wip: attempt to fix constraint solving infinite loop

Bumps
[taiki-e/install-action](https://github.com/taiki-e/install-action) from
2.56.13 to 2.56.19.
<details>
<summary>Release notes</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a
href="https://github.com/taiki-e/install-action/releases">taiki-e/install-action's
releases</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h2>2.56.19</h2>
<ul>
<li>Update <code>cargo-llvm-cov@latest</code> to 0.6.18.</li>
</ul>
<h2>2.56.18</h2>
<ul>
<li>Update <code>just@latest</code> to 1.42.3.</li>
</ul>
<h2>2.56.17</h2>
<ul>
<li>Update <code>wasmtime@latest</code> to 34.0.2.</li>
</ul>
<h2>2.56.16</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Update <code>cargo-zigbuild@latest</code> to 0.20.1.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>cargo-lambda@latest</code> to 1.8.6.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>vacuum@latest</code> to 0.17.6.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>earthly@latest</code> to 0.8.16.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>2.56.15</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Fix <code>cargo-valgrind</code> installation error due to their tag
rename.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>cargo-valgrind@latest</code> to 2.3.2.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>just@latest</code> to 1.42.2.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>2.56.14</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Update <code>zola@latest</code> to 0.21.0.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>wait-for-them@latest</code> to 0.5.1.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>mdbook@latest</code> to 0.4.52.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>just@latest</code> to 1.42.1.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>cargo-shear@latest</code> to 1.4.0.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>cyclonedx@latest</code> to 0.29.0.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Changelog</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a
href="https://github.com/taiki-e/install-action/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md">taiki-e/install-action's
changelog</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h1>Changelog</h1>
<p>All notable changes to this project will be documented in this
file.</p>
<p>This project adheres to <a href="https://semver.org">Semantic
Versioning</a>.</p>
<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
<h2>[Unreleased]</h2>
<h2>[2.56.19] - 2025-07-19</h2>
<ul>
<li>Update <code>cargo-llvm-cov@latest</code> to 0.6.18.</li>
</ul>
<h2>[2.56.18] - 2025-07-19</h2>
<ul>
<li>Update <code>just@latest</code> to 1.42.3.</li>
</ul>
<h2>[2.56.17] - 2025-07-18</h2>
<ul>
<li>Update <code>wasmtime@latest</code> to 34.0.2.</li>
</ul>
<h2>[2.56.16] - 2025-07-18</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Update <code>cargo-zigbuild@latest</code> to 0.20.1.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>cargo-lambda@latest</code> to 1.8.6.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>vacuum@latest</code> to 0.17.6.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>earthly@latest</code> to 0.8.16.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>[2.56.15] - 2025-07-16</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Fix <code>cargo-valgrind</code> installation error due to their tag
rename.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>cargo-valgrind@latest</code> to 2.3.2.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>just@latest</code> to 1.42.2.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>[2.56.14] - 2025-07-15</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Update <code>zola@latest</code> to 0.21.0.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>wait-for-them@latest</code> to 0.5.1.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Update <code>mdbook@latest</code> to 0.4.52.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- raw HTML omitted -->
</blockquote>
<p>... (truncated)</p>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Commits</summary>
<ul>
<li><a
href="c99cc51b30"><code>c99cc51</code></a>
Release 2.56.19</li>
<li><a
href="35aa282e0f"><code>35aa282</code></a>
Update <code>cargo-llvm-cov@latest</code> to 0.6.18</li>
<li><a
href="8962e8bc90"><code>8962e8b</code></a>
Release 2.56.18</li>
<li><a
href="86ed27786e"><code>86ed277</code></a>
Update <code>just@latest</code> to 1.42.3</li>
<li><a
href="d8fcd11e5f"><code>d8fcd11</code></a>
Release 2.56.17</li>
<li><a
href="03efa19be6"><code>03efa19</code></a>
Update readme</li>
<li><a
href="14dc975de9"><code>14dc975</code></a>
ci: Fix debian 10 setup</li>
<li><a
href="00c7072f52"><code>00c7072</code></a>
Update wasmtime manifest</li>
<li><a
href="8520ed0913"><code>8520ed0</code></a>
Release 2.56.16</li>
<li><a
href="56de642f63"><code>56de642</code></a>
Update <code>cargo-zigbuild@latest</code> to 0.20.1</li>
<li>Additional commits viewable in <a
href="c07504cae0...c99cc51b30">compare
view</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
<br />


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.github/copilot-instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# GitHub Copilot Code Review Instructions
+
+## General Review Principles
+
+### Pull Request Size and Scope
+- **Flag large PRs**: Comment if a PR changes more than 500 lines or touches many unrelated areas
+- **Suggest splitting**: Recommend breaking large changes into smaller, focused PRs
+- **Question scope creep**: Ask about unrelated changes that seem outside the PR's stated purpose
+
+### Code Quality and Style
+- **Check adherence to style guidelines**: Verify changes follow the project's Rust conventions in [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#code-formatting)
+- **Verify xtask compliance**: Ensure `cargo xtask format` and `cargo xtask lint` would pass
+- **Look for AI-generated patterns**: Be suspicious of verbose, overly-commented, or non-idiomatic code
+
+### Architectural Considerations
+- **Reference ARCHITECTURE.md**: Point to [ARCHITECTURE.md](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/ARCHITECTURE.md) for changes affecting crate boundaries
+- **Question fundamental changes**: Flag modifications to core configuration, linting rules, or build setup without clear justification
+- **Verify appropriate crate placement**: Ensure changes are in the correct crate per the modular structure
+
+### Breaking Changes and Deprecation
+- **Require deprecation**: Insist on deprecation warnings rather than immediate removal of public APIs
+- **Ask for migration path**: Request clear upgrade instructions for breaking changes
+- **Suggest feature flags**: Recommend feature flags for experimental or potentially disruptive changes
+- **Reference versioning policy**: Point to the requirement of at least one version notice before removal
+
+### Testing and Documentation
+- **Verify test coverage**: Ensure new functionality includes appropriate tests
+- **Check for test removal**: Question any removal of existing tests without clear justification
+- **Require documentation**: Ensure public APIs are documented with examples
+- **Validate examples**: Check that code examples are minimal and follow project style
+
+### Specific Areas of Concern
+
+#### Configuration Changes
+- **Lint configuration**: Question changes to `.clippy.toml`, `rustfmt.toml`, or CI configuration
+- **Cargo.toml modifications**: Scrutinize dependency changes or workspace modifications
+- **Build system changes**: Require justification for xtask or build process modifications
+
+#### Large Code Additions
+- **Question necessity**: Ask if large code additions could be implemented more simply
+- **Check for duplication**: Look for code that duplicates existing functionality
+- **Verify integration**: Ensure new code integrates well with existing patterns
+
+#### File Organization
+- **Validate module structure**: Ensure new modules follow the project's organization
+- **Check import organization**: Verify imports follow the std/external/local grouping pattern
+- **Review file placement**: Confirm files are in appropriate locations per ARCHITECTURE.md
+
+## Comment Templates
+
+### For Large PRs
+```
+This PR seems quite large with changes across multiple areas. Consider splitting it into smaller, focused PRs:
+- Core functionality changes
+- Documentation updates  
+- Test additions
+- Configuration changes
+
+See our [contribution guidelines](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#keep-prs-small-intentional-and-focused) for more details.
+```
+
+### For Breaking Changes
+```
+This appears to introduce breaking changes. Please consider:
+- Adding deprecation warnings instead of immediate removal
+- Providing a clear migration path in the PR description
+- Following our [deprecation policy](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#deprecation-notice)
+```
+
+### For Configuration Changes
+```
+Changes to project configuration (linting, formatting, build) should be discussed first. Please explain:
+- Why this change is necessary
+- What problem it solves
+- Whether it affects contributor workflow
+```
+
+### For Style Issues
+```
+Please run `cargo xtask format` and `cargo xtask lint` to ensure code follows our style guidelines. See [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#code-formatting) for details.
+```

.github/workflows/bench_base.yml

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-name: Run Benchmarks
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - main
-
-jobs:
-  benchmark_base_branch:
-    name: Continuous Benchmarking with Bencher
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: bencherdev/bencher@main
-      - name: Track base branch benchmarks with Bencher
-        run: |
-          bencher run \
-          --project ratatui-org \
-          --token '${{ secrets.BENCHER_API_TOKEN }}' \
-          --branch main \
-          --testbed ubuntu-latest \
-          --adapter rust_criterion \
-          --err \
-          cargo bench

.github/workflows/bench_run_fork_pr.yml

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-name: Run and Cache Benchmarks
-
-on:
-  pull_request:
-    types: [opened, reopened, edited, synchronize]
-
-jobs:
-  benchmark_fork_pr_branch:
-    name: Run Fork PR Benchmarks
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Run Benchmarks
-        run: cargo bench > benchmark_results.txt
-      - name: Upload Benchmark Results
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: benchmark_results.txt
-          path: ./benchmark_results.txt
-      - name: Upload GitHub Pull Request Event
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: event.json
-          path: ${{ github.event_path }}

.github/workflows/bench_track_fork_pr.yml

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-name: Track Benchmarks with Bencher
-
-on:
-  workflow_run:
-    workflows: [Run and Cache Benchmarks]
-    types: [completed]
-
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-  pull-requests: write
-
-jobs:
-  track_fork_pr_branch:
-    if: github.event.workflow_run.conclusion == 'success'
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    env:
-      BENCHMARK_RESULTS: benchmark_results.txt
-      PR_EVENT: event.json
-    steps:
-      - name: Download Benchmark Results
-        uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: ${{ env.BENCHMARK_RESULTS }}
-          run_id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
-      - name: Download PR Event
-        uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: ${{ env.PR_EVENT }}
-          run_id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
-      - name: Export PR Event Data
-        uses: actions/github-script@v7
-        with:
-          script: |
-            let fs = require('fs');
-            let prEvent = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(process.env.PR_EVENT, {encoding: 'utf8'}));
-            core.exportVariable("PR_HEAD", prEvent.pull_request.head.ref);
-            core.exportVariable("PR_BASE", prEvent.pull_request.base.ref);
-            core.exportVariable("PR_BASE_SHA", prEvent.pull_request.base.sha);
-            core.exportVariable("PR_NUMBER", prEvent.number);
-      - uses: bencherdev/bencher@main
-      - name: Track Benchmarks with Bencher
-        run: |
-          bencher run \
-          --project ratatui-org \
-          --token '${{ secrets.BENCHER_API_TOKEN }}' \
-          --branch "$PR_HEAD" \
-          --start-point "$PR_BASE" \
-          --start-point-hash "$PR_BASE_SHA" \
-          --start-point-clone-thresholds \
-          --start-point-reset \
-          --testbed ubuntu-latest \
-          --adapter rust_criterion \
-          --err \
-          --github-actions '${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}' \
-          --ci-number "$PR_NUMBER" \
-          --file "$BENCHMARK_RESULTS"

.github/workflows/check-pr.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 name: Check Pull Requests
 
+# Set the permissions of the github token to the minimum and only enable what is needed
+# See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guides/automatic-token-authentication#permissions
+permissions: {}
+
 on:
+  # this workflow is required to be run on pull_request_target as it modifies the PR comments
+  # care should be taken that the jobs do not run any untrusted input
+  # zizmor: ignore[dangerous-triggers]
   pull_request_target:
     types:
       - opened
@@ -8,23 +15,21 @@ on:
       - synchronize
       - labeled
       - unlabeled
-  merge_group:
-
-permissions:
-  pull-requests: write
 
 jobs:
   check-title:
+    permissions:
+      pull-requests: write
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Check PR title
         if: github.event_name == 'pull_request_target'
-        uses: amannn/action-semantic-pull-request@v5
+        uses: amannn/action-semantic-pull-request@0723387faaf9b38adef4775cd42cfd5155ed6017 # v5
         id: check_pr_title
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
       # Add comment indicating we require pull request titles to follow conventional commits specification
-      - uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@v2
+      - uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@773744901bac0e8cbb5a0dc842800d45e9b2b405 # v2
         if: always() && (steps.check_pr_title.outputs.error_message != null)
         with:
           header: pr-title-lint-error
@@ -39,40 +44,42 @@ jobs:
 
       # Delete a previous comment when the issue has been resolved
       - if: ${{ steps.check_pr_title.outputs.error_message == null }}
-        uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@v2
+        uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@773744901bac0e8cbb5a0dc842800d45e9b2b405 # v2
         with:
           header: pr-title-lint-error
           delete: true
 
   check-breaking-change-label:
+    permissions:
+      pull-requests: write
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     env:
       # use an environment variable to pass untrusted input to the script
       # see https://securitylab.github.com/research/github-actions-untrusted-input/
       PR_TITLE: ${{ github.event.pull_request.title }}
     steps:
-    - name: Check breaking change label
-      id: check_breaking_change
-      run: |
-        pattern='^(build|chore|ci|docs|feat|fix|perf|refactor|revert|style|test)(\(\w+\))?!:'
-        # Check if pattern matches
-        if echo "${PR_TITLE}" | grep -qE "$pattern"; then
-          echo "breaking_change=true" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        else
-          echo "breaking_change=false" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-        fi
-    - name: Add label
-      if: steps.check_breaking_change.outputs.breaking_change == 'true'
-      uses: actions/github-script@v7
-      with:
-        github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        script: |
-          github.rest.issues.addLabels({
-            issue_number: context.issue.number,
-            owner: context.repo.owner,
-            repo: context.repo.repo,
-            labels: ['Type: Breaking Change']
-          })
+      - name: Check breaking change label
+        id: check_breaking_change
+        run: |
+          pattern='^(build|chore|ci|docs|feat|fix|perf|refactor|revert|style|test)(\(\w+\))?!:'
+          # Check if pattern matches
+          if echo "${PR_TITLE}" | grep -qE "$pattern"; then
+            echo "breaking_change=true" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          else
+            echo "breaking_change=false" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          fi
+      - name: Add label
+        if: steps.check_breaking_change.outputs.breaking_change == 'true'
+        uses: actions/github-script@v7
+        with:
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          script: |
+            github.rest.issues.addLabels({
+              issue_number: context.issue.number,
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              labels: ['Type: Breaking Change']
+            })
 
   do-not-merge:
     if: ${{ contains(github.event.*.labels.*.name, 'do not merge') }}

.github/workflows/check-semver.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 name: Check Semver
 
+# Set the permissions of the github token to the minimum and only enable what is needed
+# See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guides/automatic-token-authentication#permissions
+permissions: {}
+
 on:
   pull_request:
     branches:
@@ -11,6 +15,8 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout the repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
       - name: Check semver
-        uses: obi1kenobi/cargo-semver-checks-action@v2
+        uses: obi1kenobi/cargo-semver-checks-action@5b298c9520f7096a4683c0bd981a7ac5a7e249ae # v2

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 name: Continuous Integration
 
+# Set the permissions of the github token to the minimum and only enable what is needed
+# See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guides/automatic-token-authentication#permissions
+permissions: {}
+
 on:
   # Allows you to run this workflow manually from the Actions tab
   workflow_dispatch:
@@ -25,11 +29,15 @@ jobs:
     name: Check Formatting
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
-        with: { components: rustfmt }
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
+        with:
+          toolchain: nightly
+          components: rustfmt
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@c99cc51b309eee71a866715cfa08c922f11cf898 # v2
         with:
           tool: taplo-cli
       - run: cargo xtask format --check
@@ -40,8 +48,10 @@ jobs:
     name: Check Typos
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: crate-ci/typos@master
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: crate-ci/typos@392b78fe18a52790c53f42456e46124f77346842 # master
 
   # Check for any disallowed dependencies in the codebase due to license / security issues.
   # See <https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny>
@@ -49,9 +59,15 @@ jobs:
     name: Check Dependencies
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-deny
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@c99cc51b309eee71a866715cfa08c922f11cf898 # v2
+        with:
+          tool: cargo-deny
       - run: cargo deny --log-level info --all-features check
 
   # Check for any unused dependencies in the codebase.
@@ -60,18 +76,33 @@ jobs:
     name: Check Unused Dependencies
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: bnjbvr/cargo-machete@v0.7.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: bnjbvr/cargo-machete@b54422fa3319b3cac180f6030b663fe57af51635 # v0.8.0
 
   # Run cargo clippy.
+  #
+  # We check for clippy warnings on beta, but these are not hard failures. They should often be
+  # fixed to prevent clippy failing on the next stable release, but don't block PRs on them unless
+  # they are introduced by the PR.
   lint-clippy:
     name: Check Clippy
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        toolchain: ["stable", "beta"]
+    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.toolchain == 'beta' }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-        with: { components: clippy }
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}
+          components: clippy
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2
       - run: cargo xtask clippy
 
   # Run markdownlint on all markdown files in the repository.
@@ -79,8 +110,10 @@ jobs:
     name: Check Markdown
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action@v19
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action@992badcdf24e3b8eb7e87ff9287fe931bcb00c6e # v20
         with:
           globs: |
             '**/*.md'
@@ -92,14 +125,19 @@ jobs:
     name: Coverage Report
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
         with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
           components: llvm-tools
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-llvm-cov
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@c99cc51b309eee71a866715cfa08c922f11cf898 # v2
+        with:
+          tool: cargo-llvm-cov
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2
       - run: cargo xtask coverage
-      - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+      - uses: codecov/codecov-action@18283e04ce6e62d37312384ff67231eb8fd56d24 # v5
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
           fail_ci_if_error: true
@@ -111,24 +149,52 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-        toolchain: ["1.74.0", "stable"]
+        toolchain: ["1.85.0", "stable"]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
         with:
           toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2
       - run: cargo xtask check --all-features
 
+  build-no-std:
+    name: Build No-Std
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+          targets: x86_64-unknown-none
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2
+      # This makes it easier to debug the exact versions of the dependencies
+      - run: cargo tree --target x86_64-unknown-none -p ratatui-core
+      - run: cargo tree --target x86_64-unknown-none -p ratatui-widgets
+      - run: cargo tree --target x86_64-unknown-none -p ratatui-macros
+      - run: cargo tree --target x86_64-unknown-none -p ratatui --no-default-features
+      - run: cargo build --target x86_64-unknown-none -p ratatui-core
+      - run: cargo build --target x86_64-unknown-none -p ratatui-widgets
+      - run: cargo build --target x86_64-unknown-none -p ratatui-macros
+      - run: cargo build --target x86_64-unknown-none -p ratatui --no-default-features
+
   # Check if README.md is up-to-date with the crate's documentation.
   check-readme:
     name: Check README
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-rdme
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@c99cc51b309eee71a866715cfa08c922f11cf898 # v2
+        with:
+          tool: cargo-rdme
       - run: cargo xtask readme --check
 
   # Run cargo rustdoc with the same options that would be used by docs.rs, taking into account the
@@ -139,10 +205,19 @@ jobs:
     env:
       RUSTDOCFLAGS: -Dwarnings
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
-      - uses: dtolnay/install@cargo-docs-rs
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
+        with:
+          toolchain: nightly
+      - uses: dtolnay/install@74f735cdf643820234e37ae1c4089a08fd266d8a # master
+        with:
+          crate: cargo-docs-rs
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@c99cc51b309eee71a866715cfa08c922f11cf898 # v2
+        with:
+          tool: cargo-hack
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2
       - run: cargo xtask docs
 
   # Run cargo test on the documentation of the crate. This will catch any code examples that don't
@@ -151,9 +226,13 @@ jobs:
     name: Test Docs
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2
       - run: cargo xtask test-docs
 
   # Run cargo test on the libraries of the crate.
@@ -163,11 +242,15 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        toolchain: ["1.74.0", "stable"]
+        toolchain: ["1.85.0", "stable"]
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2
       - run: cargo xtask test-libs
 
   # Run cargo test on all the backends.
@@ -184,7 +267,11 @@ jobs:
           - os: windows-latest
             backend: termion
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2
       - run: cargo xtask test-backend ${{ matrix.backend }}

.github/workflows/release-alpha.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 name: Release alpha version
 
+# Set the permissions of the github token to the minimum and only enable what is needed
+# See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guides/automatic-token-authentication#permissions
+permissions: {}
+
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
   schedule:
@@ -15,25 +19,30 @@ jobs:
   publish-alpha:
     name: Create an alpha release
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.repository == 'ratatui/ratatui'
     permissions:
       contents: write
     steps:
       - name: Checkout the repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
+          # probably needs to be set to true for git-cliff to work - check build
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - name: Calculate the next release
         run: .github/workflows/calculate-alpha-release.bash
 
       - name: Install Rust stable
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
 
       - name: Publish
         run: cargo publish --allow-dirty --token ${{ secrets.CARGO_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Generate a changelog
-        uses: orhun/git-cliff-action@v4
+        uses: orhun/git-cliff-action@4a4a951bc43fafe41cd2348d181853f52356bee7 # v4
         with:
           config: cliff.toml
           args: --unreleased --tag ${{ env.NEXT_TAG }} --strip header
@@ -41,7 +50,7 @@ jobs:
           OUTPUT: BODY.md
 
       - name: Publish on GitHub
-        uses: ncipollo/release-action@v1
+        uses: ncipollo/release-action@bcfe5470707e8832e12347755757cec0eb3c22af # v1
         with:
           tag: ${{ env.NEXT_TAG }}
           prerelease: true

.github/workflows/release-plz.yml

@@ -1,50 +1,68 @@
 name: Release-plz
 
-permissions:
-  pull-requests: write
-  contents: write
+# Set the permissions of the github token to the minimum and only enable what is needed
+# See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guides/automatic-token-authentication#permissions
+permissions: {}
 
 on:
   push:
     branches:
       - main
+  workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
   # Release unpublished packages.
   release-plz-release:
     name: Release-plz release
+    environment: release
+    permissions:
+      pull-requests: write
+      contents: write
+      id-token: write
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'ratatui' }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
+          persist-credentials: false
       - name: Install Rust toolchain
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+      - uses: rust-lang/crates-io-auth-action@e919bc7605cde86df457cf5b93c5e103838bd879 # v1
+        id: auth
       - name: Run release-plz
-        uses: release-plz/action@v0.5
+        uses: release-plz/action@068d76d2aa32d3c9cd0b1ccdd9ac921e28ba2be9 # v0.5
         with:
           command: release
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CARGO_TOKEN }}
+          CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN: ${{ steps.auth.outputs.token }}
 
   # Create a PR with the new versions and changelog, preparing the next release.
   release-plz-pr:
     name: Release-plz PR
+    permissions:
+      pull-requests: write
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'ratatui' }}
     concurrency:
       group: release-plz-${{ github.ref }}
       cancel-in-progress: false
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
+          persist-credentials: false
       - name: Install Rust toolchain
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
       - name: Run release-plz
-        uses: release-plz/action@v0.5
+        uses: release-plz/action@068d76d2aa32d3c9cd0b1ccdd9ac921e28ba2be9 # v0.5
         with:
           command: release-pr
         env:

.github/workflows/release-stable.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 name: Release stable version
 
+# Set the permissions of the github token to the minimum and only enable what is needed
+# See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guides/automatic-token-authentication#permissions
+permissions: {}
+
 on:
   push:
     tags:
@@ -13,12 +17,14 @@ jobs:
       contents: write
     steps:
       - name: Checkout the repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
+          # this possibly needs to be set to true for git-cliff to work - check build results
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - name: Generate a changelog
-        uses: orhun/git-cliff-action@v4
+        uses: orhun/git-cliff-action@4a4a951bc43fafe41cd2348d181853f52356bee7 # v4
         with:
           config: cliff.toml
           args: --latest --strip header
@@ -26,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
           OUTPUT: BODY.md
 
       - name: Publish on GitHub
-        uses: ncipollo/release-action@v1
+        uses: ncipollo/release-action@bcfe5470707e8832e12347755757cec0eb3c22af # v1
         with:
           prerelease: false
           bodyFile: BODY.md
@@ -36,10 +42,14 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout the repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - name: Install Rust stable
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b3b07ba8b418998c39fb20f53e8b695cdcc8de1b # master
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
 
       - name: Publish
         run: cargo publish --token ${{ secrets.CARGO_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/zizmor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+name: GitHub Actions Security Analysis with zizmor 🌈
+
+# docs https://docs.zizmor.sh/integrations/#github-actions
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: ["main"]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: ["**"]
+
+permissions: {}
+
+jobs:
+  zizmor:
+    name: Run zizmor 🌈
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      security-events: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Run zizmor 🌈
+        uses: zizmorcore/zizmor-action@f52a838cfabf134edcbaa7c8b3677dde20045018 # v0.1.1

.gitignore

@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@ target
 *.rs.rustfmt
 .gdb_history
 .idea/
+.env

ARCHITECTURE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+# Ratatui Architecture
+
+This document provides a comprehensive overview of Ratatui's architecture and crate
+organization, introduced in version 0.30.0.
+
+## Overview
+
+Starting with Ratatui 0.30.0, the project was reorganized from a single monolithic crate into
+a modular workspace consisting of multiple specialized crates. This architectural decision was
+made to improve modularity, reduce compilation times, enable more flexible dependency
+management, and provide better API stability for third-party widget libraries.
+
+## Crate Organization
+
+The Ratatui project is now organized as a Cargo workspace containing the following crates:
+
+### Core Crates
+
+#### `ratatui` (Main Crate)
+
+- **Purpose**: The main entry point that most applications should use
+- **Contents**: Re-exports everything from other crates for convenience, plus experimental features
+- **Target Users**: Application developers building terminal UIs
+- **Key Features**:
+  - Complete widget ecosystem
+  - Backend implementations
+  - Layout system
+  - Terminal management
+  - Experimental `WidgetRef` and `StatefulWidgetRef` traits
+
+#### `ratatui-core`
+
+- **Purpose**: Foundational types and traits for the Ratatui ecosystem
+- **Contents**: Core widget traits, text types, buffer, layout, style, and symbols
+- **Target Users**: Widget library authors, minimalist projects
+- **Key Features**:
+  - `Widget` and `StatefulWidget` traits
+  - Text rendering (`Text`, `Line`, `Span`)
+  - Buffer management
+  - Layout system
+  - Style and color definitions
+  - Symbol collections
+
+#### `ratatui-widgets`
+
+- **Purpose**: Built-in widget implementations
+- **Contents**: All standard widgets like `Block`, `Paragraph`, `List`, `Chart`, etc.
+- **Target Users**: Applications needing standard widgets, widget library authors
+- **Key Features**:
+  - Complete set of built-in widgets
+  - Optimized implementations
+  - Comprehensive documentation and examples
+
+### Backend Crates
+
+#### `ratatui-crossterm`
+
+- **Purpose**: Crossterm backend implementation
+- **Contents**: Cross-platform terminal backend using the `crossterm` crate
+- **Target Users**: Applications targeting multiple platforms
+
+#### `ratatui-termion`
+
+- **Purpose**: Termion backend implementation
+- **Contents**: Unix-specific terminal backend using the `termion` crate
+- **Target Users**: Unix-specific applications requiring low-level control
+
+#### `ratatui-termwiz`
+
+- **Purpose**: Termwiz backend implementation
+- **Contents**: Terminal backend using the `termwiz` crate
+- **Target Users**: Applications needing advanced terminal features
+
+### Utility Crates
+
+#### `ratatui-macros`
+
+- **Purpose**: Declarative macros for common patterns and boilerplate reduction
+- **Contents**: Macros for common patterns and boilerplate reduction
+- **Target Users**: Applications and libraries wanting macro support
+
+## Dependency Relationships
+
+```text
+ratatui
+├── ratatui-core
+├── ratatui-widgets → ratatui-core
+├── ratatui-crossterm → ratatui-core
+├── ratatui-termion → ratatui-core
+├── ratatui-termwiz → ratatui-core
+└── ratatui-macros
+```
+
+### Key Dependencies
+
+- **ratatui-core**: Foundation for all other crates
+- **ratatui-widgets**: Depends on `ratatui-core` for widget traits and types
+- **Backend crates**: Each depends on `ratatui-core` for backend traits and types
+- **ratatui**: Depends on all other crates and re-exports their public APIs
+
+## Design Principles
+
+### Stability and Compatibility
+
+The modular architecture provides different levels of API stability:
+
+- **ratatui-core**: Designed for maximum stability to minimize breaking changes for widget
+  libraries
+- **ratatui-widgets**: Focused on widget implementations with moderate stability requirements
+- **Backend crates**: Isolated from core changes, allowing backend-specific updates
+- **ratatui**: Main crate that can evolve more freely while maintaining backward compatibility
+  through re-exports
+
+### Compilation Performance
+
+The split architecture enables:
+
+- **Reduced compilation times**: Widget libraries only need to compile core types
+- **Parallel compilation**: Different crates can be compiled in parallel
+- **Selective compilation**: Applications can exclude unused backends or widgets
+
+### Ecosystem Benefits
+
+- **Widget Library Authors**: Can depend on stable `ratatui-core` without frequent updates
+- **Application Developers**: Can use the convenient `ratatui` crate with everything included
+- **Minimalist Projects**: Can use only `ratatui-core` for lightweight applications
+
+## Migration Guide
+
+### For Application Developers
+
+Most applications should continue using the main `ratatui` crate with minimal changes:
+
+```rust
+// No changes needed - everything is re-exported
+use ratatui::{
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
+    layout::{Layout, Constraint},
+    Terminal,
+};
+```
+
+### For Widget Library Authors
+
+Consider migrating to `ratatui-core` for better stability:
+
+```rust
+// Before (0.29.x and earlier)
+use ratatui::{
+    widgets::{Widget, StatefulWidget},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+};
+
+// After (0.30.0+)
+use ratatui_core::{
+    widgets::{Widget, StatefulWidget},
+    buffer::Buffer,
+    layout::Rect,
+};
+```
+
+### Backwards Compatibility
+
+All existing code using the `ratatui` crate will continue to work unchanged, as the main crate
+re-exports all public APIs from the specialized crates.
+
+## Future Considerations
+
+### Potential Enhancements
+
+- **Widget-specific crates**: Further split widgets into individual crates for even more
+  granular dependencies
+- **Plugin system**: Enable dynamic widget loading and third-party widget ecosystems
+- **Feature flags**: More granular feature flags for compile-time customization
+
+### Version Synchronization
+
+Currently, all crates are versioned together for simplicity. Future versions may adopt
+independent versioning once the API stabilizes further.
+
+## Related Issues and PRs
+
+This architecture was developed through extensive discussion and implementation across multiple
+PRs:
+
+- [Issue #1388](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1388): Original RFC for modularization
+- [PR #1459](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1459): Move ratatui crate into workspace
+  folder
+- [PR #1460](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1460): Move core types to ratatui-core
+- [PR #1474](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1474): Move widgets into ratatui-widgets
+  crate
+
+## Contributing
+
+When contributing to the Ratatui project, please consider:
+
+- **Core changes**: Submit PRs against `ratatui-core` for fundamental improvements
+- **Widget changes**: Submit PRs against `ratatui-widgets` for widget-specific improvements
+- **Backend changes**: Submit PRs against the appropriate backend crate
+- **Integration changes**: Submit PRs against the main `ratatui` crate
+
+See the [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) guide for more details on the contribution process.

