serde_json is no longer optional

## Summary

By taking a purely syntactic approach to the problem of trivial
initializer calls we can supress `x: T = T()`, `x: T = x.y.T()` and `x:
MyNewType = MyNewType(0)` but still display `x: T[U] = T()`.

The place where we drop a ball is this does not compose with our
analysis for supressing `x = (0, "hello")` as `x = (0, T())` and `x =
(T(), T())` will still get inlay hints (I don't think this is a huge
deal).

* fixes https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues/1516

## Test Plan

Existing snapshots cover this well.

crates/ruff_db/src/diagnostic/mod.rs

@@ -166,28 +166,8 @@ impl Diagnostic {
     /// Returns the primary message for this diagnostic.
     ///
     /// A diagnostic always has a message, but it may be empty.
-    ///
-    /// NOTE: At present, this routine will return the first primary
-    /// annotation's message as the primary message when the main diagnostic
-    /// message is empty. This is meant to facilitate an incremental migration
-    /// in ty over to the new diagnostic data model. (The old data model
-    /// didn't distinguish between messages on the entire diagnostic and
-    /// messages attached to a particular span.)
     pub fn primary_message(&self) -> &str {
-        if !self.inner.message.as_str().is_empty() {
-            return self.inner.message.as_str();
-        }
-        // FIXME: As a special case, while we're migrating ty
-        // to the new diagnostic data model, we'll look for a primary
-        // message from the primary annotation. This is because most
-        // ty diagnostics are created with an empty diagnostic
-        // message and instead attach the message to the annotation.
-        // Fixing this will require touching basically every diagnostic
-        // in ty, so we do it this way for now to match the old
-        // semantics. ---AG
-        self.primary_annotation()
-            .and_then(|ann| ann.get_message())
-            .unwrap_or_default()
+        self.inner.message.as_str()
     }
 
     /// Introspects this diagnostic and returns what kind of "primary" message
@@ -199,18 +179,6 @@ impl Diagnostic {
     /// contains *essential* information or context for understanding the
     /// diagnostic.
     ///
-    /// The reason why we don't just always return both the main diagnostic
-    /// message and the primary annotation message is because this was written
-    /// in the midst of an incremental migration of ty over to the new
-    /// diagnostic data model. At time of writing, diagnostics were still
-    /// constructed in the old model where the main diagnostic message and the
-    /// primary annotation message were not distinguished from each other. So
-    /// for now, we carefully return what kind of messages this diagnostic
-    /// contains. In effect, if this diagnostic has a non-empty main message
-    /// *and* a non-empty primary annotation message, then the diagnostic is
-    /// 100% using the new diagnostic data model and we can format things
-    /// appropriately.
-    ///
     /// The type returned implements the `std::fmt::Display` trait. In most
     /// cases, just converting it to a string (or printing it) will do what
     /// you want.
@@ -224,11 +192,10 @@ impl Diagnostic {
             .primary_annotation()
             .and_then(|ann| ann.get_message())
             .unwrap_or_default();
-        match (main.is_empty(), annotation.is_empty()) {
-            (false, true) => ConciseMessage::MainDiagnostic(main),
-            (true, false) => ConciseMessage::PrimaryAnnotation(annotation),
-            (false, false) => ConciseMessage::Both { main, annotation },
-            (true, true) => ConciseMessage::Empty,
+        if annotation.is_empty() {
+            ConciseMessage::MainDiagnostic(main)
+        } else {
+            ConciseMessage::Both { main, annotation }
         }
     }
 
