class:
+
+```py path=a.py
+reveal_type((2).bit_length)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+reveal_type((2).denominator)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+```
+
+Some attributes are special-cased, however:
+
+```py path=b.py
+reveal_type((2).numerator)  # revealed: Literal[2]
+reveal_type((2).real)  # revealed: Literal[2]
+```
+
+## Literal `bool` attributes
+
+Most attribute accesses on bool-literal types are delegated to `builtins.bool`, since all literal
+bols are instances of that class:
+
+```py path=a.py
+reveal_type(True.__and__)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+reveal_type(False.__or__)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+```
+
+Some attributes are special-cased, however:
+
+```py path=b.py
+reveal_type(True.numerator)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+reveal_type(False.real)  # revealed: Literal[0]
+```
+
+## Bytes-literal attributes
+
+All attribute access on literal `bytes` types is currently delegated to `buitins.bytes`:
+
+```py
+reveal_type(b"foo".join)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+reveal_type(b"foo".endswith)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/binary/booleans.md

@@ -46,3 +46,50 @@ reveal_type(a | b)  # revealed: Literal[True]
 reveal_type(b | a)  # revealed: Literal[True]
 reveal_type(b | b)  # revealed: Literal[False]
 ```
+
+## Arithmetic with a variable
+
+```py
+a = True
+b = False
+
+def lhs_is_int(x: int):
+    reveal_type(x + a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x - a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x * a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x // a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x / a)  # revealed: float
+    reveal_type(x % a)  # revealed: int
+
+def rhs_is_int(x: int):
+    reveal_type(a + x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(a - x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(a * x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(a // x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(a / x)  # revealed: float
+    reveal_type(a % x)  # revealed: int
+
+def lhs_is_bool(x: bool):
+    reveal_type(x + a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x - a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x * a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x // a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x / a)  # revealed: float
+    reveal_type(x % a)  # revealed: int
+
+def rhs_is_bool(x: bool):
+    reveal_type(a + x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(a - x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(a * x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(a // x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(a / x)  # revealed: float
+    reveal_type(a % x)  # revealed: int
+
+def both_are_bool(x: bool, y: bool):
+    reveal_type(x + y)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x - y)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x * y)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x // y)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x / y)  # revealed: float
+    reveal_type(x % y)  # revealed: int
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/binary/classes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Binary operations on classes
+
+## Union of two classes
+
+Unioning two classes via the `|` operator is only available in Python 3.10 and later.
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-version = "3.10"
+```
+
+```py
+class A: ...
+class B: ...
+
+reveal_type(A | B)  # revealed: UnionType
+```
+
+## Union of two classes (prior to 3.10)
+
+```py
+class A: ...
+class B: ...
+
+# error: "Operator `|` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[A]` and `Literal[B]`"
+reveal_type(A | B)  # revealed: Unknown
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/binary/custom.md

@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+# Custom binary operations
+
+## Class instances
+
+```py
+class Yes:
+    def __add__(self, other) -> Literal["+"]:
+        return "+"
+
+    def __sub__(self, other) -> Literal["-"]:
+        return "-"
+
+    def __mul__(self, other) -> Literal["*"]:
+        return "*"
+
+    def __matmul__(self, other) -> Literal["@"]:
+        return "@"
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other) -> Literal["/"]:
+        return "/"
+
+    def __mod__(self, other) -> Literal["%"]:
+        return "%"
+
+    def __pow__(self, other) -> Literal["**"]:
+        return "**"
+
+    def __lshift__(self, other) -> Literal["<<"]:
+        return "<<"
+
+    def __rshift__(self, other) -> Literal[">>"]:
+        return ">>"
+
+    def __or__(self, other) -> Literal["|"]:
+        return "|"
+
+    def __xor__(self, other) -> Literal["^"]:
+        return "^"
+
+    def __and__(self, other) -> Literal["&"]:
+        return "&"
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, other) -> Literal["//"]:
+        return "//"
+
+class Sub(Yes): ...
+class No: ...
+
+# Yes implements all of the dunder methods.
+reveal_type(Yes() + Yes())  # revealed: Literal["+"]
+reveal_type(Yes() - Yes())  # revealed: Literal["-"]
+reveal_type(Yes() * Yes())  # revealed: Literal["*"]
+reveal_type(Yes() @ Yes())  # revealed: Literal["@"]
+reveal_type(Yes() / Yes())  # revealed: Literal["/"]
+reveal_type(Yes() % Yes())  # revealed: Literal["%"]
+reveal_type(Yes() ** Yes())  # revealed: Literal["**"]
+reveal_type(Yes() << Yes())  # revealed: Literal["<<"]
+reveal_type(Yes() >> Yes())  # revealed: Literal[">>"]
+reveal_type(Yes() | Yes())  # revealed: Literal["|"]
+reveal_type(Yes() ^ Yes())  # revealed: Literal["^"]
+reveal_type(Yes() & Yes())  # revealed: Literal["&"]
+reveal_type(Yes() // Yes())  # revealed: Literal["//"]
+
+# Sub inherits Yes's implementation of the dunder methods.
+reveal_type(Sub() + Sub())  # revealed: Literal["+"]
+reveal_type(Sub() - Sub())  # revealed: Literal["-"]
+reveal_type(Sub() * Sub())  # revealed: Literal["*"]
+reveal_type(Sub() @ Sub())  # revealed: Literal["@"]
+reveal_type(Sub() / Sub())  # revealed: Literal["/"]
+reveal_type(Sub() % Sub())  # revealed: Literal["%"]
+reveal_type(Sub() ** Sub())  # revealed: Literal["**"]
+reveal_type(Sub() << Sub())  # revealed: Literal["<<"]
+reveal_type(Sub() >> Sub())  # revealed: Literal[">>"]
+reveal_type(Sub() | Sub())  # revealed: Literal["|"]
+reveal_type(Sub() ^ Sub())  # revealed: Literal["^"]
+reveal_type(Sub() & Sub())  # revealed: Literal["&"]
+reveal_type(Sub() // Sub())  # revealed: Literal["//"]
+
+# No does not implement any of the dunder methods.
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `+` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `No`"
+reveal_type(No() + No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `-` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `No`"
+reveal_type(No() - No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `*` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `No`"
+reveal_type(No() * No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `@` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `No`"
+reveal_type(No() @ No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `/` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `No`"
+reveal_type(No() / No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `%` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `No`"
+reveal_type(No() % No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `**` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `No`"
+reveal_type(No() ** No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `<<` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `No`"
+reveal_type(No() << No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `>>` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `No`"
+reveal_type(No() >> No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `|` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `No`"
+reveal_type(No() | No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `^` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `No`"
+reveal_type(No() ^ No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `&` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `No`"
+reveal_type(No() & No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `//` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `No`"
+reveal_type(No() // No())  # revealed: Unknown
+
+# Yes does not implement any of the reflected dunder methods.
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `+` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `Yes`"
+reveal_type(No() + Yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `-` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `Yes`"
+reveal_type(No() - Yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `*` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `Yes`"
+reveal_type(No() * Yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `@` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `Yes`"
+reveal_type(No() @ Yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `/` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `Yes`"
+reveal_type(No() / Yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `%` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `Yes`"
+reveal_type(No() % Yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `**` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `Yes`"
+reveal_type(No() ** Yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `<<` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `Yes`"
+reveal_type(No() << Yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `>>` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `Yes`"
+reveal_type(No() >> Yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `|` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `Yes`"
+reveal_type(No() | Yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `^` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `Yes`"
+reveal_type(No() ^ Yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `&` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `Yes`"
+reveal_type(No() & Yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `//` is unsupported between objects of type `No` and `Yes`"
+reveal_type(No() // Yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+```
+
+## Subclass reflections override superclass dunders
+
+```py
+class Yes:
+    def __add__(self, other) -> Literal["+"]:
+        return "+"
+
+    def __sub__(self, other) -> Literal["-"]:
+        return "-"
+
+    def __mul__(self, other) -> Literal["*"]:
+        return "*"
+
+    def __matmul__(self, other) -> Literal["@"]:
+        return "@"
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other) -> Literal["/"]:
+        return "/"
+
+    def __mod__(self, other) -> Literal["%"]:
+        return "%"
+
+    def __pow__(self, other) -> Literal["**"]:
+        return "**"
+
+    def __lshift__(self, other) -> Literal["<<"]:
+        return "<<"
+
+    def __rshift__(self, other) -> Literal[">>"]:
+        return ">>"
+
+    def __or__(self, other) -> Literal["|"]:
+        return "|"
+
+    def __xor__(self, other) -> Literal["^"]:
+        return "^"
+
+    def __and__(self, other) -> Literal["&"]:
+        return "&"
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, other) -> Literal["//"]:
+        return "//"
+
+class Sub(Yes):
+    def __radd__(self, other) -> Literal["r+"]:
+        return "r+"
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other) -> Literal["r-"]:
+        return "r-"
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other) -> Literal["r*"]:
+        return "r*"
+
+    def __rmatmul__(self, other) -> Literal["r@"]:
+        return "r@"
+
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other) -> Literal["r/"]:
+        return "r/"
+
+    def __rmod__(self, other) -> Literal["r%"]:
+        return "r%"
+
+    def __rpow__(self, other) -> Literal["r**"]:
+        return "r**"
+
+    def __rlshift__(self, other) -> Literal["r<<"]:
+        return "r<<"
+
+    def __rrshift__(self, other) -> Literal["r>>"]:
+        return "r>>"
+
+    def __ror__(self, other) -> Literal["r|"]:
+        return "r|"
+
+    def __rxor__(self, other) -> Literal["r^"]:
+        return "r^"
+
+    def __rand__(self, other) -> Literal["r&"]:
+        return "r&"
+
+    def __rfloordiv__(self, other) -> Literal["r//"]:
+        return "r//"
+
+class No:
+    def __radd__(self, other) -> Literal["r+"]:
+        return "r+"
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other) -> Literal["r-"]:
+        return "r-"
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other) -> Literal["r*"]:
+        return "r*"
+
+    def __rmatmul__(self, other) -> Literal["r@"]:
+        return "r@"
+
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other) -> Literal["r/"]:
+        return "r/"
+
+    def __rmod__(self, other) -> Literal["r%"]:
+        return "r%"
+
+    def __rpow__(self, other) -> Literal["r**"]:
+        return "r**"
+
+    def __rlshift__(self, other) -> Literal["r<<"]:
+        return "r<<"
+
+    def __rrshift__(self, other) -> Literal["r>>"]:
+        return "r>>"
+
+    def __ror__(self, other) -> Literal["r|"]:
+        return "r|"
+
+    def __rxor__(self, other) -> Literal["r^"]:
+        return "r^"
+
+    def __rand__(self, other) -> Literal["r&"]:
+        return "r&"
+
+    def __rfloordiv__(self, other) -> Literal["r//"]:
+        return "r//"
+
+# Subclass reflected dunder methods take precedence over the superclass's regular dunders.
+reveal_type(Yes() + Sub())  # revealed: Literal["r+"]
+reveal_type(Yes() - Sub())  # revealed: Literal["r-"]
+reveal_type(Yes() * Sub())  # revealed: Literal["r*"]
+reveal_type(Yes() @ Sub())  # revealed: Literal["r@"]
+reveal_type(Yes() / Sub())  # revealed: Literal["r/"]
+reveal_type(Yes() % Sub())  # revealed: Literal["r%"]
+reveal_type(Yes() ** Sub())  # revealed: Literal["r**"]
+reveal_type(Yes() << Sub())  # revealed: Literal["r<<"]
+reveal_type(Yes() >> Sub())  # revealed: Literal["r>>"]
+reveal_type(Yes() | Sub())  # revealed: Literal["r|"]
+reveal_type(Yes() ^ Sub())  # revealed: Literal["r^"]
+reveal_type(Yes() & Sub())  # revealed: Literal["r&"]
+reveal_type(Yes() // Sub())  # revealed: Literal["r//"]
+
+# But for an unrelated class, the superclass regular dunders are used.
+reveal_type(Yes() + No())  # revealed: Literal["+"]
+reveal_type(Yes() - No())  # revealed: Literal["-"]
+reveal_type(Yes() * No())  # revealed: Literal["*"]
+reveal_type(Yes() @ No())  # revealed: Literal["@"]
+reveal_type(Yes() / No())  # revealed: Literal["/"]
+reveal_type(Yes() % No())  # revealed: Literal["%"]
+reveal_type(Yes() ** No())  # revealed: Literal["**"]
+reveal_type(Yes() << No())  # revealed: Literal["<<"]
+reveal_type(Yes() >> No())  # revealed: Literal[">>"]
+reveal_type(Yes() | No())  # revealed: Literal["|"]
+reveal_type(Yes() ^ No())  # revealed: Literal["^"]
+reveal_type(Yes() & No())  # revealed: Literal["&"]
+reveal_type(Yes() // No())  # revealed: Literal["//"]
+```
+
+## Classes
+
+Dunder methods defined in a class are available to instances of that class, but not to the class
+itself. (For these operators to work on the class itself, they would have to be defined on the
+class's type, i.e. `type`.)
+
+```py
+class Yes:
+    def __add__(self, other) -> Literal["+"]:
+        return "+"
+
+class Sub(Yes): ...
+class No: ...
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `+` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[Yes]` and `Literal[Yes]`"
+reveal_type(Yes + Yes)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `+` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[Sub]` and `Literal[Sub]`"
+reveal_type(Sub + Sub)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `+` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[No]` and `Literal[No]`"
+reveal_type(No + No)  # revealed: Unknown
+```
+
+## Subclass
+
+```py
+class Yes:
+    def __add__(self, other) -> Literal["+"]:
+        return "+"
+
+class Sub(Yes): ...
+class No: ...
+
+def yes() -> type[Yes]:
+    return Yes
+
+def sub() -> type[Sub]:
+    return Sub
+
+def no() -> type[No]:
+    return No
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `+` is unsupported between objects of type `type[Yes]` and `type[Yes]`"
+reveal_type(yes() + yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `+` is unsupported between objects of type `type[Sub]` and `type[Sub]`"
+reveal_type(sub() + sub())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `+` is unsupported between objects of type `type[No]` and `type[No]`"
+reveal_type(no() + no())  # revealed: Unknown
+```
+
+## Function literals
+
+```py
+def f():
+    pass
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `+` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[f]` and `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(f + f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `-` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[f]` and `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(f - f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `*` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[f]` and `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(f * f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `@` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[f]` and `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(f @ f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `/` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[f]` and `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(f / f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `%` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[f]` and `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(f % f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `**` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[f]` and `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(f**f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `<<` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[f]` and `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(f << f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `>>` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[f]` and `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(f >> f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `|` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[f]` and `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(f | f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `^` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[f]` and `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(f ^ f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `&` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[f]` and `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(f & f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Operator `//` is unsupported between objects of type `Literal[f]` and `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(f // f)  # revealed: Unknown
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/binary/integers.md

@@ -9,6 +9,34 @@ reveal_type(3 * -1)  # revealed: Literal[-3]
 reveal_type(-3 // 3)  # revealed: Literal[-1]
 reveal_type(-3 / 3)  # revealed: float
 reveal_type(5 % 3)  # revealed: Literal[2]
+
+# TODO: We don't currently verify that the actual parameter to int.__add__ matches the declared
+# formal parameter type.
+reveal_type(2 + "f")  # revealed: int
+
+def lhs(x: int):
+    reveal_type(x + 1)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x - 4)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x * -1)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x // 3)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x / 3)  # revealed: float
+    reveal_type(x % 3)  # revealed: int
+
+def rhs(x: int):
+    reveal_type(2 + x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(3 - x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(3 * x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(-3 // x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(-3 / x)  # revealed: float
+    reveal_type(5 % x)  # revealed: int
+
+def both(x: int):
+    reveal_type(x + x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x - x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x * x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x // x)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(x / x)  # revealed: float
+    reveal_type(x % x)  # revealed: int
 ```
 
 ## Power
@@ -21,6 +49,11 @@ largest_u32 = 4_294_967_295
 reveal_type(2**2)  # revealed: Literal[4]
 reveal_type(1 ** (largest_u32 + 1))  # revealed: int
 reveal_type(2**largest_u32)  # revealed: int
+
+def variable(x: int):
+    reveal_type(x**2)  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
+    reveal_type(2**x)  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
+    reveal_type(x**x)  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
 ```
 
 ## Division by Zero

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/boolean/short_circuit.md

@@ -32,13 +32,10 @@ def _(flag: bool):
 
 ```py
 if True or (x := 1):
-    # TODO: infer that the second arm is never executed, and raise `unresolved-reference`.
-    # error: [possibly-unresolved-reference]
-    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+    # error: [unresolved-reference]
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Unknown
 
 if True and (x := 1):
-    # TODO: infer that the second arm is always executed, do not raise a diagnostic
-    # error: [possibly-unresolved-reference]
     reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1]
 ```
 

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/call/callable_instance.md

@@ -70,3 +70,32 @@ def _(flag: bool):
     # error: "Object of type `Literal[1] | Literal[__call__]` is not callable (due to union element `Literal[1]`)"
     reveal_type(a())  # revealed: Unknown | int
 ```
+
+## Call binding errors
+
+### Wrong argument type
+
+```py
+class C:
+    def __call__(self, x: int) -> int:
+        return 1
+
+c = C()
+
+# error: 15 [invalid-argument-type] "Object of type `Literal["foo"]` cannot be assigned to parameter 2 (`x`) of function `__call__`; expected type `int`"
+reveal_type(c("foo"))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Wrong argument type on `self`
+
+```py
+class C:
+    # TODO this definition should also be an error; `C` must be assignable to type of `self`
+    def __call__(self: int) -> int:
+        return 1
+
+c = C()
+
+# error: 13 [invalid-argument-type] "Object of type `C` cannot be assigned to parameter 1 (`self`) of function `__call__`; expected type `int`"
+reveal_type(c())  # revealed: int
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/call/function.md