BREAKING-CHANGES.md

@@ -10,11 +10,26 @@ GitHub with a [breaking change] label.
 
 This is a quick summary of the sections below:
 
-- [Unreleased](#unreleased)
+- [v0.30.0 Unreleased](#v0300-unreleased)
+  - `Flex::SpaceAround` now mirrors flexbox: space between items is twice the size of the outer gaps
+    are twice the size of first and last elements
+  - `block::Title` no longer exists
   - The `From` impls for backend types are now replaced with more specific traits
   - `FrameExt` trait for `unstable-widget-ref` feature
+  - `List::highlight_symbol` now accepts `Into<Line>` instead of `&str`
+  - 'layout::Alignment' is renamed to 'layout::HorizontalAlignment'
+  - The MSRV is now 1.85.0
+  - `Backend` now requires an associated `Error` type and `clear_region` method
+  - `TestBackend` now uses `core::convert::Infallible` for error handling instead of `std::io::Error`
+  - Disabling `default-features` will now disable layout cache, which can have a negative impact on performance
+  - `Layout::init_cache` and `Layout::DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE` are now only available if `layout-cache`
+    feature is enabled
+  - Disabling `default-features` suppresses the error message if `show_cursor()` fails when dropping
+    `Terminal`
+  - Support a broader range for `unicode-width` version
 - [v0.29.0](#v0290)
-  - `Sparkline::data` takes `IntoIterator<Item = SparklineBar>` instead of `&[u64]` and is no longer const
+  - `Sparkline::data` takes `IntoIterator<Item = SparklineBar>` instead of `&[u64]` and is no longer
+    const
   - Removed public fields from `Rect` iterators
   - `Line` now implements `From<Cow<str>`
   - `Table::highlight_style` is now `Table::row_highlight_style`
@@ -75,7 +90,183 @@ This is a quick summary of the sections below:
   - MSRV is now 1.63.0
   - `List` no longer ignores empty strings
 
-## Unreleased (0.30.0)
+## v0.30.0 Unreleased
+
+### `Flex::SpaceAround` now mirrors flexbox: space between items is twice the size of the outer gaps ([#1952])
+
+[#1952]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1952
+
+The old `Flex::SpaceAround` behavior has been changed to distribute space evenly around each
+element, with the middle spacers being twice the size of the first and last one. The old
+behavior can be achieved by using `Flex::SpaceEvenly` instead.
+
+```diff
+- let rects = Layout::horizontal([Length(1), Length(2)]).flex(Flex::SpaceAround).split(area);
++ let rects = Layout::horizontal([Length(1), Length(2)]).flex(Flex::SpaceEvenly).split(area);
+```
+
+### `block::Title` no longer exists ([#1926])
+
+[#1926]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1926
+
+The title alignment is better expressed in the `Line` as this fits more coherently with the rest of
+the library.
+
+- `widgets::block` is no longer exported
+- `widgets::block::Title` no longer exists
+- `widgets::block::Position` is now `widgets::TitlePosition`
+- `Block::title()` now accepts `Into::<Line>` instead of `Into<Title>`
+- `BlockExt` is now exported at widgets::`BlockExt` instead of `widgets::block::BlockExt`
+
+```diff
+- use ratatui::widgets::{Block, block::{Title, Position}};
++ use ratatui::widgets::{Block, TitlePosition};
+
+let block = Block::default()
+-    .title(Title::from("Hello"))
+-    .title(Title::from("Hello").position(Position::Bottom).alignment(Alignment::Center))
+-    .title_position(Position::Bottom);
++    .title(Line::from("Hello"))
++    .title_bottom(Line::from("Hello").centered());
++    .title_position(TitlePosition::Bottom);
+
+- use ratatui::widgets::block::BlockExt;
++ use ratatui::widgets::BlockExt;
+
+struct MyWidget {
+    block: Option<Block>,
+}
+
+impl Widget for &MyWidget {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        self.block.as_ref().render(area, buf);
+        let area = self.block.inner_if_some();
+        // ...
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### `Style` no longer implements `Styled` ([#1572])
+
+[#1572]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1572
+
+Any calls to methods implemented by the blanket implementation of `Stylize` are now defined directly
+on `Style`. Remove the `Stylize` import if it is no longer used by your code.
+
+```diff
+- use ratatui::style::Stylize;
+
+let style = Style::new().red();
+```
+
+The `reset()` method does not have a direct replacement, as it clashes with the existing `reset()`
+method. Use the `Style::reset()` method instead.
+
+```diff
+- some_style.reset();
++ Style::reset();
+```
+
+### Disabling `default-features` suppresses the error message if `show_cursor()` fails when dropping `Terminal` ([#1794])
+
+[#1794]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1794
+
+Since disabling `default-features` disables `std`, printing to stderr is not possible. It is
+recommended to re-enable `std` when not using Ratatui in `no_std` environment.
+
+### `Layout::init_cache` and `Layout::DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE` are now only available if `layout-cache` feature is enabled ([#1795])
+
+[#1795]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1795
+
+Previously, `Layout::init_cache` and `Layout::DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE` were available independently of
+enabled feature flags.
+
+### Disabling `default-features` will now disable layout cache, which can have a negative impact on performance ([#1795])
+
+Layout cache is now opt-in in `ratatui-core` and enabled by default in `ratatui`. If app doesn't
+make use of `no_std`-compatibility, and disables `default-feature`, it is recommended to explicitly
+re-enable layout cache. Not doing so may impact performance.
+
+```diff
+- ratatui = { version = "0.29.0", default-features = false }
++ ratatui = { version = "0.30.0", default-features = false, features = ["layout-cache"] }
+```
+
+### `TestBackend` now uses `core::convert::Infallible` for error handling instead of `std::io::Error` ([#1823])
+
+[#1823]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1823
+
+Since `TestBackend` never fails, it now uses `Infallible` as associated `Error`. This may require
+changes in test cases that use `TestBackend`.
+
+### `Backend` now requires an associated `Error` type and `clear_region` method ([#1778])
+
+[#1778]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1778
+
+Custom `Backend` implementations must now define an associated `Error` type for method `Result`s
+and implement the `clear_region` method, which no longer has a default implementation.
+
+This change was made to provide greater flexibility for custom backends, particularly to remove the
+explicit dependency on `std::io` for backends that want to support `no_std` targets.
+
+If your app or library uses the `Backend` trait directly - for example, by providing a generic
+implementation for many backends - you may need to update the referenced error type.
+
+```diff
+- fn run<B: Backend>(mut terminal: Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
++ fn run<B: Backend>(mut terminal: Terminal<B>) -> Result<(), B::Error> {
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can explicitly require the associated error to be `std::io::Error`. This approach
+may require fewer changes in user code but is generally not recommended, as it limits compatibility
+with third-party backends. Additionally, the error type used by built-in backends may or may not
+change in the future, making this approach less future-proof compared to the previous one.
+
+```diff
+- fn run<B: Backend>(mut terminal: Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
++ fn run<B: Backend<Error = io::Error>>(mut terminal: Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
+```
+
+If your application uses a concrete backend implementation, prefer specifying it explicitly
+instead.
+
+```diff
+- fn run<B: Backend>(mut terminal: Terminal<B>) -> io::Result<()> {
++ fn run(mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> io::Result<()> {
+```
+
+### The MSRV is now 1.85.0 ([#1860])
+
+[#1860]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1860
+
+The minimum supported Rust version (MSRV) is now 1.85.0.
+
+### `layout::Alignment` is renamed to `layout::HorizontalAlignment` ([#1735])
+
+[#1735]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1691
+
+The `Alignment` enum has been renamed to `HorizontalAlignment` to better reflect its purpose. A type
+alias has been added to maintain backwards compatibility, however there are some cases where type
+aliases are not enough to maintain backwards compatibility. E.g. when using glob imports to import
+all the enum variants.
+
+We don't expect to remove or deprecate the type alias in the near future, but it is recommended to
+update your imports to use the new name.
+
+```diff
+- use ratatui::layout::Alignment;
++ use ratatui::layout::HorizontalAlignment;
+
+- use Alignment::*;
++ use HorizontalAlignment::*;
+```
+
+### `List::highlight_symbol` accepts `Into<Line>` ([#1595])
+
+[#1595]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1595
+
+Previously `List::highlight_symbol` accepted `&str`. Any code that uses conversion methods will need
+to be rewritten. Since `Into::into` is not const, this function cannot be called in const context.
 
 ### `FrameExt` trait for `unstable-widget-ref` feature ([#1530])
 
@@ -178,6 +369,26 @@ for `Bar::text_value()`:
 + Bar::default().text_value("foobar");
 ```
 
+### `termwiz` is upgraded to 0.23.0 ([#1682])
+
+[#1682]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1682
+
+The `termwiz` backend is upgraded from 0.22.0 to 0.23.0.
+
+This release has a few fixes for hyperlinks and input handling, plus some dependency updates.
+See the [commits](https://github.com/wezterm/wezterm/commits/main/termwiz) for more details.
+
+### Support a broader range for `unicode-width` version ([#1999])
+
+[#1999]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/pull/1999
+
+Ratatui's dependency on `unicode-width`, previously pinned to 0.2.0, has
+expanded to allow version 0.2.1. This comes with 2 behavior changes described in
+[unicode-width#61] and [unicode-width#74].
+
+[unicode-width#61]: https://github.com/unicode-rs/unicode-width/pull/61
+[unicode-width#74]: https://github.com/unicode-rs/unicode-width/pull/74
+
 ## [v0.29.0](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/releases/tag/v0.29.0)
 
 ### `Sparkline::data` takes `IntoIterator<Item = SparklineBar>` instead of `&[u64]` and is no longer const ([#1326])

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -22,17 +22,48 @@ on the crate or its users should ideally be discussed in a "Feature Request" iss
 
 ### Keep PRs small, intentional, and focused
 
-Try to do one pull request per change. The time taken to review a PR grows exponential with the size
-of the change. Small focused PRs will generally be much more faster to review. PRs that include both
+Try to do one pull request per change. The time taken to review a PR grows exponentially with the size
+of the change. Small focused PRs will generally be much faster to review. PRs that include both
 refactoring (or reformatting) with actual changes are more difficult to review as every line of the
 change becomes a place where a bug may have been introduced. Consider splitting refactoring /
 reformatting changes into a separate PR from those that make a behavioral change, as the tests help
 guarantee that the behavior is unchanged.
 
+Guidelines for PR size:
+
+- Aim for PRs under 500 lines of changes when possible.
+- Split large features into incremental PRs that build on each other.
+- Separate refactoring, formatting, and functional changes into different PRs.
+- If a large PR is unavoidable, clearly explain why in the PR description.
+
+### Breaking changes and backwards compatibility
+
+We prioritize maintaining backwards compatibility and minimizing disruption to users:
+
+- **Prefer deprecation over removal**: Add deprecation warnings rather than immediately removing
+  public APIs
+- **Provide migration paths**: Include clear upgrade instructions for any breaking changes
+- **Follow our deprecation policy**: Wait at least two versions before removing deprecated items
+- **Consider feature flags**: Use feature flags for experimental or potentially disruptive changes
+- **Document breaking changes**: Clearly mark breaking changes in commit messages and PR descriptions
+
+See our [deprecation notice policy](#deprecation-notice) for more details.
+
 ### Code formatting
 
 Run `cargo xtask format` before committing to ensure that code is consistently formatted with
-rustfmt. Configuration is in [`rustfmt.toml`](./rustfmt.toml).
+rustfmt. Configuration is in [`rustfmt.toml`](./rustfmt.toml). We use some unstable formatting
+options as they lead to subjectively better formatting. These require a nightly version of Rust
+to be installed when running rustfmt. You can install the nightly version of Rust using
+[`rustup`](https://rustup.rs/):
+
+```shell
+rustup install nightly
+```
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]  
+> Do not modify formatting configuration (`rustfmt.toml`, `.clippy.toml`) without
+> prior discussion. These changes affect all contributors and should be carefully considered.
 
 ### Search `tui-rs` for similar work
 
@@ -60,6 +91,15 @@ Running `cargo xtask ci` before pushing will perform the same checks that we do
 It's not mandatory to do this before pushing, however it may save you time to do so instead of
 waiting for GitHub to run the checks.
 
+Available xtask commands:
+
+- `cargo xtask ci` - Run all CI checks
+- `cargo xtask format` - Format code
+- `cargo xtask lint` - Run linting checks
+- `cargo xtask test` - Run all tests
+
+Run `cargo xtask --help` to see all available commands.
+
 ### Sign your commits
 
 We use commit signature verification, which will block commits from being merged via the UI unless
@@ -67,6 +107,17 @@ they are signed. To set up your machine to sign commits, see [managing commit si
 verification](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/managing-commit-signature-verification/about-commit-signature-verification)
 in GitHub docs.
 
+### Configuration and build system changes
+
+Changes to project configuration files require special consideration:
+
+- Linting configuration (`.clippy.toml`, `rustfmt.toml`): Affects all contributors.
+- CI configuration (`.github/workflows/`): Affects build and deployment.
+- Build system (`xtask/`, `Cargo.toml` workspace config): Affects development workflow.
+- Dependencies: Consider MSRV compatibility and licensing.
+
+Please discuss these changes in an issue before implementing them.
+
 ## Implementation Guidelines
 
 ### Setup
@@ -84,6 +135,20 @@ cd ratatui
 cargo xtask build
 ```
 
+### Architecture
+
+For an understanding of the crate organization and design decisions, see [ARCHITECTURE.md]. This
+document explains the modular workspace structure introduced in version 0.30.0 and provides
+guidance on which crate to use for different use cases.
+
+When making changes, consider:
+
+- Which crate should contain your changes per the modular structure,
+- Whether your changes affect the public API of `ratatui-core` (requires extra care),
+- And how your changes fit into the overall architecture.
+
+[ARCHITECTURE.md]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/ARCHITECTURE.md
+
 ### Tests
 
 The [test coverage](https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui/ratatui) of the crate is reasonably
@@ -100,6 +165,10 @@ If an area that you're making a change in is not tested, write tests to characte
 behavior before changing it. This helps ensure that we don't introduce bugs to existing software
 using Ratatui (and helps make it easy to migrate apps still using `tui-rs`).
 
+> [!IMPORTANT]  
+> Do not remove existing tests without clear justification. If tests need to be
+> modified due to API changes, explain why in your PR description.
+
 For coverage, we have two [bacon](https://dystroy.org/bacon/) jobs (one for all tests, and one for
 unit tests, keyboard shortcuts `v` and `u` respectively) that run
 [cargo-llvm-cov](https://github.com/taiki-e/cargo-llvm-cov) to report the coverage. Several plugins
@@ -167,6 +236,14 @@ We generally want to wait at least two versions before removing deprecated items
 time to update. However, if a deprecation is blocking for us to implement a new feature we may
 *consider* removing it in a one version notice.
 
+Deprecation process:
+
+1. Add `#[deprecated]` attribute with a clear message.
+2. Update documentation to point to the replacement.
+3. Add an entry to `BREAKING-CHANGES.md` if applicable.
+4. Wait at least two versions before removal.
+5. Consider the impact on the ecosystem before removing.
+
 ### Use of unsafe for optimization purposes
 
 We don't currently use any unsafe code in Ratatui, and would like to keep it that way. However, there

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [workspace]
 resolver = "2"
-members = ["ratatui", "ratatui-*", "xtask", "examples/apps/*"]
+members = ["ratatui", "ratatui-*", "xtask", "examples/apps/*", "examples/concepts/*"]
 default-members = [
   "ratatui",
   "ratatui-core",
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ default-members = [
   "ratatui-termwiz",
   "ratatui-widgets",
   "examples/apps/*",
+  "examples/concepts/*",
 ]
 
 [workspace.package]
@@ -23,34 +24,54 @@ categories = ["command-line-interface"]
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
 exclude = ["assets/*", ".github", "Makefile.toml", "CONTRIBUTING.md", "*.log", "tags"]
-edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.74.0"
+edition = "2024"
+rust-version = "1.85.0"
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
-bitflags = "2.7.0"
-color-eyre = "0.6.3"
-crossterm = "0.28.1"
-document-features = "0.2.7"
-indoc = "2.0.5"
-instability = "0.3.7"
-itertools = "0.13.0"
-pretty_assertions = "1.4.1"
-ratatui = { path = "ratatui", version = "0.30.0-alpha.1" }
-ratatui-core = { path = "ratatui-core", version = "0.1.0-alpha.2" }
-ratatui-crossterm = { path = "ratatui-crossterm", version = "0.1.0-alpha.1" }
-ratatui-macros = { path = "ratatui-macros", version = "0.7.0-alpha.0" }
-ratatui-termion = { path = "ratatui-termion", version = "0.1.0-alpha.1" }
-ratatui-termwiz = { path = "ratatui-termwiz", version = "0.1.0-alpha.1" }
-ratatui-widgets = { path = "ratatui-widgets", version = "0.3.0-alpha.1" }
-rstest = "0.24.0"
-serde = { version = "1.0.217", features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json = "1.0.138"
-strum = { version = "0.26.3", features = ["derive"] }
-termion = "4.0.0"
-termwiz = { version = "0.22.0" }
-unicode-segmentation = "1.12.0"
+anstyle = "1"
+bitflags = "2.9"
+color-eyre = "0.6"
+compact_str = { version = "0.9", default-features = false }
+criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
+crossterm = "0.29"
+document-features = "0.2"
+fakeit = "1"
+futures = "0.3"
+hashbrown = "0.15"
+indoc = "2"
+instability = "0.3"
+itertools = { version = "0.14", default-features = false, features = ["use_alloc"] }
+kasuari = { git = "https://github.com/j-g00da/kasuari.git", branch = "js/cycle-prevention", default-features = false }
+line-clipping = "0.3"
+lru = "0.14"
+palette = "0.7"
+pretty_assertions = "1"
+rand = "0.9"
+rand_chacha = "0.9"
+ratatui = { path = "ratatui", version = "0.30.0-alpha.5" }
+ratatui-core = { path = "ratatui-core", version = "0.1.0-alpha.6" }
+ratatui-crossterm = { path = "ratatui-crossterm", version = "0.1.0-alpha.5" }
+ratatui-macros = { path = "ratatui-macros", version = "0.7.0-alpha.4" }
+ratatui-termion = { path = "ratatui-termion", version = "0.1.0-alpha.5" }
+ratatui-termwiz = { path = "ratatui-termwiz", version = "0.1.0-alpha.5" }
+ratatui-widgets = { path = "ratatui-widgets", version = "0.3.0-alpha.5" }
+rstest = "0.25"
+serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1"
+strum = { version = "0.27", default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
+termion = "4"
+termwiz = "0.23"
+thiserror = { version = "2", default-features = false }
+time = { version = "0.3", default-features = false }
+tokio = "1"
+tracing = "0.1"
+tracing-appender = "0.2"
+tracing-subscriber = "0.3"
+trybuild = "1"
+unicode-segmentation = "1"
+unicode-truncate = { version = "2", default-features = false }
 # See <https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/issues/1271> for information about why we pin unicode-width
-unicode-width = "=0.2.0"
+unicode-width = ">=0.2.0, <=0.2.1"
 
 # Improve benchmark consistency
 [profile.bench]

README.md

@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ fn render(frame: &mut Frame) {
 - [Ratatui Forum] - a place to ask questions and discuss the library.
 - [Widget Examples] - a collection of examples that demonstrate how to use the library.
 - [App Examples] - a collection of more complex examples that demonstrate how to build apps.
+- [ARCHITECTURE.md] - explains the crate organization and modular workspace structure.
 - [Changelog] - generated by [git-cliff] utilizing [Conventional Commits].
 - [Breaking Changes] - a list of breaking changes in the library.
 
@@ -114,6 +115,14 @@ We rely on GitHub for [bugs][Report a bug] and [feature requests][Request a Feat
 Please make sure you read the [contributing](./CONTRIBUTING.md) guidelines before [creating a pull
 request][Create a Pull Request].
 
+If you'd like to show your support, you can add the Ratatui badge to your project's README:
+
+```md
+[![Built With Ratatui](https://ratatui.rs/built-with-ratatui/badge.svg)](https://ratatui.rs/)
+```
+
+[![Built With Ratatui](https://ratatui.rs/built-with-ratatui/badge.svg)](https://ratatui.rs/)
+
 ## Acknowledgements
 
 Ratatui was forked from the [tui-rs] crate in 2023 in order to continue its development. None of
@@ -133,6 +142,7 @@ This project is licensed under the [MIT License][License].
 [Docs]: https://docs.rs/ratatui
 [Widget Examples]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/main/ratatui-widgets/examples
 [App Examples]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/main/examples
+[ARCHITECTURE.md]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/ARCHITECTURE.md
 [Changelog]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md
 [git-cliff]: https://git-cliff.org
 [Conventional Commits]: https://www.conventionalcommits.org

RELEASE.md

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ actions](.github/workflows/cd.yml) and triggered by pushing a tag.
 ## Alpha Releases
 
 Alpha releases are automatically released every Saturday via [cd.yml](./.github/workflows/cd.yml)
-and can be manually be created when necessary by triggering the [Continuous
+and can be manually created when necessary by triggering the [Continuous
 Deployment](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/actions/workflows/cd.yml) workflow.
 