@@ -693,18 +660,6 @@ impl SubDiagnostic {
     /// contains *essential* information or context for understanding the
     /// diagnostic.
     ///
-    /// The reason why we don't just always return both the main diagnostic
-    /// message and the primary annotation message is because this was written
-    /// in the midst of an incremental migration of ty over to the new
-    /// diagnostic data model. At time of writing, diagnostics were still
-    /// constructed in the old model where the main diagnostic message and the
-    /// primary annotation message were not distinguished from each other. So
-    /// for now, we carefully return what kind of messages this diagnostic
-    /// contains. In effect, if this diagnostic has a non-empty main message
-    /// *and* a non-empty primary annotation message, then the diagnostic is
-    /// 100% using the new diagnostic data model and we can format things
-    /// appropriately.
-    ///
     /// The type returned implements the `std::fmt::Display` trait. In most
     /// cases, just converting it to a string (or printing it) will do what
     /// you want.
@@ -714,11 +669,10 @@ impl SubDiagnostic {
             .primary_annotation()
             .and_then(|ann| ann.get_message())
             .unwrap_or_default();
-        match (main.is_empty(), annotation.is_empty()) {
-            (false, true) => ConciseMessage::MainDiagnostic(main),
-            (true, false) => ConciseMessage::PrimaryAnnotation(annotation),
-            (false, false) => ConciseMessage::Both { main, annotation },
-            (true, true) => ConciseMessage::Empty,
+        if annotation.is_empty() {
+            ConciseMessage::MainDiagnostic(main)
+        } else {
+            ConciseMessage::Both { main, annotation }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -888,6 +842,10 @@ impl Annotation {
     pub fn hide_snippet(&mut self, yes: bool) {
         self.hide_snippet = yes;
     }
+
+    pub fn is_primary(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_primary
+    }
 }
 
 /// Tags that can be associated with an annotation.
@@ -1508,28 +1466,10 @@ pub enum DiagnosticFormat {
 pub enum ConciseMessage<'a> {
     /// A diagnostic contains a non-empty main message and an empty
     /// primary annotation message.
-    ///
-    /// This strongly suggests that the diagnostic is using the
-    /// "new" data model.
     MainDiagnostic(&'a str),
-    /// A diagnostic contains an empty main message and a non-empty
-    /// primary annotation message.
-    ///
-    /// This strongly suggests that the diagnostic is using the
-    /// "old" data model.
-    PrimaryAnnotation(&'a str),
     /// A diagnostic contains a non-empty main message and a non-empty
     /// primary annotation message.
-    ///
-    /// This strongly suggests that the diagnostic is using the
-    /// "new" data model.
     Both { main: &'a str, annotation: &'a str },
-    /// A diagnostic contains an empty main message and an empty
-    /// primary annotation message.
-    ///
-    /// This indicates that the diagnostic is probably using the old
-    /// model.
-    Empty,
     /// A custom concise message has been provided.
     Custom(&'a str),
 }
@@ -1540,13 +1480,9 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for ConciseMessage<'_> {
             ConciseMessage::MainDiagnostic(main) => {
                 write!(f, "{main}")
             }
-            ConciseMessage::PrimaryAnnotation(annotation) => {
-                write!(f, "{annotation}")
-            }
             ConciseMessage::Both { main, annotation } => {
                 write!(f, "{main}: {annotation}")
             }
-            ConciseMessage::Empty => Ok(()),
             ConciseMessage::Custom(message) => {
                 write!(f, "{message}")
             }

crates/ruff_python_ast/src/script.rs

@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ static FINDER: LazyLock<Finder> = LazyLock::new(|| Finder::new(b"# /// script"))
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct ScriptTag {
     /// The content of the script before the metadata block.
-    prelude: String,
+    pub prelude: String,
     /// The metadata block.
-    metadata: String,
+    pub metadata: String,
     /// The content of the script after the metadata block.
-    postlude: String,
+    pub postlude: String,
 }
 
 impl ScriptTag {

crates/ruff_source_file/src/line_index.rs

@@ -33,26 +33,29 @@ impl LineIndex {
         line_starts.push(TextSize::default());
 
         let bytes = text.as_bytes();
-        let mut utf8 = false;
 
         assert!(u32::try_from(bytes.len()).is_ok());
 