@@ -64,3 +64,260 @@ def _(flag: bool):
     # error: [possibly-unresolved-reference]
     reveal_type(foo())  # revealed: int
 ```
+
+## Wrong argument type
+
+### Positional argument, positional-or-keyword parameter
+
+```py
+def f(x: int) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 15 [invalid-argument-type] "Object of type `Literal["foo"]` cannot be assigned to parameter 1 (`x`) of function `f`; expected type `int`"
+reveal_type(f("foo"))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Positional argument, positional-only parameter
+
+```py
+def f(x: int, /) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 15 [invalid-argument-type] "Object of type `Literal["foo"]` cannot be assigned to parameter 1 (`x`) of function `f`; expected type `int`"
+reveal_type(f("foo"))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Positional argument, variadic parameter
+
+```py
+def f(*args: int) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 15 [invalid-argument-type] "Object of type `Literal["foo"]` cannot be assigned to parameter `*args` of function `f`; expected type `int`"
+reveal_type(f("foo"))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Keyword argument, positional-or-keyword parameter
+
+```py
+def f(x: int) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 15 [invalid-argument-type] "Object of type `Literal["foo"]` cannot be assigned to parameter `x` of function `f`; expected type `int`"
+reveal_type(f(x="foo"))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Keyword argument, keyword-only parameter
+
+```py
+def f(*, x: int) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 15 [invalid-argument-type] "Object of type `Literal["foo"]` cannot be assigned to parameter `x` of function `f`; expected type `int`"
+reveal_type(f(x="foo"))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Keyword argument, keywords parameter
+
+```py
+def f(**kwargs: int) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 15 [invalid-argument-type] "Object of type `Literal["foo"]` cannot be assigned to parameter `**kwargs` of function `f`; expected type `int`"
+reveal_type(f(x="foo"))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Correctly match keyword out-of-order
+
+```py
+def f(x: int = 1, y: str = "foo") -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 15 [invalid-argument-type] "Object of type `Literal[2]` cannot be assigned to parameter `y` of function `f`; expected type `str`"
+# error: 20 [invalid-argument-type] "Object of type `Literal["bar"]` cannot be assigned to parameter `x` of function `f`; expected type `int`"
+reveal_type(f(y=2, x="bar"))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+## Too many positional arguments
+
+### One too many
+
+```py
+def f() -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 15 [too-many-positional-arguments] "Too many positional arguments to function `f`: expected 0, got 1"
+reveal_type(f("foo"))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Two too many
+
+```py
+def f() -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 15 [too-many-positional-arguments] "Too many positional arguments to function `f`: expected 0, got 2"
+reveal_type(f("foo", "bar"))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### No too-many-positional if variadic is taken
+
+```py
+def f(*args: int) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+reveal_type(f(1, 2, 3))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+## Missing arguments
+
+### No defaults or variadic
+
+```py
+def f(x: int) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 13 [missing-argument] "No argument provided for required parameter `x` of function `f`"
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### With default
+
+```py
+def f(x: int, y: str = "foo") -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 13 [missing-argument] "No argument provided for required parameter `x` of function `f`"
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Defaulted argument is not required
+
+```py
+def f(x: int = 1) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### With variadic
+
+```py
+def f(x: int, *y: str) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 13 [missing-argument] "No argument provided for required parameter `x` of function `f`"
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Variadic argument is not required
+
+```py
+def f(*args: int) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Keywords argument is not required
+
+```py
+def f(**kwargs: int) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Multiple
+
+```py
+def f(x: int, y: int) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 13 [missing-argument] "No arguments provided for required parameters `x`, `y` of function `f`"
+reveal_type(f())  # revealed: int
+```
+
+## Unknown argument
+
+```py
+def f(x: int) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 20 [unknown-argument] "Argument `y` does not match any known parameter of function `f`"
+reveal_type(f(x=1, y=2))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+## Parameter already assigned
+
+```py
+def f(x: int) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 18 [parameter-already-assigned] "Multiple values provided for parameter `x` of function `f`"
+reveal_type(f(1, x=2))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+## Special functions
+
+Some functions require special handling in type inference. Here, we make sure that we still emit
+proper diagnostics in case of missing or superfluous arguments.
+
+### `reveal_type`
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import reveal_type
+
+# error: [missing-argument] "No argument provided for required parameter `obj` of function `reveal_type`"
+reveal_type()  # revealed: Unknown
+
+# error: [too-many-positional-arguments] "Too many positional arguments to function `reveal_type`: expected 1, got 2"
+reveal_type(1, 2)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+```
+
+### `static_assert`
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert
+
+# error: [missing-argument] "No argument provided for required parameter `condition` of function `static_assert`"
+# error: [static-assert-error]
+static_assert()
+
+# error: [too-many-positional-arguments] "Too many positional arguments to function `static_assert`: expected 2, got 3"
+static_assert(True, 2, 3)
+```
+
+### `len`
+
+```py
+# error: [missing-argument] "No argument provided for required parameter `obj` of function `len`"
+len()
+
+# error: [too-many-positional-arguments] "Too many positional arguments to function `len`: expected 1, got 2"
+len([], 1)
+```
+
+### Type API predicates
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import is_subtype_of, is_fully_static
+
+# error: [missing-argument]
+is_subtype_of()
+
+# error: [missing-argument]
+is_subtype_of(int)
+
+# error: [too-many-positional-arguments]
+is_subtype_of(int, int, int)
+
+# error: [too-many-positional-arguments]
+is_subtype_of(int, int, int, int)
+
+# error: [missing-argument]
+is_fully_static()
+
+# error: [too-many-positional-arguments]
+is_fully_static(int, int)
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/call/invalid_syntax.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Invalid signatures
+
+## Multiple arguments with the same name
+
+We always map a keyword argument to the first parameter of that name.
+
+```py
+# error: [invalid-syntax] "Duplicate parameter "x""
+def f(x: int, x: str) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 13 [missing-argument] "No argument provided for required parameter `x` of function `f`"
+# error: 18 [parameter-already-assigned] "Multiple values provided for parameter `x` of function `f`"
+reveal_type(f(1, x=2))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+## Positional after non-positional
+
+When parameter kinds are given in an invalid order, we emit a diagnostic and implicitly reorder them
+to the valid order:
+
+```py
+# error: [invalid-syntax] "Parameter cannot follow var-keyword parameter"
+def f(**kw: int, x: str) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+# error: 15 [invalid-argument-type] "Object of type `Literal[1]` cannot be assigned to parameter 1 (`x`) of function `f`; expected type `str`"
+reveal_type(f(1))  # revealed: int
+```
+
+## Non-defaulted after defaulted
+
+We emit a syntax diagnostic for this, but it doesn't cause any problems for binding.
+
+```py
+# error: [invalid-syntax] "Parameter without a default cannot follow a parameter with a default"
+def f(x: int = 1, y: str) -> int:
+    return 1
+
+reveal_type(f(y="foo"))  # revealed: int
+# error: [invalid-argument-type] "Object of type `Literal["foo"]` cannot be assigned to parameter 1 (`x`) of function `f`; expected type `int`"
+# error: [missing-argument] "No argument provided for required parameter `y` of function `f`"
+reveal_type(f("foo"))  # revealed: int
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/call/union.md

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def _(flag: bool, flag2: bool):
     else:
         def f() -> int:
             return 1
-    # error: "Object of type `Literal[1] | Literal["foo"] | Literal[f]` is not callable (due to union elements Literal[1], Literal["foo"])"
+    # error: "Object of type `Literal[1, "foo"] | Literal[f]` is not callable (due to union elements Literal[1], Literal["foo"])"
     # revealed: Unknown | int
     reveal_type(f())
 ```
@@ -72,6 +72,6 @@ def _(flag: bool):
     else:
         f = "foo"
 
-    x = f()  # error: "Object of type `Literal[1] | Literal["foo"]` is not callable"
+    x = f()  # error: "Object of type `Literal[1, "foo"]` is not callable"
     reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Unknown
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/comparison/non_bool_returns.md

@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ class C:
     def __lt__(self, other) -> C: ...
 
 x = A() < B() < C()
-reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A | B
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A & ~AlwaysTruthy | B
 
 y = 0 < 1 < A() < 3
-reveal_type(y)  # revealed: bool | A
+reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal[False] | A
 
 z = 10 < 0 < A() < B() < C()
 reveal_type(z)  # revealed: Literal[False]

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/comparison/unsupported.md

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def _(flag: bool, flag1: bool, flag2: bool):
     reveal_type(d)  # revealed: bool
 
     int_literal_or_str_literal = 1 if flag else "foo"
-    # error: "Operator `in` is not supported for types `Literal[42]` and `Literal[1]`, in comparing `Literal[42]` with `Literal[1] | Literal["foo"]`"
+    # error: "Operator `in` is not supported for types `Literal[42]` and `Literal[1]`, in comparing `Literal[42]` with `Literal[1, "foo"]`"
     e = 42 in int_literal_or_str_literal
     reveal_type(e)  # revealed: bool
 

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/conditional/if_statement.md

@@ -115,3 +115,35 @@ def _(flag: bool, flag2: bool):
 
     reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal[2, 3, 4]
 ```
+
+## if-elif with assignment expressions in tests
+
+```py
+def check(x: int) -> bool:
+    return bool(x)
+
+if check(x := 1):
+    x = 2
+elif check(x := 3):
+    x = 4
+
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[2, 3, 4]
+```
+
+## constraints apply to later test expressions
+
+```py
+def check(x) -> bool:
+    return bool(x)
+
+def _(flag: bool):
+    x = 1 if flag else None
+    y = 0
+
+    if x is None:
+        pass
+    elif check(y := x):
+        pass
+
+    reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal[0, 1]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/declaration/error.md

@@ -19,14 +19,17 @@ def _(flag: bool):
     x = 1  # error: [conflicting-declarations] "Conflicting declared types for `x`: str, int"
 ```
 
-## Partial declarations
+## Incompatible declarations for 2 (out of 3) types
 
 ```py
-def _(flag: bool):
-    if flag:
+def _(flag1: bool, flag2: bool):
+    if flag1:
+        x: str
+    elif flag2:
         x: int
 
-    x = 1  # error: [conflicting-declarations] "Conflicting declared types for `x`: Unknown, int"
+    # Here, the declared type for `x` is `int | str | Unknown`.
+    x = 1  # error: [conflicting-declarations] "Conflicting declared types for `x`: str, int"
 ```
 
 ## Incompatible declarations with bad assignment
@@ -42,3 +45,31 @@ def _(flag: bool):
     # error: [invalid-assignment]
     x = b"foo"
 ```
+
+## No errors
+
+Currently, we avoid raising the conflicting-declarations for the following cases:
+
+### Partial declarations
+
+```py
+def _(flag: bool):
+    if flag:
+        x: int
+
+    x = 1
+```
+
+### Partial declarations in try-except
+
+Refer to <https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/13966>
+
+```py
+def _():
+    try:
+        x: int = 1
+    except:
+        x = 2
+
+    x = 3
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/directives/assert_type.md

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# `assert_type`
+
+## Basic
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import assert_type
+
+def _(x: int):
+    assert_type(x, int)  # fine
+    assert_type(x, str)  # error: [type-assertion-failure]
+```
+
+## Narrowing
+
+The asserted type is checked against the inferred type, not the declared type.
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-version = "3.10"
+```
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import assert_type
+
+def _(x: int | str):
+    if isinstance(x, int):
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int
+        assert_type(x, int)  # fine
+```
+
+## Equivalence
+
+The actual type must match the asserted type precisely.
+
+```py
+from typing import Any, Type, Union
+from typing_extensions import assert_type
+
+# Subtype does not count
+def _(x: bool):
+    assert_type(x, int)  # error: [type-assertion-failure]
+
+def _(a: type[int], b: type[Any]):
+    assert_type(a, type[Any])  # error: [type-assertion-failure]
+    assert_type(b, type[int])  # error: [type-assertion-failure]
+
+# The expression constructing the type is not taken into account
+def _(a: type[int]):
+    assert_type(a, Type[int])  # fine
+```
+
+## Gradual types
+
+```py
+from typing import Any
+from typing_extensions import Literal, assert_type
+
+from knot_extensions import Unknown
+
+# Any and Unknown are considered equivalent
+def _(a: Unknown, b: Any):
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Unknown
+    assert_type(a, Any)  # fine
+
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Any
+    assert_type(b, Unknown)  # fine
+
+def _(a: type[Unknown], b: type[Any]):
+    # TODO: Should be `type[Unknown]`
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: @Todo(unsupported type[X] special form)
+    # TODO: Should be fine
+    assert_type(a, type[Any])  # error: [type-assertion-failure]
+
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: type[Any]
+    # TODO: Should be fine
+    assert_type(b, type[Unknown])  # error: [type-assertion-failure]
+```
+
+## Tuples
+
+Tuple types with the same elements are the same.
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import assert_type
+
+from knot_extensions import Unknown
+
+def _(a: tuple[int, str, bytes]):
+    assert_type(a, tuple[int, str, bytes])  # fine
+
+    assert_type(a, tuple[int, str])  # error: [type-assertion-failure]
+    assert_type(a, tuple[int, str, bytes, None])  # error: [type-assertion-failure]
+    assert_type(a, tuple[int, bytes, str])  # error: [type-assertion-failure]
+
+def _(a: tuple[Any, ...], b: tuple[Unknown, ...]):
+    assert_type(a, tuple[Any, ...])  # fine
+    assert_type(a, tuple[Unknown, ...])  # fine
+
+    assert_type(b, tuple[Unknown, ...])  # fine
+    assert_type(b, tuple[Any, ...])  # fine
+```
+
+## Unions
+
+Unions with the same elements are the same, regardless of order.
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-version = "3.10"
+```
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import assert_type
+
+def _(a: str | int):
+    assert_type(a, str | int)  # fine
+
+    # TODO: Order-independent union handling in type equivalence
+    assert_type(a, int | str)  # error: [type-assertion-failure]
+```
+
+## Intersections
+
+Intersections are the same when their positive and negative parts are respectively the same,
+regardless of order.
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import assert_type
+
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+
+class A: ...
+class B: ...
+class C: ...
+class D: ...
+
+def _(a: A):
+    if isinstance(a, B) and not isinstance(a, C) and not isinstance(a, D):
+        reveal_type(a)  # revealed: A & B & ~C & ~D
+
+        assert_type(a, Intersection[A, B, Not[C], Not[D]])  # fine
+
+        # TODO: Order-independent intersection handling in type equivalence
+        assert_type(a, Intersection[B, A, Not[D], Not[C]])  # error: [type-assertion-failure]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/exception/basic.md

@@ -90,3 +90,83 @@ def foo(
         # TODO: should emit a diagnostic here:
         reveal_type(g)  # revealed: @Todo(full tuple[...] support)
 ```
+
+## Object raised is not an exception
+
+```py
+try:
+    raise AttributeError()  # fine
+except:
+    ...
+
+try:
+    raise FloatingPointError  # fine
+except:
+    ...
+
+try:
+    raise 1  # error: [invalid-raise]
+except:
+    ...
+
+try:
+    raise int  # error: [invalid-raise]
+except:
+    ...
+
+def _(e: Exception | type[Exception]):
+    raise e  # fine
+
+def _(e: Exception | type[Exception] | None):
+    raise e  # error: [invalid-raise]
+```
+
+## Exception cause is not an exception
+
+```py
+try:
+    raise EOFError() from GeneratorExit  # fine
+except:
+    ...
+
+try:
+    raise StopIteration from MemoryError()  # fine
+except:
+    ...
+
+try:
+    raise BufferError() from None  # fine
+except:
+    ...
+
+try:
+    raise ZeroDivisionError from False  # error: [invalid-raise]
+except:
+    ...
+
+try:
+    raise SystemExit from bool()  # error: [invalid-raise]
+except:
+    ...
+
+try:
+    raise
+except KeyboardInterrupt as e:  # fine
+    reveal_type(e)  # revealed: KeyboardInterrupt
+    raise LookupError from e  # fine
+
+try:
+    raise
+except int as e:  # error: [invalid-exception-caught]
+    reveal_type(e)  # revealed: Unknown
+    raise KeyError from e
+
+def _(e: Exception | type[Exception]):
+    raise ModuleNotFoundError from e  # fine
+
+def _(e: Exception | type[Exception] | None):
+    raise IndexError from e  # fine
+
+def _(e: int | None):
+    raise IndexError from e  # error: [invalid-raise]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/expression/attribute.md

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def _(flag: bool):
 
     reveal_type(A.always_bound)  # revealed: Literal[1]
 
-    reveal_type(A.union)  # revealed: Literal[1] | Literal["abc"]
+    reveal_type(A.union)  # revealed: Literal[1, "abc"]
 
     # error: [possibly-unbound-attribute] "Attribute `possibly_unbound` on type `Literal[A]` is possibly unbound"
     reveal_type(A.possibly_unbound)  # revealed: Literal["abc"]

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/expression/boolean.md

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ def _(foo: str):
     reveal_type(False or "z")  # revealed: Literal["z"]
     reveal_type(False or True)  # revealed: Literal[True]
     reveal_type(False or False)  # revealed: Literal[False]
-    reveal_type(foo or False)  # revealed: str | Literal[False]
-    reveal_type(foo or True)  # revealed: str | Literal[True]
+    reveal_type(foo or False)  # revealed: str & ~AlwaysFalsy | Literal[False]
+    reveal_type(foo or True)  # revealed: str & ~AlwaysFalsy | Literal[True]
 ```
 
 ## AND
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ def _(foo: str):
 def _(foo: str):
     reveal_type(True and False)  # revealed: Literal[False]
     reveal_type(False and True)  # revealed: Literal[False]
-    reveal_type(foo and False)  # revealed: str | Literal[False]
-    reveal_type(foo and True)  # revealed: str | Literal[True]
+    reveal_type(foo and False)  # revealed: str & ~AlwaysTruthy | Literal[False]
+    reveal_type(foo and True)  # revealed: str & ~AlwaysTruthy | Literal[True]
     reveal_type("x" and "y" and "z")  # revealed: Literal["z"]
     reveal_type("x" and "y" and "")  # revealed: Literal[""]
     reveal_type("" and "y")  # revealed: Literal[""]

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/expression/if.md

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ def _(flag: bool):
     reveal_type(1 if flag else 2)  # revealed: Literal[1, 2]
 ```
 
-## Statically known branches
+## Statically known conditions in if-expressions
 
 ```py
 reveal_type(1 if True else 2)  # revealed: Literal[1]
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ The test inside an if expression should not affect code outside of the expressio
 def _(flag: bool):
     x: Literal[42, "hello"] = 42 if flag else "hello"
 
-    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[42] | Literal["hello"]
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[42, "hello"]
 
     _ = ... if isinstance(x, str) else ...
 
-    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[42] | Literal["hello"]
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[42, "hello"]
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/expression/len.md

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class ZeroOrStr:
 reveal_type(len(Zero()))  # revealed: Literal[0]
 reveal_type(len(ZeroOrOne()))  # revealed: Literal[0, 1]
 reveal_type(len(ZeroOrTrue()))  # revealed: Literal[0, 1]
-reveal_type(len(OneOrFalse()))  # revealed: Literal[0, 1]
+reveal_type(len(OneOrFalse()))  # revealed: Literal[1, 0]
 
 # TODO: Emit a diagnostic
 reveal_type(len(OneOrFoo()))  # revealed: int

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/final.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Tests for the `@typing(_extensions).final` decorator
+
+## Cannot subclass
+
+Don't do this:
+
+```py
+import typing_extensions
+from typing import final
+
+@final
+class A: ...
+
+class B(A): ...  # error: 9 [subclass-of-final-class] "Class `B` cannot inherit from final class `A`"
+
+@typing_extensions.final
+class C: ...
+
+class D(C): ...  # error: [subclass-of-final-class]
+class E: ...
+class F: ...
+class G: ...
+
+# fmt: off
+class H(
+    E,
+    F,
+    A,  # error: [subclass-of-final-class]
+    G,
+): ...
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/import/basic.md

@@ -25,3 +25,82 @@ reveal_type(D)  # revealed: Literal[C]
 ```py path=b.py
 class C: ...
 ```
+
+## Nested
+
+```py
+import a.b
+
+reveal_type(a.b.C)  # revealed: Literal[C]
+```
+
+```py path=a/__init__.py
+```
+
+```py path=a/b.py
+class C: ...
+```
+
+## Deeply nested
+
+```py
+import a.b.c
+
+reveal_type(a.b.c.C)  # revealed: Literal[C]
+```
+
+```py path=a/__init__.py
+```
+
+```py path=a/b/__init__.py
+```
+
+```py path=a/b/c.py
+class C: ...
+```
+
+## Nested with rename
+
+```py
+import a.b as b
+
+reveal_type(b.C)  # revealed: Literal[C]
+```
+
+```py path=a/__init__.py
+```
+
+```py path=a/b.py
+class C: ...
+```
+
+## Deeply nested with rename
+
+```py
+import a.b.c as c
+
+reveal_type(c.C)  # revealed: Literal[C]
+```
+
+```py path=a/__init__.py
+```
+
+```py path=a/b/__init__.py
+```
+
+```py path=a/b/c.py
+class C: ...
+```
+
+## Unresolvable submodule imports
+
+```py
+# Topmost component resolvable, submodule not resolvable:
+import a.foo  # error: [unresolved-import] "Cannot resolve import `a.foo`"
+
+# Topmost component unresolvable:
+import b.foo  # error: [unresolved-import] "Cannot resolve import `b.foo`"
+```
+
+```py path=a/__init__.py
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/import/builtins.md

@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
 ```py
 import builtins
 
-x = builtins.copyright
-reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[copyright]
+x = builtins.chr
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[chr]
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/import/conflicts.md

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# Conflicting attributes and submodules
+
+## Via import
+
+```py
+import a.b
+
+reveal_type(a.b)  # revealed: <module 'a.b'>
+```
+
+```py path=a/__init__.py
+b = 42
+```
+
+```py path=a/b.py
+```
+
+## Via from/import
+
+```py
+from a import b
+
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Literal[42]
+```
+
+```py path=a/__init__.py
+b = 42
+```
+
+```py path=a/b.py
+```
+
+## Via both
+
+```py
+import a.b
+from a import b
+
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: <module 'a.b'>
+reveal_type(a.b)  # revealed: <module 'a.b'>
+```
+
+```py path=a/__init__.py
+b = 42
+```
+
+```py path=a/b.py
+```
+
+## Via both (backwards)
+
+In this test, we infer a different type for `b` than the runtime behavior of the Python interpreter.
+The interpreter will not load the submodule `a.b` during the `from a import b` statement, since `a`
+contains a non-module attribute named `b`. (See the [definition][from-import] of a `from...import`
+statement for details.) However, because our import tracking is flow-insensitive, we will see that
+`a.b` is imported somewhere in the file, and therefore assume that the `from...import` statement
+sees the submodule as the value of `b` instead of the integer.
+
+```py
+from a import b
+import a.b
+
+# Python would say `Literal[42]` for `b`
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: <module 'a.b'>
+reveal_type(a.b)  # revealed: <module 'a.b'>
+```
+
+```py path=a/__init__.py
+b = 42
+```
+
+```py path=a/b.py
+```
+
+[from-import]: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-import-statement

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/import/invalid_syntax.md

@@ -7,3 +7,25 @@ from import bar  # error: [invalid-syntax]
 
 reveal_type(bar)  # revealed: Unknown
 ```
+
+## Invalid nested module import
+
+TODO: This is correctly flagged as an error, but we could clean up the diagnostics that we report.
+
+```py
+# TODO: No second diagnostic
+# error: [invalid-syntax] "Expected ',', found '.'"
+# error: [unresolved-import] "Module `a` has no member `c`"
+from a import b.c
+
+# TODO: Should these be inferred as Unknown?
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: <module 'a.b'>
+reveal_type(b.c)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+```
+
+```py path=a/__init__.py
+```
+
+```py path=a/b.py
+c = 1
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/import/relative.md

@@ -121,23 +121,44 @@ X = 42
 ```
 
 ```py path=package/bar.py
-# TODO: support submodule imports
-from . import foo  # error: [unresolved-import]
+from . import foo
 
-y = foo.X
-
-# TODO: should be `Literal[42]`
-reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(foo.X)  # revealed: Literal[42]
 ```
 