 We automatically release an alpha release with a patch level bump + alpha.num weekly (and when we

assets/logo-simple.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 50 50" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Ratatui</title><path d="M17 29h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1H5v-1H4v-1H3v-1H2v-1H1v-1H0v-2h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h2zm-2 14h1v1h1v1h1v-2h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1zm0-6h-3v1h1v1h4v-4h-1v-1h-1zm35-21h-1v4h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1h-2v1h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1h-2v9h5v1h1v9h-1v1h-1v2h-1v1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-5h-1v1h-3v1h-1v3h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-2h1v-2h1v-1h-2v1h-4v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-2h1v-1h1v-1h2v-1h7v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h4v-1h3v-1h10zm-17 2h-1v2h1v1h2v-1h1v-2h-1v-1h-2zM29 1h1v9h1v1h1v2h1v2h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1h-3v-1h-1v-1h-2v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-6v-1h-1V9h1V8h1V7h1V6h1V5h1V4h1V3h1V2h1V1h2V0h6z"/></svg>

assets/logo.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 50 50" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Ratatui</title><path d="M50 16h-1v4h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1h-2v1h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1h-2v9h5v1h1v9h-1v1h-1v2h-1v1h-1v-1h-1v1h-2v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-2v1h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1H9v1H8v1H7v1H6v1H5v1H4v1H3v1H2v2h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1H5v-1H4v-1H3v-1H2v-1H1v-1H0v-2h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h2v1h1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-2h1v-1h1v-1h2v-1h7v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h4v-1h3v-1h10zM39 49h1v-1h-1zm2-8h-3v1h-1v3h-1v-1h-1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-1h1v-5h-1zm-7 3h1v-1h-1zm-1-1h1v-1h-1zm-1-1h1v-1h-1zm-1-1h1v-1h-1zm-1-1h1v-1h-1zm-1-1h1v-1h-1zm-1-1h1v-1h-1zm-1-1h1v-1h-1zm-1-1h1v-1h-1zm-1-1h1v-1h-1zm-1-1h1v-1h-1zm-5-5h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v1h1v-2h1v-2h1v-1h-2v1h-4v-1h-1zm14-11h-1v2h1v1h2v-1h1v-2h-1v-1h-2zM18 40h1v1h1v2h-1v-1h-1v-1h-1v-2h1zm0-7h1v4h-4v-1h-1v-1h3v-3h1zM29 1h1v9h1v1h1v2h1v2h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1h-1v1h-3v-1h-1v-1h-2v-1h-1v-1h-1v-1h-6v-1h-1V9h1V8h1V7h1V6h1V5h1V4h1V3h1V2h1V1h2V0h6z"/></svg>

bacon.toml

@@ -60,6 +60,22 @@ command = ["cargo", "xtask", "hack"]
 [jobs.format]
 command = ["cargo", "xtask", "format"]
 
+[jobs.zizmor-offline]
+# zizmor checks the workflow files for security issues. The offline version is generally faster, but
+# checks for fewer issues.
+command = ["zizmor", "--color", "always", ".github/workflows", "--offline"]
+need_stdout = true
+default_watch = false
+watch = [".github/workflows/"]
+
+[jobs.zizmor-online]
+# zizmor checks the workflow files for security issues. The online version is a bit slower, but it
+# checks for more issues
+command = ["zizmor", "--color", "always", ".github/workflows"]
+need_stdout = true
+default_watch = false
+watch = [".github/workflows/"]
+
 # You may define here keybindings that would be specific to
 # a project, for example a shortcut to launch a specific job.
 # Shortcuts to internal functions (scrolling, toggling, etc.)
@@ -74,3 +90,5 @@ ctrl-v = "job:coverage-unit-tests-only"
 u = "job:test-unit"
 n = "job:nextest"
 f = "job:format"
+z = "job:zizmor-offline"
+shift-z = "job:zizmor-online"

cliff.toml

@@ -33,6 +33,16 @@ body = """
   {% if commit.remote.username %} by @{{ commit.remote.username }}{%- endif -%}\
   {% if commit.remote.pr_number %} in [#{{ commit.remote.pr_number }}]({{ self::remote_url() }}/pull/{{ commit.remote.pr_number }}){%- endif %}\
 {%- if commit.breaking %} [**breaking**]{% endif %}
+{%- if commit.body %}\n\n{{ commit.body | indent(prefix="  > ", first=true, blank=true) }}
+{%- endif %}
+{%- for footer in commit.footers %}\n
+{%- if footer.token != "Signed-off-by" and footer.token != "Co-authored-by" %}
+  >
+{{ footer.token | indent(prefix="  > ", first=true, blank=true) }}
+{{- footer.separator }}
+{{- footer.value| indent(prefix="  > ", first=false, blank=true)  }}
+{%- endif %}
+{%- endfor %}
 {% endmacro -%}
 
 {% for group, commits in commits | group_by(attribute="group") %}
@@ -59,14 +69,9 @@ body = """
 https://github.com/{{ remote.owner }}/{{ remote.repo }}\
 {% endmacro %}
 """
-
-
 # remove the leading and trailing whitespace from the template
 trim = false
-# changelog footer
-footer = """
-<!-- generated by git-cliff -->
-"""
+# postprocessors for the changelog body
 postprocessors = [
   { pattern = '<!-- Please read CONTRIBUTING.md before submitting any pull request. -->', replace = "" },
   { pattern = '>---+\n', replace = '' },
@@ -87,9 +92,15 @@ commit_preprocessors = [
   { pattern = '(Clarify README.md)', replace = "docs(readme): ${1}" },
   { pattern = '(Update README.md)', replace = "docs(readme): ${1}" },
   { pattern = '(fix typos|Fix typos)', replace = "fix: ${1}" },
+  # a small typo that squeaked through and which would otherwise trigger the typos linter.
+  # Regex obsfucation is to avoid triggering the linter in this file until there's a per file config
+  # See https://github.com/crate-ci/typos/issues/724
+  { pattern = '\<[d]eatil\>', replace = "detail" },
 ]
 # regex for parsing and grouping commits
 commit_parsers = [
+  # release-plz adds 000000 as a placeholder for release commits
+  { field = "id", pattern = "0000000", skip = true },
   { message = "^feat", group = "<!-- 00 -->Features" },
   { message = "^[fF]ix", group = "<!-- 01 -->Bug Fixes" },
   { message = "^refactor", group = "<!-- 02 -->Refactor" },
@@ -104,6 +115,7 @@ commit_parsers = [
   { message = "^chore\\(changelog\\)", skip = true },
   { message = "^[cC]hore", group = "<!-- 07 -->Miscellaneous Tasks" },
   { body = ".*security", group = "<!-- 08 -->Security" },
+  { message = "^build\\(deps\\)", skip = true },
   { message = "^build", group = "<!-- 09 -->Build" },
   { message = "^ci", group = "<!-- 10 -->Continuous Integration" },
   { message = "^revert", group = "<!-- 11 -->Reverted Commits" },

deny.toml

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ allow = [
   "BSD-3-Clause",
   "ISC",
   "MIT",
-  "OpenSSL",
   "Unicode-3.0",
   "Unicode-DFS-2016",
   "WTFPL",

examples/README.md

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 # Examples
 
-This folder contains examples that are more app focused. There are also other examples in example
-folders under each crate folder e.g. [ratatui examples], [ratatui-widgets examples].
+This folder contains examples that are more application focused.
+There are also [widget examples] in `ratatui-widgets`.
 
-[ratatui examples]: ../ratatui/examples
-[ratatui-widgets examples]: ../ratatui-widgets/examples
+[widget examples]: ../ratatui-widgets/examples
 
 You can run these examples using:
 
@@ -36,100 +35,238 @@ of the `main` branch for code which is guaranteed to work with the released rata
 > We don't keep the CHANGELOG updated with unreleased changes, check the git commit history or run
 > `git-cliff -u` against a cloned version of this repository.
 
+## Design choices
+
+The examples contain some opinionated choices in order to make it easier for newer rustaceans to
+easily be productive in creating applications:
+
+- Each example has an `App` struct, with methods that implement a main loop, handle events and drawing
+  the UI.
+- We use `color_eyre` for handling errors and panics. See [How to use color-eyre with Ratatui] on the
+  website for more information about this.
+- Common code is not extracted into a separate file. This makes each example self-contained and easy
+  to read as a whole.
+
+[How to use color-eyre with Ratatui]: https://ratatui.rs/recipes/apps/color-eyre/
+
 ## Demo
 
 This is the original demo example from the main README. It is available for each of the backends.
 [Source](./apps/demo/).
 
-![Demo](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo.gif?raw=true)
+![Demo](demo.gif)
 
 ## Demo2
 
 This is the demo example from the main README and crate page. [Source](./apps/demo2/).
 
-![Demo2](https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo2.gif?raw=true)
+![Demo2](demo2.gif)
 
-## Async GitHub demo
+## Async GitHub
 
 Shows how to fetch data from GitHub API asynchronously. [Source](./apps/async-github/).
 
-## Calendar explorer demo
+![Async GitHub demo][async-github.gif]
+
+## Calendar Explorer
 
 Shows how to render a calendar with different styles. [Source](./apps/calendar-explorer/).
 
-## Canvas demo
+![Calendar explorer demo][calendar-explorer.gif]
+
+## Canvas
 
 Shows how to render a canvas with different shapes. [Source](./apps/canvas/).
 
+![Canvas demo][canvas.gif]
+
+## Chart
+
+Shows how to render line, bar, and scatter charts. [Source](./apps/chart/).
+
+![Chart demo][chart.gif]
+
+## Color Explorer
+
+Shows how to handle the supported colors. [Source](./apps/color-explorer/).
+
+![Color explorer demo][color-explorer.gif]
+
 ## Colors-RGB demo
 
-This example shows the full range of RGB colors in an animation. [Source](./apps/colors-rgb/).
+Shows the full range of RGB colors in an animation. [Source](./apps/colors-rgb/).
 
-## Constraint Explorer demo
+![Colors-RGB demo][colors-rgb.gif]
 
-This interactive example shows how different constraints can be used to layout widgets. [Source](./apps/constraint-explorer/).
+## Constraint Explorer
 
-## Constraints demo
+Shows how different constraints can be used to layout widgets. [Source](./apps/constraint-explorer/).
 
-This example shows different types of constraints. [Source](./apps/constraints/).
+![Constraint Explorer demo][constraint-explorer.gif]
 
-## Custom widget demo
+## Constraints
 
-This example shows how to create a custom widget that can be interacted with the mouse. [Source](./apps/custom-widget/).
+Shows different types of constraints. [Source](./apps/constraints/).
 
-## Hyperlink demo
+![Constraints demo][constraints.gif]
+
+## Custom Widget
+
+Shows how to create a custom widget that can be interacted with the mouse. [Source](./apps/custom-widget/).
+
+![Custom widget demo][custom-widget.gif]
+
+## Hyperlink
 
 Shows how to render hyperlinks in a terminal using [OSC
 8](https://gist.github.com/egmontkob/eb114294efbcd5adb1944c9f3cb5feda). [Source](./apps/hyperlink/).
 
-## Flex demo
+![Hyperlink demo][hyperlink.gif]
 
-This interactive example shows how to use the flex layouts. [Source](./apps/flex/).
+## Flex
 
-## Hello World demo
+Shows how to use the flex layouts. [Source](./apps/flex/).
 
-This example shows how to create a simple TUI with a text. [Source](./apps/hello-world/).
+![Flex demo][flex.gif]
 
-## Gauge demo
+## Hello World
 
-This example shows different types of gauges. [Source](./apps/gauge/).
+Shows how to create a simple TUI with a text. [Source](./apps/hello-world/).
 
-## Inline demo
+![Hello World demo][hello-world.gif]
+
+## Gauge
+
+Shows different types of gauges. [Source](./apps/gauge/).
+
+## Inline
 
 Shows how to use the inlined viewport to render in a specific area of the screen. [Source](./apps/inline/).
 
-## Input form
+![Inline demo][inline.gif]
+
+## Input Form
 
 Shows how to render a form with input fields. [Source](./apps/input-form/).
 
-## Todo List demo
-
-Shows how to create a simple todo list application. [Source](./apps/todo-list/).
-
-## Modifiers demo
+## Modifiers
 
 Shows different types of modifiers. [Source](./apps/modifiers/).
 
-## Mouse Drawing demo
+![Modifiers demo][modifiers.gif]
+
+## Mouse Drawing
 
 Shows how to handle mouse events. [Source](./apps/mouse-drawing/).
 
-## Minimal demo
+## Minimal
 
 Shows how to create a minimal application. [Source](./apps/minimal/).
 
-## Scrollbar demo
+![Minimal demo][minimal.gif]
+
+## Panic
+
+Shows how to handle panics. [Source](./apps/panic/).
+
+![Panic demo][panic.gif]
+
+## Popup
+
+Shows how to handle popups. [Source](./apps/popup/).
+
+![Popup demo][popup.gif]
+
+## Scrollbar
 
 Shows how to render different types of scrollbars. [Source](./apps/scrollbar/).
 
-## User input demo
+![Scrollbar demo][scrollbar.gif]
 
-Shows how to handle user input. [Source](./apps/user-input/).
+## Table
 
-## Weather demo
+Shows how to create an interactive table. [Source](./apps/table/).
+
+![Table demo][table.gif]
+
+## Todo List
+
+Shows how to create a simple todo list application. [Source](./apps/todo-list/).
+
+![Todo List demo][todo-list.gif]
+
+## Tracing
+
+Shows how to use the [tracing](https://crates.io/crates/tracing) crate to log to a file. [Source](./apps/tracing/).
+
+![Tracing demo][tracing.gif]
+
+## User Input
+
+Shows how to handle user input. [Source](./apps/user-input/). [Source](./apps/user-input/).
+
+![User input demo][user-input.gif]
+
+## Weather
 
 Shows how to render weather data using barchart widget. [Source](./apps/weather/).
 
-## WidgetRef Container demo
+## WidgetRef Container
 
 Shows how to use [`WidgetRef`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/trait.WidgetRef.html) to store widgets in a container. [Source](./apps/widget-ref-container/).
+
+## Advanced Widget Implementation
+
+Shows how to render the `Widget` trait in different ways.
+
+![Advanced widget impl demo][advanced-widget-impl.gif]
+
+---
+
+<details>
+  <summary>How to update these examples?</summary>
+
+These gifs were created using [VHS](https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs). Each example has a
+corresponding `.tape` file that holds instructions for how to generate the images. Note that the
+images themselves are stored in a separate `images` git branch to avoid bloating the `main`
+branch.
+
+<!--
+
+Links to images to make them easier to update in bulk. Use the following script to update and upload
+the examples to the images branch. (Requires push access to the branch).
+
+```shell
+vhs/generate.bash
+```
+-->
+
+</details>
+
+[advanced-widget-impl.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/advanced-widget-impl.gif?raw=true
+[async-github.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/async-github.gif?raw=true
+[calendar-explorer.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/calendar-explorer.gif?raw=true
+[canvas.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/canvas.gif?raw=true
+[chart.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/chart.gif?raw=true
+[color-explorer.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/color-explorer.gif?raw=true
+[colors-rgb.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/colors-rgb.gif?raw=true
+[constraint-explorer.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/constraint-explorer.gif?raw=true
+[constraints.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/constraints.gif?raw=true
+[custom-widget.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/custom-widget.gif?raw=true
+[demo2-destroy.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo2-destroy.gif?raw=true
+[demo2-social.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo2-social.gif?raw=true
+[demo2.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo2.gif?raw=true
+[demo.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/demo.gif?raw=true
+[flex.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/flex.gif?raw=true
+[hello-world.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/hello-world.gif?raw=true
+[hyperlink.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/hyperlink.gif?raw=true
+[inline.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/inline.gif?raw=true
+[minimal.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/minimal.gif?raw=true
+[modifiers.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/modifiers.gif?raw=true
+[panic.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/panic.gif?raw=true
+[popup.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/popup.gif?raw=true
+[scrollbar.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/scrollbar.gif?raw=true
+[table.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/table.gif?raw=true
+[todo-list.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/todo-list.gif?raw=true
+[tracing.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/tracing.gif?raw=true
+[user-input.gif]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/images/examples/user-input.gif?raw=true

examples/apps/advanced-widget-impl/src/main.rs

@@ -12,21 +12,16 @@
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode};
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Position, Rect, Size},
-    style::{Color, Style},
-    widgets::{Widget, WidgetRef},
-    DefaultTerminal,
-};
+use crossterm::event;
+use ratatui::DefaultTerminal;
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Position, Rect, Size};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Style};
+use ratatui::widgets::{Widget, WidgetRef};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let result = App::default().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    result
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| App::default().run(terminal))
 }
 
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -38,15 +33,15 @@ struct App {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         while !self.should_quit {
-            self.draw(&mut terminal)?;
+            self.render(terminal)?;
             self.handle_events()?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn draw(&mut self, tui: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    fn render(&mut self, tui: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         tui.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.area()))?;
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -57,11 +52,8 @@ impl App {
         if !event::poll(timeout)? {
             return Ok(());
         }
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            match key.code {
-                KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.should_quit = true,
-                _ => {}
-            }
+        if event::read()?.is_key_press() {
+            self.should_quit = true;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -76,7 +68,7 @@ impl App {
 impl Widget for &mut App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let constraints = Constraint::from_lengths([1, 1, 2, 1]);
-        let [greeting, timer, squares, position] = Layout::vertical(constraints).areas(area);
+        let [greeting, timer, squares, position] = area.layout(&Layout::vertical(constraints));
 
         // render an ephemeral greeting widget
         Greeting::new("Ratatui!").render(greeting, buf);
@@ -182,9 +174,9 @@ struct BlueSquare;
 impl Widget for &BoxedSquares {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let constraints = vec![Constraint::Length(4); self.squares.len()];
-        let areas = Layout::horizontal(constraints).split(area);
-        for (widget, area) in self.squares.iter().zip(areas.iter()) {
-            widget.render_ref(*area, buf);
+        let areas = area.layout_vec(&Layout::horizontal(constraints));
+        for (widget, area) in self.squares.iter().zip(areas) {
+            widget.render_ref(area, buf);
         }
     }
 }

examples/apps/async-github/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "async-github"
-version = "0.1.0"
+publish = false
 authors.workspace = true
 documentation.workspace = true
 repository.workspace = true
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ edition.workspace = true
 rust-version.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
-color-eyre = "0.6.3"
+color-eyre = "0.6.5"
 crossterm = { workspace = true, features = ["event-stream"] }
-octocrab = "0.43.0"
+octocrab = "0.44.0"
 ratatui.workspace = true
-tokio = { version = "1.43.0", features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros"] }
+tokio = { version = "1.46.1", features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros"] }
 tokio-stream = "0.1.17"

examples/apps/async-github/src/main.rs

@@ -27,25 +27,20 @@
 //! [Ratatui]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
-use std::{
-    sync::{Arc, RwLock},
-    time::Duration,
-};
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
+use std::time::Duration;
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use octocrab::{
-    params::{pulls::Sort, Direction},
-    Page,
-};
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    crossterm::event::{Event, EventStream, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{Style, Stylize},
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::{Block, HighlightSpacing, Row, StatefulWidget, Table, TableState, Widget},
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use crossterm::event::{Event, EventStream, KeyCode};
+use octocrab::Page;
+use octocrab::params::Direction;
+use octocrab::params::pulls::Sort;
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::widgets::{Block, HighlightSpacing, Row, StatefulWidget, Table, TableState, Widget};
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, Frame};
 use tokio_stream::StreamExt;
 
 #[tokio::main]
@@ -75,30 +70,28 @@ impl App {
 
         while !self.should_quit {
             tokio::select! {
-                _ = interval.tick() => { terminal.draw(|frame| self.draw(frame))?; },
+                _ = interval.tick() => { terminal.draw(|frame| self.render(frame))?; },
                 Some(Ok(event)) = events.next() => self.handle_event(&event),
             }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn draw(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Fill(1)]);
-        let [title_area, body_area] = vertical.areas(frame.area());
+    fn render(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Fill(1)]);
+        let [title_area, body_area] = frame.area().layout(&layout);
         let title = Line::from("Ratatui async example").centered().bold();
         frame.render_widget(title, title_area);
         frame.render_widget(&self.pull_requests, body_area);
     }
 
     fn handle_event(&mut self, event: &Event) {
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event {
-            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                match key.code {
-                    KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.should_quit = true,
-                    KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.pull_requests.scroll_down(),
-                    KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.pull_requests.scroll_up(),
-                    _ => {}
-                }
+        if let Some(key) = event.as_key_press_event() {
+            match key.code {
+                KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.should_quit = true,
+                KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.pull_requests.scroll_down(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.pull_requests.scroll_up(),
+                _ => {}
             }
         }
     }

examples/apps/calendar-explorer/Cargo.toml

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ rust-version.workspace = true
 color-eyre.workspace = true
 crossterm.workspace = true
 ratatui.workspace = true
-time = { version = "0.3.37", features = ["formatting", "parsing"] }
+time = { version = "0.3.39", features = ["formatting", "parsing"] }
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true

examples/apps/calendar-explorer/src/main.rs

@@ -11,45 +11,37 @@
 use std::fmt;
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind};
-use ratatui::{
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
-    text::{Line, Text},
-    widgets::calendar::{CalendarEventStore, Monthly},
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
-use time::{ext::NumericalDuration, Date, Month, OffsetDateTime};
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode};
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::text::{Line, Text};
+use ratatui::widgets::calendar::{CalendarEventStore, Monthly};
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, Frame};
+use time::ext::NumericalDuration;
+use time::{Date, Month, OffsetDateTime};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let result = run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    result
+    ratatui::run(run)
 }
 
 /// Run the application.
-fn run(mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+fn run(terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
     let mut selected_date = OffsetDateTime::now_local()?.date();
     let mut calendar_style = StyledCalendar::Default;
     loop {
         terminal.draw(|frame| render(frame, calendar_style, selected_date))?;
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                match key.code {
-                    KeyCode::Char('q') => break Ok(()),
-                    KeyCode::Char('s') => calendar_style = calendar_style.next(),
-                    KeyCode::Char('n') | KeyCode::Tab => selected_date = next_month(selected_date),
-                    KeyCode::Char('p') | KeyCode::BackTab => {
-                        selected_date = previous_month(selected_date);
-                    }
-                    KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => selected_date -= 1.days(),
-                    KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => selected_date += 1.weeks(),
-                    KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => selected_date -= 1.weeks(),
-                    KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => selected_date += 1.days(),
-                    _ => {}
-                }
+        if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
+            match key.code {
+                KeyCode::Char('q') => break Ok(()),
+                KeyCode::Char('s') => calendar_style = calendar_style.next(),
+                KeyCode::Char('n') | KeyCode::Tab => selected_date = next_month(selected_date),
+                KeyCode::Char('p') | KeyCode::BackTab => selected_date = prev_month(selected_date),
+                KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => selected_date -= 1.days(),
+                KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => selected_date += 1.weeks(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => selected_date -= 1.weeks(),
+                KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => selected_date += 1.days(),
+                _ => {}
             }
         }
     }
@@ -66,7 +58,7 @@ fn next_month(date: Date) -> Date {
     }
 }
 
-fn previous_month(date: Date) -> Date {
+fn prev_month(date: Date) -> Date {
     if date.month() == Month::January {
         date.replace_month(Month::December)
             .unwrap()
@@ -77,7 +69,7 @@ fn previous_month(date: Date) -> Date {
     }
 }
 
-/// Draw the UI with a calendar.
+/// Render the UI with a calendar.
 fn render(frame: &mut Frame, calendar_style: StyledCalendar, selected_date: Date) {
     let header = Text::from_iter([
         Line::from("Calendar Example".bold()),
@@ -89,11 +81,10 @@ fn render(frame: &mut Frame, calendar_style: StyledCalendar, selected_date: Date
         )),
     ]);
 
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([
+    let [text_area, area] = frame.area().layout(&Layout::vertical([
         Constraint::Length(header.height() as u16),
         Constraint::Fill(1),
-    ]);
-    let [text_area, area] = vertical.areas(frame.area());
+    ]));
     frame.render_widget(header.centered(), text_area);
     calendar_style
         .render_year(frame, area, selected_date)
@@ -141,16 +132,13 @@ impl StyledCalendar {
     fn render_year(self, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect, date: Date) -> Result<()> {
         let events = events(date)?;
 
-        let area = area.inner(Margin {
-            vertical: 1,
-            horizontal: 1,
-        });
-        let rows = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Ratio(1, 3); 3]).split(area);
-        let areas = rows.iter().flat_map(|row| {
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 4); 4])
-                .split(*row)
-                .to_vec()
-        });
+        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Ratio(1, 3); 3]);
+        let horizontal = &Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 4); 4]);
+        let areas = area
+            .inner(Margin::new(1, 1))
+            .layout_vec(&vertical)
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(|row| row.layout_vec(horizontal));
         for (i, area) in areas.enumerate() {
             let month = date
                 .replace_day(1)

examples/apps/canvas/src/main.rs

@@ -14,23 +14,18 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, KeyEventKind},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+use crossterm::ExecutableCommand;
+use crossterm::event::{
+    self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, MouseEventKind,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, MouseEventKind},
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Position, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Stylize},
-    symbols::Marker,
-    text::Text,
-    widgets::{
-        canvas::{Canvas, Circle, Map, MapResolution, Points, Rectangle},
-        Block, Widget,
-    },
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Position, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Stylize};
+use ratatui::symbols::Marker;
+use ratatui::text::Text;
+use ratatui::widgets::canvas::{Canvas, Circle, Map, MapResolution, Points, Rectangle};
+use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Widget};
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, Frame};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
@@ -80,43 +75,33 @@ impl App {
         let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(16);
         let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
         while !self.exit {
-            terminal.draw(|frame| self.draw(frame))?;
+            terminal.draw(|frame| self.render(frame))?;
             let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
-            if event::poll(timeout)? {
-                match event::read()? {
-                    Event::Key(key) => self.handle_key_press(key),
-                    Event::Mouse(event) => self.handle_mouse_event(event),
-                    _ => (),
-                }
-            }
-
-            if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            if !event::poll(timeout)? {
                 self.on_tick();
                 last_tick = Instant::now();
+                continue;
+            }
+            match event::read()? {
+                Event::Key(key) => self.handle_key_event(key),
+                Event::Mouse(event) => self.handle_mouse_event(event),
+                _ => (),
             }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn handle_key_press(&mut self, key: event::KeyEvent) {
-        if key.kind != KeyEventKind::Press {
+    fn handle_key_event(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) {
+        if !key.is_press() {
             return;
         }
         match key.code {
-            KeyCode::Char('q') => self.exit = true,
-            KeyCode::Down | KeyCode::Char('j') => self.y += 1.0,
-            KeyCode::Up | KeyCode::Char('k') => self.y -= 1.0,
-            KeyCode::Right | KeyCode::Char('l') => self.x += 1.0,
-            KeyCode::Left | KeyCode::Char('h') => self.x -= 1.0,
-            KeyCode::Enter => {
-                self.marker = match self.marker {
-                    Marker::Dot => Marker::Braille,
-                    Marker::Braille => Marker::Block,
-                    Marker::Block => Marker::HalfBlock,
-                    Marker::HalfBlock => Marker::Bar,
-                    Marker::Bar => Marker::Dot,
-                };
-            }
+            KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.exit = true,
+            KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.y += 1.0,
+            KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.y -= 1.0,
+            KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.x += 1.0,
+            KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.x -= 1.0,
+            KeyCode::Enter => self.cycle_marker(),
             _ => {}
         }
     }
@@ -132,6 +117,16 @@ impl App {
         }
     }
 
+    const fn cycle_marker(&mut self) {
+        self.marker = match self.marker {
+            Marker::Dot => Marker::Braille,
+            Marker::Braille => Marker::Block,
+            Marker::Block => Marker::HalfBlock,
+            Marker::HalfBlock => Marker::Bar,
+            Marker::Bar => Marker::Dot,
+        };
+    }
+
     fn on_tick(&mut self) {
         // bounce the ball by flipping the velocity vector
         let ball = &self.ball;
@@ -150,7 +145,7 @@ impl App {
         self.ball.y += self.vy;
     }
 
-    fn draw(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
+    fn render(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
         let header = Text::from_iter([
             "Canvas Example".bold(),
             "<q> Quit | <enter> Change Marker | <hjkl> Move".into(),
@@ -158,16 +153,15 @@ impl App {
 
         let vertical = Layout::vertical([
             Constraint::Length(header.height() as u16),
-            Constraint::Percentage(50),
-            Constraint::Percentage(50),
+            Constraint::Fill(1),
+            Constraint::Fill(1),
         ]);
-        let [text_area, up, down] = vertical.areas(frame.area());
+        let [text_area, up, down] = frame.area().layout(&vertical);
         frame.render_widget(header.centered(), text_area);
 