-        for (i, byte) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
-            utf8 |= !byte.is_ascii();
-
-            match byte {
-                // Only track one line break for `\r\n`.
-                b'\r' if bytes.get(i + 1) == Some(&b'\n') => continue,
-                b'\n' | b'\r' => {
-                    // SAFETY: Assertion above guarantees `i <= u32::MAX`
-                    #[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-                    line_starts.push(TextSize::from(i as u32) + TextSize::from(1));
-                }
-                _ => {}
+        for i in memchr::memchr2_iter(b'\n', b'\r', bytes) {
+            // Skip `\r` in `\r\n` sequences (only count the `\n`).
+            if bytes[i] == b'\r' && bytes.get(i + 1) == Some(&b'\n') {
+                continue;
             }
+            // SAFETY: Assertion above guarantees `i <= u32::MAX`
+            #[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+            line_starts.push(TextSize::from(i as u32) + TextSize::from(1));
         }
 
-        let kind = if utf8 {
+        // Determine whether the source text is ASCII.
+        //
+        // Empirically, this simple loop is auto-vectorized by LLVM and benchmarks faster than both
+        // `str::is_ascii()` and hand-written SIMD.
+        let mut has_non_ascii = false;
+        for byte in bytes {
+            has_non_ascii |= !byte.is_ascii();
+        }
+
+        let kind = if has_non_ascii {
             IndexKind::Utf8
         } else {
             IndexKind::Ascii

crates/ty/src/lib.rs

@@ -90,6 +90,22 @@ fn run_check(args: CheckCommand) -> anyhow::Result<ExitStatus> {
             })?
     };
 
+    let system = OsSystem::new(&cwd);
+
+    // If we see a single path, check if it's a PEP-723 script
+    let mut script_project = None;
+    if let [path] = &*args.paths {
+        match ProjectMetadata::discover_script(path, &system) {
+            Ok(project) => {
+                script_project = Some(project);
+            }
+            Err(ty_project::ProjectMetadataError::NotAScript(_)) => {
+                // This is fine
+            }
+            Err(e) => tracing::info!("Issue reading script at `{path}`: {e}"),
+        }
+    }
+
     let project_path = args
         .project
         .as_ref()
@@ -111,7 +127,6 @@ fn run_check(args: CheckCommand) -> anyhow::Result<ExitStatus> {
         .map(|path| SystemPath::absolute(path, &cwd))
         .collect();
 
-    let system = OsSystem::new(&cwd);
     let watch = args.watch;
     let exit_zero = args.exit_zero;
     let config_file = args
@@ -121,7 +136,13 @@ fn run_check(args: CheckCommand) -> anyhow::Result<ExitStatus> {
 
     let mut project_metadata = match &config_file {
         Some(config_file) => ProjectMetadata::from_config_file(config_file.clone(), &system)?,
-        None => ProjectMetadata::discover(&project_path, &system)?,
+        None => {
+            if let Some(project) = script_project {
+                project
+            } else {
+                ProjectMetadata::discover(&project_path, &system)?
+            }
+        }
     };
 
     project_metadata.apply_configuration_files(&system)?;

crates/ty/tests/cli/python_environment.rs

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn config_override_python_version() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
       |
     2 | [tool.ty.environment]
     3 | python-version = "3.11"
-      |                  ^^^^^^ Python 3.11 assumed due to this configuration setting
+      |                  ^^^^^^ Python version configuration
       |
     info: rule `unresolved-attribute` is enabled by default
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ fn config_file_annotation_showing_where_python_version_set_typing_error() -> any
         ),
     ])?;
 
-    assert_cmd_snapshot!(case.command(), @r###"
+    assert_cmd_snapshot!(case.command(), @r#"
     success: false
     exit_code: 1
     ----- stdout -----
@@ -159,14 +159,14 @@ fn config_file_annotation_showing_where_python_version_set_typing_error() -> any
       |
     2 | [tool.ty.environment]
     3 | python-version = "3.8"
-      |                  ^^^^^ Python 3.8 assumed due to this configuration setting
+      |                  ^^^^^ Python version configuration
       |
     info: rule `unresolved-reference` is enabled by default
 