 ## Non-existent + bare to module
 
+This test verifies that we emit an error when we try to import a symbol that is neither a submodule
+nor an attribute of `package`.
+
 ```py path=package/__init__.py
 ```
 
 ```py path=package/bar.py
-# TODO: support submodule imports
 from . import foo  # error: [unresolved-import]
 
 reveal_type(foo)  # revealed: Unknown
 ```
+
+## Import submodule from self
+
+We don't currently consider `from...import` statements when building up the `imported_modules` set
+in the semantic index. When accessing an attribute of a module, we only consider it a potential
+submodule when that submodule name appears in the `imported_modules` set. That means that submodules
+that are imported via `from...import` are not visible to our type inference if you also access that
+submodule via the attribute on its parent package.
+
+```py path=package/__init__.py
+```
+
+```py path=package/foo.py
+X = 42
+```
+
+```py path=package/bar.py
+from . import foo
+import package
+
+# error: [unresolved-attribute] "Type `<module 'package'>` has no attribute `foo`"
+reveal_type(package.foo.X)  # revealed: Unknown
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/import/tracking.md

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# Tracking imported modules
+
+These tests depend on how we track which modules have been imported. There are currently two
+characteristics of our module tracking that can lead to inaccuracies:
+
+- Imports are tracked on a per-file basis. At runtime, importing a submodule in one file makes that
+    submodule globally available via any reference to the containing package. We will flag an error
+    if a file tries to access a submodule without there being an import of that submodule _in that
+    same file_.
+
+    This is a purposeful decision, and not one we plan to change. If a module wants to re-export some
+    other module that it imports, there are ways to do that (tested below) that are blessed by the
+    typing spec and that are visible to our file-scoped import tracking.
+
+- Imports are tracked flow-insensitively: submodule accesses are allowed and resolved if that
+    submodule is imported _anywhere in the file_. This handles the common case where all imports are
+    grouped at the top of the file, and is easiest to implement. We might revisit this decision and
+    track submodule imports flow-sensitively, in which case we will have to update the assertions in
+    some of these tests.
+
+## Import submodule later in file
+
+This test highlights our flow-insensitive analysis, since we access the `a.b` submodule before it
+has been imported.
+
+```py
+import a
+
+# Would be an error with flow-sensitive tracking
+reveal_type(a.b.C)  # revealed: Literal[C]
+
+import a.b
+```
+
+```py path=a/__init__.py
+```
+
+```py path=a/b.py
+class C: ...
+```
+
+## Rename a re-export
+
+This test highlights how import tracking is local to each file, but specifically to the file where a
+containing module is first referenced. This allows the main module to see that `q.a` contains a
+submodule `b`, even though `a.b` is never imported in the main module.
+
+```py
+from q import a, b
+
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: <module 'a.b'>
+reveal_type(b.C)  # revealed: Literal[C]
+
+reveal_type(a.b)  # revealed: <module 'a.b'>
+reveal_type(a.b.C)  # revealed: Literal[C]
+```
+
+```py path=a/__init__.py
+```
+
+```py path=a/b.py
+class C: ...
+```
+
+```py path=q.py
+import a as a
+import a.b as b
+```
+
+## Attribute overrides submodule
+
+Technically, either a submodule or a non-module attribute could shadow the other, depending on the
+ordering of when the submodule is loaded relative to the parent module's `__init__.py` file being
+evaluated. We have chosen to always have the submodule take priority. (This matches pyright's
+current behavior, and opposite of mypy's current behavior.)
+
+```py
+import sub.b
+import attr.b
+
+# In the Python interpreter, `attr.b` is Literal[1]
+reveal_type(sub.b)  # revealed: <module 'sub.b'>
+reveal_type(attr.b)  # revealed: <module 'attr.b'>
+```
+
+```py path=sub/__init__.py
+b = 1
+```
+
+```py path=sub/b.py
+```
+
+```py path=attr/__init__.py
+from . import b as _
+
+b = 1
+```
+
+```py path=attr/b.py
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/intersection_types.md

@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+# Intersection types
+
+## Introduction
+
+This test suite covers certain properties of intersection types and makes sure that we can apply
+various simplification strategies. We use `Intersection` (`&`) and `Not` (`~`) to construct
+intersection types (note that we display negative contributions at the end; the order does not
+matter):
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+
+class P: ...
+class Q: ...
+
+def _(
+    i1: Intersection[P, Q],
+    i2: Intersection[P, Not[Q]],
+    i3: Intersection[Not[P], Q],
+    i4: Intersection[Not[P], Not[Q]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: P & Q
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: P & ~Q
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: Q & ~P
+    reveal_type(i4)  # revealed: ~P & ~Q
+```
+
+## Notation
+
+Throughout this document, we use the following types as representatives for certain equivalence
+classes.
+
+### Non-disjoint types
+
+We use `P`, `Q`, `R`, … to denote types that are non-disjoint:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_disjoint_from
+
+class P: ...
+class Q: ...
+class R: ...
+
+static_assert(not is_disjoint_from(P, Q))
+static_assert(not is_disjoint_from(P, R))
+static_assert(not is_disjoint_from(Q, R))
+```
+
+Although `P` is not a subtype of `Q` and `Q` is not a subtype of `P`, the two types are not disjoint
+because it would be possible to create a class `S` that inherits from both `P` and `Q` using
+multiple inheritance. An instance of `S` would be a member of the `P` type _and_ the `Q` type.
+
+### Disjoint types
+
+We use `Literal[1]`, `Literal[2]`, … as examples of pairwise-disjoint types, and `int` as a joint
+supertype of these:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_disjoint_from, is_subtype_of
+from typing import Literal
+
+static_assert(is_disjoint_from(Literal[1], Literal[2]))
+static_assert(is_disjoint_from(Literal[1], Literal[3]))
+static_assert(is_disjoint_from(Literal[2], Literal[3]))
+
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(Literal[1], int))
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(Literal[2], int))
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(Literal[3], int))
+```
+
+### Subtypes
+
+Finally, we use `A <: B <: C` and `A <: B1`, `A <: B2` to denote hierarchies of (proper) subtypes:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_subtype_of, is_disjoint_from
+
+class A: ...
+class B(A): ...
+class C(B): ...
+
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(B, A))
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(C, B))
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(C, A))
+
+static_assert(not is_subtype_of(A, B))
+static_assert(not is_subtype_of(B, C))
+static_assert(not is_subtype_of(A, C))
+
+class B1(A): ...
+class B2(A): ...
+
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(B1, A))
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(B2, A))
+
+static_assert(not is_subtype_of(A, B1))
+static_assert(not is_subtype_of(A, B2))
+
+static_assert(not is_subtype_of(B1, B2))
+static_assert(not is_subtype_of(B2, B1))
+```
+
+## Structural properties
+
+This section covers structural properties of intersection types and documents some decisions on how
+to represent mixtures of intersections and unions.
+
+### Single-element unions
+
+If we have a union of a single element, we can simplify to that element. Similarly, we show an
+intersection with a single negative contribution as just the negation of that element.
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+
+class P: ...
+
+def _(
+    i1: Intersection[P],
+    i2: Intersection[Not[P]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: P
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: ~P
+```
+
+### Flattening of nested intersections
+
+We eagerly flatten nested intersections types.
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+
+class P: ...
+class Q: ...
+class R: ...
+class S: ...
+
+def positive_contributions(
+    i1: Intersection[P, Intersection[Q, R]],
+    i2: Intersection[Intersection[P, Q], R],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: P & Q & R
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: P & Q & R
+
+def negative_contributions(
+    i1: Intersection[Not[P], Intersection[Not[Q], Not[R]]],
+    i2: Intersection[Intersection[Not[P], Not[Q]], Not[R]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: ~P & ~Q & ~R
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: ~P & ~Q & ~R
+
+def mixed(
+    i1: Intersection[P, Intersection[Not[Q], R]],
+    i2: Intersection[Intersection[P, Not[Q]], R],
+    i3: Intersection[Not[P], Intersection[Q, Not[R]]],
+    i4: Intersection[Intersection[Q, Not[R]], Not[P]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: P & R & ~Q
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: P & R & ~Q
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: Q & ~P & ~R
+    reveal_type(i4)  # revealed: Q & ~R & ~P
+
+def multiple(
+    i1: Intersection[Intersection[P, Q], Intersection[R, S]],
+):
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: P & Q & R & S
+
+def nested(
+    i1: Intersection[Intersection[Intersection[P, Q], R], S],
+    i2: Intersection[P, Intersection[Q, Intersection[R, S]]],
+):
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: P & Q & R & S
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: P & Q & R & S
+```
+
+### Union of intersections
+
+We always normalize our representation to a _union of intersections_, so when we add a _union to an
+intersection_, we distribute the union over the respective elements:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+
+class P: ...
+class Q: ...
+class R: ...
+class S: ...
+
+def _(
+    i1: Intersection[P, Q | R | S],
+    i2: Intersection[P | Q | R, S],
+    i3: Intersection[P | Q, R | S],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: P & Q | P & R | P & S
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: P & S | Q & S | R & S
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: P & R | Q & R | P & S | Q & S
+
+def simplifications_for_same_elements(
+    i1: Intersection[P, Q | P],
+    i2: Intersection[Q, P | Q],
+    i3: Intersection[P | Q, Q | R],
+    i4: Intersection[P | Q, P | Q],
+    i5: Intersection[P | Q, Q | P],
+) -> None:
+    #   P & (Q | P)
+    # = P & Q | P & P
+    # = P & Q | P
+    # = P
+    # (because P is a supertype of P & Q)
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: P
+    # similar here:
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: Q
+
+    #   (P | Q) & (Q | R)
+    # = P & Q | P & R | Q & Q | Q & R
+    # = P & Q | P & R | Q | Q & R
+    # = Q | P & R
+    # (again, because Q is a supertype of P & Q and of Q & R)
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: Q | P & R
+
+    #   (P | Q) & (P | Q)
+    # = P & P | P & Q | Q & P | Q & Q
+    # = P | P & Q | Q
+    # = P | Q
+    reveal_type(i4)  # revealed: P | Q
+```
+
+### Negation distributes over union
+
+Distribution also applies to a negation operation. This is a manifestation of one of
+[De Morgan's laws], namely `~(P | Q) = ~P & ~Q`:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Not
+from typing import Literal
+
+class P: ...
+class Q: ...
+class R: ...
+
+def _(i1: Not[P | Q], i2: Not[P | Q | R]) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: ~P & ~Q
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: ~P & ~Q & ~R
+
+def example_literals(i: Not[Literal[1, 2]]) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i)  # revealed: ~Literal[1] & ~Literal[2]
+```
+
+### Negation of intersections
+
+The other of [De Morgan's laws], `~(P & Q) = ~P | ~Q`, also holds:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+
+class P: ...
+class Q: ...
+class R: ...
+
+def _(
+    i1: Not[Intersection[P, Q]],
+    i2: Not[Intersection[P, Q, R]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: ~P | ~Q
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: ~P | ~Q | ~R
+```
+
+### `Never` is dual to `object`
+
+`Never` represents the empty set of values, while `object` represents the set of all values, so
+`~Never` is equivalent to `object`, and `~object` is equivalent to `Never`. This is a manifestation
+of the [complement laws] of set theory.
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+from typing_extensions import Never
+
+def _(
+    not_never: Not[Never],
+    not_object: Not[object],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(not_never)  # revealed: object
+    reveal_type(not_object)  # revealed: Never
+```
+
+### Intersection of a type and its negation
+
+Continuing with more [complement laws], if we see both `P` and `~P` in an intersection, we can
+simplify to `Never`, even in the presence of other types:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+from typing import Any
+
+class P: ...
+class Q: ...
+
+def _(
+    i1: Intersection[P, Not[P]],
+    i2: Intersection[Not[P], P],
+    i3: Intersection[P, Q, Not[P]],
+    i4: Intersection[Not[P], Q, P],
+    i5: Intersection[P, Any, Not[P]],
+    i6: Intersection[Not[P], Any, P],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i4)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i5)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i6)  # revealed: Never
+```
+
+### Union of a type and its negation
+
+Similarly, if we have both `P` and `~P` in a _union_, we could simplify that to `object`. However,
+this is a rather costly operation which would require us to build the negation of each type that we
+add to a union, so this is not implemented at the moment.
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+
+class P: ...
+
+def _(
+    i1: P | Not[P],
+    i2: Not[P] | P,
+) -> None:
+    # These could be simplified to `object`
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: P | ~P
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: ~P | P
+```
+
+### Negation is an involution
+
+The final of the [complement laws] states that negating twice is equivalent to not negating at all:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Not
+
+class P: ...
+
+def _(
+    i1: Not[P],
+    i2: Not[Not[P]],
+    i3: Not[Not[Not[P]]],
+    i4: Not[Not[Not[Not[P]]]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: ~P
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: P
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: ~P
+    reveal_type(i4)  # revealed: P
+```
+
+## Simplification strategies
+
+In this section, we present various simplification strategies that go beyond the structure of the
+representation.
+
+### `Never` in intersections
+
+If we intersect with `Never`, we can simplify the whole intersection to `Never`, even if there are
+dynamic types involved:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+from typing_extensions import Never, Any
+
+class P: ...
+class Q: ...
+
+def _(
+    i1: Intersection[P, Never],
+    i2: Intersection[Never, P],
+    i3: Intersection[Any, Never],
+    i4: Intersection[Never, Not[Any]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i4)  # revealed: Never
+```
+
+### Simplifications using disjointness
+
+#### Positive contributions
+
+If we intersect disjoint types, we can simplify to `Never`, even in the presence of other types:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+from typing import Literal, Any
+
+class P: ...
+
+def _(
+    i01: Intersection[Literal[1], Literal[2]],
+    i02: Intersection[Literal[2], Literal[1]],
+    i03: Intersection[Literal[1], Literal[2], P],
+    i04: Intersection[Literal[1], P, Literal[2]],
+    i05: Intersection[P, Literal[1], Literal[2]],
+    i06: Intersection[Literal[1], Literal[2], Any],
+    i07: Intersection[Literal[1], Any, Literal[2]],
+    i08: Intersection[Any, Literal[1], Literal[2]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i01)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i02)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i03)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i04)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i05)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i06)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i07)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i08)  # revealed: Never
+
+# `bool` is final and can not be subclassed, so `type[bool]` is equivalent to `Literal[bool]`, which
+# is disjoint from `type[str]`:
+def example_type_bool_type_str(
+    i: Intersection[type[bool], type[str]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i)  # revealed: Never
+```
+
+#### Positive and negative contributions
+
+If we intersect a type `X` with the negation of a disjoint type `Y`, we can remove the negative
+contribution `~Y`, as it necessarily overlaps with the positive contribution `X`:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+from typing import Literal
+
+def _(
+    i1: Intersection[Literal[1], Not[Literal[2]]],
+    i2: Intersection[Not[Literal[2]], Literal[1]],
+    i3: Intersection[Literal[1], Not[Literal[2]], int],
+    i4: Intersection[Literal[1], int, Not[Literal[2]]],
+    i5: Intersection[int, Literal[1], Not[Literal[2]]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+    reveal_type(i4)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+    reveal_type(i5)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+
+# None is disjoint from int, so this simplification applies here
+def example_none(
+    i1: Intersection[int, Not[None]],
+    i2: Intersection[Not[None], int],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Simplifications using subtype relationships
+
+#### Positive type and positive subtype
+
+Subtypes are contained within their supertypes, so we can simplify intersections by removing
+superfluous supertypes:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+from typing import Any
+
+class A: ...
+class B(A): ...
+class C(B): ...
+class Unrelated: ...
+
+def _(
+    i01: Intersection[A, B],
+    i02: Intersection[B, A],
+    i03: Intersection[A, C],
+    i04: Intersection[C, A],
+    i05: Intersection[B, C],
+    i06: Intersection[C, B],
+    i07: Intersection[A, B, C],
+    i08: Intersection[C, B, A],
+    i09: Intersection[B, C, A],
+    i10: Intersection[A, B, Unrelated],
+    i11: Intersection[B, A, Unrelated],
+    i12: Intersection[B, Unrelated, A],
+    i13: Intersection[A, Unrelated, B],
+    i14: Intersection[Unrelated, A, B],
+    i15: Intersection[Unrelated, B, A],
+    i16: Intersection[A, B, Any],
+    i17: Intersection[B, A, Any],
+    i18: Intersection[B, Any, A],
+    i19: Intersection[A, Any, B],
+    i20: Intersection[Any, A, B],
+    i21: Intersection[Any, B, A],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i01)  # revealed: B
+    reveal_type(i02)  # revealed: B
+    reveal_type(i03)  # revealed: C
+    reveal_type(i04)  # revealed: C
+    reveal_type(i05)  # revealed: C
+    reveal_type(i06)  # revealed: C
+    reveal_type(i07)  # revealed: C
+    reveal_type(i08)  # revealed: C
+    reveal_type(i09)  # revealed: C
+    reveal_type(i10)  # revealed: B & Unrelated
+    reveal_type(i11)  # revealed: B & Unrelated
+    reveal_type(i12)  # revealed: B & Unrelated
+    reveal_type(i13)  # revealed: Unrelated & B
+    reveal_type(i14)  # revealed: Unrelated & B
+    reveal_type(i15)  # revealed: Unrelated & B
+    reveal_type(i16)  # revealed: B & Any
+    reveal_type(i17)  # revealed: B & Any
+    reveal_type(i18)  # revealed: B & Any
+    reveal_type(i19)  # revealed: Any & B
+    reveal_type(i20)  # revealed: Any & B
+    reveal_type(i21)  # revealed: Any & B
+```
+
+#### Negative type and negative subtype
+
+For negative contributions, this property is reversed. Here we can get remove superfluous
+_subtypes_:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+from typing import Any
+
+class A: ...
+class B(A): ...
+class C(B): ...
+class Unrelated: ...
+
+def _(
+    i01: Intersection[Not[B], Not[A]],
+    i02: Intersection[Not[A], Not[B]],
+    i03: Intersection[Not[A], Not[C]],
+    i04: Intersection[Not[C], Not[A]],
+    i05: Intersection[Not[B], Not[C]],
+    i06: Intersection[Not[C], Not[B]],
+    i07: Intersection[Not[A], Not[B], Not[C]],
+    i08: Intersection[Not[C], Not[B], Not[A]],
+    i09: Intersection[Not[B], Not[C], Not[A]],
+    i10: Intersection[Not[B], Not[A], Unrelated],
+    i11: Intersection[Not[A], Not[B], Unrelated],
+    i12: Intersection[Not[A], Unrelated, Not[B]],
+    i13: Intersection[Not[B], Unrelated, Not[A]],
+    i14: Intersection[Unrelated, Not[A], Not[B]],
+    i15: Intersection[Unrelated, Not[B], Not[A]],
+    i16: Intersection[Not[B], Not[A], Any],
+    i17: Intersection[Not[A], Not[B], Any],
+    i18: Intersection[Not[A], Any, Not[B]],
+    i19: Intersection[Not[B], Any, Not[A]],
+    i20: Intersection[Any, Not[A], Not[B]],
+    i21: Intersection[Any, Not[B], Not[A]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i01)  # revealed: ~A
+    reveal_type(i02)  # revealed: ~A
+    reveal_type(i03)  # revealed: ~A
+    reveal_type(i04)  # revealed: ~A
+    reveal_type(i05)  # revealed: ~B
+    reveal_type(i06)  # revealed: ~B
+    reveal_type(i07)  # revealed: ~A
+    reveal_type(i08)  # revealed: ~A
+    reveal_type(i09)  # revealed: ~A
+    reveal_type(i10)  # revealed: Unrelated & ~A
+    reveal_type(i11)  # revealed: Unrelated & ~A
+    reveal_type(i12)  # revealed: Unrelated & ~A
+    reveal_type(i13)  # revealed: Unrelated & ~A
+    reveal_type(i14)  # revealed: Unrelated & ~A
+    reveal_type(i15)  # revealed: Unrelated & ~A
+    reveal_type(i16)  # revealed: Any & ~A
+    reveal_type(i17)  # revealed: Any & ~A
+    reveal_type(i18)  # revealed: Any & ~A
+    reveal_type(i19)  # revealed: Any & ~A
+    reveal_type(i20)  # revealed: Any & ~A
+    reveal_type(i21)  # revealed: Any & ~A
+```
+
+#### Negative type and multiple negative subtypes
+
+If there are multiple negative subtypes, all of them can be removed:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+
+class A: ...
+class B1(A): ...
+class B2(A): ...
+
+def _(
+    i1: Intersection[Not[A], Not[B1], Not[B2]],
+    i2: Intersection[Not[A], Not[B2], Not[B1]],
+    i3: Intersection[Not[B1], Not[A], Not[B2]],
+    i4: Intersection[Not[B1], Not[B2], Not[A]],
+    i5: Intersection[Not[B2], Not[A], Not[B1]],
+    i6: Intersection[Not[B2], Not[B1], Not[A]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: ~A
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: ~A
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: ~A
+    reveal_type(i4)  # revealed: ~A
+    reveal_type(i5)  # revealed: ~A
+    reveal_type(i6)  # revealed: ~A
+```
+
+#### Negative type and positive subtype
+
+When `A` is a supertype of `B`, its negation `~A` is disjoint from `B`, so we can simplify the
+intersection to `Never`:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+from typing import Any
+
+class A: ...
+class B(A): ...
+class C(B): ...
+class Unrelated: ...
+
+def _(
+    i1: Intersection[Not[A], B],
+    i2: Intersection[B, Not[A]],
+    i3: Intersection[Not[A], C],
+    i4: Intersection[C, Not[A]],
+    i5: Intersection[Unrelated, Not[A], B],
+    i6: Intersection[B, Not[A], Not[Unrelated]],
+    i7: Intersection[Any, Not[A], B],
+    i8: Intersection[B, Not[A], Not[Any]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i4)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i5)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i6)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i7)  # revealed: Never
+    reveal_type(i8)  # revealed: Never
+```
+
+## Non fully-static types
+
+### Negation of dynamic types
+
+`Any` represents the dynamic type, an unknown set of runtime values. The negation of that, `~Any`,
+is still an unknown set of runtime values, so `~Any` is equivalent to `Any`. We therefore eagerly
+simplify `~Any` to `Any` in intersections. The same applies to `Unknown`.
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not, Unknown
+from typing_extensions import Any, Never
+
+class P: ...
+
+def any(
+    i1: Not[Any],
+    i2: Intersection[P, Not[Any]],
+    i3: Intersection[Never, Not[Any]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: Any
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: P & Any
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: Never
+
+def unknown(
+    i1: Not[Unknown],
+    i2: Intersection[P, Not[Unknown]],
+    i3: Intersection[Never, Not[Unknown]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: Unknown
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: P & Unknown
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: Never
+```
+
+### Collapsing of multiple `Any`/`Unknown` contributions
+
+The intersection of an unknown set of runtime values with (another) unknown set of runtime values is
+still an unknown set of runtime values:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not, Unknown
+from typing_extensions import Any
+
+class P: ...
+
+def any(
+    i1: Intersection[Any, Any],
+    i2: Intersection[P, Any, Any],
+    i3: Intersection[Any, P, Any],
+    i4: Intersection[Any, Any, P],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: Any
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: P & Any
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: Any & P
+    reveal_type(i4)  # revealed: Any & P
+
+def unknown(
+    i1: Intersection[Unknown, Unknown],
+    i2: Intersection[P, Unknown, Unknown],
+    i3: Intersection[Unknown, P, Unknown],
+    i4: Intersection[Unknown, Unknown, P],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: Unknown
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: P & Unknown
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: Unknown & P
+    reveal_type(i4)  # revealed: Unknown & P
+```
+
+### No self-cancellation
+
+Dynamic types do not cancel each other out. Intersecting an unknown set of values with the negation
+of another unknown set of values is not necessarily empty, so we keep the positive contribution:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not, Unknown
+
+def any(
+    i1: Intersection[Any, Not[Any]],
+    i2: Intersection[Not[Any], Any],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: Any
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: Any
+
+def unknown(
+    i1: Intersection[Unknown, Not[Unknown]],
+    i2: Intersection[Not[Unknown], Unknown],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: Unknown
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: Unknown
+```
+
+### Mixed dynamic types
+
+We currently do not simplify mixed dynamic types, but might consider doing so in the future:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not, Unknown
+
+def mixed(
+    i1: Intersection[Any, Unknown],
+    i2: Intersection[Any, Not[Unknown]],
+    i3: Intersection[Not[Any], Unknown],
+    i4: Intersection[Not[Any], Not[Unknown]],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: Any & Unknown
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: Any & Unknown
+    reveal_type(i3)  # revealed: Any & Unknown
+    reveal_type(i4)  # revealed: Any & Unknown
+```
+
+[complement laws]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_(set_theory)
+[de morgan's laws]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan%27s_laws