-        let horizontal =
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]);
-        let [draw, pong] = horizontal.areas(up);
-        let [map, boxes] = horizontal.areas(down);
+        let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Fill(1); 2]);
+        let [draw, pong] = up.layout(&horizontal);
+        let [map, boxes] = down.layout(&horizontal);
 
         frame.render_widget(self.map_canvas(), map);
         frame.render_widget(self.draw_canvas(draw), draw);

examples/apps/chart/src/main.rs

@@ -11,22 +11,17 @@
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use ratatui::{
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
-    symbols::{self, Marker},
-    text::{Line, Span},
-    widgets::{Axis, Block, Chart, Dataset, GraphType, LegendPosition},
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode};
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::symbols::{self, Marker};
+use ratatui::text::{Line, Span};
+use ratatui::widgets::{Axis, Block, Chart, Dataset, GraphType, LegendPosition};
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, Frame};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::new().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| App::new().run(terminal))
 }
 
 struct App {
@@ -80,23 +75,23 @@ impl App {
         }
     }
 
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
         let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
         loop {
-            terminal.draw(|frame| self.draw(frame))?;
+            terminal.draw(|frame| self.render(frame))?;
 
             let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
-            if event::poll(timeout)? {
-                if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                    if key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                        return Ok(());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            if !event::poll(timeout)? {
                 self.on_tick();
                 last_tick = Instant::now();
+                continue;
+            }
+            if event::read()?
+                .as_key_press_event()
+                .is_some_and(|key| key.code == KeyCode::Char('q'))
+            {
+                return Ok(());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -112,11 +107,12 @@ impl App {
         self.window[1] += 1.0;
     }
 
-    fn draw(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
-        let [top, bottom] = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Fill(1); 2]).areas(frame.area());
-        let [animated_chart, bar_chart] =
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Fill(1), Constraint::Length(29)]).areas(top);
-        let [line_chart, scatter] = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Fill(1); 2]).areas(bottom);
+    fn render(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
+        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Fill(1); 2]);
+        let [top, bottom] = frame.area().layout(&vertical);
+        let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Fill(1), Constraint::Length(29)]);
+        let [animated_chart, bar_chart] = top.layout(&horizontal);
+        let [line_chart, scatter] = bottom.layout(&Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Fill(1); 2]));
 
         self.render_animated_chart(frame, animated_chart);
         render_barchart(frame, bar_chart);
@@ -130,7 +126,7 @@ impl App {
                 format!("{}", self.window[0]),
                 Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
             ),
-            Span::raw(format!("{}", (self.window[0] + self.window[1]) / 2.0)),
+            Span::raw(format!("{}", f64::midpoint(self.window[0], self.window[1]))),
             Span::styled(
                 format!("{}", self.window[1]),
                 Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
@@ -210,12 +206,14 @@ fn render_barchart(frame: &mut Frame, bar_chart: Rect) {
 }
 
 fn render_line_chart(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
-    let datasets = vec![Dataset::default()
-        .name("Line from only 2 points".italic())
-        .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
-        .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
-        .graph_type(GraphType::Line)
-        .data(&[(1., 1.), (4., 4.)])];
+    let datasets = vec![
+        Dataset::default()
+            .name("Line from only 2 points".italic())
+            .marker(symbols::Marker::Braille)
+            .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))
+            .graph_type(GraphType::Line)
+            .data(&[(1., 1.), (4., 4.)]),
+    ];
 
     let chart = Chart::new(datasets)
         .block(Block::bordered().title(Line::from("Line chart").cyan().bold().centered()))

examples/apps/color-explorer/src/main.rs

@@ -9,46 +9,37 @@
 //! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
+use crossterm::event;
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use ratatui::Frame;
+use ratatui::layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
-}
-
-fn run(mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(draw)?;
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(render)?;
+            if event::read()?.is_key_press() {
                 return Ok(());
             }
         }
-    }
+    })
 }
 
-fn draw(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let layout = Layout::vertical([
+fn render(frame: &mut Frame) {
+    let [named, indexed_colors, indexed_greys] = Layout::vertical([
         Constraint::Length(30),
         Constraint::Length(17),
         Constraint::Length(2),
     ])
-    .split(frame.area());
+    .areas(frame.area());
 
-    render_named_colors(frame, layout[0]);
-    render_indexed_colors(frame, layout[1]);
-    render_indexed_grayscale(frame, layout[2]);
+    render_named_colors(frame, named);
+    render_indexed_colors(frame, indexed_colors);
+    render_indexed_grayscale(frame, indexed_greys);
 }
 
 const NAMED_COLORS: [Color; 16] = [
@@ -91,12 +82,12 @@ fn render_fg_named_colors(frame: &mut Frame, bg: Color, area: Rect) {
     let inner = block.inner(area);
     frame.render_widget(block, area);
 
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1); 2]).split(inner);
-    let areas = vertical.iter().flat_map(|area| {
-        Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 8); 8])
-            .split(*area)
-            .to_vec()
-    });
+    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1); 2]);
+    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 8); 8]);
+    let areas = inner
+        .layout_vec(&vertical)
+        .into_iter()
+        .flat_map(|area| area.layout_vec(&horizontal));
     for (fg, area) in NAMED_COLORS.into_iter().zip(areas) {
         let color_name = fg.to_string();
         let paragraph = Paragraph::new(color_name).fg(fg).bg(bg);
@@ -109,12 +100,12 @@ fn render_bg_named_colors(frame: &mut Frame, fg: Color, area: Rect) {
     let inner = block.inner(area);
     frame.render_widget(block, area);
 
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1); 2]).split(inner);
-    let areas = vertical.iter().flat_map(|area| {
-        Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 8); 8])
-            .split(*area)
-            .to_vec()
-    });
+    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1); 2]);
+    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 8); 8]);
+    let areas = inner
+        .layout_vec(&vertical)
+        .into_iter()
+        .flat_map(|area| area.layout_vec(&horizontal));
     for (bg, area) in NAMED_COLORS.into_iter().zip(areas) {
         let color_name = bg.to_string();
         let paragraph = Paragraph::new(color_name).fg(fg).bg(bg);
@@ -206,7 +197,7 @@ fn title_block(title: String) -> Block<'static> {
         .borders(Borders::TOP)
         .title_alignment(Alignment::Center)
         .border_style(Style::new().dark_gray())
-        .title_style(Style::new().reset())
+        .title_style(Style::reset())
         .title(title)
 }
 

examples/apps/colors-rgb/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 [package]
 name = "colors-rgb"
-version = "0.1.0"
 publish = false
 license.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
@@ -8,6 +7,7 @@ rust-version.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 color-eyre.workspace = true
+crossterm.workspace = true
 palette = "0.7.6"
 ratatui.workspace = true
 

examples/apps/colors-rgb/src/main.rs

@@ -19,23 +19,19 @@
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use palette::{convert::FromColorUnclamped, Okhsv, Srgb};
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Position, Rect},
-    style::Color,
-    text::Text,
-    widgets::Widget,
-    DefaultTerminal,
-};
+use crossterm::event;
+use palette::convert::FromColorUnclamped;
+use palette::{Okhsv, Srgb};
+use ratatui::DefaultTerminal;
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Position, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::Color;
+use ratatui::text::Text;
+use ratatui::widgets::Widget;
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::default().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| App::default().run(terminal))
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -92,7 +88,7 @@ impl App {
     /// Run the app
     ///
     /// This is the main event loop for the app.
-    pub fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         while self.is_running() {
             terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(&mut self, frame.area()))?;
             self.handle_events()?;
@@ -105,19 +101,16 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     /// Handle any events that have occurred since the last time the app was rendered.
-    ///
-    /// Currently, this only handles the q key to quit the app.
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         // Ensure that the app only blocks for a period that allows the app to render at
         // approximately 60 FPS (this doesn't account for the time to render the frame, and will
         // also update the app immediately any time an event occurs)
         let timeout = Duration::from_secs_f32(1.0 / 60.0);
-        if event::poll(timeout)? {
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                    self.state = AppState::Quit;
-                };
-            }
+        if !event::poll(timeout)? {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        if event::read()?.is_key_press() {
+            self.state = AppState::Quit;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -131,8 +124,8 @@ impl App {
 impl Widget for &mut App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         use Constraint::{Length, Min};
-        let [top, colors] = Layout::vertical([Length(1), Min(0)]).areas(area);
-        let [title, fps] = Layout::horizontal([Min(0), Length(8)]).areas(top);
+        let [top, colors] = area.layout(&Layout::vertical([Length(1), Min(0)]));
+        let [title, fps] = top.layout(&Layout::horizontal([Min(0), Length(8)]));
         Text::from("colors_rgb example. Press q to quit")
             .centered()
             .render(title, buf);
@@ -175,7 +168,7 @@ impl FpsWidget {
     /// This updates the fps once a second, but only if the widget has rendered at least 2 frames
     /// since the last calculation. This avoids noise in the fps calculation when rendering on slow
     /// machines that can't render at least 2 frames per second.
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
+    #[expect(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
     fn calculate_fps(&mut self) {
         self.frame_count += 1;
         let elapsed = self.last_instant.elapsed();
@@ -217,7 +210,7 @@ impl ColorsWidget {
     ///
     /// This is called once per frame to setup the colors to render. It caches the colors so that
     /// they don't need to be recalculated every frame.
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
+    #[expect(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
     fn setup_colors(&mut self, size: Rect) {
         let Rect { width, height, .. } = size;
         // double the height because each screen row has two rows of half block pixels

examples/apps/constraint-explorer/src/main.rs

@@ -9,31 +9,22 @@
 ///
 /// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 use color_eyre::Result;
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{
-        Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
-        Flex, Layout, Rect,
-    },
-    style::{
-        palette::tailwind::{BLUE, SKY, SLATE, STONE},
-        Color, Style, Stylize,
-    },
-    symbols::{self, line},
-    text::{Line, Span, Text},
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Widget, Wrap},
-    DefaultTerminal,
-};
+use ratatui::DefaultTerminal;
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio};
+use ratatui::layout::{Flex, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::palette::tailwind::{BLUE, SKY, SLATE, STONE};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::symbols::{self, line};
+use ratatui::text::{Line, Span, Text};
+use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Widget, Wrap};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::default().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| App::default().run(terminal))
 }
 
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -88,7 +79,7 @@ struct SpacerBlock;
 
 // App behaviour
 impl App {
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         self.insert_test_defaults();
 
         while self.is_running() {
@@ -113,8 +104,8 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        match event::read()? {
-            Event::Key(key) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match key.code {
+        if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
+            match key.code {
                 KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.exit(),
                 KeyCode::Char('1') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Min),
                 KeyCode::Char('2') => self.swap_constraint(ConstraintName::Max),
@@ -131,8 +122,7 @@ impl App {
                 KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.prev_block(),
                 KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next_block(),
                 _ => {}
-            },
-            _ => {}
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -148,7 +138,7 @@ impl App {
             | Constraint::Fill(v)
             | Constraint::Percentage(v) => *v = v.saturating_add(1),
             Constraint::Ratio(_n, d) => *d = d.saturating_add(1),
-        };
+        }
     }
 
     fn decrement_value(&mut self) {
@@ -162,7 +152,7 @@ impl App {
             | Constraint::Fill(v)
             | Constraint::Percentage(v) => *v = v.saturating_sub(1),
             Constraint::Ratio(_n, d) => *d = d.saturating_sub(1),
-        };
+        }
     }
 
     /// select the next block with wrap around
@@ -203,15 +193,15 @@ impl App {
         self.selected_index = index;
     }
 
-    fn increment_spacing(&mut self) {
+    const fn increment_spacing(&mut self) {
         self.spacing = self.spacing.saturating_add(1);
     }
 
-    fn decrement_spacing(&mut self) {
+    const fn decrement_spacing(&mut self) {
         self.spacing = self.spacing.saturating_sub(1);
     }
 
-    fn exit(&mut self) {
+    const fn exit(&mut self) {
         self.mode = AppMode::Quit;
     }
 
@@ -246,15 +236,19 @@ impl From<Constraint> for ConstraintName {
 
 impl Widget for &App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [header_area, instructions_area, swap_legend_area, _, blocks_area] =
-            Layout::vertical([
-                Length(2), // header
-                Length(2), // instructions
-                Length(1), // swap key legend
-                Length(1), // gap
-                Fill(1),   // blocks
-            ])
-            .areas(area);
+        let [
+            header_area,
+            instructions_area,
+            swap_legend_area,
+            _,
+            blocks_area,
+        ] = area.layout(&Layout::vertical([
+            Length(2), // header
+            Length(2), // instructions
+            Length(1), // swap key legend
+            Length(1), // gap
+            Fill(1),   // blocks
+        ]));
 
         App::header().render(header_area, buf);
         App::instructions().render(instructions_area, buf);
@@ -283,7 +277,7 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn swap_legend() -> impl Widget {
-        #[allow(unstable_name_collisions)]
+        #[expect(unstable_name_collisions)]
         Paragraph::new(
             Line::from(
                 [
@@ -324,20 +318,26 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn render_layout_blocks(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [user_constraints, area] = Layout::vertical([Length(3), Fill(1)])
-            .spacing(1)
-            .areas(area);
+        let main_layout = Layout::vertical([Length(3), Fill(1)]).spacing(1);
+        let [user_constraints, area] = area.layout(&main_layout);
 
         self.render_user_constraints_legend(user_constraints, buf);
 
-        let [start, center, end, space_around, space_between] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(7); 5]).areas(area);
+        let [
+            start,
+            center,
+            end,
+            space_between,
+            space_around,
+            space_evenly,
+        ] = area.layout(&Layout::vertical([Length(7); 6]));
 
         self.render_layout_block(Flex::Start, start, buf);
         self.render_layout_block(Flex::Center, center, buf);
         self.render_layout_block(Flex::End, end, buf);
-        self.render_layout_block(Flex::SpaceAround, space_around, buf);
         self.render_layout_block(Flex::SpaceBetween, space_between, buf);
+        self.render_layout_block(Flex::SpaceAround, space_around, buf);
+        self.render_layout_block(Flex::SpaceEvenly, space_evenly, buf);
     }
 
     fn render_user_constraints_legend(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
@@ -351,8 +351,8 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn render_layout_block(&self, flex: Flex, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [label_area, axis_area, blocks_area] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(1), Max(1), Length(4)]).areas(area);
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(1), Max(1), Length(4)]);
+        let [label_area, axis_area, blocks_area] = area.layout(&layout);
 
         if label_area.height > 0 {
             format!("Flex::{flex:?}").bold().render(label_area, buf);
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ impl ConstraintBlock {
             } else {
                 main_color
             };
-            if let Some(last_row) = area.rows().last() {
+            if let Some(last_row) = area.rows().next_back() {
                 buf.set_style(last_row, border_color);
             }
         }

examples/apps/constraints/src/main.rs

@@ -6,22 +6,18 @@
 ///
 /// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{
-        Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
-        Layout, Rect,
-    },
-    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
-    symbols,
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::{
-        Block, Padding, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState, StatefulWidget,
-        Tabs, Widget,
-    },
-    DefaultTerminal,
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode};
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio};
+use ratatui::layout::{Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::palette::tailwind;
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::widgets::{
+    Block, Padding, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState, StatefulWidget,
+    Tabs, Widget,
 };
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, symbols};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
 const SPACER_HEIGHT: u16 = 0;
@@ -40,10 +36,7 @@ const FILL_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c950;
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::default().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| App::default().run(terminal))
 }
 
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -76,7 +69,7 @@ enum AppState {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         self.update_max_scroll_offset();
         while self.is_running() {
             terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(self, frame.area()))?;
@@ -85,7 +78,7 @@ impl App {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn update_max_scroll_offset(&mut self) {
+    const fn update_max_scroll_offset(&mut self) {
         self.max_scroll_offset = (self.selected_tab.get_example_count() - 1) * EXAMPLE_HEIGHT;
     }
 
@@ -94,10 +87,7 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.kind != KeyEventKind::Press {
-                return Ok(());
-            }
+        if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
             match key.code {
                 KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
                 KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next(),
@@ -112,7 +102,7 @@ impl App {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn quit(&mut self) {
+    const fn quit(&mut self) {
         self.state = AppState::Quit;
     }
 
@@ -128,7 +118,7 @@ impl App {
         self.scroll_offset = 0;
     }
 
-    fn up(&mut self) {
+    const fn up(&mut self) {
         self.scroll_offset = self.scroll_offset.saturating_sub(1);
     }
 
@@ -139,18 +129,18 @@ impl App {
             .min(self.max_scroll_offset);
     }
 
-    fn top(&mut self) {
+    const fn top(&mut self) {
         self.scroll_offset = 0;
     }
 
-    fn bottom(&mut self) {
+    const fn bottom(&mut self) {
         self.scroll_offset = self.max_scroll_offset;
     }
 }
 
 impl Widget for App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [tabs, axis, demo] = Layout::vertical([Length(3), Length(3), Fill(0)]).areas(area);
+        let [tabs, axis, demo] = area.layout(&Layout::vertical([Length(3), Length(3), Fill(0)]));
 
         self.render_tabs(tabs, buf);
         Self::render_axis(axis, buf);
@@ -196,7 +186,7 @@ impl App {
     ///
     /// This function renders the demo content into a separate buffer and then splices the buffer
     /// into the main buffer. This is done to make it possible to handle scrolling easily.
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+    #[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     fn render_demo(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         // render demo content into a separate buffer so all examples fit we add an extra
         // area.height to make sure the last example is fully visible even when the scroll offset is
@@ -251,7 +241,7 @@ impl SelectedTab {
     }
 
     const fn get_example_count(self) -> u16 {
-        #[allow(clippy::match_same_arms)]
+        #[expect(clippy::match_same_arms)]
         match self {
             Self::Length => 4,
             Self::Percentage => 5,
@@ -291,8 +281,8 @@ impl Widget for SelectedTab {
 
 impl SelectedTab {
     fn render_length_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [example1, example2, example3, _] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 4]).areas(area);
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 4]);
+        let [example1, example2, example3, _] = area.layout(&layout);
 
         Example::new(&[Length(20), Length(20)]).render(example1, buf);
         Example::new(&[Length(20), Min(20)]).render(example2, buf);
@@ -300,8 +290,8 @@ impl SelectedTab {
     }
 
     fn render_percentage_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]).areas(area);
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]);
+        let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] = area.layout(&layout);
 
         Example::new(&[Percentage(75), Fill(0)]).render(example1, buf);
         Example::new(&[Percentage(25), Fill(0)]).render(example2, buf);
@@ -311,8 +301,8 @@ impl SelectedTab {
     }
 
     fn render_ratio_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [example1, example2, example3, example4, _] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 5]).areas(area);
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 5]);
+        let [example1, example2, example3, example4, _] = area.layout(&layout);
 
         Example::new(&[Ratio(1, 2); 2]).render(example1, buf);
         Example::new(&[Ratio(1, 4); 4]).render(example2, buf);
@@ -321,15 +311,15 @@ impl SelectedTab {
     }
 
     fn render_fill_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [example1, example2, _] = Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 3]).areas(area);
+        let [example1, example2, _] = area.layout(&Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 3]));
 
         Example::new(&[Fill(1), Fill(2), Fill(3)]).render(example1, buf);
         Example::new(&[Fill(1), Percentage(50), Fill(1)]).render(example2, buf);
     }
 
     fn render_min_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]).areas(area);
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]);
+        let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] = area.layout(&layout);
 
         Example::new(&[Percentage(100), Min(0)]).render(example1, buf);
         Example::new(&[Percentage(100), Min(20)]).render(example2, buf);
@@ -339,8 +329,8 @@ impl SelectedTab {
     }
 
     fn render_max_example(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]).areas(area);
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(EXAMPLE_HEIGHT); 6]);
+        let [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, _] = area.layout(&layout);
 
         Example::new(&[Percentage(0), Max(0)]).render(example1, buf);
         Example::new(&[Percentage(0), Max(20)]).render(example2, buf);
@@ -364,9 +354,10 @@ impl Example {
 
 impl Widget for Example {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [area, _] =
-            Layout::vertical([Length(ILLUSTRATION_HEIGHT), Length(SPACER_HEIGHT)]).areas(area);
-        let blocks = Layout::horizontal(&self.constraints).split(area);
+        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Length(ILLUSTRATION_HEIGHT), Length(SPACER_HEIGHT)]);
+        let horizontal = Layout::horizontal(&self.constraints);
+        let [area, _] = area.layout(&vertical);
+        let blocks = area.layout_vec(&horizontal);
 
         for (block, constraint) in blocks.iter().zip(&self.constraints) {
             Self::illustration(*constraint, block.width).render(*block, buf);

examples/apps/custom-widget/src/main.rs

@@ -9,21 +9,17 @@
 use std::{io::stdout, ops::ControlFlow, time::Duration};
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    crossterm::{
-        event::{
-            self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, MouseButton, MouseEvent,
-            MouseEventKind,
-        },
-        execute,
-    },
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Style},
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::{Paragraph, Widget},
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
+use crossterm::event::{
+    self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, MouseButton,
+    MouseEvent, MouseEventKind,
 };
+use crossterm::execute;
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Flex, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Style};
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::widgets::{Paragraph, Widget};
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, Frame};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
@@ -103,7 +99,7 @@ impl<'a> Button<'a> {
 }
 
 impl Widget for Button<'_> {
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+    #[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let (background, text, shadow, highlight) = self.colors();
         buf.set_style(area, Style::new().bg(background).fg(text));
@@ -151,15 +147,12 @@ fn run(mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
     let mut selected_button: usize = 0;
     let mut button_states = [State::Selected, State::Normal, State::Normal];
     loop {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| draw(frame, button_states))?;
+        terminal.draw(|frame| render(frame, button_states))?;
         if !event::poll(Duration::from_millis(100))? {
             continue;
         }
         match event::read()? {
             Event::Key(key) => {
-                if key.kind != event::KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    continue;
-                }
                 if handle_key_event(key, &mut button_states, &mut selected_button).is_break() {
                     break;
                 }
@@ -173,14 +166,14 @@ fn run(mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn draw(frame: &mut Frame, states: [State; 3]) {
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([
+fn render(frame: &mut Frame, states: [State; 3]) {
+    let layout = Layout::vertical([
         Constraint::Length(1),
         Constraint::Max(3),
         Constraint::Length(1),
         Constraint::Min(0), // ignore remaining space
     ]);
-    let [title, buttons, help, _] = vertical.areas(frame.area());
+    let [title, buttons, help, _] = frame.area().layout(&layout);
 
     frame.render_widget(
         Paragraph::new("Custom Widget Example (mouse enabled)"),
@@ -191,13 +184,8 @@ fn draw(frame: &mut Frame, states: [State; 3]) {
 }
 
 fn render_buttons(frame: &mut Frame<'_>, area: Rect, states: [State; 3]) {
-    let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([
-        Constraint::Length(15),
-        Constraint::Length(15),
-        Constraint::Length(15),
-        Constraint::Min(0), // ignore remaining space
-    ]);
-    let [red, green, blue, _] = horizontal.areas(area);
+    let layout = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(15); 3]).flex(Flex::Start);
+    let [red, green, blue] = area.layout(&layout);
 
     frame.render_widget(Button::new("Red").theme(RED).state(states[0]), red);
     frame.render_widget(Button::new("Green").theme(GREEN).state(states[1]), green);
@@ -205,10 +193,13 @@ fn render_buttons(frame: &mut Frame<'_>, area: Rect, states: [State; 3]) {
 }
 
 fn handle_key_event(
-    key: event::KeyEvent,
+    key: KeyEvent,
     button_states: &mut [State; 3],
     selected_button: &mut usize,
 ) -> ControlFlow<()> {
+    if !key.is_press() {
+        return ControlFlow::Continue(());
+    }
     match key.code {
         KeyCode::Char('q') => return ControlFlow::Break(()),
         KeyCode::Left | KeyCode::Char('h') => {

examples/apps/demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -7,11 +7,16 @@ rust-version.workspace = true
 
 [features]
 default = ["crossterm"]
-crossterm = ["ratatui/crossterm"]
-termion = ["ratatui/termion"]
-termwiz = ["ratatui/termwiz"]
+crossterm = ["ratatui/crossterm", "dep:crossterm"]
+termion = ["ratatui/termion", "dep:termion"]
+termwiz = ["ratatui/termwiz", "dep:termwiz"]
 
 [dependencies]
-clap = { version = "4.5.27", features = ["derive"] }
-rand = "0.9.0"
+clap = { version = "4.5.41", features = ["derive"] }
+crossterm = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+rand = "0.9.2"
 ratatui.workspace = true
+termwiz = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+
+[target.'cfg(not(windows))'.dependencies]
+termion = { workspace = true, optional = true }

examples/apps/demo/src/app.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-use rand::{
-    distr::{Distribution, Uniform},
-    rngs::ThreadRng,
-};
+use rand::distr::{Distribution, Uniform};
+use rand::rngs::ThreadRng;
 use ratatui::widgets::ListState;
 
 const TASKS: [&str; 24] = [

examples/apps/demo/src/crossterm.rs

@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    io,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::io;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend},
-    crossterm::{
-        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-        execute,
-        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    },
-    Terminal,
+use crossterm::event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, KeyCode};
+use crossterm::execute;
+use crossterm::terminal::{
+    EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen, disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode,
 };
+use ratatui::Terminal;
+use ratatui::backend::{Backend, CrosstermBackend};
 
-use crate::{app::App, ui};
+use crate::app::App;
+use crate::ui;
 
 pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     // setup terminal
@@ -48,29 +45,29 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
     mut app: App,
     tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
+) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>
+where
+    B::Error: 'static,
+{
     let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
     loop {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| ui::draw(frame, &mut app))?;
+        terminal.draw(|frame| ui::render(frame, &mut app))?;
 
         let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
-        if event::poll(timeout)? {
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    match key.code {
-                        KeyCode::Left | KeyCode::Char('h') => app.on_left(),
-                        KeyCode::Up | KeyCode::Char('k') => app.on_up(),
-                        KeyCode::Right | KeyCode::Char('l') => app.on_right(),
-                        KeyCode::Down | KeyCode::Char('j') => app.on_down(),
-                        KeyCode::Char(c) => app.on_key(c),
-                        _ => {}
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+        if !event::poll(timeout)? {
             app.on_tick();
             last_tick = Instant::now();
+            continue;
+        }
+        if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
+            match key.code {
+                KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => app.on_left(),
+                KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => app.on_down(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => app.on_up(),
+                KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => app.on_right(),
+                KeyCode::Char(c) => app.on_key(c),
+                _ => {}
+            }
         }
         if app.should_quit {
             return Ok(());

examples/apps/demo/src/main.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use std::{error::Error, time::Duration};
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
 use clap::Parser;
 

examples/apps/demo/src/termion.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 #![allow(dead_code)]
-use std::{error::Error, io, sync::mpsc, thread, time::Duration};
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::sync::mpsc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use std::{io, thread};
 
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::{Backend, TermionBackend},
-    termion::{
-        event::Key,
-        input::{MouseTerminal, TermRead},
-        raw::IntoRawMode,
-        screen::IntoAlternateScreen,
-    },
-    Terminal,
-};
+use ratatui::Terminal;
+use ratatui::backend::{Backend, TermionBackend};
+use termion::event::Key;
+use termion::input::{MouseTerminal, TermRead};
+use termion::raw::IntoRawMode;
+use termion::screen::IntoAlternateScreen;
 