     Found 1 diagnostic
 
     ----- stderr -----
-    "###);
+    "#);
 
     assert_cmd_snapshot!(case.command().arg("--python-version=3.9"), @r###"
     success: false
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ fn pyvenv_cfg_file_annotation_showing_where_python_version_set() -> anyhow::Resu
         ("test.py", "aiter"),
     ])?;
 
-    assert_cmd_snapshot!(case.command(), @r###"
+    assert_cmd_snapshot!(case.command(), @r"
     success: false
     exit_code: 1
     ----- stdout -----
@@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ fn pyvenv_cfg_file_annotation_showing_where_python_version_set() -> anyhow::Resu
      --> venv/pyvenv.cfg:2:11
       |
     2 | version = 3.8
-      |           ^^^ Python version inferred from virtual environment metadata file
+      |           ^^^ Virtual environment metadata
     3 | home = foo/bar/bin
       |
     info: No Python version was specified on the command line or in a configuration file
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ fn pyvenv_cfg_file_annotation_showing_where_python_version_set() -> anyhow::Resu
     Found 1 diagnostic
 
     ----- stderr -----
-    "###);
+    ");
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ fn pyvenv_cfg_file_annotation_no_trailing_newline() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         ("test.py", "aiter"),
     ])?;
 
-    assert_cmd_snapshot!(case.command(), @r###"
+    assert_cmd_snapshot!(case.command(), @r"
     success: false
     exit_code: 1
     ----- stdout -----
@@ -846,7 +846,7 @@ fn pyvenv_cfg_file_annotation_no_trailing_newline() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
      --> venv/pyvenv.cfg:4:23
       |
     4 |             version = 3.8
-      |                       ^^^ Python version inferred from virtual environment metadata file
+      |                       ^^^ Virtual environment metadata
       |
     info: No Python version was specified on the command line or in a configuration file
     info: rule `unresolved-reference` is enabled by default
@@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ fn pyvenv_cfg_file_annotation_no_trailing_newline() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     Found 1 diagnostic
 
     ----- stderr -----
-    "###);
+    ");
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -898,7 +898,7 @@ fn config_file_annotation_showing_where_python_version_set_syntax_error() -> any
       |
     2 | [project]
     3 | requires-python = ">=3.8"
-      |                   ^^^^^^^ Python 3.8 assumed due to this configuration setting
+      |                   ^^^^^^^ Python version configuration
       |
 
     Found 1 diagnostic
@@ -1206,7 +1206,7 @@ fn defaults_to_a_new_python_version() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
       |
     2 | [environment]
     3 | python-version = "3.10"
-      |                  ^^^^^^ Python 3.10 assumed due to this configuration setting
+      |                  ^^^^^^ Python version configuration
     4 | python-platform = "linux"
       |
     info: rule `unresolved-attribute` is enabled by default
@@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@ fn defaults_to_a_new_python_version() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
       |
     2 | [environment]
     3 | python-version = "3.10"
-      |                  ^^^^^^ Python 3.10 assumed due to this configuration setting
+      |                  ^^^^^^ Python version configuration
     4 | python-platform = "linux"
       |
     info: rule `unresolved-import` is enabled by default

crates/ty_ide/src/inlay_hints.rs

@@ -19,11 +19,22 @@ pub struct InlayHint {
 }
 
 impl InlayHint {
-    fn variable_type(expr: &Expr, ty: Type, db: &dyn Db, allow_edits: bool) -> Self {
+    fn variable_type(
+        expr: &Expr,
+        rhs: &Expr,
+        ty: Type,
+        db: &dyn Db,
+        allow_edits: bool,
+    ) -> Option<Self> {
         let position = expr.range().end();
         // Render the type to a string, and get subspans for all the types that make it up
         let details = ty.display(db).to_string_parts();
 
+        // Filter out a reptitive hints like `x: T = T()`
+        if call_matches_name(rhs, &details.label) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
         // Ok so the idea here is that we potentially have a random soup of spans here,
         // and each byte of the string can have at most one target associate with it.
         // Thankfully, they were generally pushed in print order, with the inner smaller types
@@ -73,12 +84,12 @@ impl InlayHint {
             vec![]
         };
 