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/literal/ellipsis.md

@@ -1,7 +1,23 @@
 # Ellipsis literals
 
-## Simple
+## Python 3.9
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-version = "3.9"
+```
 
 ```py
-reveal_type(...)  # revealed: EllipsisType | ellipsis
+reveal_type(...)  # revealed: ellipsis
+```
+
+## Python 3.10
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-version = "3.10"
+```
+
+```py
+reveal_type(...)  # revealed: EllipsisType
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/literal/literal.md

@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-# Literal
-
-<https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/spec/literal.html#literals>
-
-## Parameterization
-
-```py
-from typing import Literal
-from enum import Enum
-
-mode: Literal["w", "r"]
-mode2: Literal["w"] | Literal["r"]
-union_var: Literal[Literal[Literal[1, 2, 3], "foo"], 5, None]
-a1: Literal[26]
-a2: Literal[0x1A]
-a3: Literal[-4]
-a4: Literal["hello world"]
-a5: Literal[b"hello world"]
-a6: Literal[True]
-a7: Literal[None]
-a8: Literal[Literal[1]]
-a9: Literal[Literal["w"], Literal["r"], Literal[Literal["w+"]]]
-
-class Color(Enum):
-    RED = 0
-    GREEN = 1
-    BLUE = 2
-
-b1: Literal[Color.RED]
-
-def f():
-    reveal_type(mode)  # revealed: Literal["w", "r"]
-    reveal_type(mode2)  # revealed: Literal["w", "r"]
-    # TODO: should be revealed: Literal[1, 2, 3, "foo", 5] | None
-    reveal_type(union_var)  # revealed: Literal[1, 2, 3, 5] | Literal["foo"] | None
-    reveal_type(a1)  # revealed: Literal[26]
-    reveal_type(a2)  # revealed: Literal[26]
-    reveal_type(a3)  # revealed: Literal[-4]
-    reveal_type(a4)  # revealed: Literal["hello world"]
-    reveal_type(a5)  # revealed: Literal[b"hello world"]
-    reveal_type(a6)  # revealed: Literal[True]
-    reveal_type(a7)  # revealed: None
-    reveal_type(a8)  # revealed: Literal[1]
-    reveal_type(a9)  # revealed: Literal["w", "r", "w+"]
-    # TODO: This should be Color.RED
-    reveal_type(b1)  # revealed: Literal[0]
-
-# error: [invalid-literal-parameter]
-invalid1: Literal[3 + 4]
-# error: [invalid-literal-parameter]
-invalid2: Literal[4 + 3j]
-# error: [invalid-literal-parameter]
-invalid3: Literal[(3, 4)]
-
-hello = "hello"
-invalid4: Literal[
-    1 + 2,  # error: [invalid-literal-parameter]
-    "foo",
-    hello,  # error: [invalid-literal-parameter]
-    (1, 2, 3),  # error: [invalid-literal-parameter]
-]
-```
-
-## Detecting Literal outside typing and typing_extensions
-
-Only Literal that is defined in typing and typing_extension modules is detected as the special
-Literal.
-
-```pyi path=other.pyi
-from typing import _SpecialForm
-
-Literal: _SpecialForm
-```
-
-```py
-from other import Literal
-
-a1: Literal[26]
-
-def f():
-    reveal_type(a1)  # revealed: @Todo(generics)
-```
-
-## Detecting typing_extensions.Literal
-
-```py
-from typing_extensions import Literal
-
-a1: Literal[26]
-
-def f():
-    reveal_type(a1)  # revealed: Literal[26]
-```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/loops/for.md

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ reveal_type(x)
 for x in (1, "a", b"foo"):
     pass
 
-# revealed: Literal[1] | Literal["a"] | Literal[b"foo"]
+# revealed: Literal[1, "a", b"foo"]
 # error: [possibly-unresolved-reference]
 reveal_type(x)
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/loops/while_loop.md

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def _(flag: bool, flag2: bool):
         x = 3
 
     reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[2, 3]
-    reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal[1, 2, 4]
+    reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal[4, 1, 2]
 ```
 
 ## Nested `while` loops

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/metaclass.md

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class B(metaclass=M2): ...
 # error: [conflicting-metaclass] "The metaclass of a derived class (`C`) must be a subclass of the metaclasses of all its bases, but `M1` (metaclass of base class `A`) and `M2` (metaclass of base class `B`) have no subclass relationship"
 class C(A, B): ...
 
-reveal_type(C.__class__)  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(C.__class__)  # revealed: type[Unknown]
 ```
 
 ## Conflict (2)
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class A(metaclass=M1): ...
 # error: [conflicting-metaclass] "The metaclass of a derived class (`B`) must be a subclass of the metaclasses of all its bases, but `M2` (metaclass of `B`) and `M1` (metaclass of base class `A`) have no subclass relationship"
 class B(A, metaclass=M2): ...
 
-reveal_type(B.__class__)  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(B.__class__)  # revealed: type[Unknown]
 ```
 
 ## Common metaclass
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class C(metaclass=M12): ...
 # error: [conflicting-metaclass] "The metaclass of a derived class (`D`) must be a subclass of the metaclasses of all its bases, but `M1` (metaclass of base class `A`) and `M2` (metaclass of base class `B`) have no subclass relationship"
 class D(A, B, C): ...
 
-reveal_type(D.__class__)  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(D.__class__)  # revealed: type[Unknown]
 ```
 
 ## Unknown
@@ -170,8 +170,35 @@ def f(*args, **kwargs) -> int: ...
 
 class A(metaclass=f): ...
 
-# TODO should be `type[int]`
-reveal_type(A.__class__)  # revealed: @Todo(metaclass not a class)
+# TODO: Should be `int`
+reveal_type(A)  # revealed: Literal[A]
+reveal_type(A.__class__)  # revealed: type[int]
+
+def _(n: int):
+    # error: [invalid-metaclass]
+    class B(metaclass=n): ...
+    # TODO: Should be `Unknown`
+    reveal_type(B)  # revealed: Literal[B]
+    reveal_type(B.__class__)  # revealed: type[Unknown]
+
+def _(flag: bool):
+    m = f if flag else 42
+
+    # error: [invalid-metaclass]
+    class C(metaclass=m): ...
+    # TODO: Should be `int | Unknown`
+    reveal_type(C)  # revealed: Literal[C]
+    reveal_type(C.__class__)  # revealed: type[Unknown]
+
+class SignatureMismatch: ...
+
+# TODO: Emit a diagnostic
+class D(metaclass=SignatureMismatch): ...
+
+# TODO: Should be `Unknown`
+reveal_type(D)  # revealed: Literal[D]
+# TODO: Should be `type[Unknown]`
+reveal_type(D.__class__)  # revealed: Literal[SignatureMismatch]
 ```
 
 ## Cyclic
@@ -183,7 +210,7 @@ class A(B): ...  # error: [cyclic-class-definition]
 class B(C): ...  # error: [cyclic-class-definition]
 class C(A): ...  # error: [cyclic-class-definition]
 
-reveal_type(A.__class__)  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(A.__class__)  # revealed: type[Unknown]
 ```
 
 ## PEP 695 generic

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/narrow/conditionals/is.md

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def _(x_flag: bool, y_flag: bool):
 def _(flag1: bool, flag2: bool):
     x = None if flag1 else (1 if flag2 else True)
 
-    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: None | Literal[1] | Literal[True]
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: None | Literal[1, True]
     if x is None:
         reveal_type(x)  # revealed: None
     elif x is True:

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/narrow/isinstance.md

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def _(flag: bool):
             reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Never
 
     if isinstance(x, (int, object)):
-        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1] | Literal["a"]
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1, "a"]
 ```
 
 ## `classinfo` is a tuple of types
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def _(flag: bool, flag1: bool, flag2: bool):
     x = 1 if flag else "a"
 
     if isinstance(x, (int, str)):
-        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1] | Literal["a"]
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1, "a"]
     else:
         reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Never
 
@@ -43,19 +43,19 @@ def _(flag: bool, flag1: bool, flag2: bool):
     # No narrowing should occur if a larger type is also
     # one of the possibilities:
     if isinstance(x, (int, object)):
-        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1] | Literal["a"]
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1, "a"]
     else:
         reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Never
 
     y = 1 if flag1 else "a" if flag2 else b"b"
     if isinstance(y, (int, str)):
-        reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal[1] | Literal["a"]
+        reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal[1, "a"]
 
     if isinstance(y, (int, bytes)):
-        reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal[1] | Literal[b"b"]
+        reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal[1, b"b"]
 
     if isinstance(y, (str, bytes)):
-        reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal["a"] | Literal[b"b"]
+        reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal["a", b"b"]
 ```
 
 ## `classinfo` is a nested tuple of types
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ def _(flag: bool):
     x = 1 if flag else "foo"
 
     if isinstance(x, t):
-        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1] | Literal["foo"]
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1, "foo"]
 ```
 
 ## Do not use custom `isinstance` for narrowing
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ def _(flag: bool):
     x = 1 if flag else "a"
 
     if isinstance(x, int):
-        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1] | Literal["a"]
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1, "a"]
 ```
 
 ## Do support narrowing if `isinstance` is aliased
@@ -155,12 +155,12 @@ def _(flag: bool):
     # TODO: this should cause us to emit a diagnostic during
     # type checking
     if isinstance(x, "a"):
-        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1] | Literal["a"]
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1, "a"]
 
     # TODO: this should cause us to emit a diagnostic during
     # type checking
     if isinstance(x, "int"):
-        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1] | Literal["a"]
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1, "a"]
 ```
 
 ## Do not narrow if there are keyword arguments
@@ -169,8 +169,15 @@ def _(flag: bool):
 def _(flag: bool):
     x = 1 if flag else "a"
 
-    # TODO: this should cause us to emit a diagnostic
-    # (`isinstance` has no `foo` parameter)
+    # error: [unknown-argument]
     if isinstance(x, int, foo="bar"):
-        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1] | Literal["a"]
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[1, "a"]
+```
+
+## `type[]` types are narrowed as well as class-literal types
+
+```py
+def _(x: object, y: type[int]):
+    if isinstance(x, y):
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/narrow/issubclass.md

@@ -90,15 +90,19 @@ def _(t: type[object]):
         if issubclass(t, B):
             reveal_type(t)  # revealed: type[A] & type[B]
     else:
-        reveal_type(t)  # revealed: type[object] & ~type[A]
+        reveal_type(t)  # revealed: type & ~type[A]
 ```
 
 ### Handling of `None`
 
+`types.NoneType` is only available in Python 3.10 and later:
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-version = "3.10"
+```
+
 ```py
-# TODO: this error should ideally go away once we (1) understand `sys.version_info` branches,
-# and (2) set the target Python version for this test to 3.10.
-# error: [possibly-unbound-import] "Member `NoneType` of module `types` is possibly unbound"
 from types import NoneType
 
 def _(flag: bool):
@@ -142,7 +146,7 @@ class A: ...
 
 t = object()
 
-# TODO: we should emit a diagnostic here
+# error: [invalid-argument-type]
 if issubclass(t, A):
     reveal_type(t)  # revealed: type[A]
 ```
@@ -156,7 +160,7 @@ branch:
 ```py
 t = 1
 
-# TODO: we should emit a diagnostic here
+# error: [invalid-argument-type]
 if issubclass(t, int):
     reveal_type(t)  # revealed: Never
 ```
@@ -230,8 +234,15 @@ def flag() -> bool: ...
 
 t = int if flag() else str
 
-# TODO: this should cause us to emit a diagnostic
-# (`issubclass` has no `foo` parameter)
+# error: [unknown-argument]
 if issubclass(t, int, foo="bar"):
     reveal_type(t)  # revealed: Literal[int, str]
 ```
+
+### `type[]` types are narrowed as well as class-literal types
+
+```py
+def _(x: type, y: type[int]):
+    if issubclass(x, y):
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: type[int]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/narrow/match.md

@@ -16,3 +16,48 @@ def _(flag: bool):
 
     reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal[0] | None
 ```
+
+## Class patterns
+
+```py
+def get_object() -> object: ...
+
+class A: ...
+class B: ...
+
+x = get_object()
+
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: object
+
+match x:
+    case A():
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A
+    case B():
+        # TODO could be `B & ~A`
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: B
+
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: object
+```
+
+## Class pattern with guard
+
+```py
+def get_object() -> object: ...
+
+class A:
+    def y() -> int: ...
+
+class B: ...
+
+x = get_object()
+
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: object
+
+match x:
+    case A() if reveal_type(x):  # revealed: A
+        pass
+    case B() if reveal_type(x):  # revealed: B
+        pass
+
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: object
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/narrow/truthiness.md

@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+# Narrowing For Truthiness Checks (`if x` or `if not x`)
+
+## Value Literals
+
+```py
+def foo() -> Literal[0, -1, True, False, "", "foo", b"", b"bar", None] | tuple[()]:
+    return 0
+
+x = foo()
+
+if x:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[-1, True, "foo", b"bar"]
+else:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[0, False, "", b""] | None | tuple[()]
+
+if not x:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[0, False, "", b""] | None | tuple[()]
+else:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[-1, True, "foo", b"bar"]
+
+if x and not x:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Never
+else:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[0, "", b"", -1, "foo", b"bar"] | bool | None | tuple[()]
+
+if not (x and not x):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[0, "", b"", -1, "foo", b"bar"] | bool | None | tuple[()]
+else:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Never
+
+if x or not x:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[-1, "foo", b"bar", 0, "", b""] | bool | None | tuple[()]
+else:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Never
+
+if not (x or not x):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Never
+else:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[-1, "foo", b"bar", 0, "", b""] | bool | None | tuple[()]
+
+if (isinstance(x, int) or isinstance(x, str)) and x:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[-1, True, "foo"]
+else:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[b"", b"bar", 0, False, ""] | None | tuple[()]
+```
+
+## Function Literals
+
+Basically functions are always truthy.
+
+```py
+def flag() -> bool:
+    return True
+
+def foo(hello: int) -> bytes:
+    return b""
+
+def bar(world: str, *args, **kwargs) -> float:
+    return 0.0
+
+x = foo if flag() else bar
+
+if x:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[foo, bar]
+else:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Never
+```
+
+## Mutable Truthiness
+
+### Truthiness of Instances
+
+The boolean value of an instance is not always consistent. For example, `__bool__` can be customized
+to return random values, or in the case of a `list()`, the result depends on the number of elements
+in the list. Therefore, these types should not be narrowed by `if x` or `if not x`.
+
+```py
+class A: ...
+class B: ...
+
+def f(x: A | B):
+    if x:
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A & ~AlwaysFalsy | B & ~AlwaysFalsy
+    else:
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A & ~AlwaysTruthy | B & ~AlwaysTruthy
+
+    if x and not x:
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A & ~AlwaysFalsy & ~AlwaysTruthy | B & ~AlwaysFalsy & ~AlwaysTruthy
+    else:
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A & ~AlwaysTruthy | B & ~AlwaysTruthy | A & ~AlwaysFalsy | B & ~AlwaysFalsy
+
+    if x or not x:
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A & ~AlwaysFalsy | B & ~AlwaysFalsy | A & ~AlwaysTruthy | B & ~AlwaysTruthy
+    else:
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A & ~AlwaysTruthy & ~AlwaysFalsy | B & ~AlwaysTruthy & ~AlwaysFalsy
+```
+
+### Truthiness of Types
+
+Also, types may not be Truthy. This is because `__bool__` can be customized via a metaclass.
+Although this is a very rare case, we may consider metaclass checks in the future to handle this
+more accurately.
+
+```py
+def flag() -> bool:
+    return True
+
+x = int if flag() else str
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[int, str]
+
+if x:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[int] & ~AlwaysFalsy | Literal[str] & ~AlwaysFalsy
+else:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[int] & ~AlwaysTruthy | Literal[str] & ~AlwaysTruthy
+```
+
+## Determined Truthiness
+
+Some custom classes can have a boolean value that is consistently determined as either `True` or
+`False`, regardless of the instance's state. This is achieved by defining a `__bool__` method that
+always returns a fixed value.
+
+These types can always be fully narrowed in boolean contexts, as shown below:
+
+```py
+class T:
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[True]:
+        return True
+
+class F:
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[False]:
+        return False
+
+t = T()
+
+if t:
+    reveal_type(t)  # revealed: T
+else:
+    reveal_type(t)  # revealed: Never
+
+f = F()
+
+if f:
+    reveal_type(f)  # revealed: Never
+else:
+    reveal_type(f)  # revealed: F
+```
+
+## Narrowing Complex Intersection and Union
+
+```py
+class A: ...
+class B: ...
+
+def flag() -> bool:
+    return True
+
+def instance() -> A | B:
+    return A()
+
+def literals() -> Literal[0, 42, "", "hello"]:
+    return 42
+
+x = instance()
+y = literals()
+
+if isinstance(x, str) and not isinstance(x, B):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: A & str & ~B
+    reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal[0, 42, "", "hello"]
+
+    z = x if flag() else y
+
+    reveal_type(z)  # revealed: A & str & ~B | Literal[0, 42, "", "hello"]
+
+    if z:
+        reveal_type(z)  # revealed: A & str & ~B & ~AlwaysFalsy | Literal[42, "hello"]
+    else:
+        reveal_type(z)  # revealed: A & str & ~B & ~AlwaysTruthy | Literal[0, ""]
+```
+
+## Narrowing Multiple Variables
+
+```py
+def f(x: Literal[0, 1], y: Literal["", "hello"]):
+    if x and y and not x and not y:
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Never
+        reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Never
+    else:
+        # ~(x or not x) and ~(y or not y)
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[0, 1]
+        reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal["", "hello"]
+
+    if (x or not x) and (y and not y):
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[0, 1]
+        reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Never
+    else:
+        # ~(x or not x) or ~(y and not y)
+        reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[0, 1]
+        reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal["", "hello"]
+```
+
+## ControlFlow Merging
+
+After merging control flows, when we take the union of all constraints applied in each branch, we
+should return to the original state.
+
+```py
+class A: ...
+
+x = A()
+
+if x and not x:
+    y = x
+    reveal_type(y)  # revealed: A & ~AlwaysFalsy & ~AlwaysTruthy
+else:
+    y = x
+    reveal_type(y)  # revealed: A & ~AlwaysTruthy | A & ~AlwaysFalsy
+
+# TODO: It should be A. We should improve UnionBuilder or IntersectionBuilder. (issue #15023)
+reveal_type(y)  # revealed: A & ~AlwaysTruthy | A & ~AlwaysFalsy
+```
+
+## Truthiness of classes
+
+```py
+class MetaAmbiguous(type):
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool: ...
+
+class MetaFalsy(type):
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[False]: ...
+
+class MetaTruthy(type):
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[True]: ...
+
+class MetaDeferred(type):
+    def __bool__(self) -> MetaAmbiguous: ...
+
+class AmbiguousClass(metaclass=MetaAmbiguous): ...
+class FalsyClass(metaclass=MetaFalsy): ...
+class TruthyClass(metaclass=MetaTruthy): ...
+class DeferredClass(metaclass=MetaDeferred): ...
+
+def _(
+    a: type[AmbiguousClass],
+    t: type[TruthyClass],
+    f: type[FalsyClass],
+    d: type[DeferredClass],
+    ta: type[TruthyClass | AmbiguousClass],
+    af: type[AmbiguousClass] | type[FalsyClass],
+    flag: bool,
+):
+    reveal_type(ta)  # revealed: type[TruthyClass] | type[AmbiguousClass]
+    if ta:
+        reveal_type(ta)  # revealed: type[TruthyClass] | type[AmbiguousClass] & ~AlwaysFalsy
+
+    reveal_type(af)  # revealed: type[AmbiguousClass] | type[FalsyClass]
+    if af:
+        reveal_type(af)  # revealed: type[AmbiguousClass] & ~AlwaysFalsy
+
+    # TODO: Emit a diagnostic (`d` is not valid in boolean context)
+    if d:
+        # TODO: Should be `Unknown`
+        reveal_type(d)  # revealed: type[DeferredClass] & ~AlwaysFalsy
+
+    tf = TruthyClass if flag else FalsyClass
+    reveal_type(tf)  # revealed: Literal[TruthyClass, FalsyClass]
+
+    if tf:
+        reveal_type(tf)  # revealed: Literal[TruthyClass]
+    else:
+        reveal_type(tf)  # revealed: Literal[FalsyClass]
+```
+
+## Narrowing in chained boolean expressions
+
+```py
+from typing import Literal
+
+class A: ...
+
+def _(x: Literal[0, 1]):
+    reveal_type(x or A())  # revealed: Literal[1] | A
+    reveal_type(x and A())  # revealed: Literal[0] | A
+
+def _(x: str):
+    reveal_type(x or A())  # revealed: str & ~AlwaysFalsy | A
+    reveal_type(x and A())  # revealed: str & ~AlwaysTruthy | A
+
+def _(x: bool | str):
+    reveal_type(x or A())  # revealed: Literal[True] | str & ~AlwaysFalsy | A
+    reveal_type(x and A())  # revealed: Literal[False] | str & ~AlwaysTruthy | A
+
+class Falsy:
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[False]: ...
+
+class Truthy:
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[True]: ...
+
+def _(x: Falsy | Truthy):
+    reveal_type(x or A())  # revealed: Truthy | A
+    reveal_type(x and A())  # revealed: Falsy | A
+
+class MetaFalsy(type):
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[False]: ...
+
+class MetaTruthy(type):
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[True]: ...
+
+class FalsyClass(metaclass=MetaFalsy): ...
+class TruthyClass(metaclass=MetaTruthy): ...
+
+def _(x: type[FalsyClass] | type[TruthyClass]):
+    reveal_type(x or A())  # revealed: type[TruthyClass] | A
+    reveal_type(x and A())  # revealed: type[FalsyClass] | A
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/scopes/builtin.md

@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ def returns_bool() -> bool:
     return True
 
 if returns_bool():
-    copyright = 1
+    chr = 1
 
 def f():
-    reveal_type(copyright)  # revealed: Literal[copyright] | Literal[1]
+    reveal_type(chr)  # revealed: Literal[chr] | Literal[1]
 ```
 
 ## Conditionally global or builtin, with annotation
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ def returns_bool() -> bool:
     return True
 
 if returns_bool():
-    copyright: int = 1
+    chr: int = 1
 
 def f():
-    reveal_type(copyright)  # revealed: Literal[copyright] | int
+    reveal_type(chr)  # revealed: Literal[chr] | int
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/scopes/unbound.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class C:
     # error: [possibly-unresolved-reference]
     y = x
 
-reveal_type(C.y)  # revealed: Literal[1] | Literal["abc"]
+reveal_type(C.y)  # revealed: Literal[1, "abc"]
 ```
 
 ## Unbound function local

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/shadowing/function.md

@@ -25,3 +25,29 @@ def f(): ...
 
 f: int = 1
 ```
+
+## Explicit shadowing involving `def` statements
+
+Since a `def` statement is a declaration, one `def` can shadow another `def`, or shadow a previous
+non-`def` declaration, without error.
+
+```py
+f = 1
+reveal_type(f)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+
+def f(): ...
+
+reveal_type(f)  # revealed: Literal[f]
+
+def f(x: int) -> int:
+    raise NotImplementedError
+
+reveal_type(f)  # revealed: Literal[f]
+
+f: int = 1
+reveal_type(f)  # revealed: Literal[1]
+
+def f(): ...
+
+reveal_type(f)  # revealed: Literal[f]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/slots.md

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# `__slots__`
+
+## Not specified and empty
+
+```py
+class A: ...
+
+class B:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+class C:
+    __slots__ = ("lorem", "ipsum")
+
+class AB(A, B): ...  # fine
+class AC(A, C): ...  # fine
+class BC(B, C): ...  # fine
+class ABC(A, B, C): ...  # fine
+```
+
+## Incompatible tuples
+
+```py
+class A:
+    __slots__ = ("a", "b")
+
+class B:
+    __slots__ = ("c", "d")
+
+class C(
+    A,  # error: [incompatible-slots]
+    B,  # error: [incompatible-slots]
+): ...
+```
+
+## Same value
+
+```py
+class A:
+    __slots__ = ("a", "b")
+
+class B:
+    __slots__ = ("a", "b")
+
+class C(
+    A,  # error: [incompatible-slots]
+    B,  # error: [incompatible-slots]
+): ...
+```
+
+## Strings
+
+```py
+class A:
+    __slots__ = "abc"
+
+class B:
+    __slots__ = ("abc",)
+
+class AB(
+    A,  # error: [incompatible-slots]
+    B,  # error: [incompatible-slots]
+): ...
+```
+
+## Invalid
+
+TODO: Emit diagnostics
+
+```py
+class NonString1:
+    __slots__ = 42
+
+class NonString2:
+    __slots__ = b"ar"
+
+class NonIdentifier1:
+    __slots__ = "42"
+
+class NonIdentifier2:
+    __slots__ = ("lorem", "42")
+
+class NonIdentifier3:
+    __slots__ = (e for e in ("lorem", "42"))
+```
+
+## Inheritance
+
+```py
+class A:
+    __slots__ = ("a", "b")
+
+class B(A): ...
+
+class C:
+    __slots__ = ("c", "d")
+
+class D(C): ...
+class E(
+    B,  # error: [incompatible-slots]
+    D,  # error: [incompatible-slots]
+): ...
+```
+
+## Single solid base
+
+```py
+class A:
+    __slots__ = ("a", "b")
+
+class B(A): ...
+class C(A): ...
+class D(B, A): ...  # fine
+class E(B, C, A): ...  # fine
+```
+
+## False negatives
+
+### Possibly unbound
+
+```py
+def _(flag: bool):
+    class A:
+        if flag:
+            __slots__ = ("a", "b")
+
+    class B:
+        __slots__ = ("c", "d")
+
+    # Might or might not be fine at runtime
+    class C(A, B): ...
+```
+
+### Bound but with different types
+
+```py
+def _(flag: bool):
+    class A:
+        if flag:
+            __slots__ = ("a", "b")
+        else:
+            __slots__ = ()
+
+    class B:
+        __slots__ = ("c", "d")
+
+    # Might or might not be fine at runtime
+    class C(A, B): ...
+```
+
+### Non-tuples
+
+```py
+class A:
+    __slots__ = ["a", "b"]  # This is treated as "dynamic"
+
+class B:
+    __slots__ = ("c", "d")
+
+# False negative: [incompatible-slots]
+class C(A, B): ...
+```
+
+### Post-hoc modifications
+
+```py
+class A:
+    __slots__ = ()
+    __slots__ += ("a", "b")
+
+reveal_type(A.__slots__)  # revealed: @Todo(return type)
+
+class B:
+    __slots__ = ("c", "d")
+
+# False negative: [incompatible-slots]
+class C(A, B): ...
+```
+
+### Built-ins with implicit layouts
+
+```py
+# False negative: [incompatible-slots]
+class A(int, str): ...
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/stubs/ellipsis.md

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# Ellipsis
+
+## Function and methods
+
+The ellipsis literal `...` can be used as a placeholder default value for a function parameter, in a
+stub file only, regardless of the type of the parameter.
+
+```py path=test.pyi
+def f(x: int = ...) -> None:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: int
+
+def f2(x: str = ...) -> None:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: str
+```
+
+## Class and module symbols
+
+The ellipsis literal can be assigned to a class or module symbol, regardless of its declared type,
+in a stub file only.
+
+```py path=test.pyi
+y: bytes = ...
+reveal_type(y)  # revealed: bytes
+x = ...
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Unknown
+
+class Foo:
+    y: int = ...
+
+reveal_type(Foo.y)  # revealed: int
+```
+
+## Unpacking ellipsis literal in assignment
+
+No diagnostic is emitted if an ellipsis literal is "unpacked" in a stub file as part of an
+assignment statement:
+
+```py path=test.pyi
+x, y = ...
+reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Unknown
+```
+
+## Unpacking ellipsis literal in for loops
+
+Iterating over an ellipsis literal as part of a `for` loop in a stub is invalid, however, and
+results in a diagnostic:
+
+```py path=test.pyi
+# error: [not-iterable] "Object of type `ellipsis` is not iterable"
+for a, b in ...:
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Unknown
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Unknown
+```
+
+## Ellipsis usage in non stub file
+
+In a non-stub file, there's no special treatment of ellipsis literals. An ellipsis literal can only
+be assigned if `EllipsisType` is actually assignable to the annotated type.
+
+```py
+# error: 7 [invalid-parameter-default] "Default value of type `ellipsis` is not assignable to annotated parameter type `int`"
+def f(x: int = ...) -> None: ...
+
+# error: 1 [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `ellipsis` is not assignable to `int`"
+a: int = ...
+b = ...
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: ellipsis
+```
+
+## Use of `Ellipsis` symbol
+
+There is no special treatment of the builtin name `Ellipsis` in stubs, only of `...` literals.
+
+```py path=test.pyi
+# error: 7 [invalid-parameter-default] "Default value of type `ellipsis` is not assignable to annotated parameter type `int`"
+def f(x: int = Ellipsis) -> None: ...
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/subscript/tuple.md

@@ -81,10 +81,7 @@ python-version = "3.9"
 ```
 
 ```py
-# TODO:
-#  * `tuple.__class_getitem__` is always bound on 3.9 (`sys.version_info`)
-#  * `tuple[int, str]` is a valid base (generics)
-# error: [call-possibly-unbound-method] "Method `__class_getitem__` of type `Literal[tuple]` is possibly unbound"
+# TODO: `tuple[int, str]` is a valid base (generics)
 # error: [invalid-base] "Invalid class base with type `GenericAlias` (all bases must be a class, `Any`, `Unknown` or `Todo`)"
 class A(tuple[int, str]): ...
 

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/suppressions/knot_ignore.md

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# Suppressing errors with `knot: ignore`
+
+Type check errors can be suppressed by a `knot: ignore` comment on the same line as the violation.
+
+## Simple `knot: ignore`
+
+```py
+a = 4 + test  # knot: ignore
+```
+
+## Suppressing a specific code
+
+```py
+a = 4 + test  # knot: ignore[unresolved-reference]
+```
+
+## Unused suppression
+
+```py
+test = 10
+# error: [unused-ignore-comment] "Unused `knot: ignore` directive: 'possibly-unresolved-reference'"
+a = test + 3  # knot: ignore[possibly-unresolved-reference]
+```
+
+## Unused suppression if the error codes don't match
+
+```py
+# error: [unresolved-reference]
+# error: [unused-ignore-comment] "Unused `knot: ignore` directive: 'possibly-unresolved-reference'"
+a = test + 3  # knot: ignore[possibly-unresolved-reference]
+```
+
+## Suppressed unused comment
+
+```py
+# error: [unused-ignore-comment]
+a = 10 / 2  # knot: ignore[division-by-zero]
+a = 10 / 2  # knot: ignore[division-by-zero, unused-ignore-comment]
+a = 10 / 2  # knot: ignore[unused-ignore-comment, division-by-zero]
+a = 10 / 2  # knot: ignore[unused-ignore-comment] # type: ignore
+a = 10 / 2  # type: ignore # knot: ignore[unused-ignore-comment]
+```
+
+## Unused ignore comment
+
+```py
+# error: [unused-ignore-comment] "Unused `knot: ignore` directive: 'unused-ignore-comment'"
+a = 10 / 0  # knot: ignore[division-by-zero, unused-ignore-comment]
+```
+
+## Multiple unused comments
+
+Today, Red Knot emits a diagnostic for every unused code. We might want to group the codes by
+comment at some point in the future.
+
+```py
+# error: [unused-ignore-comment] "Unused `knot: ignore` directive: 'division-by-zero'"
+# error: [unused-ignore-comment] "Unused `knot: ignore` directive: 'unresolved-reference'"
+a = 10 / 2  # knot: ignore[division-by-zero, unresolved-reference]
+
+# error: [unused-ignore-comment] "Unused `knot: ignore` directive: 'invalid-assignment'"
+# error: [unused-ignore-comment] "Unused `knot: ignore` directive: 'unresolved-reference'"
+a = 10 / 0  # knot: ignore[invalid-assignment, division-by-zero, unresolved-reference]
+```
+
+## Multiple suppressions
+
+```py
+# fmt: off
+def test(a: f"f-string type annotation", b: b"byte-string-type-annotation"): ...  # knot: ignore[fstring-type-annotation, byte-string-type-annotation]
+```
+
+## Can't suppress syntax errors
+
+<!-- blacken-docs:off -->
+
+```py
+# error: [invalid-syntax]
+# error: [unused-ignore-comment]
+def test(  # knot: ignore
+```
+
+<!-- blacken-docs:on -->
+
+## Can't suppress `revealed-type` diagnostics
+
+```py
+a = 10
+# revealed: Literal[10]
+# error: [unknown-rule] "Unknown rule `revealed-type`"
+reveal_type(a)  # knot: ignore[revealed-type]
+```
+
+## Extra whitespace in type ignore comments is allowed
+
+```py
+a = 10 / 0  # knot   :   ignore
+a = 10 / 0  # knot: ignore  [    division-by-zero   ]
+```
+
+## Whitespace is optional
+
+```py
+# fmt: off
+a = 10 / 0  #knot:ignore[division-by-zero]
+```
+
+## Trailing codes comma
+
+Trailing commas in the codes section are allowed:
+
+```py
+a = 10 / 0  # knot: ignore[division-by-zero,]
+```
+
+## Invalid characters in codes
+
+```py
+# error: [division-by-zero]
+# error: [invalid-ignore-comment] "Invalid `knot: ignore` comment: expected a alphanumeric character or `-` or `_` as code"
+a = 10 / 0  # knot: ignore[*-*]
+```
+
+## Trailing whitespace
+
+<!-- blacken-docs:off -->
+
+```py
+a = 10 / 0  # knot: ignore[division-by-zero]      
+            #                               ^^^^^^ trailing whitespace
+```
+
+<!-- blacken-docs:on -->
+
+## Missing comma
+
+A missing comma results in an invalid suppression comment. We may want to recover from this in the
+future.
+
+```py
+# error: [unresolved-reference]
+# error: [invalid-ignore-comment] "Invalid `knot: ignore` comment: expected a comma separating the rule codes"
+a = x / 0  # knot: ignore[division-by-zero unresolved-reference]
+```
+
+## Missing closing bracket
+
+```py
+# error: [unresolved-reference] "Name `x` used when not defined"
+# error: [invalid-ignore-comment] "Invalid `knot: ignore` comment: expected a comma separating the rule codes"
+a = x / 2  # knot: ignore[unresolved-reference
+```
+
+## Empty codes
+
+An empty codes array suppresses no-diagnostics and is always useless
+
+```py
+# error: [division-by-zero]
+# error: [unused-ignore-comment] "Unused `knot: ignore` without a code"
+a = 4 / 0  # knot: ignore[]
+```
+
+## File-level suppression comments
+
+File level suppression comments are currently intentionally unsupported because we've yet to decide
+if they should use a different syntax that also supports enabling rules or changing the rule's
+severity: `knot: possibly-undefined-reference=error`
+
+```py
+# error: [unused-ignore-comment]
+# knot: ignore[division-by-zero]
+
+a = 4 / 0  # error: [division-by-zero]
+```
+
+## Unknown rule
+
+```py
+# error: [unknown-rule] "Unknown rule `is-equal-14`"
+a = 10 + 4  # knot: ignore[is-equal-14]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/suppressions/no_type_check.md

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# `@no_type_check`
+
+> If a type checker supports the `no_type_check` decorator for functions, it should suppress all
+> type errors for the def statement and its body including any nested functions or classes. It
+> should also ignore all parameter and return type annotations and treat the function as if it were
+> unannotated. [source](https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/spec/directives.html#no-type-check)
+
+## Error in the function body
+
+```py
+from typing import no_type_check
+
+@no_type_check
+def test() -> int:
+    return a + 5
+```
+
+## Error in nested function
+
+```py
+from typing import no_type_check
+
+@no_type_check
+def test() -> int:
+    def nested():
+        return a + 5
+```
+
+## Error in nested class
+
+```py
+from typing import no_type_check
+
+@no_type_check
+def test() -> int:
+    class Nested:
+        def inner(self):
+            return a + 5
+```
+
+## Error in preceding decorator
+
+Don't suppress diagnostics for decorators appearing before the `no_type_check` decorator.
+
+```py
+from typing import no_type_check
+
+@unknown_decorator  # error: [unresolved-reference]
+@no_type_check
+def test() -> int:
+    return a + 5
+```
+
+## Error in following decorator
+
+Unlike Pyright and mypy, suppress diagnostics appearing after the `no_type_check` decorator. We do
+this because it more closely matches Python's runtime semantics of decorators. For more details, see
+the discussion on the
+[PR adding `@no_type_check` support](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15122#discussion_r1896869411).
+
+```py
+from typing import no_type_check
+
+@no_type_check
+@unknown_decorator
+def test() -> int:
+    return a + 5
+```
+
+## Error in default value
+
+```py
+from typing import no_type_check
+
+@no_type_check
+def test(a: int = "test"):
+    return x + 5
+```
+
+## Error in return value position
+
+```py
+from typing import no_type_check
+
+@no_type_check
+def test() -> Undefined:
+    return x + 5
+```
+
+## `no_type_check` on classes isn't supported
+
+Red Knot does not support decorating classes with `no_type_check`. The behaviour of `no_type_check`
+when applied to classes is
+[not specified currently](https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/spec/directives.html#no-type-check),
+and is not supported by Pyright or mypy.
+
+A future improvement might be to emit a diagnostic if a `no_type_check` annotation is applied to a
+class.
+
+```py
+from typing import no_type_check
+
+@no_type_check
+class Test:
+    def test(self):
+        return a + 5  # error: [unresolved-reference]
+```
+
+## `type: ignore` comments in `@no_type_check` blocks
+
+```py
+from typing import no_type_check
+
+@no_type_check
+def test():
+    # error: [unused-ignore-comment] "Unused `knot: ignore` directive: 'unresolved-reference'"
+    return x + 5  # knot: ignore[unresolved-reference]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/suppressions/type_ignore.md