-use crate::{app::App, ui};
+use crate::app::App;
+use crate::ui;
 
 pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     // setup terminal
@@ -36,10 +36,13 @@ fn run_app<B: Backend>(
     terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
     mut app: App,
     tick_rate: Duration,
-) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>
+where
+    B::Error: 'static,
+{
     let events = events(tick_rate);
     loop {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| ui::draw(frame, &mut app))?;
+        terminal.draw(|frame| ui::render(frame, &mut app))?;
 
         match events.recv()? {
             Event::Input(key) => match key {
@@ -75,12 +78,14 @@ fn events(tick_rate: Duration) -> mpsc::Receiver<Event> {
             }
         }
     });
-    thread::spawn(move || loop {
-        if let Err(err) = tx.send(Event::Tick) {
-            eprintln!("{err}");
-            break;
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        loop {
+            if let Err(err) = tx.send(Event::Tick) {
+                eprintln!("{err}");
+                break;
+            }
+            thread::sleep(tick_rate);
         }
-        thread::sleep(tick_rate);
     });
     rx
 }

examples/apps/demo/src/termwiz.rs

@@ -1,19 +1,14 @@
 #![allow(dead_code)]
-use std::{
-    error::Error,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::TermwizBackend,
-    termwiz::{
-        input::{InputEvent, KeyCode},
-        terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal,
-    },
-    Terminal,
-};
+use ratatui::Terminal;
+use ratatui::backend::TermwizBackend;
+use termwiz::input::{InputEvent, KeyCode};
+use termwiz::terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal;
 
-use crate::{app::App, ui};
+use crate::app::App;
+use crate::ui;
 
 pub fn run(tick_rate: Duration, enhanced_graphics: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     let backend = TermwizBackend::new()?;
@@ -41,7 +36,7 @@ fn run_app(
 ) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
     loop {
-        terminal.draw(|frame| ui::draw(frame, &mut app))?;
+        terminal.draw(|frame| ui::render(frame, &mut app))?;
 
         let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
         if let Some(input) = terminal

examples/apps/demo/src/ui.rs

@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
-use ratatui::{
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    symbols,
-    text::{self, Span},
-    widgets::{
-        canvas::{self, Canvas, Circle, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle},
-        Axis, BarChart, Block, Cell, Chart, Dataset, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem, Paragraph,
-        Row, Sparkline, Table, Tabs, Wrap,
-    },
-    Frame,
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+use ratatui::text::{self, Span};
+use ratatui::widgets::canvas::{self, Canvas, Circle, Map, MapResolution, Rectangle};
+use ratatui::widgets::{
+    Axis, BarChart, Block, Cell, Chart, Dataset, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem, Paragraph, Row,
+    Sparkline, Table, Tabs, Wrap,
 };
+use ratatui::{Frame, symbols};
 
 use crate::app::App;
 
-pub fn draw(frame: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
+pub fn render(frame: &mut Frame, app: &mut App) {
     let chunks = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)]).split(frame.area());
     let tabs = app
         .tabs
@@ -98,7 +95,7 @@ fn draw_gauges(frame: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     frame.render_widget(line_gauge, chunks[2]);
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
+#[expect(clippy::too_many_lines)]
 fn draw_charts(frame: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
     let constraints = if app.show_chart {
         vec![Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)]
@@ -238,7 +235,9 @@ fn draw_charts(frame: &mut Frame, app: &mut App, area: Rect) {
 
 fn draw_text(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
     let text = vec![
-        text::Line::from("This is a paragraph with several lines. You can change style your text the way you want"),
+        text::Line::from(
+            "This is a paragraph with several lines. You can change style your text the way you want",
+        ),
         text::Line::from(""),
         text::Line::from(vec![
             Span::from("For example: "),
@@ -253,16 +252,17 @@ fn draw_text(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
             Span::raw("Oh and if you didn't "),
             Span::styled("notice", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::ITALIC)),
             Span::raw(" you can "),
-            Span::styled("automatically", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),
+            Span::styled(
+                "automatically",
+                Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD),
+            ),
             Span::raw(" "),
             Span::styled("wrap", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::REVERSED)),
             Span::raw(" your "),
             Span::styled("text", Style::default().add_modifier(Modifier::UNDERLINED)),
-            Span::raw(".")
+            Span::raw("."),
         ]),
-        text::Line::from(
-            "One more thing is that it should display unicode characters: 10€"
-        ),
+        text::Line::from("One more thing is that it should display unicode characters: 10€"),
     ];
     let block = Block::bordered().title(Span::styled(
         "Footer",

examples/apps/demo2/Cargo.toml

@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ edition.workspace = true
 rust-version.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
-color-eyre = "0.6.3"
+color-eyre = "0.6.5"
 crossterm.workspace = true
 indoc.workspace = true
 itertools.workspace = true
 palette = "0.7.6"
-rand = "0.9.0"
+rand = "0.9.2"
 rand_chacha = "0.9.0"
 ratatui = { workspace = true, features = ["all-widgets"] }
 strum.workspace = true
-time = "0.3.37"
+time = "0.3.39"
 unicode-width = "0.2.0"

examples/apps/demo2/src/app.rs

@@ -1,24 +1,19 @@
 use std::time::Duration;
 
-use color_eyre::{eyre::Context, Result};
-use crossterm::event;
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use color_eyre::eyre::Context;
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    crossterm::event::{Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
-    style::Color,
-    text::{Line, Span},
-    widgets::{Block, Tabs, Widget},
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::Color;
+use ratatui::text::{Line, Span};
+use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Tabs, Widget};
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, Frame};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
-use crate::{
-    destroy,
-    tabs::{AboutTab, EmailTab, RecipeTab, TracerouteTab, WeatherTab},
-    THEME,
-};
+use crate::tabs::{AboutTab, EmailTab, RecipeTab, TracerouteTab, WeatherTab};
+use crate::{THEME, destroy};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct App {
@@ -54,7 +49,7 @@ impl App {
     pub fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         while self.is_running() {
             terminal
-                .draw(|frame| self.draw(frame))
+                .draw(|frame| self.render(frame))
                 .wrap_err("terminal.draw")?;
             self.handle_events()?;
         }
@@ -65,8 +60,8 @@ impl App {
         self.mode != Mode::Quit
     }
 
-    /// Draw a single frame of the app.
-    fn draw(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
+    /// Render a single frame of the app.
+    fn render(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
         frame.render_widget(self, frame.area());
         if self.mode == Mode::Destroy {
             destroy::destroy(frame);
@@ -82,25 +77,20 @@ impl App {
         if !event::poll(timeout)? {
             return Ok(());
         }
-        match event::read()? {
-            Event::Key(key) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => self.handle_key_press(key),
-            _ => {}
+        if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
+            match key.code {
+                KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.mode = Mode::Quit,
+                KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.prev_tab(),
+                KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right | KeyCode::Tab => self.next_tab(),
+                KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.prev(),
+                KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.next(),
+                KeyCode::Char('d') | KeyCode::Delete => self.destroy(),
+                _ => {}
+            };
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn handle_key_press(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) {
-        match key.code {
-            KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.mode = Mode::Quit,
-            KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.prev_tab(),
-            KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next_tab(),
-            KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.prev(),
-            KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.next(),
-            KeyCode::Char('d') | KeyCode::Delete => self.destroy(),
-            _ => {}
-        };
-    }
-
     fn prev(&mut self) {
         match self.tab {
             Tab::About => self.about_tab.prev_row(),
@@ -139,12 +129,12 @@ impl App {
 /// matter, but for larger apps this can be a significant performance improvement.
 impl Widget for &App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([
             Constraint::Length(1),
             Constraint::Min(0),
             Constraint::Length(1),
         ]);
-        let [title_bar, tab, bottom_bar] = vertical.areas(area);
+        let [title_bar, tab, bottom_bar] = area.layout(&layout);
 
         Block::new().style(THEME.root).render(area, buf);
         self.render_title_bar(title_bar, buf);
@@ -156,7 +146,7 @@ impl Widget for &App {
 impl App {
     fn render_title_bar(&self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let layout = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Min(0), Constraint::Length(43)]);
-        let [title, tabs] = layout.areas(area);
+        let [title, tabs] = area.layout(&layout);
 
         Span::styled("Ratatui", THEME.app_title).render(title, buf);
         let titles = Tab::iter().map(Tab::title);

examples/apps/demo2/src/colors.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 use palette::{IntoColor, Okhsv, Srgb};
-use ratatui::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, style::Color, widgets::Widget};
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui::style::Color;
+use ratatui::widgets::Widget;
 
 /// A widget that renders a color swatch of RGB colors.
 ///
@@ -9,7 +12,7 @@ use ratatui::{buffer::Buffer, layout::Rect, style::Color, widgets::Widget};
 pub struct RgbSwatch;
 
 impl Widget for RgbSwatch {
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss, clippy::similar_names)]
+    #[expect(clippy::cast_precision_loss, clippy::similar_names)]
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         for (yi, y) in (area.top()..area.bottom()).enumerate() {
             let value = f32::from(area.height) - yi as f32;

examples/apps/demo2/src/destroy.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 use rand::Rng;
 use rand_chacha::rand_core::SeedableRng;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::{Flex, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Style},
-    text::Text,
-    widgets::Widget,
-    Frame,
-};
+use ratatui::Frame;
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Flex, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Style};
+use ratatui::text::Text;
+use ratatui::widgets::Widget;
 
 /// delay the start of the animation so it doesn't start immediately
 const DELAY: usize = 120;
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ pub fn destroy(frame: &mut Frame<'_>) {
 ///
 /// Each pick some random pixels and move them each down one row. This is a very inefficient way to
 /// do this, but it works well enough for this demo.
-#[allow(
+#[expect(
     clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
     clippy::cast_precision_loss,
     clippy::cast_sign_loss
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ fn drip(frame_count: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
 }
 
 /// draw some text fading in and out from black to red and back
-#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation, clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
+#[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation, clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
 fn text(frame_count: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let sub_frame = frame_count.saturating_sub(TEXT_DELAY);
     if sub_frame == 0 {
@@ -128,7 +126,7 @@ fn blend(mask_color: Color, cell_color: Color, percentage: f64) -> Color {
     let green = f64::from(mask_green).mul_add(percentage, f64::from(cell_green) * remain);
     let blue = f64::from(mask_blue).mul_add(percentage, f64::from(cell_blue) * remain);
 
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation, clippy::cast_sign_loss)]
+    #[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation, clippy::cast_sign_loss)]
     Color::Rgb(red as u8, green as u8, blue as u8)
 }
 
@@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ fn blend(mask_color: Color, cell_color: Color, percentage: f64) -> Color {
 fn centered_rect(area: Rect, width: u16, height: u16) -> Rect {
     let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([width]).flex(Flex::Center);
     let vertical = Layout::vertical([height]).flex(Flex::Center);
-    let [area] = vertical.areas(area);
-    let [area] = horizontal.areas(area);
+    let [area] = area.layout(&vertical);
+    let [area] = area.layout(&horizontal);
     area
 }

examples/apps/demo2/src/main.rs

@@ -29,16 +29,13 @@ use std::io::stdout;
 
 use app::App;
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use crossterm::{
-    execute,
-    terminal::{EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
-use ratatui::{layout::Rect, TerminalOptions, Viewport};
+use crossterm::execute;
+use crossterm::terminal::{EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen};
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui::{TerminalOptions, Viewport};
 
-pub use self::{
-    colors::{color_from_oklab, RgbSwatch},
-    theme::THEME,
-};
+pub use self::colors::{RgbSwatch, color_from_oklab};
+pub use self::theme::THEME;
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;

examples/apps/demo2/src/tabs/about.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
-    widgets::{
-        Block, Borders, Clear, MascotEyeColor, Padding, Paragraph, RatatuiMascot, Widget, Wrap,
-    },
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect};
+use ratatui::widgets::{
+    Block, Borders, Clear, MascotEyeColor, Padding, Paragraph, RatatuiMascot, Widget, Wrap,
 };
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
@@ -26,8 +24,8 @@ impl AboutTab {
 impl Widget for AboutTab {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         RgbSwatch.render(area, buf);
-        let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(34), Constraint::Min(0)]);
-        let [logo_area, description] = horizontal.areas(area);
+        let layout = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(34), Constraint::Min(0)]);
+        let [logo_area, description] = area.layout(&layout);
         render_crate_description(description, buf);
         let eye_state = if self.row_index % 2 == 0 {
             MascotEyeColor::Default

examples/apps/demo2/src/tabs/email.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
-    style::{Styled, Stylize},
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::{
-        Block, BorderType, Borders, Clear, List, ListItem, ListState, Padding, Paragraph,
-        Scrollbar, ScrollbarState, StatefulWidget, Tabs, Widget,
-    },
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{Styled, Stylize};
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::widgets::{
+    Block, BorderType, Borders, Clear, List, ListItem, ListState, Padding, Paragraph, Scrollbar,
+    ScrollbarState, StatefulWidget, Tabs, Widget,
 };
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
@@ -73,15 +71,15 @@ impl Widget for EmailTab {
             horizontal: 2,
         });
         Clear.render(area, buf);
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(5), Constraint::Min(0)]);
-        let [inbox, email] = vertical.areas(area);
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(5), Constraint::Min(0)]);
+        let [inbox, email] = area.layout(&layout);
         render_inbox(self.row_index, inbox, buf);
         render_email(self.row_index, email, buf);
     }
 }
 fn render_inbox(selected_index: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Min(0)]);
-    let [tabs, inbox] = vertical.areas(area);
+    let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Min(0)]);
+    let [tabs, inbox] = area.layout(&layout);
     let theme = THEME.email;
     Tabs::new(vec![" Inbox ", " Sent ", " Drafts "])
         .style(theme.tabs)
@@ -132,8 +130,8 @@ fn render_email(selected_index: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let inner = block.inner(area);
     block.render(area, buf);
     if let Some(email) = email {
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)]);
-        let [headers_area, body_area] = vertical.areas(inner);
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(3), Constraint::Min(0)]);
+        let [headers_area, body_area] = inner.layout(&layout);
         let headers = vec![
             Line::from(vec![
                 "From: ".set_style(theme.header),

examples/apps/demo2/src/tabs/recipe.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
-    style::{Style, Stylize},
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::{
-        Block, Clear, Padding, Paragraph, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
-        StatefulWidget, Table, TableState, Widget, Wrap,
-    },
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::widgets::{
+    Block, Clear, Padding, Paragraph, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
+    StatefulWidget, Table, TableState, Widget, Wrap,
 };
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
@@ -19,7 +17,7 @@ struct Ingredient {
 }
 
 impl Ingredient {
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+    #[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     fn height(&self) -> u16 {
         self.name.lines().count() as u16
     }
@@ -137,8 +135,8 @@ impl Widget for RecipeTab {
             horizontal: 2,
             vertical: 1,
         });
-        let [recipe, ingredients] =
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(44), Constraint::Min(0)]).areas(area);
+        let layout = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(44), Constraint::Min(0)]);
+        let [recipe, ingredients] = area.layout(&layout);
 
         render_recipe(recipe, buf);
         render_ingredients(self.row_index, ingredients, buf);

examples/apps/demo2/src/tabs/traceroute.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
-    style::{Styled, Stylize},
-    symbols::Marker,
-    widgets::{
-        canvas::{self, Canvas, Map, MapResolution, Points},
-        Block, BorderType, Clear, Padding, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
-        Sparkline, StatefulWidget, Table, TableState, Widget,
-    },
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{Styled, Stylize};
+use ratatui::symbols::Marker;
+use ratatui::widgets::canvas::{self, Canvas, Map, MapResolution, Points};
+use ratatui::widgets::{
+    Block, BorderType, Clear, Padding, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState,
+    Sparkline, StatefulWidget, Table, TableState, Widget,
 };
 
 use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME};
@@ -41,8 +39,8 @@ impl Widget for TracerouteTab {
         Block::new().style(THEME.content).render(area, buf);
         let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Ratio(1, 2), Constraint::Ratio(1, 2)]);
         let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Min(0), Constraint::Length(3)]);
-        let [left, map] = horizontal.areas(area);
-        let [hops, pings] = vertical.areas(left);
+        let [left, map] = area.layout(&horizontal);
+        let [hops, pings] = left.layout(&vertical);
 
         render_hops(self.row_index, hops, buf);
         render_ping(self.row_index, pings, buf);

examples/apps/demo2/src/tabs/weather.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use palette::Okhsv;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
-    symbols,
-    widgets::{
-        calendar::{CalendarEventStore, Monthly},
-        Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block, Clear, LineGauge, Padding, Widget,
-    },
-};
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Margin, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Style};
+use ratatui::symbols;
+use ratatui::widgets::calendar::{CalendarEventStore, Monthly};
+use ratatui::widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block, Clear, LineGauge, Padding, Widget};
 use time::OffsetDateTime;
 
-use crate::{color_from_oklab, RgbSwatch, THEME};
+use crate::{RgbSwatch, THEME, color_from_oklab};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct WeatherTab {
@@ -45,16 +41,16 @@ impl Widget for WeatherTab {
             horizontal: 2,
             vertical: 1,
         });
-        let [main, _, gauges] = Layout::vertical([
+        let tab_layout = Layout::vertical([
             Constraint::Min(0),
             Constraint::Length(1),
             Constraint::Length(1),
-        ])
-        .areas(area);
-        let [calendar, charts] =
-            Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(23), Constraint::Min(0)]).areas(main);
-        let [simple, horizontal] =
-            Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(29), Constraint::Min(0)]).areas(charts);
+        ]);
+        let [main, _, gauges] = area.layout(&tab_layout);
+        let main_layout = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Length(23), Constraint::Min(0)]);
+        let [calendar, charts] = main.layout(&main_layout);
+        let charts_layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(29), Constraint::Min(0)]);
+        let [simple, horizontal] = charts.layout(&charts_layout);
 
         render_calendar(calendar, buf);
         render_simple_barchart(simple, buf);
@@ -134,14 +130,14 @@ fn render_horizontal_barchart(area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         .render(area, buf);
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
+#[expect(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
 pub fn render_gauge(progress: usize, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     let percent = (progress * 3).min(100) as f64;
 
     render_line_gauge(percent, area, buf);
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+#[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 fn render_line_gauge(percent: f64, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
     // cycle color hue based on the percent for a neat effect yellow -> red
     let hue = 90.0 - (percent as f32 * 0.6);

examples/apps/flex/src/main.rs

@@ -11,37 +11,29 @@
 use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{
-        Alignment,
-        Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio},
-        Flex, Layout, Rect,
-    },
-    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
-    symbols::{self, line},
-    text::{Line, Text},
-    widgets::{
-        Block, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState, StatefulWidget, Tabs,
-        Widget,
-    },
-    DefaultTerminal,
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode};
+use ratatui::DefaultTerminal;
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Constraint::{self, Fill, Length, Max, Min, Percentage, Ratio};
+use ratatui::layout::{Alignment, Flex, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::palette::tailwind;
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::symbols::{self, line};
+use ratatui::text::{Line, Text};
+use ratatui::widgets::{
+    Block, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState, StatefulWidget, Tabs, Widget,
 };
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::default().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| App::default().run(terminal))
 }
 
 const EXAMPLE_DATA: &[(&str, &[Constraint])] = &[
     (
         "Min(u16) takes any excess space always",
-        &[Length(10), Min(10), Max(10), Percentage(10), Ratio(1,10)],
+        &[Length(10), Min(10), Max(10), Percentage(10), Ratio(1, 10)],
     ),
     (
         "Fill(u16) takes any excess space always",
@@ -49,20 +41,18 @@ const EXAMPLE_DATA: &[(&str, &[Constraint])] = &[
     ),
     (
         "Here's all constraints in one line",
-        &[Length(10), Min(10), Max(10), Percentage(10), Ratio(1,10), Fill(1)],
-    ),
-    (
-        "",
-        &[Max(50), Min(50)],
-    ),
-    (
-        "",
-        &[Max(20), Length(10)],
-    ),
-    (
-        "",
-        &[Max(20), Length(10)],
+        &[
+            Length(10),
+            Min(10),
+            Max(10),
+            Percentage(10),
+            Ratio(1, 10),
+            Fill(1),
+        ],
     ),
+    ("", &[Max(50), Min(50)]),
+    ("", &[Max(20), Length(10)]),
+    ("", &[Max(20), Length(10)]),
     (
         "Min grows always but also allows Fill to grow",
         &[Percentage(50), Fill(1), Fill(2), Min(50)],
@@ -72,44 +62,58 @@ const EXAMPLE_DATA: &[(&str, &[Constraint])] = &[
         &[Length(20), Length(20), Percentage(20)],
     ),
     ("", &[Length(20), Percentage(20), Length(20)]),
-    ("A lowest priority constraint will be broken before a high priority constraint", &[Ratio(1,4), Percentage(20)]),
-    ("`Length` is higher priority than `Percentage`", &[Percentage(20), Length(10)]),
-    ("`Min/Max` is higher priority than `Length`", &[Length(10), Max(20)]),
+    (
+        "A lowest priority constraint will be broken before a high priority constraint",
+        &[Ratio(1, 4), Percentage(20)],
+    ),
+    (
+        "`Length` is higher priority than `Percentage`",
+        &[Percentage(20), Length(10)],
+    ),
+    (
+        "`Min/Max` is higher priority than `Length`",
+        &[Length(10), Max(20)],
+    ),
     ("", &[Length(100), Min(20)]),
-    ("`Length` is higher priority than `Min/Max`", &[Max(20), Length(10)]),
+    (
+        "`Length` is higher priority than `Min/Max`",
+        &[Max(20), Length(10)],
+    ),
     ("", &[Min(20), Length(90)]),
-    ("Fill is the lowest priority and will fill any excess space", &[Fill(1), Ratio(1, 4)]),
-    ("Fill can be used to scale proportionally with other Fill blocks", &[Fill(1), Percentage(20), Fill(2)]),
+    (
+        "Fill is the lowest priority and will fill any excess space",
+        &[Fill(1), Ratio(1, 4)],
+    ),
+    (
+        "Fill can be used to scale proportionally with other Fill blocks",
+        &[Fill(1), Percentage(20), Fill(2)],
+    ),
     ("", &[Ratio(1, 3), Percentage(20), Ratio(2, 3)]),
-    ("Legacy will stretch the last lowest priority constraint\nStretch will only stretch equal weighted constraints", &[Length(20), Length(15)]),
+    (
+        "Legacy will stretch the last lowest priority constraint\nStretch will only stretch equal weighted constraints",
+        &[Length(20), Length(15)],
+    ),
     ("", &[Percentage(20), Length(15)]),
-    ("`Fill(u16)` fills up excess space, but is lower priority to spacers.\ni.e. Fill will only have widths in Flex::Stretch and Flex::Legacy", &[Fill(1), Fill(1)]),
+    (
+        "`Fill(u16)` fills up excess space, but is lower priority to spacers.\ni.e. Fill will only have widths in Flex::Stretch and Flex::Legacy",
+        &[Fill(1), Fill(1)],
+    ),
     ("", &[Length(20), Length(20)]),
     (
         "When not using `Flex::Stretch` or `Flex::Legacy`,\n`Min(u16)` and `Max(u16)` collapse to their lowest values",
         &[Min(20), Max(20)],
     ),
-    (
-        "",
-        &[Max(20)],
-    ),
+    ("", &[Max(20)]),
     ("", &[Min(20), Max(20), Length(20), Length(20)]),
     ("", &[Fill(0), Fill(0)]),
     (
         "`Fill(1)` can be to scale with respect to other `Fill(2)`",
         &[Fill(1), Fill(2)],
     ),
-    (
-        "",
-        &[Fill(1), Min(10), Max(10), Fill(2)],
-    ),
+    ("", &[Fill(1), Min(10), Max(10), Fill(2)]),
     (
         "`Fill(0)` collapses if there are other non-zero `Fill(_)`\nconstraints. e.g. `[Fill(0), Fill(0), Fill(1)]`:",
-        &[
-            Fill(0),
-            Fill(0),
-            Fill(1),
-        ],
+        &[Fill(0), Fill(0), Fill(1)],
     ),
 ];
 
@@ -149,11 +153,12 @@ enum SelectedTab {
     Center,
     End,
     SpaceAround,
+    SpaceEvenly,
     SpaceBetween,
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         // increase the layout cache to account for the number of layout events. This ensures that
         // layout is not generally reprocessed on every frame (which would lead to possible janky
         // results when there are more than one possible solution to the requested layout). This
@@ -173,8 +178,8 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        match event::read()? {
-            Event::Key(key) if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match key.code {
+        if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
+            match key.code {
                 KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
                 KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next(),
                 KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.previous(),
@@ -185,8 +190,7 @@ impl App {
                 KeyCode::Char('+') => self.increment_spacing(),
                 KeyCode::Char('-') => self.decrement_spacing(),
                 _ => (),
-            },
-            _ => {}
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -199,7 +203,7 @@ impl App {
         self.selected_tab = self.selected_tab.previous();
     }
 
-    fn up(&mut self) {
+    const fn up(&mut self) {
         self.scroll_offset = self.scroll_offset.saturating_sub(1);
     }
 
@@ -210,7 +214,7 @@ impl App {
             .min(max_scroll_offset());
     }
 
-    fn top(&mut self) {
+    const fn top(&mut self) {
         self.scroll_offset = 0;
     }
 
@@ -218,15 +222,15 @@ impl App {
         self.scroll_offset = max_scroll_offset();
     }
 
-    fn increment_spacing(&mut self) {
+    const fn increment_spacing(&mut self) {
         self.spacing = self.spacing.saturating_add(1);
     }
 
-    fn decrement_spacing(&mut self) {
+    const fn decrement_spacing(&mut self) {
         self.spacing = self.spacing.saturating_sub(1);
     }
 
-    fn quit(&mut self) {
+    const fn quit(&mut self) {
         self.state = AppState::Quit;
     }
 }
@@ -252,7 +256,7 @@ fn example_height() -> u16 {
 impl Widget for App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(3), Length(1), Fill(0)]);
-        let [tabs, axis, demo] = layout.areas(area);
+        let [tabs, axis, demo] = area.layout(&layout);
         self.tabs().render(tabs, buf);
         let scroll_needed = self.render_demo(demo, buf);
         let axis_width = if scroll_needed {
@@ -298,7 +302,7 @@ impl App {
     /// into the main buffer. This is done to make it possible to handle scrolling easily.
     ///
     /// Returns bool indicating whether scroll was needed
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+    #[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     fn render_demo(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) -> bool {
         // render demo content into a separate buffer so all examples fit we add an extra
         // area.height to make sure the last example is fully visible even when the scroll offset is
@@ -366,8 +370,9 @@ impl SelectedTab {
             Self::Start => SKY.c400,
             Self::Center => SKY.c300,
             Self::End => SKY.c200,
-            Self::SpaceAround => INDIGO.c400,
+            Self::SpaceEvenly => INDIGO.c400,
             Self::SpaceBetween => INDIGO.c300,
+            Self::SpaceAround => INDIGO.c500,
         };
         format!(" {text} ").fg(color).bg(Color::Black).into()
     }
@@ -382,8 +387,9 @@ impl StatefulWidget for SelectedTab {
             Self::Start => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Start, spacing),
             Self::Center => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::Center, spacing),
             Self::End => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::End, spacing),
-            Self::SpaceAround => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceAround, spacing),
+            Self::SpaceEvenly => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceEvenly, spacing),
             Self::SpaceBetween => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceBetween, spacing),
+            Self::SpaceAround => Self::render_examples(area, buf, Flex::SpaceAround, spacing),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -415,7 +421,7 @@ impl Widget for Example {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         let title_height = get_description_height(&self.description);
         let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(title_height), Fill(0)]);
-        let [title, illustrations] = layout.areas(area);
+        let [title, illustrations] = area.layout(&layout);
 
         let (blocks, spacers) = Layout::horizontal(&self.constraints)
             .flex(self.flex)
@@ -515,7 +521,7 @@ const fn color_for_constraint(constraint: Constraint) -> Color {
     }
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+#[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 fn get_description_height(s: &str) -> u16 {
     if s.is_empty() {
         0

examples/apps/gauge/src/main.rs

@@ -8,15 +8,14 @@
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{palette::tailwind, Color, Style, Stylize},
-    text::{Line, Span},
-    widgets::{Block, Borders, Gauge, Padding, Paragraph, Widget},
-    DefaultTerminal,
-};
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode};
+use ratatui::DefaultTerminal;
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::palette::tailwind;
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::text::{Line, Span};
+use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Borders, Gauge, Padding, Paragraph, Widget};
 
 const GAUGE1_COLOR: Color = tailwind::RED.c800;
 const GAUGE2_COLOR: Color = tailwind::GREEN.c800;
@@ -44,14 +43,11 @@ enum AppState {
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::default().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| App::default().run(terminal))
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         while self.state != AppState::Quitting {
             terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(&self, frame.area()))?;
             self.handle_events()?;
@@ -80,38 +76,37 @@ impl App {
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
         let timeout = Duration::from_secs_f32(1.0 / 20.0);
-        if event::poll(timeout)? {
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    match key.code {
-                        KeyCode::Char(' ') | KeyCode::Enter => self.start(),
-                        KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
-                        _ => {}
-                    }
-                }
+        if !event::poll(timeout)? {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
+            match key.code {
+                KeyCode::Char(' ') | KeyCode::Enter => self.start(),
+                KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.quit(),
+                _ => {}
             }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn start(&mut self) {
+    const fn start(&mut self) {
         self.state = AppState::Started;
     }
 