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# Suppressing errors with `type: ignore`
+
+Type check errors can be suppressed by a `type: ignore` comment on the same line as the violation.
+
+## Simple `type: ignore`
+
+```py
+a = 4 + test  # type: ignore
+```
+
+## Multiline ranges
+
+A diagnostic with a multiline range can be suppressed by a comment on the same line as the
+diagnostic's start or end. This is the same behavior as Mypy's.
+
+```py
+# fmt: off
+y = (
+    4 / 0  # type: ignore
+)
+
+y = (
+    4 /  # type: ignore
+    0
+)
+
+y = (
+    4 /
+    0  # type: ignore
+)
+```
+
+Pyright diverges from this behavior and instead applies a suppression if its range intersects with
+the diagnostic range. This can be problematic for nested expressions because a suppression in a
+child expression now suppresses errors in the outer expression.
+
+For example, the `type: ignore` comment in this example suppresses the error of adding `2` to
+`"test"` and adding `"other"` to the result of the cast.
+
+```py path=nested.py
+# fmt: off
+from typing import cast
+
+y = (
+    cast(int, "test" +
+            # TODO: Remove the expected error after implementing `invalid-operator` for binary expressions
+            # error: [unused-ignore-comment]
+            2 # type: ignore
+    )
+    + "other"  # TODO: expected-error[invalid-operator]
+)
+```
+
+Mypy flags the second usage.
+
+## Before opening parenthesis
+
+A suppression that applies to all errors before the opening parenthesis.
+
+```py
+a: Test = (  # type: ignore
+  Test()  # error: [unresolved-reference]
+)  # fmt: skip
+```
+
+## Multiline string
+
+```py
+a: int = 4
+a = """
+  This is a multiline string and the suppression is at its end
+"""  # type: ignore
+```
+
+## Line continuations
+
+Suppressions after a line continuation apply to all previous lines.
+
+```py
+# fmt: off
+a = test \
+  + 2  # type: ignore
+
+a = test \
+  + a \
+  + 2  # type: ignore
+```
+
+## Codes
+
+Mypy supports `type: ignore[code]`. Red Knot doesn't understand mypy's rule names. Therefore, ignore
+the codes and suppress all errors.
+
+```py
+a = test  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+```
+
+## Nested comments
+
+```py
+# fmt: off
+a = test \
+  + 2  # fmt: skip # type: ignore
+
+a = test \
+  + 2  # type: ignore # fmt: skip
+```
+
+## Misspelled `type: ignore`
+
+```py
+# error: [unresolved-reference]
+# error: [invalid-ignore-comment]
+a = test + 2  # type: ignoree
+```
+
+## Invalid - ignore on opening parentheses
+
+`type: ignore` comments after an opening parentheses suppress any type errors inside the parentheses
+in Pyright. Neither Ruff, nor mypy support this and neither does Red Knot.
+
+```py
+# fmt: off
+# error: [unused-ignore-comment]
+a = (  # type: ignore
+    test + 4  # error: [unresolved-reference]
+)
+```
+
+## File level suppression
+
+```py
+# type: ignore
+
+a = 10 / 0
+b = a / 0
+```
+
+## File level suppression with leading shebang
+
+```py
+#!/usr/bin/env/python
+# type: ignore
+
+a = 10 / 0
+b = a / 0
+```
+
+## Invalid own-line suppression
+
+```py
+"""
+File level suppressions must come before any non-trivia token,
+including module docstrings. 
+"""
+
+# error: [unused-ignore-comment] "Unused blanket `type: ignore` directive"
+# type: ignore
+
+a = 10 / 0  # error: [division-by-zero]
+b = a / 0  # error: [division-by-zero]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/sys_platform.md

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# `sys.platform`
+
+## Default value
+
+When no target platform is specified, we fall back to the type of `sys.platform` declared in
+typeshed:
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+# No python-platform entry
+```
+
+```py
+import sys
+
+reveal_type(sys.platform)  # revealed: str
+```
+
+## Explicit selection of `all` platforms
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-platform = "all"
+```
+
+```py
+import sys
+
+reveal_type(sys.platform)  # revealed: str
+```
+
+## Explicit selection of a specific platform
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-platform = "linux"
+```
+
+```py
+import sys
+
+reveal_type(sys.platform)  # revealed: Literal["linux"]
+```
+
+## Testing for a specific platform
+
+### Exact comparison
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-platform = "freebsd8"
+```
+
+```py
+import sys
+
+reveal_type(sys.platform == "freebsd8")  # revealed: Literal[True]
+reveal_type(sys.platform == "linux")  # revealed: Literal[False]
+```
+
+### Substring comparison
+
+It is [recommended](https://docs.python.org/3/library/sys.html#sys.platform) to use
+`sys.platform.startswith(...)` for platform checks. This is not yet supported in type inference:
+
+```py
+import sys
+
+reveal_type(sys.platform.startswith("freebsd"))  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+reveal_type(sys.platform.startswith("linux"))  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/type_api.md

@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+# Type API (`knot_extensions`)
+
+This document describes the internal `knot_extensions` API for creating and manipulating types as
+well as testing various type system properties.
+
+## Type extensions
+
+The Python language itself allows us to perform a variety of operations on types. For example, we
+can build a union of types like `int | None`, or we can use type constructors such as `list[int]`
+and `type[int]` to create new types. But some type-level operations that we rely on in Red Knot,
+like intersections, cannot yet be expressed in Python. The `knot_extensions` module provides the
+`Intersection` and `Not` type constructors (special forms) which allow us to construct these types
+directly.
+
+### Negation
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Not, static_assert
+
+def negate(n1: Not[int], n2: Not[Not[int]], n3: Not[Not[Not[int]]]) -> None:
+    reveal_type(n1)  # revealed: ~int
+    reveal_type(n2)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(n3)  # revealed: ~int
+
+def static_truthiness(not_one: Not[Literal[1]]) -> None:
+    static_assert(not_one != 1)
+    static_assert(not (not_one == 1))
+
+# error: "Special form `knot_extensions.Not` expected exactly one type parameter"
+n: Not[int, str]
+```
+
+### Intersection
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not, is_subtype_of, static_assert
+from typing_extensions import Never
+
+class S: ...
+class T: ...
+
+def x(x1: Intersection[S, T], x2: Intersection[S, Not[T]]) -> None:
+    reveal_type(x1)  # revealed: S & T
+    reveal_type(x2)  # revealed: S & ~T
+
+def y(y1: Intersection[int, object], y2: Intersection[int, bool], y3: Intersection[int, Never]) -> None:
+    reveal_type(y1)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(y2)  # revealed: bool
+    reveal_type(y3)  # revealed: Never
+
+def z(z1: Intersection[int, Not[Literal[1]], Not[Literal[2]]]) -> None:
+    reveal_type(z1)  # revealed: int & ~Literal[1] & ~Literal[2]
+
+class A: ...
+class B: ...
+class C: ...
+
+type ABC = Intersection[A, B, C]
+
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(ABC, A))
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(ABC, B))
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(ABC, C))
+
+class D: ...
+
+static_assert(not is_subtype_of(ABC, D))
+```
+
+### Unknown type
+
+The `Unknown` type is a special type that we use to represent actually unknown types (no
+annotation), as opposed to `Any` which represents an explicitly unknown type.
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Unknown, static_assert, is_assignable_to, is_fully_static
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Unknown, int))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(int, Unknown))
+
+static_assert(not is_fully_static(Unknown))
+
+def explicit_unknown(x: Unknown, y: tuple[str, Unknown], z: Unknown = 1) -> None:
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Unknown
+    reveal_type(y)  # revealed: tuple[str, Unknown]
+    reveal_type(z)  # revealed: Unknown | Literal[1]
+
+# Unknown can be subclassed, just like Any
+class C(Unknown): ...
+
+# revealed: tuple[Literal[C], Unknown, Literal[object]]
+reveal_type(C.__mro__)
+
+# error: "Special form `knot_extensions.Unknown` expected no type parameter"
+u: Unknown[str]
+```
+
+## Static assertions
+
+### Basics
+
+The `knot_extensions` module provides a `static_assert` function that can be used to enforce
+properties at type-check time. The function takes an arbitrary expression and raises a type error if
+the expression is not of statically known truthiness.
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+import sys
+
+static_assert(True)
+static_assert(False)  # error: "Static assertion error: argument evaluates to `False`"
+
+static_assert(False or True)
+static_assert(True and True)
+static_assert(False or False)  # error: "Static assertion error: argument evaluates to `False`"
+static_assert(False and True)  # error: "Static assertion error: argument evaluates to `False`"
+
+static_assert(1 + 1 == 2)
+static_assert(1 + 1 == 3)  # error: "Static assertion error: argument evaluates to `False`"
+
+static_assert("a" in "abc")
+static_assert("d" in "abc")  # error: "Static assertion error: argument evaluates to `False`"
+
+n = None
+static_assert(n is None)
+
+static_assert(TYPE_CHECKING)
+
+static_assert(sys.version_info >= (3, 6))
+```
+
+### Narrowing constraints
+
+Static assertions can be used to enforce narrowing constraints:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert
+
+def f(x: int) -> None:
+    if x != 0:
+        static_assert(x != 0)
+    else:
+        # `int` can be subclassed, so we cannot assert that `x == 0` here:
+        # error: "Static assertion error: argument of type `bool` has an ambiguous static truthiness"
+        static_assert(x == 0)
+```
+
+### Truthy expressions
+
+See also: <https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing>
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert
+
+static_assert(True)
+static_assert(False)  # error: "Static assertion error: argument evaluates to `False`"
+
+static_assert(None)  # error: "Static assertion error: argument of type `None` is statically known to be falsy"
+
+static_assert(1)
+static_assert(0)  # error: "Static assertion error: argument of type `Literal[0]` is statically known to be falsy"
+
+static_assert((0,))
+static_assert(())  # error: "Static assertion error: argument of type `tuple[()]` is statically known to be falsy"
+
+static_assert("a")
+static_assert("")  # error: "Static assertion error: argument of type `Literal[""]` is statically known to be falsy"
+
+static_assert(b"a")
+static_assert(b"")  # error: "Static assertion error: argument of type `Literal[b""]` is statically known to be falsy"
+```
+
+### Error messages
+
+We provide various tailored error messages for wrong argument types to `static_assert`:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert
+
+static_assert(2 * 3 == 6)
+
+# error: "Static assertion error: argument evaluates to `False`"
+static_assert(2 * 3 == 7)
+
+# error: "Static assertion error: argument of type `bool` has an ambiguous static truthiness"
+static_assert(int(2.0 * 3.0) == 6)
+
+class InvalidBoolDunder:
+    def __bool__(self) -> int:
+        return 1
+
+# error: "Static assertion error: argument of type `InvalidBoolDunder` has an ambiguous static truthiness"
+static_assert(InvalidBoolDunder())
+```
+
+### Custom error messages
+
+Alternatively, users can provide custom error messages:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert
+
+# error: "Static assertion error: I really want this to be true"
+static_assert(1 + 1 == 3, "I really want this to be true")
+
+error_message = "A custom message "
+error_message += "constructed from multiple string literals"
+# error: "Static assertion error: A custom message constructed from multiple string literals"
+static_assert(False, error_message)
+
+# There are limitations to what we can still infer as a string literal. In those cases,
+# we simply fall back to the default message.
+shouted_message = "A custom message".upper()
+# error: "Static assertion error: argument evaluates to `False`"
+static_assert(False, shouted_message)
+```
+
+## Type predicates
+
+The `knot_extensions` module also provides predicates to test various properties of types. These are
+implemented as functions that return `Literal[True]` or `Literal[False]` depending on the result of
+the test.
+
+### Equivalence
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import is_equivalent_to, static_assert
+from typing_extensions import Never, Union
+
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(type, type[object]))
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(tuple[int, Never], Never))
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(int | str, Union[int, str]))
+
+static_assert(not is_equivalent_to(int, str))
+static_assert(not is_equivalent_to(int | str, int | str | bytes))
+```
+
+### Subtyping
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import is_subtype_of, static_assert
+
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(bool, int))
+static_assert(not is_subtype_of(str, int))
+
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(bool, int | str))
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(str, int | str))
+static_assert(not is_subtype_of(bytes, int | str))
+
+class Base: ...
+class Derived(Base): ...
+class Unrelated: ...
+
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(Derived, Base))
+static_assert(not is_subtype_of(Base, Derived))
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(Base, Base))
+
+static_assert(not is_subtype_of(Unrelated, Base))
+static_assert(not is_subtype_of(Base, Unrelated))
+```
+
+### Assignability
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import is_assignable_to, static_assert
+from typing import Any
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(int, Any))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Any, str))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(int, str))
+```
+
+### Disjointness
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import is_disjoint_from, static_assert
+
+static_assert(is_disjoint_from(None, int))
+static_assert(not is_disjoint_from(Literal[2] | str, int))
+```
+
+### Fully static types
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import is_fully_static, static_assert
+from typing import Any
+
+static_assert(is_fully_static(int | str))
+static_assert(is_fully_static(type[int]))
+
+static_assert(not is_fully_static(int | Any))
+static_assert(not is_fully_static(type[Any]))
+```
+
+### Singleton types
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import is_singleton, static_assert
+
+static_assert(is_singleton(None))
+static_assert(is_singleton(Literal[True]))
+
+static_assert(not is_singleton(int))
+static_assert(not is_singleton(Literal["a"]))
+```
+
+### Single-valued types
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import is_single_valued, static_assert
+
+static_assert(is_single_valued(None))
+static_assert(is_single_valued(Literal[True]))
+static_assert(is_single_valued(Literal["a"]))
+
+static_assert(not is_single_valued(int))
+static_assert(not is_single_valued(Literal["a"] | Literal["b"]))
+```
+
+## `TypeOf`
+
+We use `TypeOf` to get the inferred type of an expression. This is useful when we want to refer to
+it in a type expression. For example, if we want to make sure that the class literal type `str` is a
+subtype of `type[str]`, we can not use `is_subtype_of(str, type[str])`, as that would test if the
+type `str` itself is a subtype of `type[str]`. Instead, we can use `TypeOf[str]` to get the type of
+the expression `str`:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import TypeOf, is_subtype_of, static_assert
+
+# This is incorrect and therefore fails with ...
+# error: "Static assertion error: argument evaluates to `False`"
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(str, type[str]))
+
+# Correct, returns True:
+static_assert(is_subtype_of(TypeOf[str], type[str]))
+
+class Base: ...
+class Derived(Base): ...
+
+# `TypeOf` can be used in annotations:
+def type_of_annotation() -> None:
+    t1: TypeOf[Base] = Base
+    t2: TypeOf[Base] = Derived  # error: [invalid-assignment]
+
+    # Note how this is different from `type[…]` which includes subclasses:
+    s1: type[Base] = Base
+    s2: type[Base] = Derived  # no error here
+
+# error: "Special form `knot_extensions.TypeOf` expected exactly one type parameter"
+t: TypeOf[int, str, bytes]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/type_of/basic.md

@@ -61,10 +61,8 @@ class B: ...
 ```py path=a/test.py
 import a.b
 
-# TODO: no diagnostic
-# error: [unresolved-attribute]
 def f(c: type[a.b.C]):
-    reveal_type(c)  # revealed: @Todo(unsupported type[X] special form)
+    reveal_type(c)  # revealed: type[C]
 ```
 
 ```py path=a/__init__.py
@@ -144,3 +142,25 @@ class Foo(type[int]): ...
 # TODO: should be `tuple[Literal[Foo], Literal[type], Literal[object]]
 reveal_type(Foo.__mro__)  # revealed: tuple[Literal[Foo], Unknown, Literal[object]]
 ```
+
+## `@final` classes
+
+`type[]` types are eagerly converted to class-literal types if a class decorated with `@final` is
+used as the type argument. This applies to standard-library classes and user-defined classes:
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-version = "3.10"
+```
+
+```py
+from types import EllipsisType
+from typing import final
+
+@final
+class Foo: ...
+
+def _(x: type[Foo], y: type[EllipsisType]):
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: Literal[Foo]
+    reveal_type(y)  # revealed: Literal[EllipsisType]
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/type_of/dynamic.md

@@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
 # `type[Any]`
 
+This file contains tests for non-fully-static `type[]` types, such as `type[Any]` and
+`type[Unknown]`.
+
 ## Simple
 
 ```py
-def f(x: type[Any]):
+def f(x: type[Any], y: type[str]):
     reveal_type(x)  # revealed: type[Any]
     # TODO: could be `<object.__repr__ type> & Any`
     reveal_type(x.__repr__)  # revealed: Any
 
+    # type[str] and type[Any] are assignable to each other
+    a: type[str] = x
+    b: type[Any] = y
+
 class A: ...
 
 x: type[Any] = object
@@ -40,9 +47,8 @@ x: type = A()  # error: [invalid-assignment]
 
 ```py
 def f(x: type[object]):
-    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: type[object]
-    # TODO: bound method types
-    reveal_type(x.__repr__)  # revealed: Literal[__repr__]
+    reveal_type(x)  # revealed: type
+    reveal_type(x.__repr__)  # revealed: @Todo(instance attributes)
 
 class A: ...
 