-    fn quit(&mut self) {
+    const fn quit(&mut self) {
         self.state = AppState::Quitting;
     }
 }
 
 impl Widget for &App {
-    #[allow(clippy::similar_names)]
+    #[expect(clippy::similar_names)]
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
         use Constraint::{Length, Min, Ratio};
         let layout = Layout::vertical([Length(2), Min(0), Length(1)]);
-        let [header_area, gauge_area, footer_area] = layout.areas(area);
+        let [header_area, gauge_area, footer_area] = area.layout(&layout);
 
         let layout = Layout::vertical([Ratio(1, 4); 4]);
-        let [gauge1_area, gauge2_area, gauge3_area, gauge4_area] = layout.areas(gauge_area);
+        let [gauge1_area, gauge2_area, gauge3_area, gauge4_area] = gauge_area.layout(&layout);
 
         render_header(header_area, buf);
         render_footer(footer_area, buf);
@@ -187,7 +182,7 @@ impl App {
     }
 }
 
-fn title_block(title: &str) -> Block {
+fn title_block(title: &str) -> Block<'_> {
     let title = Line::from(title).centered();
     Block::new()
         .borders(Borders::NONE)

examples/apps/hello-world/src/main.rs

@@ -7,12 +7,11 @@
 /// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 use std::time::Duration;
 
-use color_eyre::{eyre::Context, Result};
-use ratatui::{
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    widgets::Paragraph,
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use color_eyre::eyre::Context;
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode};
+use ratatui::widgets::Paragraph;
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, Frame};
 
 /// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
 /// this is not meant to be prescriptive. It is only meant to demonstrate the basic setup and
@@ -22,19 +21,16 @@ use ratatui::{
 /// and exits when the user presses 'q'.
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?; // augment errors / panics with easy to read messages
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = run(terminal).context("app loop failed");
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
+    ratatui::run(run).context("failed to run app")
 }
 
 /// Run the application loop. This is where you would handle events and update the application
 /// state. This example exits when the user presses 'q'. Other styles of application loops are
 /// possible, for example, you could have multiple application states and switch between them based
 /// on events, or you could have a single application state and update it based on events.
-fn run(mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+fn run(terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
     loop {
-        terminal.draw(draw)?;
+        terminal.draw(render)?;
         if should_quit()? {
             break;
         }
@@ -44,7 +40,7 @@ fn run(mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
 
 /// Render the application. This is where you would draw the application UI. This example draws a
 /// greeting.
-fn draw(frame: &mut Frame) {
+fn render(frame: &mut Frame) {
     let greeting = Paragraph::new("Hello World! (press 'q' to quit)");
     frame.render_widget(greeting, frame.area());
 }
@@ -56,9 +52,11 @@ fn draw(frame: &mut Frame) {
 /// updating the application state, without blocking the event loop for too long.
 fn should_quit() -> Result<bool> {
     if event::poll(Duration::from_millis(250)).context("event poll failed")? {
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read().context("event read failed")? {
-            return Ok(KeyCode::Char('q') == key.code);
-        }
+        let q_pressed = event::read()
+            .context("event read failed")?
+            .as_key_press_event()
+            .is_some_and(|key| key.code == KeyCode::Char('q'));
+        return Ok(q_pressed);
     }
     Ok(false)
 }

examples/apps/hyperlink/src/main.rs

@@ -7,47 +7,28 @@
 /// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 /// [OSC 8]: https://gist.github.com/egmontkob/eb114294efbcd5adb1944c9f3cb5feda
 use color_eyre::Result;
+use crossterm::event;
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    layout::Rect,
-    style::Stylize,
-    text::{Line, Text},
-    widgets::Widget,
-    DefaultTerminal,
-};
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui::style::Stylize;
+use ratatui::text::{Line, Text};
+use ratatui::widgets::Widget;
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::new().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
-}
 
-struct App {
-    hyperlink: Hyperlink<'static>,
-}
+    let text = Line::from(vec!["Example ".into(), "hyperlink".blue()]);
+    let hyperlink = Hyperlink::new(text, "https://example.com");
 
-impl App {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        let text = Line::from(vec!["Example ".into(), "hyperlink".blue()]);
-        let hyperlink = Hyperlink::new(text, "https://example.com");
-        Self { hyperlink }
-    }
-
-    fn run(self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
         loop {
-            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(&self.hyperlink, frame.area()))?;
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if matches!(key.code, KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc) {
-                    break;
-                }
+            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(&hyperlink, frame.area()))?;
+            if event::read()?.is_key_press() {
+                break Ok(());
             }
         }
-        Ok(())
-    }
+    })
 }
 
 /// A hyperlink widget that renders a hyperlink in the terminal using [OSC 8].

examples/apps/inline/Cargo.toml

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ rust-version.workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 color-eyre.workspace = true
 crossterm.workspace = true
-rand = "0.9.0"
+rand = "0.9.2"
 ratatui.workspace = true
 
 [lints]

examples/apps/inline/src/main.rs

@@ -15,17 +15,14 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
+use crossterm::event;
 use rand::distr::{Distribution, Uniform};
-use ratatui::{
-    backend::Backend,
-    crossterm::event,
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
-    symbols,
-    text::{Line, Span},
-    widgets::{Block, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem, Paragraph, Widget},
-    Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport,
-};
+use ratatui::backend::Backend;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style};
+use ratatui::text::{Line, Span};
+use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Gauge, LineGauge, List, ListItem, Paragraph, Widget};
+use ratatui::{Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport, symbols};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
@@ -110,7 +107,7 @@ fn input_handling(tx: mpsc::Sender<Event>) {
                     event::Event::Key(key) => tx.send(Event::Input(key)).unwrap(),
                     event::Event::Resize(_, _) => tx.send(Event::Resize).unwrap(),
                     _ => {}
-                };
+                }
             }
             if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
                 tx.send(Event::Tick).unwrap();
@@ -120,7 +117,7 @@ fn input_handling(tx: mpsc::Sender<Event>) {
     });
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
+#[expect(clippy::cast_precision_loss, clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
 fn workers(tx: mpsc::Sender<Event>) -> Vec<Worker> {
     (0..4)
         .map(|id| {
@@ -160,17 +157,20 @@ fn downloads() -> Downloads {
     }
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
-fn run(
-    terminal: &mut Terminal<impl Backend>,
+#[expect(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
+fn run<B: Backend>(
+    terminal: &mut Terminal<B>,
     workers: Vec<Worker>,
     mut downloads: Downloads,
     rx: mpsc::Receiver<Event>,
-) -> Result<()> {
+) -> Result<()>
+where
+    B::Error: Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
     let mut redraw = true;
     loop {
         if redraw {
-            terminal.draw(|frame| draw(frame, &downloads))?;
+            terminal.draw(|frame| render(frame, &downloads))?;
         }
         redraw = true;
 
@@ -215,14 +215,14 @@ fn run(
                             break;
                         }
                     }
-                };
+                }
             }
-        };
+        }
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn draw(frame: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
+fn render(frame: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
     let area = frame.area();
 
     let block = Block::new().title(Line::from("Progress").centered());
@@ -230,12 +230,12 @@ fn draw(frame: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
 
     let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(2), Constraint::Length(4)]).margin(1);
     let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(20), Constraint::Percentage(80)]);
-    let [progress_area, main] = vertical.areas(area);
-    let [list_area, gauge_area] = horizontal.areas(main);
+    let [progress_area, main] = area.layout(&vertical);
+    let [list_area, gauge_area] = main.layout(&horizontal);
 
     // total progress
     let done = NUM_DOWNLOADS - downloads.pending.len() - downloads.in_progress.len();
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
+    #[expect(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
     let progress = LineGauge::default()
         .filled_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue))
         .label(format!("{done}/{NUM_DOWNLOADS}"))
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ fn draw(frame: &mut Frame, downloads: &Downloads) {
     let list = List::new(items);
     frame.render_widget(list, list_area);
 
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+    #[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     for (i, (_, download)) in downloads.in_progress.iter().enumerate() {
         let gauge = Gauge::default()
             .gauge_style(Style::default().fg(Color::Yellow))

examples/apps/input-form/README.md

@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@ Some more ideas for handling focus can be found in:
 - [`focusable`](https://crates.io/crates/focusable) (see also [Ratatui forum
   post](https://forum.ratatui.rs/t/focusable-crate-manage-focus-state-for-your-widgets/73))
 - [`rat-focus`](https://crates.io/crates/rat-focus)
-- A useful [`Bevy` discssion](https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/discussions/15374) about focus
+- A useful [`Bevy` discussion](https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/discussions/15374) about focus
   more generally.

examples/apps/input-form/src/main.rs

@@ -15,25 +15,19 @@
 //! [`tui-textarea`]: https://crates.io/crates/tui-textarea
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind};
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Offset, Rect},
-    style::Stylize,
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::Widget,
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode, KeyEvent};
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Offset, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::Stylize;
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::widgets::Widget;
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, Frame};
 use serde::Serialize;
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let result = App::default().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-
     // serialize the form to JSON if the user submitted it, otherwise print "Canceled"
-    match result {
+    match ratatui::run(|terminal| App::default().run(terminal)) {
         Ok(Some(form)) => println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&form)?),
         Ok(None) => println!("Canceled"),
         Err(err) => eprintln!("{err}"),
@@ -56,7 +50,7 @@ enum AppState {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<Option<InputForm>> {
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<Option<InputForm>> {
         while self.state == AppState::Running {
             terminal.draw(|frame| self.render(frame))?;
             self.handle_events()?;
@@ -73,13 +67,12 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        match event::read()? {
-            Event::Key(event) if event.kind == KeyEventKind::Press => match event.code {
+        if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
+            match key.code {
                 KeyCode::Esc => self.state = AppState::Cancelled,
                 KeyCode::Enter => self.state = AppState::Submitted,
-                _ => self.form.on_key_press(event),
-            },
-            _ => {}
+                _ => self.form.on_key_press(key),
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -122,8 +115,8 @@ impl InputForm {
     ///
     /// The cursor is placed at the end of the focused field.
     fn render(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
-        let [first_name_area, last_name_area, age_area] =
-            Layout::vertical(Constraint::from_lengths([1, 1, 1])).areas(frame.area());
+        let layout = Layout::vertical(Constraint::from_lengths([1, 1, 1]));
+        let [first_name_area, last_name_area, age_area] = frame.area().layout(&layout);
 
         frame.render_widget(&self.first_name, first_name_area);
         frame.render_widget(&self.last_name, last_name_area);
@@ -192,11 +185,11 @@ impl StringField {
 
 impl Widget for &StringField {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let constraints = [
+        let layout = Layout::horizontal([
             Constraint::Length(self.label.len() as u16 + 2),
             Constraint::Fill(1),
-        ];
-        let [label_area, value_area] = Layout::horizontal(constraints).areas(area);
+        ]);
+        let [label_area, value_area] = area.layout(&layout);
         let label = Line::from_iter([self.label, ": "]).bold();
         label.render(label_area, buf);
         self.value.clone().render(value_area, buf);
@@ -238,14 +231,14 @@ impl AgeField {
             KeyCode::Up | KeyCode::Char('k') => self.increment(),
             KeyCode::Down | KeyCode::Char('j') => self.decrement(),
             _ => {}
-        };
+        }
     }
 
     fn increment(&mut self) {
         self.value = self.value.saturating_add(1).min(Self::MAX);
     }
 
-    fn decrement(&mut self) {
+    const fn decrement(&mut self) {
         self.value = self.value.saturating_sub(1);
     }
 
@@ -257,11 +250,11 @@ impl AgeField {
 
 impl Widget for &AgeField {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let constraints = [
+        let layout = Layout::horizontal([
             Constraint::Length(self.label.len() as u16 + 2),
             Constraint::Fill(1),
-        ];
-        let [label_area, value_area] = Layout::horizontal(constraints).areas(area);
+        ]);
+        let [label_area, value_area] = area.layout(&layout);
         let label = Line::from_iter([self.label, ": "]).bold();
         let value = self.value.to_string();
         label.render(label_area, buf);

examples/apps/minimal/src/main.rs

@@ -1,31 +1,23 @@
-/// A minimal example of a Ratatui application.
-///
-/// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop,
-/// so this is not meant to be prescriptive. See the [examples] folder for more complete
-/// examples. In particular, the [hello-world] example is a good starting point.
-///
-/// This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
-/// reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
-/// release.
-///
-/// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
-/// [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/examples
-/// [hello-world]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/examples/apps/hello-world
-use crossterm::event::{self, Event};
-use ratatui::{text::Text, Frame};
-
-fn main() {
-    let mut terminal = ratatui::init();
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(draw).expect("failed to draw frame");
-        if matches!(event::read().expect("failed to read event"), Event::Key(_)) {
-            break;
+//! A minimal example of a Ratatui application.
+//!
+//! This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop,
+//! so this is not meant to be prescriptive. See the [examples] folder for more complete
+//! examples. In particular, the [hello-world] example is a good starting point.
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/examples
+//! [hello-world]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/blob/main/examples/apps/hello-world
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget("Hello World!", frame.area()))?;
+            if crossterm::event::read()?.is_key_press() {
+                break Ok(());
+            }
         }
-    }
-    ratatui::restore();
-}
-
-fn draw(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let text = Text::raw("Hello World!");
-    frame.render_widget(text, frame.area());
+    })
 }

examples/apps/modifiers/src/main.rs

@@ -10,40 +10,31 @@
 /// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 use std::{error::Error, iter::once, result};
 
+use crossterm::event;
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::Paragraph,
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use ratatui::Frame;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::widgets::Paragraph;
 
 type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
-}
-
-fn run(mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(draw)?;
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                return Ok(());
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(render)?;
+            if event::read()?.is_key_press() {
+                break Ok(());
             }
         }
-    }
+    })
 }
 
-fn draw(frame: &mut Frame) {
-    let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Min(0)]);
-    let [text_area, main_area] = vertical.areas(frame.area());
+fn render(frame: &mut Frame) {
+    let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Min(0)]);
+    let [text_area, main_area] = frame.area().layout(&layout);
     frame.render_widget(
         Paragraph::new("Note: not all terminals support all modifiers")
             .style(Style::default().fg(Color::Red).add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD)),

examples/apps/mouse-drawing/Cargo.toml

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ rust-version.workspace = true
 color-eyre.workspace = true
 crossterm.workspace = true
 ## a collection of line drawing algorithms (e.g. Bresenham's line algorithm)
-line_drawing = "1.0.0"
-rand = "0.9.0"
+line_drawing = "1.0.1"
+rand = "0.9.2"
 ratatui.workspace = true
 
 [lints]

examples/apps/mouse-drawing/src/main.rs

@@ -9,27 +9,19 @@
 ///
 /// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{
-        self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, MouseEvent,
-        MouseEventKind,
-    },
-    execute,
-};
-use ratatui::{
-    layout::{Position, Rect, Size},
-    style::{Color, Stylize},
-    symbols,
-    text::Line,
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
+use crossterm::event::{
+    self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, MouseEvent,
+    MouseEventKind,
 };
+use crossterm::execute;
+use ratatui::layout::{Position, Rect, Size};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Stylize};
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, Frame, symbols};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let result = MouseDrawingApp::default().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    result
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| MouseDrawingApp::default().run(terminal))
 }
 
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -45,7 +37,7 @@ struct MouseDrawingApp {
 }
 
 impl MouseDrawingApp {
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         execute!(std::io::stdout(), EnableMouseCapture)?;
         while !self.should_exit {
             terminal.draw(|frame| self.render(frame))?;
@@ -65,8 +57,11 @@ impl MouseDrawingApp {
     }
 
     /// Quit the app if the user presses 'q' or 'Esc'
-    fn on_key_event(&mut self, event: KeyEvent) {
-        match event.code {
+    fn on_key_event(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) {
+        if !key.is_press() {
+            return;
+        }
+        match key.code {
             KeyCode::Char(' ') => {
                 self.current_color = Color::Rgb(rand::random(), rand::random(), rand::random());
             }

examples/apps/panic/src/main.rs

@@ -29,73 +29,60 @@
 ///
 /// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 /// [Color Eyre recipe]: https://ratatui.rs/recipes/apps/color-eyre
-use color_eyre::{eyre::bail, Result};
-use ratatui::{
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use color_eyre::{Result, eyre::bail};
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode};
+use ratatui::Frame;
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Paragraph};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum PanicHandlerState {
+    Enabled,
+    Disabled,
+}
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::new().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
-}
-struct App {
-    hook_enabled: bool,
-}
 
-impl App {
-    const fn new() -> Self {
-        Self { hook_enabled: true }
-    }
-
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut panic_hook_state = PanicHandlerState::Enabled;
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
         loop {
-            terminal.draw(|frame| self.draw(frame))?;
-
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| render(frame, &panic_hook_state))?;
+            if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
                 match key.code {
                     KeyCode::Char('p') => panic!("intentional demo panic"),
                     KeyCode::Char('e') => bail!("intentional demo error"),
                     KeyCode::Char('h') => {
                         let _ = std::panic::take_hook();
-                        self.hook_enabled = false;
+                        panic_hook_state = PanicHandlerState::Disabled;
                     }
                     KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
                     _ => {}
                 }
             }
         }
-    }
-
-    fn draw(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
-        let text = vec![
-            if self.hook_enabled {
-                Line::from("HOOK IS CURRENTLY **ENABLED**")
-            } else {
-                Line::from("HOOK IS CURRENTLY **DISABLED**")
-            },
-            Line::from(""),
-            Line::from("Press `p` to cause a panic"),
-            Line::from("Press `e` to cause an error"),
-            Line::from("Press `h` to disable the panic hook"),
-            Line::from("Press `q` to quit"),
-            Line::from(""),
-            Line::from("When your app panics without a panic hook, you will likely have to"),
-            Line::from("reset your terminal afterwards with the `reset` command"),
-            Line::from(""),
-            Line::from("Try first with the panic handler enabled, and then with it disabled"),
-            Line::from("to see the difference"),
-        ];
-
-        let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
-            .block(Block::bordered().title("Panic Handler Demo"))
-            .centered();
-
-        frame.render_widget(paragraph, frame.area());
-    }
+    })
+}
+
+fn render(frame: &mut Frame, state: &PanicHandlerState) {
+    let text = vec![
+        Line::from(format!("Panic hook is currently: {state:?}")),
+        Line::from(""),
+        Line::from("Press `p` to cause a panic"),
+        Line::from("Press `e` to cause an error"),
+        Line::from("Press `h` to disable the panic hook"),
+        Line::from("Press `q` to quit"),
+        Line::from(""),
+        Line::from("When your app panics without a panic hook, you will likely have to"),
+        Line::from("reset your terminal afterwards with the `reset` command"),
+        Line::from(""),
+        Line::from("Try first with the panic handler enabled, and then with it disabled"),
+        Line::from("to see the difference"),
+    ];
+
+    let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text)
+        .block(Block::bordered().title("Panic Handler Demo"))
+        .centered();
+
+    frame.render_widget(paragraph, frame.area());
 }

examples/apps/popup/README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Popup demo
 
-This example shows how to render line, bar, and scatter charts.
+This example shows how to handle popups.
 
 To run this demo:
 

examples/apps/popup/src/main.rs

@@ -1,84 +1,70 @@
-/// A Ratatui example that demonstrates how to handle popups.
-// See also https://github.com/joshka/tui-popup and
-// https://github.com/sephiroth74/tui-confirm-dialog
-///
-/// This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
-/// reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
-/// release.
-///
-/// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//! A Ratatui example that demonstrates how to handle popups.
+//! See also:
+//! - <https://github.com/joshka/tui-popup> and
+//! - <https://github.com/sephiroth74/tui-confirm-dialog>
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use ratatui::{
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{Constraint, Flex, Layout, Rect},
-    style::Stylize,
-    widgets::{Block, Clear, Paragraph, Wrap},
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode};
+use ratatui::Frame;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Flex, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::Stylize;
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Clear};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::default().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
-}
 
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct App {
-    show_popup: bool,
-}
+    // This flag will be toggled when the user presses 'p'. This could be stored in an app struct
+    // if you have more state to manage than just this flag.
+    let mut show_popup = false;
 
-impl App {
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
         loop {
-            terminal.draw(|frame| self.draw(frame))?;
+            terminal.draw(|frame| render(frame, show_popup))?;
 
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    match key.code {
-                        KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
-                        KeyCode::Char('p') => self.show_popup = !self.show_popup,
-                        _ => {}
-                    }
+            if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
+                match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                    KeyCode::Char('p') => show_popup = !show_popup,
+                    _ => {}
                 }
             }
         }
-    }
+    })
+}
 
-    fn draw(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
-        let area = frame.area();
+fn render(frame: &mut Frame, show_popup: bool) {
+    let area = frame.area();
 
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(20), Constraint::Percentage(80)]);
-        let [instructions, content] = vertical.areas(area);
+    let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Fill(1)]);
+    let [instructions, content] = area.layout(&layout);
 
-        let text = if self.show_popup {
-            "Press p to close the popup"
-        } else {
-            "Press p to show the popup"
-        };
-        let paragraph = Paragraph::new(text.slow_blink())
-            .centered()
-            .wrap(Wrap { trim: true });
-        frame.render_widget(paragraph, instructions);
+    frame.render_widget(
+        Line::from("Press 'p' to toggle popup, 'q' to quit").centered(),
+        instructions,
+    );
 
-        let block = Block::bordered().title("Content").on_blue();
-        frame.render_widget(block, content);
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Content").on_blue(), content);
 
-        if self.show_popup {
-            let block = Block::bordered().title("Popup");
-            let area = popup_area(area, 60, 20);
-            frame.render_widget(Clear, area); //this clears out the background
-            frame.render_widget(block, area);
-        }
+    if show_popup {
+        let popup = Block::bordered().title("Popup");
+        let popup_area = centered_area(area, 60, 20);
+        // clears out any background in the area before rendering the popup
+        frame.render_widget(Clear, popup_area);
+        frame.render_widget(popup, popup_area);
     }
 }
 
-/// helper function to create a centered rect using up certain percentage of the available rect `r`
-fn popup_area(area: Rect, percent_x: u16, percent_y: u16) -> Rect {
+/// Create a centered rect using up certain percentage of the available rect
+fn centered_area(area: Rect, percent_x: u16, percent_y: u16) -> Rect {
     let vertical = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Percentage(percent_y)]).flex(Flex::Center);
     let horizontal = Layout::horizontal([Constraint::Percentage(percent_x)]).flex(Flex::Center);
-    let [area] = vertical.areas(area);
-    let [area] = horizontal.areas(area);
+    let [area] = area.layout(&vertical);
+    let [area] = area.layout(&horizontal);
     area
 }

examples/apps/scrollbar/src/main.rs

@@ -11,15 +11,13 @@
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use ratatui::{
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin},
-    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
-    symbols::scrollbar,
-    text::{Line, Masked, Span},
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState},
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode};
+use ratatui::layout::{Alignment, Constraint, Layout, Margin};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::symbols::scrollbar;
+use ratatui::text::{Line, Masked, Span};
+use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation, ScrollbarState};
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, Frame};
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct App {
@@ -31,58 +29,60 @@ struct App {
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::default().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| App::default().run(terminal))
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         let tick_rate = Duration::from_millis(250);
         let mut last_tick = Instant::now();
         loop {
-            terminal.draw(|frame| self.draw(frame))?;
+            terminal.draw(|frame| self.render(frame))?;
 
             let timeout = tick_rate.saturating_sub(last_tick.elapsed());
-            if event::poll(timeout)? {
-                if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                    match key.code {
-                        KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
-                        KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => {
-                            self.vertical_scroll = self.vertical_scroll.saturating_add(1);
-                            self.vertical_scroll_state =
-                                self.vertical_scroll_state.position(self.vertical_scroll);
-                        }
-                        KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => {
-                            self.vertical_scroll = self.vertical_scroll.saturating_sub(1);
-                            self.vertical_scroll_state =
-                                self.vertical_scroll_state.position(self.vertical_scroll);
-                        }
-                        KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => {
-                            self.horizontal_scroll = self.horizontal_scroll.saturating_sub(1);
-                            self.horizontal_scroll_state = self
-                                .horizontal_scroll_state
-                                .position(self.horizontal_scroll);
-                        }
-                        KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => {
-                            self.horizontal_scroll = self.horizontal_scroll.saturating_add(1);
-                            self.horizontal_scroll_state = self
-                                .horizontal_scroll_state
-                                .position(self.horizontal_scroll);
-                        }
-                        _ => {}
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            if last_tick.elapsed() >= tick_rate {
+            if !event::poll(timeout)? {
                 last_tick = Instant::now();
+                continue;
+            }
+            if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
+                match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') => return Ok(()),
+                    KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.scroll_down(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.scroll_up(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.scroll_left(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.scroll_right(),
+                    _ => {}
+                }
             }
         }
     }
 