@@ -70,3 +76,26 @@ def test(x: Any, y: SomethingUnknown):
     reveal_type(y.__class__)  # revealed: type[Unknown]
     reveal_type(y.__class__.__class__.__class__.__class__)  # revealed: type[Unknown]
 ```
+
+## `type[Unknown]` has similar properties to `type[Any]`
+
+```py
+import abc
+from typing import Any
+from does_not_exist import SomethingUnknown  # error: [unresolved-import]
+
+has_unknown_type = SomethingUnknown.__class__
+reveal_type(has_unknown_type)  # revealed: type[Unknown]
+
+def test(x: type[str], y: type[Any]):
+    """Both `type[Any]` and `type[Unknown]` are assignable to all `type[]` types"""
+    a: type[Any] = x
+    b: type[str] = y
+    c: type[Any] = has_unknown_type
+    d: type[str] = has_unknown_type
+
+def test2(a: type[Any]):
+    """`type[Any]` and `type[Unknown]` are also assignable to all instances of `type` subclasses"""
+    b: abc.ABCMeta = a
+    b: abc.ABCMeta = has_unknown_type
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/type_properties/is_assignable_to.md

@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+# Assignable-to relation
+
+The `is_assignable_to(S, T)` relation below checks if type `S` is assignable to type `T` (target).
+This allows us to check if a type `S` can be used in a context where a type `T` is expected
+(function arguments, variable assignments). See the [typing documentation] for a precise definition
+of this concept.
+
+## Basic types
+
+### Fully static
+
+Fully static types participate in subtyping. If a type `S` is a subtype of `T`, `S` will also be
+assignable to `T`. Two equivalent types are subtypes of each other:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_assignable_to
+
+class Parent: ...
+class Child1(Parent): ...
+class Child2(Parent): ...
+class Grandchild(Child1, Child2): ...
+class Unrelated: ...
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(int, int))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Parent, Parent))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Child1, Parent))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Grandchild, Parent))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Unrelated, Unrelated))
+
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(str, int))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(object, int))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Parent, Child1))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Unrelated, Parent))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Child1, Child2))
+```
+
+### Gradual types
+
+Gradual types do not participate in subtyping, but can still be assignable to other types (and
+static types can be assignable to gradual types):
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_assignable_to, Unknown
+from typing import Any
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Unknown, Literal[1]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Any, Literal[1]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[1], Unknown))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[1], Any))
+```
+
+## Literal types
+
+### Boolean literals
+
+`Literal[True]` and `Literal[False]` are both subtypes of (and therefore assignable to) `bool`,
+which is in turn a subtype of `int`:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_assignable_to
+from typing import Literal
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[True], Literal[True]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[True], bool))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[True], int))
+
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Literal[True], Literal[False]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(bool, Literal[True]))
+```
+
+### Integer literals
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_assignable_to
+from typing import Literal
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[1], Literal[1]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[1], int))
+
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Literal[1], Literal[2]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(int, Literal[1]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Literal[1], str))
+```
+
+### String literals and `LiteralString`
+
+All string-literal types are subtypes of (and therefore assignable to) `LiteralString`, which is in
+turn a subtype of `str`:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_assignable_to
+from typing_extensions import Literal, LiteralString
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal["foo"], Literal["foo"]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal["foo"], LiteralString))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal["foo"], str))
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(LiteralString, str))
+
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Literal["foo"], Literal["bar"]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(str, Literal["foo"]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(str, LiteralString))
+```
+
+### Byte literals
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_assignable_to
+from typing_extensions import Literal, LiteralString
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[b"foo"], bytes))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[b"foo"], Literal[b"foo"]))
+
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Literal[b"foo"], str))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Literal[b"foo"], LiteralString))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Literal[b"foo"], Literal[b"bar"]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Literal[b"foo"], Literal["foo"]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Literal["foo"], Literal[b"foo"]))
+```
+
+## `type[…]` and class literals
+
+In the following tests, `TypeOf[str]` is a singleton type with a single inhabitant, the class `str`.
+This contrasts with `type[str]`, which represents "all possible subclasses of `str`".
+
+Both `TypeOf[str]` and `type[str]` are subtypes of `type` and `type[object]`, which both represent
+"all possible instances of `type`"; therefore both `type[str]` and `TypeOf[str]` are assignable to
+`type`. `type[Any]`, on the other hand, represents a type of unknown size or inhabitants, but which
+is known to be no larger than the set of possible objects represented by `type`.
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_assignable_to, Unknown, TypeOf
+from typing import Any
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type, type))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[object], type[object]))
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type, type[object]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[object], type))
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[str], type[object]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(TypeOf[str], type[object]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[str], type))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(TypeOf[str], type))
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[str], type[str]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(TypeOf[str], type[str]))
+
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(TypeOf[int], type[str]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(type, type[str]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(type[object], type[str]))
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[Any], type[Any]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[Any], type[object]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[object], type[Any]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type, type[Any]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[Any], type[str]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[str], type[Any]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(TypeOf[str], type[Any]))
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[Unknown], type[Unknown]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[Unknown], type[object]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[object], type[Unknown]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type, type[Unknown]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[Unknown], type[str]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[str], type[Unknown]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(TypeOf[str], type[Unknown]))
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[Unknown], type[Any]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[Any], type[Unknown]))
+
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(object, type[Any]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(str, type[Any]))
+
+class Meta(type): ...
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[Any], Meta))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[Unknown], Meta))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Meta, type[Any]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Meta, type[Unknown]))
+```
+
+## Tuple types
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_assignable_to
+from typing import Literal, Any
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(tuple[()], tuple[()]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(tuple[int], tuple[int]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(tuple[int], tuple[Any]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(tuple[Any], tuple[int]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(tuple[int, str], tuple[int, str]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(tuple[Literal[1], Literal[2]], tuple[int, int]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(tuple[Any, Literal[2]], tuple[int, int]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(tuple[Literal[1], Any], tuple[int, int]))
+
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(tuple[()], tuple[int]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(tuple[int], tuple[str]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(tuple[int], tuple[int, str]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(tuple[int, str], tuple[int]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(tuple[int, int], tuple[Literal[1], int]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(tuple[Any, Literal[2]], tuple[int, str]))
+```
+
+## Union types
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_assignable_to, Unknown
+from typing import Literal, Any
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(int, int | str))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(str, int | str))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(int | str, int | str))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(str | int, int | str))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[1], int | str))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[1], Unknown | str))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[1] | Literal[2], Literal[1] | Literal[2]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[1] | Literal[2], int))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[1] | None, int | None))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Any, int | str))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Any | int, int))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(str, int | Any))
+
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(int | None, int))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(int | None, str | None))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Literal[1] | None, int))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Literal[1] | None, str | None))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Any | int | str, int))
+```
+
+## Intersection types
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_assignable_to, Intersection, Not
+from typing_extensions import Any, Literal
+
+class Parent: ...
+class Child1(Parent): ...
+class Child2(Parent): ...
+class Grandchild(Child1, Child2): ...
+class Unrelated: ...
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Child1, Child2], Child1))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Child1, Child2], Child2))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Child1, Child2], Parent))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Child1, Parent], Parent))
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Parent, Unrelated], Parent))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Child1, Unrelated], Child1))
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Child1, Not[Child2]], Child1))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Child1, Not[Child2]], Parent))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Child1, Not[Grandchild]], Parent))
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Child1, Child2], Intersection[Child1, Child2]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Child1, Child2], Intersection[Child2, Child1]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Grandchild, Intersection[Child1, Child2]))
+
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Parent, Intersection[Parent, Unrelated]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(int, Intersection[int, Not[Literal[1]]]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(int, Not[int]))
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(int, Not[Literal[1]]))
+
+static_assert(not is_assignable_to(Intersection[Any, Parent], Unrelated))
+
+# TODO: The following assertions should not fail (see https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/14899)
+# error: [static-assert-error]
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Any, int], int))
+
+# error: [static-assert-error]
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Unrelated, Any], Intersection[Unrelated, Any]))
+# error: [static-assert-error]
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Unrelated, Any], Intersection[Unrelated, Not[Any]]))
+# error: [static-assert-error]
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Intersection[Unrelated, Any], Not[tuple[Unrelated, Any]]))
+```
+
+## General properties
+
+See also: our property tests in `property_tests.rs`.
+
+### Everything is assignable to `object`
+
+`object` is Python's top type; the set of all possible objects at runtime:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_assignable_to, Unknown
+from typing import Literal, Any
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(str, object))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[1], object))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(object, object))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type, object))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Any, object))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Unknown, object))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[object], object))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[str], object))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[Any], object))
+```
+
+### Every type is assignable to `Any` / `Unknown`
+
+`Any` and `Unknown` are gradual types. They could materialize to any given type at runtime, and so
+any type is assignable to them:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_assignable_to, Unknown
+from typing import Literal, Any
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(str, Any))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[1], Any))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(object, Any))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type, Any))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Any, Any))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Unknown, Any))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[object], Any))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[str], Any))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[Any], Any))
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(str, Unknown))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Literal[1], Unknown))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(object, Unknown))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type, Unknown))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Any, Unknown))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Unknown, Unknown))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[object], Unknown))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[str], Unknown))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(type[Any], Unknown))
+```
+
+### `Never` is assignable to every type
+
+`Never` is Python's bottom type: the empty set, a type with no inhabitants. It is therefore
+assignable to any arbitrary type.
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_assignable_to, Unknown
+from typing_extensions import Never, Any
+
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Never, str))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Never, Literal[1]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Never, object))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Never, type))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Never, Any))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Never, Unknown))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Never, type[object]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Never, type[str]))
+static_assert(is_assignable_to(Never, type[Any]))
+```
+
+[typing documentation]: https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/spec/concepts.html#the-assignable-to-or-consistent-subtyping-relation

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/type_properties/tuples_containing_never.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Tuples containing `Never`
+
+A heterogeneous `tuple[…]` type that contains `Never` as a type argument simplifies to `Never`. One
+way to think about this is the following: in order to construct a tuple, you need to have an object
+of every element type. But since there is no object of type `Never`, you cannot construct the tuple.
+Such a tuple type is therefore uninhabited and equivalent to `Never`.
+
+In the language of algebraic data types, a tuple type is a product type and `Never` acts like the
+zero element in multiplication, similar to how a Cartesian product with the empty set is the empty
+set.
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import static_assert, is_equivalent_to
+from typing_extensions import Never, NoReturn
+
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(Never, tuple[Never]))
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(Never, tuple[Never, int]))
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(Never, tuple[int, Never]))
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(Never, tuple[int, Never, str]))
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(Never, tuple[int, tuple[str, Never]]))
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(Never, tuple[tuple[str, Never], int]))
+
+# The empty tuple is *not* equivalent to Never!
+static_assert(not is_equivalent_to(Never, tuple[()]))
+
+# NoReturn is just a different spelling of Never, so the same is true for NoReturn
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(NoReturn, tuple[NoReturn]))
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(NoReturn, tuple[NoReturn, int]))
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(NoReturn, tuple[int, NoReturn]))
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(NoReturn, tuple[int, NoReturn, str]))
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(NoReturn, tuple[int, tuple[str, NoReturn]]))
+static_assert(is_equivalent_to(NoReturn, tuple[tuple[str, NoReturn], int]))
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/unary/custom.md

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# Custom unary operations
+
+## Class instances
+
+```py
+class Yes:
+    def __pos__(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __neg__(self) -> str:
+        return "negative"
+
+    def __invert__(self) -> int:
+        return 17
+
+class Sub(Yes): ...
+class No: ...
+
+reveal_type(+Yes())  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(-Yes())  # revealed: str
+reveal_type(~Yes())  # revealed: int
+
+reveal_type(+Sub())  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(-Sub())  # revealed: str
+reveal_type(~Sub())  # revealed: int
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `+` is unsupported for type `No`"
+reveal_type(+No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `-` is unsupported for type `No`"
+reveal_type(-No())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `~` is unsupported for type `No`"
+reveal_type(~No())  # revealed: Unknown
+```
+
+## Classes
+
+Dunder methods defined in a class are available to instances of that class, but not to the class
+itself. (For these operators to work on the class itself, they would have to be defined on the
+class's type, i.e. `type`.)
+
+```py
+class Yes:
+    def __pos__(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __neg__(self) -> str:
+        return "negative"
+
+    def __invert__(self) -> int:
+        return 17
+
+class Sub(Yes): ...
+class No: ...
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `+` is unsupported for type `Literal[Yes]`"
+reveal_type(+Yes)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `-` is unsupported for type `Literal[Yes]`"
+reveal_type(-Yes)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `~` is unsupported for type `Literal[Yes]`"
+reveal_type(~Yes)  # revealed: Unknown
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `+` is unsupported for type `Literal[Sub]`"
+reveal_type(+Sub)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `-` is unsupported for type `Literal[Sub]`"
+reveal_type(-Sub)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `~` is unsupported for type `Literal[Sub]`"
+reveal_type(~Sub)  # revealed: Unknown
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `+` is unsupported for type `Literal[No]`"
+reveal_type(+No)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `-` is unsupported for type `Literal[No]`"
+reveal_type(-No)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `~` is unsupported for type `Literal[No]`"
+reveal_type(~No)  # revealed: Unknown
+```
+
+## Function literals
+
+```py
+def f():
+    pass
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `+` is unsupported for type `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(+f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `-` is unsupported for type `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(-f)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `~` is unsupported for type `Literal[f]`"
+reveal_type(~f)  # revealed: Unknown
+```
+
+## Subclass
+
+```py
+class Yes:
+    def __pos__(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __neg__(self) -> str:
+        return "negative"
+
+    def __invert__(self) -> int:
+        return 17
+
+class Sub(Yes): ...
+class No: ...
+
+def yes() -> type[Yes]:
+    return Yes
+
+def sub() -> type[Sub]:
+    return Sub
+
+def no() -> type[No]:
+    return No
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `+` is unsupported for type `type[Yes]`"
+reveal_type(+yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `-` is unsupported for type `type[Yes]`"
+reveal_type(-yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `~` is unsupported for type `type[Yes]`"
+reveal_type(~yes())  # revealed: Unknown
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `+` is unsupported for type `type[Sub]`"
+reveal_type(+sub())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `-` is unsupported for type `type[Sub]`"
+reveal_type(-sub())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `~` is unsupported for type `type[Sub]`"
+reveal_type(~sub())  # revealed: Unknown
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `+` is unsupported for type `type[No]`"
+reveal_type(+no())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `-` is unsupported for type `type[No]`"
+reveal_type(-no())  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `~` is unsupported for type `type[No]`"
+reveal_type(~no())  # revealed: Unknown
+```
+
+## Metaclass
+
+```py
+class Meta(type):
+    def __pos__(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __neg__(self) -> str:
+        return "negative"
+
+    def __invert__(self) -> int:
+        return 17
+
+class Yes(metaclass=Meta): ...
+class Sub(Yes): ...
+class No: ...
+
+reveal_type(+Yes)  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(-Yes)  # revealed: str
+reveal_type(~Yes)  # revealed: int
+
+reveal_type(+Sub)  # revealed: bool
+reveal_type(-Sub)  # revealed: str
+reveal_type(~Sub)  # revealed: int
+
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `+` is unsupported for type `Literal[No]`"
+reveal_type(+No)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `-` is unsupported for type `Literal[No]`"
+reveal_type(-No)  # revealed: Unknown
+# error: [unsupported-operator] "Unary operator `~` is unsupported for type `Literal[No]`"
+reveal_type(~No)  # revealed: Unknown
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/union_types.md

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# Union types
+
+This test suite covers certain basic properties and simplification strategies for union types.
+
+## Basic unions
+
+```py
+from typing import Literal
+
+def _(u1: int | str, u2: Literal[0] | Literal[1]) -> None:
+    reveal_type(u1)  # revealed: int | str
+    reveal_type(u2)  # revealed: Literal[0, 1]
+```
+
+## Duplicate elements are collapsed
+
+```py
+def _(u1: int | int | str, u2: int | str | int) -> None:
+    reveal_type(u1)  # revealed: int | str
+    reveal_type(u2)  # revealed: int | str
+```
+
+## `Never` is removed
+
+`Never` is an empty set, a type with no inhabitants. Its presence in a union is always redundant,
+and so we eagerly simplify it away. `NoReturn` is equivalent to `Never`.
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import Never, NoReturn
+
+def never(u1: int | Never, u2: int | Never | str) -> None:
+    reveal_type(u1)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(u2)  # revealed:  int | str
+
+def noreturn(u1: int | NoReturn, u2: int | NoReturn | str) -> None:
+    reveal_type(u1)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(u2)  # revealed:  int | str
+```
+
+## Flattening of nested unions
+
+```py
+from typing import Literal
+
+def _(
+    u1: (int | str) | bytes,
+    u2: int | (str | bytes),
+    u3: int | (str | (bytes | complex)),
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(u1)  # revealed: int | str | bytes
+    reveal_type(u2)  # revealed: int | str | bytes
+    reveal_type(u3)  # revealed: int | str | bytes | complex
+```
+
+## Simplification using subtyping
+
+The type `S | T` can be simplified to `T` if `S` is a subtype of `T`:
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import Literal, LiteralString
+
+def _(
+    u1: str | LiteralString, u2: LiteralString | str, u3: Literal["a"] | str | LiteralString, u4: str | bytes | LiteralString
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(u1)  # revealed: str
+    reveal_type(u2)  # revealed: str
+    reveal_type(u3)  # revealed: str
+    reveal_type(u4)  # revealed: str | bytes
+```
+
+## Boolean literals
+
+The union `Literal[True] | Literal[False]` is exactly equivalent to `bool`:
+
+```py
+from typing import Literal
+
+def _(
+    u1: Literal[True, False],
+    u2: bool | Literal[True],
+    u3: Literal[True] | bool,
+    u4: Literal[True] | Literal[True, 17],
+    u5: Literal[True, False, True, 17],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(u1)  # revealed: bool
+    reveal_type(u2)  # revealed: bool
+    reveal_type(u3)  # revealed: bool
+    reveal_type(u4)  # revealed: Literal[True, 17]
+    reveal_type(u5)  # revealed: bool | Literal[17]
+```
+
+## Do not erase `Unknown`
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Unknown
+
+def _(u1: Unknown | str, u2: str | Unknown) -> None:
+    reveal_type(u1)  # revealed: Unknown | str
+    reveal_type(u2)  # revealed: str | Unknown
+```
+
+## Collapse multiple `Unknown`s
+
+Since `Unknown` is a gradual type, it is not a subtype of anything, but multiple `Unknown`s in a
+union are still redundant:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Unknown
+
+def _(u1: Unknown | Unknown | str, u2: Unknown | str | Unknown, u3: str | Unknown | Unknown) -> None:
+    reveal_type(u1)  # revealed: Unknown | str
+    reveal_type(u2)  # revealed: Unknown | str
+    reveal_type(u3)  # revealed: str | Unknown
+```
+
+## Subsume multiple elements
+
+Simplifications still apply when `Unknown` is present.
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Unknown
+
+def _(u1: str | Unknown | int | object):
+    reveal_type(u1)  # revealed: Unknown | object
+```
+
+## Union of intersections
+
+We can simplify unions of intersections:
+
+```py
+from knot_extensions import Intersection, Not
+
+class P: ...
+class Q: ...
+
+def _(
+    i1: Intersection[P, Q] | Intersection[P, Q],
+    i2: Intersection[P, Q] | Intersection[Q, P],
+) -> None:
+    reveal_type(i1)  # revealed: P & Q
+    reveal_type(i2)  # revealed: P & Q
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/unpacking.md

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ reveal_type(c)  # revealed: Literal[4]
 ### Uneven unpacking (1)
 
 ```py
-# TODO: Add diagnostic (there aren't enough values to unpack)
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Not enough values to unpack (expected 3, got 2)"
 (a, b, c) = (1, 2)
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1]
 reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Literal[2]
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ reveal_type(c)  # revealed: Unknown
 ### Uneven unpacking (2)
 
 ```py
-# TODO: Add diagnostic (too many values to unpack)
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Too many values to unpack (expected 2, got 3)"
 (a, b) = (1, 2, 3)
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1]
 reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Literal[2]
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Literal[2]
 ### Starred expression (1)
 
 ```py
-# TODO: Add diagnostic (need more values to unpack)
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Not enough values to unpack (expected 3 or more, got 2)"
 [a, *b, c, d] = (1, 2)
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1]
 # TODO: Should be list[Any] once support for assigning to starred expression is added
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ reveal_type(c)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
 ### Starred expression (6)
 
 ```py
-# TODO: Add diagnostic (need more values to unpack)
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Not enough values to unpack (expected 5 or more, got 1)"
 (a, b, c, *d, e, f) = (1,)
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1]
 reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Unknown
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ reveal_type(b)  # revealed: LiteralString
 ### Uneven unpacking (1)
 
 ```py
-# TODO: Add diagnostic (there aren't enough values to unpack)
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Not enough values to unpack (expected 3, got 2)"
 a, b, c = "ab"
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: LiteralString
 reveal_type(b)  # revealed: LiteralString
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ reveal_type(c)  # revealed: Unknown
 ### Uneven unpacking (2)
 
 ```py
-# TODO: Add diagnostic (too many values to unpack)
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Too many values to unpack (expected 2, got 3)"
 a, b = "abc"
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: LiteralString
 reveal_type(b)  # revealed: LiteralString
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ reveal_type(b)  # revealed: LiteralString
 ### Starred expression (1)
 
 ```py
-# TODO: Add diagnostic (need more values to unpack)
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Not enough values to unpack (expected 3 or more, got 2)"
 (a, *b, c, d) = "ab"
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: LiteralString
 # TODO: Should be list[LiteralString] once support for assigning to starred expression is added
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ reveal_type(c)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
 ### Unicode
 
 ```py
-# TODO: Add diagnostic (need more values to unpack)
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Not enough values to unpack (expected 2, got 1)"
 (a, b) = "é"
 
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: LiteralString
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Unknown
 ### Unicode escape (1)
 
 ```py
-# TODO: Add diagnostic (need more values to unpack)
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Not enough values to unpack (expected 2, got 1)"
 (a, b) = "\u9E6C"
 