-    #[allow(clippy::too_many_lines, clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-    fn draw(&mut self, frame: &mut Frame) {
+    const fn scroll_down(&mut self) {
+        self.vertical_scroll = self.vertical_scroll.saturating_add(1);
+        self.vertical_scroll_state = self.vertical_scroll_state.position(self.vertical_scroll);
+    }
+
+    const fn scroll_up(&mut self) {
+        self.vertical_scroll = self.vertical_scroll.saturating_sub(1);
+        self.vertical_scroll_state = self.vertical_scroll_state.position(self.vertical_scroll);
+    }
+
+    const fn scroll_left(&mut self) {
+        self.horizontal_scroll = self.horizontal_scroll.saturating_sub(1);
+        self.horizontal_scroll_state = self
+            .horizontal_scroll_state
+            .position(self.horizontal_scroll);
+    }
+
+    const fn scroll_right(&mut self) {
+        self.horizontal_scroll = self.horizontal_scroll.saturating_add(1);
+        self.horizontal_scroll_state = self
+            .horizontal_scroll_state
+            .position(self.horizontal_scroll);
+    }
+
+    #[expect(clippy::too_many_lines, clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+    fn render(&mut self, frame: &mut Frame) {
         let area = frame.area();
 
         // Words made "loooong" to demonstrate line breaking.

examples/apps/table/src/main.rs

@@ -6,19 +6,16 @@
 ///
 /// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use crossterm::event::KeyModifiers;
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode, KeyModifiers};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect},
-    style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
-    text::Text,
-    widgets::{
-        Block, BorderType, Cell, HighlightSpacing, Paragraph, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation,
-        ScrollbarState, Table, TableState,
-    },
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Margin, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::{self, Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::text::Text;
+use ratatui::widgets::{
+    Block, BorderType, Cell, HighlightSpacing, Paragraph, Row, Scrollbar, ScrollbarOrientation,
+    ScrollbarState, Table, TableState,
 };
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, Frame};
 use style::palette::tailwind;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
@@ -37,10 +34,7 @@ const ITEM_HEIGHT: usize = 4;
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::new().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| App::new().run(terminal))
 }
 struct TableColors {
     buffer_bg: Color,
@@ -117,6 +111,7 @@ impl App {
             items: data_vec,
         }
     }
+
     pub fn next_row(&mut self) {
         let i = match self.state.selected() {
             Some(i) => {
@@ -155,46 +150,44 @@ impl App {
         self.state.select_previous_column();
     }
 
-    pub fn next_color(&mut self) {
+    pub const fn next_color(&mut self) {
         self.color_index = (self.color_index + 1) % PALETTES.len();
     }
 
-    pub fn previous_color(&mut self) {
+    pub const fn previous_color(&mut self) {
         let count = PALETTES.len();
         self.color_index = (self.color_index + count - 1) % count;
     }
 
-    pub fn set_colors(&mut self) {
+    pub const fn set_colors(&mut self) {
         self.colors = TableColors::new(&PALETTES[self.color_index]);
     }
 
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         loop {
-            terminal.draw(|frame| self.draw(frame))?;
+            terminal.draw(|frame| self.render(frame))?;
 
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-                if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press {
-                    let shift_pressed = key.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::SHIFT);
-                    match key.code {
-                        KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => return Ok(()),
-                        KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.next_row(),
-                        KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.previous_row(),
-                        KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right if shift_pressed => self.next_color(),
-                        KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left if shift_pressed => {
-                            self.previous_color();
-                        }
-                        KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next_column(),
-                        KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.previous_column(),
-                        _ => {}
+            if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
+                let shift_pressed = key.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::SHIFT);
+                match key.code {
+                    KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => return Ok(()),
+                    KeyCode::Char('j') | KeyCode::Down => self.next_row(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('k') | KeyCode::Up => self.previous_row(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right if shift_pressed => self.next_color(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left if shift_pressed => {
+                        self.previous_color();
                     }
+                    KeyCode::Char('l') | KeyCode::Right => self.next_column(),
+                    KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.previous_column(),
+                    _ => {}
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
-    fn draw(&mut self, frame: &mut Frame) {
-        let vertical = &Layout::vertical([Constraint::Min(5), Constraint::Length(4)]);
-        let rects = vertical.split(frame.area());
+    fn render(&mut self, frame: &mut Frame) {
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Min(5), Constraint::Length(4)]);
+        let rects = frame.area().layout_vec(&layout);
 
         self.set_colors();
 
@@ -335,7 +328,7 @@ fn constraint_len_calculator(items: &[Data]) -> (u16, u16, u16) {
         .max()
         .unwrap_or(0);
 
-    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+    #[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     (name_len as u16, address_len as u16, email_len as u16)
 }
 

examples/apps/todo-list/src/main.rs

@@ -6,22 +6,17 @@
 ///
 /// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect},
-    style::{
-        palette::tailwind::{BLUE, GREEN, SLATE},
-        Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize,
-    },
-    symbols,
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::{
-        Block, Borders, HighlightSpacing, List, ListItem, ListState, Padding, Paragraph,
-        StatefulWidget, Widget, Wrap,
-    },
-    DefaultTerminal,
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode, KeyEvent};
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::style::palette::tailwind::{BLUE, GREEN, SLATE};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::widgets::{
+    Block, Borders, HighlightSpacing, List, ListItem, ListState, Padding, Paragraph,
+    StatefulWidget, Widget, Wrap,
 };
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, symbols};
 
 const TODO_HEADER_STYLE: Style = Style::new().fg(SLATE.c100).bg(BLUE.c800);
 const NORMAL_ROW_BG: Color = SLATE.c950;
@@ -32,10 +27,7 @@ const COMPLETED_TEXT_FG_COLOR: Color = GREEN.c500;
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::default().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| App::default().run(terminal))
 }
 
 /// This struct holds the current state of the app. In particular, it has the `todo_list` field
@@ -72,12 +64,36 @@ impl Default for App {
         Self {
             should_exit: false,
             todo_list: TodoList::from_iter([
-                (Status::Todo, "Rewrite everything with Rust!", "I can't hold my inner voice. He tells me to rewrite the complete universe with Rust"),
-                (Status::Completed, "Rewrite all of your tui apps with Ratatui", "Yes, you heard that right. Go and replace your tui with Ratatui."),
-                (Status::Todo, "Pet your cat", "Minnak loves to be pet by you! Don't forget to pet and give some treats!"),
-                (Status::Todo, "Walk with your dog", "Max is bored, go walk with him!"),
-                (Status::Completed, "Pay the bills", "Pay the train subscription!!!"),
-                (Status::Completed, "Refactor list example", "If you see this info that means I completed this task!"),
+                (
+                    Status::Todo,
+                    "Rewrite everything with Rust!",
+                    "I can't hold my inner voice. He tells me to rewrite the complete universe with Rust",
+                ),
+                (
+                    Status::Completed,
+                    "Rewrite all of your tui apps with Ratatui",
+                    "Yes, you heard that right. Go and replace your tui with Ratatui.",
+                ),
+                (
+                    Status::Todo,
+                    "Pet your cat",
+                    "Minnak loves to be pet by you! Don't forget to pet and give some treats!",
+                ),
+                (
+                    Status::Todo,
+                    "Walk with your dog",
+                    "Max is bored, go walk with him!",
+                ),
+                (
+                    Status::Completed,
+                    "Pay the bills",
+                    "Pay the train subscription!!!",
+                ),
+                (
+                    Status::Completed,
+                    "Refactor list example",
+                    "If you see this info that means I completed this task!",
+                ),
             ]),
         }
     }
@@ -105,20 +121,17 @@ impl TodoItem {
 }
 
 impl App {
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         while !self.should_exit {
             terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(&mut self, frame.area()))?;
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
                 self.handle_key(key);
-            };
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn handle_key(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) {
-        if key.kind != KeyEventKind::Press {
-            return;
-        }
         match key.code {
             KeyCode::Char('q') | KeyCode::Esc => self.should_exit = true,
             KeyCode::Char('h') | KeyCode::Left => self.select_none(),
@@ -133,7 +146,7 @@ impl App {
         }
     }
 
-    fn select_none(&mut self) {
+    const fn select_none(&mut self) {
         self.todo_list.state.select(None);
     }
 
@@ -144,11 +157,11 @@ impl App {
         self.todo_list.state.select_previous();
     }
 
-    fn select_first(&mut self) {
+    const fn select_first(&mut self) {
         self.todo_list.state.select_first();
     }
 
-    fn select_last(&mut self) {
+    const fn select_last(&mut self) {
         self.todo_list.state.select_last();
     }
 
@@ -165,15 +178,15 @@ impl App {
 
 impl Widget for &mut App {
     fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
-        let [header_area, main_area, footer_area] = Layout::vertical([
+        let main_layout = Layout::vertical([
             Constraint::Length(2),
             Constraint::Fill(1),
             Constraint::Length(1),
-        ])
-        .areas(area);
+        ]);
+        let [header_area, content_area, footer_area] = area.layout(&main_layout);
 
-        let [list_area, item_area] =
-            Layout::vertical([Constraint::Fill(1), Constraint::Fill(1)]).areas(main_area);
+        let content_layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Fill(1), Constraint::Fill(1)]);
+        let [list_area, item_area] = content_area.layout(&content_layout);
 
         App::render_header(header_area, buf);
         App::render_footer(footer_area, buf);

examples/apps/tracing/src/main.rs

@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@
 /// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 use std::{fs::File, time::Duration};
 
-use color_eyre::{eyre::Context, Result};
-use ratatui::{
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
-    Frame,
-};
-use tracing::{debug, info, instrument, trace, Level};
-use tracing_appender::{non_blocking, non_blocking::WorkerGuard};
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use color_eyre::eyre::Context;
+use crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode};
+use ratatui::Frame;
+use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Paragraph};
+use tracing::{Level, debug, info, instrument, trace};
+use tracing_appender::non_blocking;
+use tracing_appender::non_blocking::WorkerGuard;
 use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     let mut events = vec![]; // a buffer to store the recent events to display in the UI
     while !should_exit(&events) {
         handle_events(&mut events)?;
-        terminal.draw(|frame| draw(frame, &events))?;
+        terminal.draw(|frame| render(frame, &events))?;
     }
     ratatui::restore();
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn handle_events(events: &mut Vec<Event>) -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 #[instrument(skip_all)]
-fn draw(frame: &mut Frame, events: &[Event]) {
+fn render(frame: &mut Frame, events: &[Event]) {
     // To view this event, run the example with `RUST_LOG=tracing=debug cargo run --example tracing`
     trace!(frame_count = frame.count(), event_count = events.len());
     let events = events.iter().map(|e| format!("{e:?}")).collect::<Vec<_>>();

examples/apps/user-input/src/main.rs

@@ -21,21 +21,16 @@
 ///
 /// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use ratatui::{
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout, Position},
-    style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize},
-    text::{Line, Span, Text},
-    widgets::{Block, List, ListItem, Paragraph},
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode, KeyEventKind};
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout, Position};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Modifier, Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::text::{Line, Span, Text};
+use ratatui::widgets::{Block, List, ListItem, Paragraph};
+use ratatui::{DefaultTerminal, Frame};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::new().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| App::new().run(terminal))
 }
 
 /// App holds the state of the application
@@ -119,7 +114,7 @@ impl App {
         new_cursor_pos.clamp(0, self.input.chars().count())
     }
 
-    fn reset_cursor(&mut self) {
+    const fn reset_cursor(&mut self) {
         self.character_index = 0;
     }
 
@@ -129,11 +124,11 @@ impl App {
         self.reset_cursor();
     }
 
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
         loop {
-            terminal.draw(|frame| self.draw(frame))?;
+            terminal.draw(|frame| self.render(frame))?;
 
-            if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
+            if let Some(key) = event::read()?.as_key_press_event() {
                 match self.input_mode {
                     InputMode::Normal => match key.code {
                         KeyCode::Char('e') => {
@@ -159,13 +154,13 @@ impl App {
         }
     }
 
-    fn draw(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
-        let vertical = Layout::vertical([
+    fn render(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
+        let layout = Layout::vertical([
             Constraint::Length(1),
             Constraint::Length(3),
             Constraint::Min(1),
         ]);
-        let [help_area, input_area, messages_area] = vertical.areas(frame.area());
+        let [help_area, input_area, messages_area] = frame.area().layout(&layout);
 
         let (msg, style) = match self.input_mode {
             InputMode::Normal => (
@@ -206,7 +201,7 @@ impl App {
 
             // Make the cursor visible and ask ratatui to put it at the specified coordinates after
             // rendering
-            #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+            #[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
             InputMode::Editing => frame.set_cursor_position(Position::new(
                 // Draw the cursor at the current position in the input field.
                 // This position can be controlled via the left and right arrow key

examples/apps/weather/Cargo.toml

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ rust-version.workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 color-eyre.workspace = true
 crossterm.workspace = true
-rand = "0.9.0"
+rand = "0.9.2"
 ratatui.workspace = true
 
 [lints]

examples/apps/weather/src/main.rs

@@ -9,68 +9,38 @@
 //! [`BarChart`]: https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/struct.BarChart.html
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
-use rand::{rng, Rng};
-use ratatui::{
-    crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    layout::{Constraint, Layout},
-    style::{Color, Style, Stylize},
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup},
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use crossterm::event;
+use rand::{Rng, rng};
+use ratatui::Frame;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Layout};
+use ratatui::style::{Color, Style, Stylize};
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let app_result = App::new().run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    app_result
-}
 
-struct App {
-    should_exit: bool,
-    temperatures: Vec<u8>,
-}
-
-impl App {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        let mut rng = rng();
-        let temperatures = (0..24).map(|_| rng.random_range(50..90)).collect();
-        Self {
-            should_exit: false,
-            temperatures,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn run(mut self, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
-        while !self.should_exit {
-            terminal.draw(|frame| self.draw(frame))?;
-            self.handle_events()?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn handle_events(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {
-            if key.kind == KeyEventKind::Press && key.code == KeyCode::Char('q') {
-                self.should_exit = true;
+    let temperatures: Vec<u8> = (0..24).map(|_| rng().random_range(50..90)).collect();
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| render(frame, &temperatures))?;
+            if event::read()?.is_key_press() {
+                break Ok(());
             }
         }
-        Ok(())
-    }
+    })
+}
 
-    fn draw(&self, frame: &mut Frame) {
-        let [title, main] = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Fill(1)])
-            .spacing(1)
-            .areas(frame.area());
+fn render(frame: &mut Frame, temperatures: &[u8]) {
+    let layout = Layout::vertical([Constraint::Length(1), Constraint::Fill(1)]).spacing(1);
+    let [title, main] = frame.area().layout(&layout);
 
-        frame.render_widget("Weather demo".bold().into_centered_line(), title);
-        frame.render_widget(vertical_barchart(&self.temperatures), main);
-    }
+    frame.render_widget("Weather demo".bold().into_centered_line(), title);
+    frame.render_widget(vertical_barchart(temperatures), main);
 }
 
 /// Create a vertical bar chart from the temperatures data.
-fn vertical_barchart(temperatures: &[u8]) -> BarChart {
+fn vertical_barchart(temperatures: &[u8]) -> BarChart<'_> {
     let bars: Vec<Bar> = temperatures
         .iter()
         .enumerate()
@@ -81,7 +51,7 @@ fn vertical_barchart(temperatures: &[u8]) -> BarChart {
         .bar_width(5)
 }
 
-fn vertical_bar(hour: usize, temperature: &u8) -> Bar {
+fn vertical_bar(hour: usize, temperature: &u8) -> Bar<'_> {
     Bar::default()
         .value(u64::from(*temperature))
         .label(Line::from(format!("{hour:>02}:00")))

examples/apps/widget-ref-container/src/main.rs

@@ -1,41 +1,34 @@
-/// An example of how to use [`WidgetRef`] to store heterogeneous widgets in a container.
-///
-/// This example creates a `StackContainer` widget that can hold any number of widgets of
-/// different types. It creates two widgets, `Greeting` and `Farewell`, and stores them in a
-/// `StackContainer` with a vertical layout. The `StackContainer` widget renders each of its
-/// child widgets in the order they were added.
-///
-/// This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
-/// reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
-/// release.
-///
-/// [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//! An example of how to use [`WidgetRef`] to store heterogeneous widgets in a container.
+//!
+//! This example creates a `StackContainer` widget that can hold any number of widgets of
+//! different types. It creates two widgets, `Greeting` and `Farewell`, and stores them in a
+//! `StackContainer` with a vertical layout. The `StackContainer` widget renders each of its
+//! child widgets in the order they were added.
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
 use std::iter::zip;
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
 use crossterm::event;
-use ratatui::{
-    buffer::Buffer,
-    layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect},
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Widget, WidgetRef},
-    DefaultTerminal, Frame,
-};
+use ratatui::Frame;
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::{Constraint, Direction, Layout, Rect};
+use ratatui::widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Widget, WidgetRef};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-    let terminal = ratatui::init();
-    let result = run(terminal);
-    ratatui::restore();
-    result
-}
-
-fn run(mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
-    loop {
-        terminal.draw(render)?;
-        if matches!(event::read()?, event::Event::Key(_)) {
-            break Ok(());
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(render)?;
+            if event::read()?.is_key_press() {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
         }
-    }
+    })
 }
 
 fn render(frame: &mut Frame) {

examples/concepts/state/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "ratatui-state-examples"
+publish = false
+license.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+color-eyre = "0.6"
+crossterm = "0.29"
+ratatui = { workspace = true, features = ["unstable-widget-ref"] }

examples/concepts/state/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# Ratatui State Management Examples
+
+This collection demonstrates various patterns for handling both mutable and immutable state in
+Ratatui applications. Each example solves a counter problem - incrementing a counter value - but
+uses different architectural approaches. These patterns represent common solutions to state
+management challenges you'll encounter when building TUI applications.
+
+For more information about widgets in Ratatui, see the [widgets module documentation](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/index.html).
+
+## When to Use Each Pattern
+
+Choose the pattern that best fits your application's architecture and complexity:
+
+- **Simple applications**: Use `render-function` or `mutable-widget` patterns
+- **Clean separation**: Consider `stateful-widget` or `component-trait` patterns
+- **Complex hierarchies**: Use `nested-*` patterns for parent-child relationships
+- **Shared state**: Use `refcell` when multiple widgets need access to the same state
+- **Advanced scenarios**: Use `widget-with-mutable-ref` when you understand Rust lifetimes well
+
+## Running the Examples
+
+To run any example, use:
+
+```bash
+cargo run --bin example-name
+```
+
+Press any key (or resize the terminal) to increment the counter. Press `<Esc>` or `q` to exit.
+
+## Examples
+
+### Immutable State Patterns
+
+These patterns keep widget state immutable during rendering, with state updates happening outside
+the render cycle. They're generally easier to reason about and less prone to borrowing issues.
+
+#### [`immutable-function.rs`] - Function-Based Immutable State
+
+**Best for**: Simple applications with pure rendering functions
+**Pros**: Pure functions, easy to test, clear separation of concerns
+**Cons**: Verbose parameter passing, limited integration with Ratatui ecosystem
+
+Uses standalone functions that take immutable references to state. State updates happen in the
+application loop outside of rendering.
+
+#### [`immutable-shared-ref.rs`] - Shared Reference Pattern (Recommended)
+
+**Best for**: Most modern Ratatui applications
+**Pros**: Reusable widgets, efficient, integrates with Ratatui ecosystem, modern best practice
+**Cons**: Requires external state management for dynamic behavior
+
+Implements [`Widget`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/trait.Widget.html) for
+`&T`, allowing widgets to be rendered multiple times by reference without being consumed.
+
+#### [`immutable-consuming.rs`] - Consuming Widget Pattern
+
+**Best for**: Compatibility with older code, simple widgets created fresh each frame
+**Pros**: Simple implementation, widely compatible, familiar pattern
+**Cons**: Widget consumed on each render, requires reconstruction for reuse
+
+Implements [`Widget`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/trait.Widget.html) directly
+on the owned type, consuming the widget when rendered.
+
+### Mutable State Patterns
+
+These patterns allow widgets to modify their state during rendering, useful for widgets that need
+to update state as part of their rendering behavior.
+
+#### [`mutable-function.rs`] - Function-Based Mutable State
+
+**Best for**: Simple applications with minimal mutable state
+**Pros**: Easy to understand, no traits to implement, direct control
+**Cons**: State gets passed around as function parameters, harder to organize as complexity grows
+
+Uses simple functions that accept mutable state references. State is managed at the application
+level and passed down to render functions.
+
+#### [`mutable-widget.rs`] - Mutable Widget Pattern
+
+**Best for**: Self-contained widgets with their own mutable state
+**Pros**: Encapsulates state within the widget, familiar OOP-style approach
+**Cons**: Requires `&mut` references, can be challenging with complex borrowing scenarios
+
+Implements [`Widget`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/trait.Widget.html) for
+`&mut T`, allowing the widget to mutate its own state during rendering.
+
+### Intermediate Patterns
+
+#### [`stateful-widget.rs`] - Stateful Widget Pattern
+
+**Best for**: Clean separation of widget logic from state
+**Pros**: Separates widget logic from state, reusable, idiomatic Ratatui pattern
+**Cons**: State must be managed externally
+
+Uses [`StatefulWidget`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/trait.StatefulWidget.html)
+to keep rendering logic separate from state management.
+
+#### [`component-trait.rs`] - Custom Component Trait
+
+**Best for**: Implementing consistent behavior across multiple widget types
+**Pros**: Flexible, allows custom render signatures, good for widget frameworks
+**Cons**: Non-standard, requires users to learn your custom API
+
+Creates a custom trait similar to [`Widget`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/trait.Widget.html)
+but with a `&mut self` render method for direct mutation.
+
+### Advanced Patterns
+
+#### [`nested-mutable-widget.rs`] - Nested Mutable Widgets
+
+**Best for**: Parent-child widget relationships with mutable state
+**Pros**: Hierarchical organization, each widget manages its own state
+**Cons**: Complex borrowing, requires careful lifetime management
+
+Demonstrates how to nest widgets that both need mutable access to their state.
+
+#### [`nested-stateful-widget.rs`] - Nested Stateful Widgets
+
+**Best for**: Complex applications with hierarchical state management
+**Pros**: Clean separation, composable, scales well with application complexity
+**Cons**: More boilerplate, requires understanding of nested state patterns
+
+Shows how to compose multiple [`StatefulWidget`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/trait.StatefulWidget.html)s
+in a parent-child hierarchy.
+
+#### [`refcell.rs`] - Interior Mutability Pattern
+
+**Best for**: Shared state across multiple widgets, complex state sharing scenarios
+**Pros**: Allows shared mutable access, works with immutable widget references
+**Cons**: Runtime borrow checking, potential panics, harder to debug
+
+Uses [`Rc<RefCell<T>>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) for interior mutability
+when multiple widgets need access to the same state.
+
+#### [`widget-with-mutable-ref.rs`] - Lifetime-Based Mutable References
+
+**Best for**: Advanced users who need precise control over state lifetime
+**Pros**: Zero-cost abstraction, explicit lifetime management
+**Cons**: Complex lifetimes, requires deep Rust knowledge, easy to get wrong
+
+Stores mutable references directly in widget structs using explicit lifetimes.
+
+## Choosing the Right Pattern
+
+**For most applications, start with immutable patterns:**
+
+1. **Simple apps**: Use `immutable-function` for basic rendering with external state management
+2. **Modern Ratatui**: Use `immutable-shared-ref` for reusable, efficient widgets (recommended)
+3. **Legacy compatibility**: Use `immutable-consuming` when working with older code patterns
+
+**Use mutable patterns when widgets need to update state during rendering:**
+
+1. **Simple mutable state**: Begin with `mutable-function` or `mutable-widget` for prototypes
+2. **Clean separation**: Use `stateful-widget` when you want to separate widget logic from state
+3. **Hierarchical widgets**: Use `nested-*` patterns for complex widget relationships
+4. **Shared state**: Use `refcell` when multiple widgets need the same state
+5. **Performance critical**: Consider `widget-with-mutable-ref` for advanced lifetime management
+
+## Common Pitfalls
+
+- **Borrowing issues**: The borrow checker can be challenging with mutable state.
+  [`StatefulWidget`](https://docs.rs/ratatui/latest/ratatui/widgets/trait.StatefulWidget.html)
+  often provides the cleanest solution.
+- **Overengineering**: Don't use complex patterns like `refcell` or `widget-with-mutable-ref`
+  unless you actually need them.
+- **State organization**: Keep state close to where it's used. Don't pass state through many
+  layers unnecessarily.
+
+[`component-trait.rs`]: ./src/bin/component-trait.rs
+[`immutable-consuming.rs`]: ./src/bin/immutable-consuming.rs
+[`immutable-function.rs`]: ./src/bin/immutable-function.rs
+[`immutable-shared-ref.rs`]: ./src/bin/immutable-shared-ref.rs
+[`mutable-widget.rs`]: ./src/bin/mutable-widget.rs
+[`nested-mutable-widget.rs`]: ./src/bin/nested-mutable-widget.rs
+[`nested-stateful-widget.rs`]: ./src/bin/nested-stateful-widget.rs
+[`refcell.rs`]: ./src/bin/refcell.rs
+[`mutable-function.rs`]: ./src/bin/mutable-function.rs
+[`stateful-widget.rs`]: ./src/bin/stateful-widget.rs
+[`widget-with-mutable-ref.rs`]: ./src/bin/widget-with-mutable-ref.rs

examples/concepts/state/src/bin/component-trait.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+//! # Custom Component Trait Pattern
+//!
+//! This example demonstrates using a custom trait instead of the standard `Widget` trait for
+//! handling mutable state during rendering. This pattern is useful when you want to implement
+//! consistent behavior across multiple widget types without implementing the `Widget` trait for
+//! each one.
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//!
+//! ## When to Use This Pattern
+//!
+//! - You're building a widget framework or library with custom behavior
+//! - You want a consistent API across multiple widget types
+//! - You need more control over the render method signature
+//! - You're prototyping widget behavior before standardizing on `Widget` or `StatefulWidget`
+//!
+//! ## Trade-offs
+//!
+//! **Pros:**
+//! - Flexible - you can define custom method signatures
+//! - Consistent - enforces the same behavior across widget types
+//! - Simple - no need to understand `StatefulWidget` complexity
+//!
+//! **Cons:**
+//! - Non-standard - users must learn your custom API instead of Ratatui's standard traits
+//! - Less discoverable - doesn't integrate with Ratatui's widget ecosystem
+//! - Limited reuse - can't be used with existing Ratatui functions expecting `Widget`
+//!
+//! ## Example Usage
+//!
+//! The custom `Component` trait allows widgets to mutate their state directly during rendering
+//! by taking `&mut self` instead of `self`. This is similar to the mutable widget pattern but
+//! with a custom trait interface.
+
+use ratatui::Frame;
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui_state_examples::is_exit_key_pressed;
+
+/// Demonstrates the custom component trait pattern for mutable state management.
+///
+/// Creates a counter widget using a custom `Component` trait and runs the application loop,
+/// updating the counter on each render cycle until the user exits.
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        let mut counter = Counter::default();
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| counter.render(frame, frame.area()))?;
+            if is_exit_key_pressed()? {
+                break Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// A custom trait for components that can render themselves while mutating their state.
+///
+/// This trait provides an alternative to the standard `Widget` trait by allowing components to
+/// take `&mut self`, enabling direct state mutation during rendering.
+trait Component {
+    /// Render the component to the given area of the frame.
+    fn render(&mut self, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect);
+}
+
+/// A simple counter component that increments its value each time it's rendered.
+///
+/// Demonstrates how the custom `Component` trait allows widgets to maintain and mutate
+/// their own state during the rendering process.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Counter {
+    count: usize,
+}
+
+impl Component for Counter {
+    fn render(&mut self, frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect) {
+        self.count += 1;
+        frame.render_widget(format!("Counter: {count}", count = self.count), area);
+    }
+}

examples/concepts/state/src/bin/immutable-consuming.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//! # Consuming Widget Pattern with Immutable State
+//!
+//! This example demonstrates implementing the `Widget` trait directly on the widget type,
+//! causing it to be consumed when rendered. This was the original pattern in Ratatui and
+//! is still commonly used, especially for simple widgets that are created fresh each frame.
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//!
+//! ## When to Use This Pattern
+//!
+//! - You're working with existing code that uses this pattern
+//! - Your widgets are simple and created fresh each frame
+//! - You want maximum compatibility with older Ratatui code
+//! - You don't need to reuse widget instances
+//!
+//! ## Trade-offs
+//!
+//! **Pros:**
+//! - Simple - straightforward implementation
+//! - Compatible - works with all Ratatui versions
+//! - Familiar - widely used pattern in existing code
+//! - No borrowing - no need to manage references
+//!
+//! **Cons:**
+//! - Consuming - widget is destroyed after each render
+//! - Inefficient - requires reconstruction for repeated use
+//! - Limited reuse - cannot store and reuse widget instances
+//!
+//! ## Example Usage
+//!
+//! The widget implements `Widget` directly on the owned type, meaning it's consumed
+//! when rendered and must be recreated for subsequent renders.
+
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui::widgets::Widget;
+use ratatui_state_examples::is_exit_key_pressed;
+
+/// Demonstrates the consuming widget pattern for immutable state rendering.
+///
+/// Creates a new counter widget instance each frame, showing how the consuming
+/// pattern works with immutable state that's managed externally.
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        let mut count = 0;
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| {
+                // Widget is created fresh each time and consumed when rendered
+                let counter = Counter::new(count);
+                frame.render_widget(counter, frame.area());
+            })?;
+            // State updates happen outside of widget lifecycle
+            count += 1;
+            if is_exit_key_pressed()? {
+                break Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// A simple counter widget that displays a count value.
+///
+/// Implements `Widget` directly on the owned type, meaning the widget is consumed
+/// when rendered. The count state is managed externally and passed in during construction.
+struct Counter {
+    count: usize,
+}
+
+impl Counter {
+    /// Create a new counter widget with the given count.
+    fn new(count: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { count }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Widget for Counter {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        // Widget is consumed here - self is moved, not borrowed
+        format!("Counter: {}", self.count).render(area, buf);
+    }
+}

examples/concepts/state/src/bin/immutable-function.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//! # Function-Based Pattern with Immutable State
+//!
+//! This example demonstrates using standalone functions for rendering widgets with immutable
+//! state. This pattern keeps state management completely separate from widget rendering logic,
+//! making it easy to test and reason about.
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//!
+//! ## When to Use This Pattern
+//!
+//! - You prefer functional programming approaches
+//! - Your rendering logic is simple and doesn't need complex widget hierarchies
+//! - You want clear separation between state and rendering
+//! - You're building simple UIs or prototyping quickly
+//!
+//! ## Trade-offs
+//!
+//! **Pros:**
+//! - Simple - easy to understand and test
+//! - Pure functions - no side effects in rendering
+//! - Flexible - can easily compose multiple render functions
+//! - Clear separation - state management is completely separate from rendering
+//!
+//! **Cons:**
+//! - Limited - doesn't integrate with Ratatui's widget ecosystem
+//! - Verbose - requires passing state explicitly to every function
+//! - No reuse - can't be used with existing Ratatui widget infrastructure
+//!
+//! ## Example Usage
+//!
+//! The function takes immutable references to both the frame and state, ensuring that
+//! rendering is a pure operation that doesn't modify state.
+
+use ratatui::Frame;
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui_state_examples::is_exit_key_pressed;
+
+/// Demonstrates the function-based pattern for immutable state rendering.
+///
+/// Creates a counter state and renders it using a pure function, incrementing the counter
+/// in the application loop rather than during rendering.
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        let mut counter_state = Counter::default();
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| render_counter(frame, frame.area(), &counter_state))?;
+            // State updates happen outside of rendering
+            counter_state.increment();
+            if is_exit_key_pressed()? {
+                break Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// State for the counter.
+///
+/// This state is managed externally and passed to render functions as an immutable reference.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Counter {
+    count: usize,
+}
+
+impl Counter {
+    /// Increment the counter value.
+    fn increment(&mut self) {
+        self.count += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Pure render function that displays the counter state.
+///
+/// Takes immutable references to ensure rendering has no side effects on state.
+/// This function can be easily tested and composed with other render functions.
+fn render_counter(frame: &mut Frame, area: Rect, state: &Counter) {
+    frame.render_widget(format!("Counter: {}", state.count), area);
+}

examples/concepts/state/src/bin/immutable-shared-ref.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+//! # Shared Reference Pattern with Immutable State
+//!
+//! This example demonstrates implementing the `Widget` trait on a shared reference (`&Widget`)
+//! with immutable state. This is the recommended pattern for most widgets in modern Ratatui
+//! applications, as it allows widgets to be reused without being consumed.
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//!
+//! ## When to Use This Pattern
+//!
+//! - You want to reuse widgets across multiple renders
+//! - Your widget doesn't need to modify its state during rendering
+//! - You want the benefits of Ratatui's widget ecosystem
+//! - You're building modern, efficient Ratatui applications
+//!
+//! ## Trade-offs
+//!
+//! **Pros:**
+//! - Reusable - widget can be rendered multiple times without reconstruction
+//! - Efficient - no cloning or reconstruction needed
+//! - Standard - integrates with Ratatui's widget ecosystem
+//! - Modern - follows current Ratatui best practices
+//!
+//! **Cons:**
+//! - Immutable - cannot modify widget state during rendering
+//! - External state - requires external state management for dynamic behavior
+//!
+//! ## Example Usage
+//!
+//! The widget implements `Widget for &Counter`, allowing it to be rendered by reference
+//! while keeping its internal data immutable during rendering.
+
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui::widgets::Widget;
+use ratatui_state_examples::is_exit_key_pressed;
+
+/// Demonstrates the shared reference pattern for immutable widget rendering.
+///
+/// Creates a counter widget that can be rendered multiple times by reference,
+/// with state updates happening outside the widget's render method.
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        let mut counter = Counter::new();
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| {
+                // Widget is rendered by reference, can be reused
+                frame.render_widget(&counter, frame.area());
+            })?;
+            // State updates happen outside of rendering
+            counter.increment();
+            if is_exit_key_pressed()? {
+                break Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// A counter widget with immutable rendering behavior.
+///
+/// Implements `Widget` on a shared reference, allowing the widget to be rendered
+/// multiple times without being consumed while keeping its data immutable during rendering.
+struct Counter {
+    count: usize,
+}
+
+impl Counter {
+    /// Create a new counter.
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { count: 0 }
+    }
+
+    /// Increment the counter value.
+    ///
+    /// This method modifies the counter's state outside of the rendering process,
+    /// maintaining the separation between state updates and rendering.
+    fn increment(&mut self) {
+        self.count += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Widget for &Counter {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        // Rendering is immutable - no state changes occur here
+        format!("Counter: {}", self.count).render(area, buf);
+    }
+}

examples/concepts/state/src/bin/mutable-function.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+//! # Render Function Pattern
+//!
+//! This example demonstrates the simplest approach to handling mutable state - using regular
+//! functions that accept mutable state references. This pattern works well for simple applications
+//! and prototypes where you don't need the complexity of widget traits.
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//!
+//! ## When to Use This Pattern
+//!
+//! - Simple applications with minimal state management needs
+//! - Prototypes and quick experiments
+//! - When you prefer functional programming over object-oriented approaches
+//! - Applications where state is naturally managed at the top level
+//!
+//! ## Trade-offs
+//!
+//! **Pros:**
+//! - Extremely simple - no traits to implement or understand
+//! - Direct and explicit - state flow is obvious
+//! - Flexible - easy to modify without interface constraints
+//! - Beginner-friendly - uses basic Rust concepts
+//!
+//! **Cons:**
+//! - State must be passed through function parameters
+//! - Harder to organize as application complexity grows
+//! - No encapsulation - state management is scattered
+//! - Less reusable than widget-based approaches
+//! - Can lead to parameter passing through many layers
+//!
+//! ## Example Usage
+//!
+//! State is managed at the application level and passed to render functions as needed.
+//! This approach works well when state is simple and doesn't need complex organization.
+
+use ratatui::Frame;
+use ratatui_state_examples::is_exit_key_pressed;
+
+/// Demonstrates the render function pattern for mutable state management.
+///
+/// Creates a counter using simple functions and runs the application loop,
+/// updating the counter on each render cycle until the user exits.
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        let mut counter = 0;
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| render(frame, &mut counter))?;
+            if is_exit_key_pressed()? {
+                break Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// Renders a counter using a simple function-based approach.
+///
+/// Demonstrates the functional approach to state management where state is managed externally
+/// and passed in as a parameter.
+fn render(frame: &mut Frame, counter: &mut usize) {
+    *counter += 1;
+    frame.render_widget(format!("Counter: {counter}"), frame.area());
+}

examples/concepts/state/src/bin/mutable-widget.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//! # Mutable Widget Pattern
+//!
+//! This example demonstrates implementing the `Widget` trait on a mutable reference (`&mut T`)
+//! to allow direct state mutation during rendering. This is one of the simplest approaches for
+//! widgets that need to maintain their own state.
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//!
+//! ## When to Use This Pattern
+//!
+//! - You have self-contained widgets with their own state
+//! - You prefer an object-oriented approach to widget design
+//! - Your widget's state is simple and doesn't need complex sharing
+//! - You want to encapsulate state within the widget itself
+//!
+//! ## Trade-offs
+//!
+//! **Pros:**
+//! - Simple and intuitive - state is encapsulated within the widget
+//! - Familiar pattern for developers coming from OOP backgrounds
+//! - Direct state access without external state management
+//! - Works well with Rust's ownership system for simple cases
+//!
+//! **Cons:**
+//! - Can lead to borrowing challenges in complex scenarios
+//! - Requires mutable access to the widget, which may not always be available
+//! - Less flexible than `StatefulWidget` for shared or complex state patterns
+//! - May require careful lifetime management in nested scenarios
+//!
+//! ## Example Usage
+//!
+//! The widget implements `Widget` for `&mut Self`, allowing it to mutate its internal state
+//! during the render call. Each render increments a counter, demonstrating state mutation.
+
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui::widgets::Widget;
+use ratatui_state_examples::is_exit_key_pressed;
+
+/// Demonstrates the mutable widget pattern for mutable state management.
+///
+/// Creates a counter widget using `Widget` for `&mut Self` and runs the application loop,
+/// updating the counter on each render cycle until the user exits.
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        let mut counter = Counter::default();
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(&mut counter, frame.area()))?;
+            if is_exit_key_pressed()? {
+                break Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// A counter widget that maintains its own state and increments on each render.
+///
+/// Demonstrates the mutable widget pattern by implementing `Widget` for `&mut Self`.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Counter {
+    counter: usize,
+}
+
+impl Widget for &mut Counter {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        self.counter += 1;
+        format!("Counter: {counter}", counter = self.counter).render(area, buf);
+    }
+}

examples/concepts/state/src/bin/nested-mutable-widget.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+//! # Nested Mutable Widget Pattern
+//!
+//! This example demonstrates nesting widgets that both need mutable access to their state.
+//! This pattern is useful when you have a parent-child widget relationship where both widgets
+//! need to maintain and mutate their own state during rendering.
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//!
+//! ## When to Use This Pattern
+//!
+//! - You have hierarchical widget relationships (parent-child)
+//! - Each widget needs to maintain its own distinct state
+//! - You prefer the mutable widget pattern over StatefulWidget
+//! - Widgets have clear ownership of their state
+//!
+//! ## Trade-offs
+//!
+//! **Pros:**
+//! - Clear hierarchical organization
+//! - Each widget encapsulates its own state
+//! - Intuitive parent-child relationships
+//! - State ownership is explicit
+//!
+//! **Cons:**
+//! - Complex borrowing scenarios can arise
+//! - Requires careful lifetime management
+//! - May lead to borrow checker issues in complex hierarchies
+//! - Less flexible than StatefulWidget for state sharing
+//!
+//! ## Example Usage
+//!
+//! The parent `App` widget contains a child `Counter` widget. Both implement `Widget` for
+//! `&mut Self`, allowing them to mutate their respective states during rendering. The parent
+//! delegates rendering to the child while maintaining its own state structure.
+
+use ratatui::DefaultTerminal;
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui::widgets::Widget;
+use ratatui_state_examples::is_exit_key_pressed;
+
+/// Demonstrates the nested mutable widget pattern for mutable state management.
+///
+/// Creates a parent-child widget hierarchy using mutable widgets and runs the application loop,
+/// updating the counter on each render cycle until the user exits.
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    let app = App::default();
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| app.run(terminal))
+}
+
+/// The main application widget that contains and manages child widgets.
+///
+/// Demonstrates the parent widget in a nested mutable widget hierarchy.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct App {
+    counter: Counter,
+}
+
+impl App {
+    /// Run the application with the given terminal.
+    fn run(mut self, terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(&mut self, frame.area()))?;
+            if is_exit_key_pressed()? {
+                break Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Widget for &mut App {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        self.counter.render(area, buf);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A counter widget that maintains its own state within a nested hierarchy.
+///
+/// Can be used standalone or as a child within other widgets, demonstrating
+/// how mutable widgets can be composed together.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Counter {
+    count: usize,
+}
+
+impl Widget for &mut Counter {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        self.count += 1;
+        format!("Counter: {count}", count = self.count).render(area, buf);
+    }
+}

examples/concepts/state/src/bin/nested-stateful-widget.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+//! # Nested StatefulWidget Pattern
+//!
+//! This example demonstrates composing multiple `StatefulWidget`s in a parent-child hierarchy.
+//! This pattern is ideal for complex applications where you need clean separation of concerns
+//! and want to leverage the benefits of the StatefulWidget pattern at multiple levels.
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//!
+//! ## When to Use This Pattern
+//!
+//! - Complex applications with hierarchical state management needs
+//! - When you want clean separation between widgets and their state
+//! - Building composable widget systems
+//! - Applications that need testable, reusable widget components
+//!
+//! ## Trade-offs
+//!
+//! **Pros:**
+//! - Excellent separation of concerns
+//! - Highly composable and reusable widgets
+//! - Easy to test individual widgets and their state
+//! - Scales well with application complexity
+//! - Follows idiomatic Ratatui patterns
+//!
+//! **Cons:**
+//! - More boilerplate code than simpler patterns
+//! - Requires understanding of nested state management
+//! - State structures can become complex
+//! - May be overkill for simple applications
+//!
+//! ## Example Usage
+//!
+//! The parent `App` widget manages application-level state while delegating specific
+//! functionality to child widgets like `Counter`. Each widget is responsible for its own
+//! state type and rendering logic, making the system highly modular.
+
+use ratatui::DefaultTerminal;
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui::widgets::{StatefulWidget, Widget};
+use ratatui_state_examples::is_exit_key_pressed;
+
+/// Demonstrates the nested StatefulWidget pattern for mutable state management.
+///
+/// Creates a parent-child widget hierarchy using StatefulWidgets and runs the application loop,
+/// updating the counter on each render cycle until the user exits.
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    ratatui::run(App::run)
+}
+
+/// The main application widget using the StatefulWidget pattern.
+///
+/// Demonstrates how to compose multiple StatefulWidgets together while coordinating
+/// between different child widgets.
+struct App;
+
+impl App {
+    /// Run the application with the given terminal.
+    fn run(terminal: &mut DefaultTerminal) -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+        let mut state = AppState { counter: 0 };
+
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_stateful_widget(App, frame.area(), &mut state))?;
+            if is_exit_key_pressed()? {
+                break Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Application state that contains all the state needed by the app and its child widgets.
+///
+/// Demonstrates how to organize hierarchical state in the StatefulWidget pattern.
+struct AppState {
+    counter: usize,
+}
+
+impl StatefulWidget for App {
+    type State = AppState;
+
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State) {
+        Counter.render(area, buf, &mut state.counter);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A counter widget that uses StatefulWidget for clean state separation.
+///
+/// Focuses purely on rendering logic and can be reused with different state instances.
+struct Counter;
+
+impl StatefulWidget for Counter {
+    type State = usize;
+
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State) {
+        *state += 1;
+        format!("Counter: {state}").render(area, buf);
+    }
+}

examples/concepts/state/src/bin/refcell.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//! # Interior Mutability Pattern (RefCell)
+//!
+//! This example demonstrates using `Rc<RefCell<T>>` for interior mutability, allowing multiple
+//! widgets to share and mutate the same state. This pattern is useful when you need shared
+//! mutable state but can't use mutable references due to borrowing constraints.
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//!
+//! ## When to Use This Pattern
+//!
+//! - Multiple widgets need to access and modify the same state
+//! - You can't use mutable references due to borrowing constraints
+//! - You need shared ownership of mutable data
+//! - Complex widget hierarchies where state needs to be accessed from multiple locations
+//!
+//! ## Trade-offs
+//!
+//! **Pros:**
+//! - Allows shared mutable access to state
+//! - Works with immutable widget references
+//! - Enables complex state sharing patterns
+//! - Can be cloned cheaply (reference counting)
+//!
+//! **Cons:**
+//! - Runtime borrow checking - potential for panics if you violate borrowing rules
+//! - Less efficient than compile-time borrow checking
+//! - Harder to debug when borrow violations occur
+//! - More complex than simpler state management patterns
+//! - Can lead to subtle bugs if not used carefully
+//!
+//! ## Important Safety Notes
+//!
+//! - Only one mutable borrow can exist at a time
+//! - Violating this rule will cause a panic at runtime
+//! - Always minimize the scope of borrows to avoid conflicts
+//!
+//! ## Example Usage
+//!
+//! The widget wraps its state in `Rc<RefCell<T>>`, allowing the state to be shared and mutated
+//! even when the widget itself is used by value (as required by the `Widget` trait).
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::ops::AddAssign;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui::widgets::Widget;
+use ratatui_state_examples::is_exit_key_pressed;
+
+/// Demonstrates the interior mutability pattern for mutable state management.
+///
+/// Creates a counter widget using `Rc<RefCell<T>>` and runs the application loop,
+/// updating the counter on each render cycle until the user exits.
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        let counter = Counter::default();
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(counter.clone(), frame.area()))?;
+            if is_exit_key_pressed()? {
+                break Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// A counter widget that uses interior mutability for shared state management.
+///
+/// Demonstrates how `Rc<RefCell<T>>` enables mutable state access even when the
+/// widget itself is used by value.
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+struct Counter {
+    count: Rc<RefCell<usize>>,
+}
+
+impl Widget for Counter {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        self.count.borrow_mut().add_assign(1);
+        format!("Counter: {count}", count = self.count.borrow()).render(area, buf);
+    }
+}

examples/concepts/state/src/bin/stateful-widget.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//! # StatefulWidget Pattern (Recommended)
+//!
+//! This example demonstrates the `StatefulWidget` trait, which is the recommended approach for
+//! handling mutable state in Ratatui applications. This pattern separates the widget's rendering
+//! logic from its state, making it more flexible and reusable.
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//!
+//! ## When to Use This Pattern
+//!
+//! - Most Ratatui applications (this is the recommended default)
+//! - When building reusable widget libraries
+//! - When you need clean separation between rendering logic and state
+//! - When multiple widgets might share similar state structures
+//! - When you want to follow idiomatic Ratatui patterns
+//!
+//! ## Trade-offs
+//!
+//! **Pros:**
+//! - Clean separation of concerns between widget and state
+//! - Reusable - the same widget can work with different state instances
+//! - Testable - state and rendering logic can be tested independently
+//! - Composable - works well with complex application architectures
+//! - Idiomatic - follows Ratatui's recommended patterns
+//!
+//! **Cons:**
+//! - Slightly more verbose than direct mutation patterns
+//! - Requires understanding of the `StatefulWidget` trait
+//! - State must be managed externally
+//!
+//! ## Example Usage
+//!
+//! The widget defines its rendering behavior through `StatefulWidget`, while the state is
+//! managed separately. This allows the same widget to be used with different state instances
+//! and makes testing easier.
+
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui::widgets::{StatefulWidget, Widget};
+use ratatui_state_examples::is_exit_key_pressed;
+
+/// Demonstrates the StatefulWidget pattern for mutable state management.
+///
+/// Creates a counter widget using `StatefulWidget` and runs the application loop,
+/// updating the counter on each render cycle until the user exits.
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        let mut counter = 0;
+        loop {
+            terminal.draw(|frame| {
+                frame.render_stateful_widget(CounterWidget, frame.area(), &mut counter)
+            })?;
+            if is_exit_key_pressed()? {
+                break Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// A counter widget that uses the StatefulWidget pattern for state management.
+///
+/// Demonstrates the separation of rendering logic from state, making the widget reusable
+/// with different state instances and easier to test.
+struct CounterWidget;
+
+impl StatefulWidget for CounterWidget {
+    type State = usize;
+
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer, state: &mut Self::State) {
+        *state += 1;
+        format!("Counter: {state}").render(area, buf);
+    }
+}

examples/concepts/state/src/bin/widget-with-mutable-ref.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//! # Lifetime-Based Mutable References Pattern
+//!
+//! This example demonstrates storing mutable references directly in widget structs using explicit
+//! lifetimes. This is an advanced pattern that provides zero-cost state access but requires
+//! careful lifetime management.
+//!
+//! This example runs with the Ratatui library code in the branch that you are currently
+//! reading. See the [`latest`] branch for the code which works with the most recent Ratatui
+//! release.
+//!
+//! [`latest`]: https://github.com/ratatui/ratatui/tree/latest
+//!
+//! ## When to Use This Pattern
+//!
+//! - You need maximum performance with zero runtime overhead
+//! - You have a good understanding of Rust lifetimes and borrowing
+//! - State lifetime is clearly defined and relatively simple
+//! - You're building performance-critical applications
+//!
+//! ## Trade-offs
+//!
+//! **Pros:**
+//! - Zero runtime cost - no reference counting or runtime borrow checking
+//! - Compile-time safety - borrow checker ensures memory safety
+//! - Direct access to state without indirection
+//! - Maximum performance for state access
+//!
+//! **Cons:**
+//! - Complex lifetime management - requires deep Rust knowledge
+//! - Easy to create compilation errors that are hard to understand
+//! - Inflexible - lifetime constraints can make code harder to refactor
+//! - Not suitable for beginners - requires advanced Rust skills
+//! - Widget structs become less reusable due to lifetime constraints
+//!
+//! ## Important Considerations
+//!
+//! - The widget's lifetime is tied to the state's lifetime
+//! - You must ensure the state outlives the widget
+//! - Lifetime annotations can become complex in larger applications
+//! - Consider simpler patterns unless performance is critical
+//!
+//! ## Example Usage
+//!
+//! The widget stores a mutable reference to external state, allowing direct access without
+//! runtime overhead. The widget must be recreated for each render call due to the lifetime
+//! constraints.
+
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui::widgets::Widget;
+use ratatui_state_examples::is_exit_key_pressed;
+
+/// Demonstrates the lifetime-based mutable references pattern for mutable state management.
+///
+/// Creates a counter widget using mutable references with explicit lifetimes and runs the
+/// application loop, updating the counter on each render cycle until the user exits.
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    ratatui::run(|terminal| {
+        let mut count = 0;
+        loop {
+            let counter = CounterWidget { count: &mut count };
+            terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(counter, frame.area()))?;
+            if is_exit_key_pressed()? {
+                break Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// A counter widget that holds a mutable reference to external state.
+///
+/// Demonstrates the lifetime-based pattern where the widget directly stores a
+/// mutable reference to external state.
+struct CounterWidget<'a> {
+    count: &'a mut usize,
+}
+
+impl Widget for CounterWidget<'_> {
+    fn render(self, area: Rect, buf: &mut Buffer) {
+        *self.count += 1;
+        format!("Counter: {count}", count = self.count).render(area, buf);
+    }
+}

examples/concepts/state/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//! Helper functions for checking if exit keys are pressed
+use crossterm::event::{self, KeyCode};
+
+pub fn is_exit_key_pressed() -> std::io::Result<bool> {
+    Ok(event::read()?
+        .as_key_press_event()
+        .is_some_and(|key| matches!(key.code, KeyCode::Esc | KeyCode::Char('q'))))
+}

examples/vhs/advanced-widget-impl.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/vhs/advanced-widget-impl.tape`
+Output "target/advanced-widget-impl.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set Width 760
+Set Height 260
+Hide
+Type "cargo run -p advanced-widget-impl"
+Enter
+Sleep 2s
+Show
+Sleep 5s

examples/vhs/async-github.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/vhs/async-github.tape`
+Output "target/async-github.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 600
+Hide
+Type "cargo run -p async-github"
+Enter
+Sleep 1s
+Show
+Sleep 1s
+Set TypingSpeed 0.5s
+Down 3
+Up
+Sleep 1s

examples/vhs/calendar-explorer.tape

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/vhs/calendar-explorer.tape`
+Output "target/calendar-explorer.gif"
+Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
+Set Width 1200
+Set Height 800
+Hide
+Type "cargo run -p calendar-explorer"
+Enter
+Sleep 3s
+Show
+Set TypingSpeed 1s
+Type "s"
+Type "s"
+Type "s"
+Type 'n'
+Type 'p'
+Down 5
+Right 5

examples/vhs/canvas.tape

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/canvas.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/vhs/canvas.tape`
 Output "target/canvas.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
 Set FontSize 12
 Set Width 1200
 Set Height 800
 Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=canvas --features=crossterm"
+Type "cargo run -p canvas"
 Enter
 Sleep 2s
 Show

examples/vhs/chart.tape

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/chart.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/vhs/chart.tape`
 Output "target/chart.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
 Set Width 1200
 Set Height 800
 Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=chart --features=crossterm"
+Type "cargo run -p chart"
 Enter
 Sleep 1s
 Show

examples/vhs/color-explorer.tape

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/colors.tape`
-Output "target/colors.gif"
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/vhs/color-explorer.tape`
+Output "target/color-explorer.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
 Set Width 1200
 Set Height 1410
 Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=colors --features=crossterm"
+Type "cargo run -p color-explorer"
 Enter
 Sleep 2s
 Show

examples/vhs/colors-rgb.tape

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # This is a vhs script. See https://github.com/charmbracelet/vhs for more info.
-# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/colors_rgb.tape`
+# To run this script, install vhs and run `vhs ./examples/vhs/colors-rgb.tape`
 
 # note that this script sometimes results in the gif having screen tearing
 # issues. I'm not sure why, but it's not a problem with the library.
-Output "target/colors_rgb.gif"
+Output "target/colors-rgb.gif"
 Set Theme "Aardvark Blue"
 Set Width 1200
 Set Height 1200
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ Set Framerate 60
 Set CursorBlink false
 
 Hide
-Type "cargo run --example=colors_rgb --features=crossterm --release"
+Type "cargo run -p colors-rgb"
 Enter
 Sleep 2s
-# Screenshot "target/colors_rgb.png"
+# Screenshot "target/colors-rgb.png"
 Show
 Sleep 10s