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: LiteralString
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Unknown
 ### Unicode escape (2)
 
 ```py
-# TODO: Add diagnostic (need more values to unpack)
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Not enough values to unpack (expected 2, got 1)"
 (a, b) = "\U0010FFFF"
 
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: LiteralString
@@ -306,3 +306,273 @@ reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Unknown
 reveal_type(a)  # revealed: LiteralString
 reveal_type(b)  # revealed: LiteralString
 ```
+
+## Union
+
+### Same types
+
+Union of two tuples of equal length and each element is of the same type.
+
+```py
+def _(arg: tuple[int, int] | tuple[int, int]):
+    (a, b) = arg
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Mixed types (1)
+
+Union of two tuples of equal length and one element differs in its type.
+
+```py
+def _(arg: tuple[int, int] | tuple[int, str]):
+    a, b = arg
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: int | str
+```
+
+### Mixed types (2)
+
+Union of two tuples of equal length and both the element types are different.
+
+```py
+def _(arg: tuple[int, str] | tuple[str, int]):
+    a, b = arg
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int | str
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: str | int
+```
+
+### Mixed types (3)
+
+Union of three tuples of equal length and various combination of element types:
+
+1. All same types
+1. One different type
+1. All different types
+
+```py
+def _(arg: tuple[int, int, int] | tuple[int, str, bytes] | tuple[int, int, str]):
+    a, b, c = arg
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: int | str
+    reveal_type(c)  # revealed: int | bytes | str
+```
+
+### Nested
+
+```py
+def _(arg: tuple[int, tuple[str, bytes]] | tuple[tuple[int, bytes], Literal["ab"]]):
+    a, (b, c) = arg
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int | tuple[int, bytes]
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: str
+    reveal_type(c)  # revealed: bytes | LiteralString
+```
+
+### Starred expression
+
+```py
+def _(arg: tuple[int, bytes, int] | tuple[int, int, str, int, bytes]):
+    a, *b, c = arg
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int
+    # TODO: Should be `list[bytes | int | str]`
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: @Todo(starred unpacking)
+    reveal_type(c)  # revealed: int | bytes
+```
+
+### Size mismatch (1)
+
+```py
+def _(arg: tuple[int, bytes, int] | tuple[int, int, str, int, bytes]):
+    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Too many values to unpack (expected 2, got 3)"
+    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Too many values to unpack (expected 2, got 5)"
+    a, b = arg
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: bytes | int
+```
+
+### Size mismatch (2)
+
+```py
+def _(arg: tuple[int, bytes] | tuple[int, str]):
+    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Not enough values to unpack (expected 3, got 2)"
+    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Not enough values to unpack (expected 3, got 2)"
+    a, b, c = arg
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: bytes | str
+    reveal_type(c)  # revealed: Unknown
+```
+
+### Same literal types
+
+```py
+def _(flag: bool):
+    if flag:
+        value = (1, 2)
+    else:
+        value = (3, 4)
+
+    a, b = value
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1, 3]
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Literal[2, 4]
+```
+
+### Mixed literal types
+
+```py
+def _(flag: bool):
+    if flag:
+        value = (1, 2)
+    else:
+        value = ("a", "b")
+
+    a, b = value
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1, "a"]
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Literal[2, "b"]
+```
+
+### Typing literal
+
+```py
+from typing import Literal
+
+def _(arg: tuple[int, int] | Literal["ab"]):
+    a, b = arg
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int | LiteralString
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: int | LiteralString
+```
+
+### Custom iterator (1)
+
+```py
+class Iterator:
+    def __next__(self) -> tuple[int, int] | tuple[int, str]:
+        return (1, 2)
+
+class Iterable:
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator:
+        return Iterator()
+
+((a, b), c) = Iterable()
+reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int
+reveal_type(b)  # revealed: int | str
+reveal_type(c)  # revealed: tuple[int, int] | tuple[int, str]
+```
+
+### Custom iterator (2)
+
+```py
+class Iterator:
+    def __next__(self) -> bytes:
+        return b""
+
+class Iterable:
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator:
+        return Iterator()
+
+def _(arg: tuple[int, str] | Iterable):
+    a, b = arg
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int | bytes
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: str | bytes
+```
+
+## For statement
+
+Unpacking in a `for` statement.
+
+### Same types
+
+```py
+def _(arg: tuple[tuple[int, int], tuple[int, int]]):
+    for a, b in arg:
+        reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int
+        reveal_type(b)  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Mixed types (1)
+
+```py
+def _(arg: tuple[tuple[int, int], tuple[int, str]]):
+    for a, b in arg:
+        reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int
+        reveal_type(b)  # revealed: int | str
+```
+
+### Mixed types (2)
+
+```py
+def _(arg: tuple[tuple[int, str], tuple[str, int]]):
+    for a, b in arg:
+        reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int | str
+        reveal_type(b)  # revealed: str | int
+```
+
+### Mixed types (3)
+
+```py
+def _(arg: tuple[tuple[int, int, int], tuple[int, str, bytes], tuple[int, int, str]]):
+    for a, b, c in arg:
+        reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int
+        reveal_type(b)  # revealed: int | str
+        reveal_type(c)  # revealed: int | bytes | str
+```
+
+### Same literal values
+
+```py
+for a, b in ((1, 2), (3, 4)):
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1, 3]
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Literal[2, 4]
+```
+
+### Mixed literal values (1)
+
+```py
+for a, b in ((1, 2), ("a", "b")):
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Literal[1, "a"]
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Literal[2, "b"]
+```
+
+### Mixed literals values (2)
+
+```py
+# error: "Object of type `Literal[1]` is not iterable"
+# error: "Object of type `Literal[2]` is not iterable"
+# error: "Object of type `Literal[4]` is not iterable"
+# error: [invalid-assignment] "Not enough values to unpack (expected 2, got 1)"
+for a, b in (1, 2, (3, "a"), 4, (5, "b"), "c"):
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Unknown | Literal[3, 5] | LiteralString
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: Unknown | Literal["a", "b"]
+```
+
+### Custom iterator (1)
+
+```py
+class Iterator:
+    def __next__(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
+        return (1, 2)
+
+class Iterable:
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator:
+        return Iterator()
+
+for a, b in Iterable():
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int
+    reveal_type(b)  # revealed: int
+```
+
+### Custom iterator (2)
+
+```py
+class Iterator:
+    def __next__(self) -> bytes:
+        return b""
+
+class Iterable:
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator:
+        return Iterator()
+
+def _(arg: tuple[tuple[int, str], Iterable]):
+    for a, b in arg:
+        reveal_type(a)  # revealed: int | bytes
+        reveal_type(b)  # revealed: str | bytes
+```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/with/async.md

@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ class Manager:
 
 async def test():
     async with Manager() as f:
-        reveal_type(f)  # revealed: @Todo(async with statement)
+        reveal_type(f)  # revealed: @Todo(async `with` statement)
 ```

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/ast_node_ref.rs

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl<T> AstNodeRef<T> {
     }
 
     /// Returns a reference to the wrapped node.
-    pub fn node(&self) -> &T {
+    pub const fn node(&self) -> &T {
         // SAFETY: Holding on to `parsed` ensures that the AST to which `node` belongs is still
         // alive and not moved.
         unsafe { self.node.as_ref() }

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/db.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::lint::RuleSelection;
+use crate::lint::{LintRegistry, RuleSelection};
 use ruff_db::files::File;
 use ruff_db::{Db as SourceDb, Upcast};
 
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ pub trait Db: SourceDb + Upcast<dyn SourceDb> {
     fn is_file_open(&self, file: File) -> bool;
 
     fn rule_selection(&self) -> &RuleSelection;
+
+    fn lint_registry(&self) -> &LintRegistry;
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -16,10 +18,10 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
 
     use crate::program::{Program, SearchPathSettings};
     use crate::python_version::PythonVersion;
-    use crate::{default_lint_registry, ProgramSettings};
+    use crate::{default_lint_registry, ProgramSettings, PythonPlatform};
 
     use super::Db;
-    use crate::lint::RuleSelection;
+    use crate::lint::{LintRegistry, RuleSelection};
     use anyhow::Context;
     use ruff_db::files::{File, Files};
     use ruff_db::system::{DbWithTestSystem, System, SystemPathBuf, TestSystem};
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
     use ruff_db::{Db as SourceDb, Upcast};
 
     #[salsa::db]
+    #[derive(Clone)]
     pub(crate) struct TestDb {
         storage: salsa::Storage<Self>,
         files: Files,
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
                 vendored: red_knot_vendored::file_system().clone(),
                 events: Arc::default(),
                 files: Files::default(),
-                rule_selection: Arc::new(RuleSelection::from_registry(&default_lint_registry())),
+                rule_selection: Arc::new(RuleSelection::from_registry(default_lint_registry())),
             }
         }
 
@@ -111,6 +114,10 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
         fn rule_selection(&self) -> &RuleSelection {
             &self.rule_selection
         }
+
+        fn lint_registry(&self) -> &LintRegistry {
+            default_lint_registry()
+        }
     }
 
     #[salsa::db]
@@ -126,6 +133,8 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
     pub(crate) struct TestDbBuilder<'a> {
         /// Target Python version
         python_version: PythonVersion,
+        /// Target Python platform
+        python_platform: PythonPlatform,
         /// Path to a custom typeshed directory
         custom_typeshed: Option<SystemPathBuf>,
         /// Path and content pairs for files that should be present
@@ -136,6 +145,7 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
         pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
             Self {
                 python_version: PythonVersion::default(),
+                python_platform: PythonPlatform::default(),
                 custom_typeshed: None,
                 files: vec![],
             }
@@ -172,6 +182,7 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
                 &db,
                 &ProgramSettings {
                     python_version: self.python_version,
+                    python_platform: self.python_platform,
                     search_paths,
                 },
             )

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/lib.rs

@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ use std::hash::BuildHasherDefault;
 use rustc_hash::FxHasher;
 
 use crate::lint::{LintRegistry, LintRegistryBuilder};
+use crate::suppression::{INVALID_IGNORE_COMMENT, UNKNOWN_RULE, UNUSED_IGNORE_COMMENT};
 pub use db::Db;
 pub use module_name::ModuleName;
-pub use module_resolver::{resolve_module, system_module_search_paths, Module};
+pub use module_resolver::{resolve_module, system_module_search_paths, KnownModule, Module};
 pub use program::{Program, ProgramSettings, SearchPathSettings, SitePackages};
+pub use python_platform::PythonPlatform;
 pub use python_version::PythonVersion;
 pub use semantic_model::{HasTy, SemanticModel};
 
@@ -17,26 +19,36 @@ mod module_name;
 mod module_resolver;
 mod node_key;
 mod program;
+mod python_platform;
 mod python_version;
 pub mod semantic_index;
 mod semantic_model;
 pub(crate) mod site_packages;
 mod stdlib;
+mod suppression;
 pub(crate) mod symbol;
 pub mod types;
 mod unpack;
 mod util;
+mod visibility_constraints;
 
 type FxOrderSet<V> = ordermap::set::OrderSet<V, BuildHasherDefault<FxHasher>>;
 
-/// Creates a new registry with all known semantic lints.
-pub fn default_lint_registry() -> LintRegistry {
-    let mut registry = LintRegistryBuilder::default();
-    register_lints(&mut registry);
-    registry.build()
+/// Returns the default registry with all known semantic lints.
+pub fn default_lint_registry() -> &'static LintRegistry {
+    static REGISTRY: std::sync::LazyLock<LintRegistry> = std::sync::LazyLock::new(|| {
+        let mut registry = LintRegistryBuilder::default();
+        register_lints(&mut registry);
+        registry.build()
+    });
+
+    &REGISTRY
 }
 
 /// Register all known semantic lints.
 pub fn register_lints(registry: &mut LintRegistryBuilder) {
     types::register_lints(registry);
+    registry.register_lint(&UNUSED_IGNORE_COMMENT);
+    registry.register_lint(&UNKNOWN_RULE);
+    registry.register_lint(&INVALID_IGNORE_COMMENT);
 }

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/lint.rs

@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ impl LintRegistryBuilder {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct LintRegistry {
     lints: Vec<LintId>,
     by_name: FxHashMap<&'static str, LintEntry>,
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ impl LintRegistry {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Error, Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Error, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum GetLintError {
     /// The name maps to this removed lint.
     #[error("lint {0} has been removed")]
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ pub enum GetLintError {
     Unknown(String),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum LintEntry {
     /// An existing lint rule. Can be in preview, stable or deprecated.
     Lint(LintId),
@@ -444,6 +444,11 @@ impl RuleSelection {
         self.lints.get(&lint).copied()
     }
 
+    /// Returns `true` if the `lint` is enabled.
+    pub fn is_enabled(&self, lint: LintId) -> bool {
+        self.severity(lint).is_some()
+    }
+
     /// Enables `lint` and configures with the given `severity`.
     ///
     /// Overrides any previous configuration for the lint.

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/module_name.rs

@@ -186,6 +186,26 @@ impl ModuleName {
         self.0.push('.');
         self.0.push_str(other);
     }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator of this module name and all of its parent modules.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use red_knot_python_semantic::ModuleName;
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     ModuleName::new_static("foo.bar.baz").unwrap().ancestors().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ///     vec![
+    ///         ModuleName::new_static("foo.bar.baz").unwrap(),
+    ///         ModuleName::new_static("foo.bar").unwrap(),
+    ///         ModuleName::new_static("foo").unwrap(),
+    ///     ],
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    pub fn ancestors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self> {
+        std::iter::successors(Some(self.clone()), Self::parent)
+    }
 }
 
 impl Deref for ModuleName {

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/module_resolver/mod.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::iter::FusedIterator;
 
-pub use module::Module;
+pub use module::{KnownModule, Module};
 pub use resolver::resolve_module;
 pub(crate) use resolver::{file_to_module, SearchPaths};
 use ruff_db::system::SystemPath;

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/module_resolver/module.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use super::path::SearchPath;
 use crate::module_name::ModuleName;
 
 /// Representation of a Python module.
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct Module {
     inner: Arc<ModuleInner>,
 }
@@ -19,12 +19,14 @@ impl Module {
         search_path: SearchPath,
         file: File,
     ) -> Self {
+        let known = KnownModule::try_from_search_path_and_name(&search_path, &name);
         Self {
             inner: Arc::new(ModuleInner {
                 name,
                 kind,
                 search_path,
                 file,
+                known,
             }),
         }
     }
@@ -39,6 +41,16 @@ impl Module {
         self.inner.file
     }
 
+    /// Is this a module that we special-case somehow? If so, which one?
+    pub fn known(&self) -> Option<KnownModule> {
+        self.inner.known
+    }
+
+    /// Does this module represent the given known module?
+    pub fn is_known(&self, known_module: KnownModule) -> bool {
+        self.known() == Some(known_module)
+    }
+
     /// The search path from which the module was resolved.
     pub(crate) fn search_path(&self) -> &SearchPath {
         &self.inner.search_path
@@ -61,12 +73,13 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for Module {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 struct ModuleInner {
     name: ModuleName,
     kind: ModuleKind,
     search_path: SearchPath,
     file: File,
+    known: Option<KnownModule>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
@@ -83,3 +96,69 @@ impl ModuleKind {
         matches!(self, ModuleKind::Package)
     }
 }
+
+/// Enumeration of various core stdlib modules in which important types are located
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum KnownModule {
+    Builtins,
+    Types,
+    Typeshed,
+    TypingExtensions,
+    Typing,
+    Sys,
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    Abc, // currently only used in tests
+    Collections,
+    KnotExtensions,
+}
+
+impl KnownModule {
+    pub const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Builtins => "builtins",
+            Self::Types => "types",
+            Self::Typing => "typing",
+            Self::Typeshed => "_typeshed",
+            Self::TypingExtensions => "typing_extensions",
+            Self::Sys => "sys",
+            Self::Abc => "abc",
+            Self::Collections => "collections",
+            Self::KnotExtensions => "knot_extensions",
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn name(self) -> ModuleName {
+        let self_as_str = self.as_str();
+        ModuleName::new_static(self_as_str)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{self_as_str} should be a valid module name!"))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn try_from_search_path_and_name(
+        search_path: &SearchPath,
+        name: &ModuleName,
+    ) -> Option<Self> {
+        if !search_path.is_standard_library() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        match name.as_str() {
+            "builtins" => Some(Self::Builtins),
+            "types" => Some(Self::Types),
+            "typing" => Some(Self::Typing),
+            "_typeshed" => Some(Self::Typeshed),
+            "typing_extensions" => Some(Self::TypingExtensions),
+            "sys" => Some(Self::Sys),
+            "abc" => Some(Self::Abc),
+            "collections" => Some(Self::Collections),
+            "knot_extensions" => Some(Self::KnotExtensions),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn is_typing(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Typing)
+    }
+
+    pub const fn is_knot_extensions(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::KnotExtensions)
+    }
+}

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/module_resolver/resolver.rs

@@ -73,6 +73,15 @@ enum SystemOrVendoredPathRef<'a> {
     Vendored(&'a VendoredPath),
 }
 
+impl std::fmt::Display for SystemOrVendoredPathRef<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            SystemOrVendoredPathRef::System(system) => system.fmt(f),
+            SystemOrVendoredPathRef::Vendored(vendored) => vendored.fmt(f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Resolves the module for the file with the given id.
 ///
 /// Returns `None` if the file is not a module locatable via any of the known search paths.
@@ -712,8 +721,8 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::module_name::ModuleName;
     use crate::module_resolver::module::ModuleKind;
     use crate::module_resolver::testing::{FileSpec, MockedTypeshed, TestCase, TestCaseBuilder};
-    use crate::ProgramSettings;
     use crate::PythonVersion;
+    use crate::{ProgramSettings, PythonPlatform};
 
     use super::*;
 
@@ -1253,7 +1262,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn symlink() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         use anyhow::Context;
 
-        use crate::program::Program;
+        use crate::{program::Program, PythonPlatform};
         use ruff_db::system::{OsSystem, SystemPath};
 
         use crate::db::tests::TestDb;
@@ -1287,6 +1296,7 @@ mod tests {
             &db,
             &ProgramSettings {
                 python_version: PythonVersion::PY38,
+                python_platform: PythonPlatform::default(),
                 search_paths: SearchPathSettings {
                     extra_paths: vec![],
                     src_root: src.clone(),
@@ -1792,6 +1802,7 @@ not_a_directory
             &db,
             &ProgramSettings {
                 python_version: PythonVersion::default(),
+                python_platform: PythonPlatform::default(),
                 search_paths: SearchPathSettings {
                     extra_paths: vec![],
                     src_root: SystemPathBuf::from("/src"),

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/module_resolver/testing.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use ruff_db::vendored::VendoredPathBuf;
 use crate::db::tests::TestDb;
 use crate::program::{Program, SearchPathSettings};
 use crate::python_version::PythonVersion;
-use crate::{ProgramSettings, SitePackages};
+use crate::{ProgramSettings, PythonPlatform, SitePackages};
 
 /// A test case for the module resolver.
 ///
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ pub(crate) struct UnspecifiedTypeshed;
 pub(crate) struct TestCaseBuilder<T> {
     typeshed_option: T,
     python_version: PythonVersion,
+    python_platform: PythonPlatform,
     first_party_files: Vec<FileSpec>,
     site_packages_files: Vec<FileSpec>,
 }
@@ -147,6 +148,7 @@ impl TestCaseBuilder<UnspecifiedTypeshed> {
         Self {
             typeshed_option: UnspecifiedTypeshed,
             python_version: PythonVersion::default(),
+            python_platform: PythonPlatform::default(),
             first_party_files: vec![],
             site_packages_files: vec![],
         }
@@ -157,12 +159,14 @@ impl TestCaseBuilder<UnspecifiedTypeshed> {
         let TestCaseBuilder {
             typeshed_option: _,
             python_version,
+            python_platform,
             first_party_files,
             site_packages_files,
         } = self;
         TestCaseBuilder {
             typeshed_option: VendoredTypeshed,
             python_version,
+            python_platform,
             first_party_files,
             site_packages_files,
         }
@@ -176,6 +180,7 @@ impl TestCaseBuilder<UnspecifiedTypeshed> {
         let TestCaseBuilder {
             typeshed_option: _,
             python_version,
+            python_platform,
             first_party_files,
             site_packages_files,
         } = self;
@@ -183,6 +188,7 @@ impl TestCaseBuilder<UnspecifiedTypeshed> {
         TestCaseBuilder {
             typeshed_option: typeshed,
             python_version,
+            python_platform,
             first_party_files,
             site_packages_files,
         }
@@ -212,6 +218,7 @@ impl TestCaseBuilder<MockedTypeshed> {
         let TestCaseBuilder {
             typeshed_option,
             python_version,
+            python_platform,
             first_party_files,
             site_packages_files,
         } = self;
@@ -227,6 +234,7 @@ impl TestCaseBuilder<MockedTypeshed> {
             &db,
             &ProgramSettings {
                 python_version,
+                python_platform,
                 search_paths: SearchPathSettings {
                     extra_paths: vec![],
                     src_root: src.clone(),
@@ -269,6 +277,7 @@ impl TestCaseBuilder<VendoredTypeshed> {
         let TestCaseBuilder {
             typeshed_option: VendoredTypeshed,
             python_version,
+            python_platform,
             first_party_files,
             site_packages_files,
         } = self;
@@ -283,6 +292,7 @@ impl TestCaseBuilder<VendoredTypeshed> {
             &db,
             &ProgramSettings {
                 python_version,
+                python_platform,
                 search_paths: SearchPathSettings {
                     site_packages: SitePackages::Known(vec![site_packages.clone()]),
                     ..SearchPathSettings::new(src.clone())

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/program.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use crate::python_platform::PythonPlatform;
 use crate::python_version::PythonVersion;
 use anyhow::Context;
 use salsa::Durability;
@@ -12,6 +13,8 @@ use crate::Db;
 pub struct Program {
     pub python_version: PythonVersion,
 
+    pub python_platform: PythonPlatform,
+
     #[return_ref]
     pub(crate) search_paths: SearchPaths,
 }
@@ -20,6 +23,7 @@ impl Program {
     pub fn from_settings(db: &dyn Db, settings: &ProgramSettings) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         let ProgramSettings {
             python_version,
+            python_platform,
             search_paths,
         } = settings;
 
@@ -28,9 +32,11 @@ impl Program {
         let search_paths = SearchPaths::from_settings(db, search_paths)
             .with_context(|| "Invalid search path settings")?;
 
-        Ok(Program::builder(settings.python_version, search_paths)
-            .durability(Durability::HIGH)
-            .new(db))
+        Ok(
+            Program::builder(*python_version, python_platform.clone(), search_paths)
+                .durability(Durability::HIGH)
+                .new(db),
+        )
     }
 
     pub fn update_search_paths(
@@ -57,6 +63,7 @@ impl Program {
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize))]
 pub struct ProgramSettings {
     pub python_version: PythonVersion,
+    pub python_platform: PythonPlatform,
     pub search_paths: SearchPathSettings,
 }