-        Self {
+        Some(Self {
             position,
             kind: InlayHintKind::Type,
             label: InlayHintLabel { parts: label_parts },
             text_edits,
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     fn call_argument_name(
@@ -250,7 +261,7 @@ struct InlayHintVisitor<'a, 'db> {
     db: &'db dyn Db,
     model: SemanticModel<'db>,
     hints: Vec<InlayHint>,
-    in_assignment: bool,
+    assignment_rhs: Option<&'a Expr>,
     range: TextRange,
     settings: &'a InlayHintSettings,
     in_no_edits_allowed: bool,
@@ -262,21 +273,21 @@ impl<'a, 'db> InlayHintVisitor<'a, 'db> {
             db,
             model: SemanticModel::new(db, file),
             hints: Vec::new(),
-            in_assignment: false,
+            assignment_rhs: None,
             range,
             settings,
             in_no_edits_allowed: false,
         }
     }
 
-    fn add_type_hint(&mut self, expr: &Expr, ty: Type<'db>, allow_edits: bool) {
+    fn add_type_hint(&mut self, expr: &Expr, rhs: &Expr, ty: Type<'db>, allow_edits: bool) {
         if !self.settings.variable_types {
             return;
         }
 
-        let inlay_hint = InlayHint::variable_type(expr, ty, self.db, allow_edits);
-
-        self.hints.push(inlay_hint);
+        if let Some(inlay_hint) = InlayHint::variable_type(expr, rhs, ty, self.db, allow_edits) {
+            self.hints.push(inlay_hint);
+        }
     }
 
     fn add_call_argument_name(
@@ -299,8 +310,8 @@ impl<'a, 'db> InlayHintVisitor<'a, 'db> {
     }
 }
 
-impl SourceOrderVisitor<'_> for InlayHintVisitor<'_, '_> {
-    fn enter_node(&mut self, node: AnyNodeRef<'_>) -> TraversalSignal {
+impl<'a> SourceOrderVisitor<'a> for InlayHintVisitor<'a, '_> {
+    fn enter_node(&mut self, node: AnyNodeRef<'a>) -> TraversalSignal {
         if self.range.intersect(node.range()).is_some() {
             TraversalSignal::Traverse
         } else {
@@ -308,7 +319,7 @@ impl SourceOrderVisitor<'_> for InlayHintVisitor<'_, '_> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn visit_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &Stmt) {
+    fn visit_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &'a Stmt) {
         let node = AnyNodeRef::from(stmt);
 
         if !self.enter_node(node).is_traverse() {
@@ -317,7 +328,9 @@ impl SourceOrderVisitor<'_> for InlayHintVisitor<'_, '_> {
 
         match stmt {
             Stmt::Assign(assign) => {
-                self.in_assignment = !type_hint_is_excessive_for_expr(&assign.value);
+                if !type_hint_is_excessive_for_expr(&assign.value) {
+                    self.assignment_rhs = Some(&*assign.value);
+                }
                 if !annotations_are_valid_syntax(assign) {
                     self.in_no_edits_allowed = true;
                 }
@@ -325,7 +338,7 @@ impl SourceOrderVisitor<'_> for InlayHintVisitor<'_, '_> {
                     self.visit_expr(target);
                 }
                 self.in_no_edits_allowed = false;
-                self.in_assignment = false;
+                self.assignment_rhs = None;
 
                 self.visit_expr(&assign.value);
 
@@ -344,22 +357,22 @@ impl SourceOrderVisitor<'_> for InlayHintVisitor<'_, '_> {
         source_order::walk_stmt(self, stmt);
     }
 
-    fn visit_expr(&mut self, expr: &'_ Expr) {
+    fn visit_expr(&mut self, expr: &'a Expr) {
         match expr {
             Expr::Name(name) => {
-                if self.in_assignment {
+                if let Some(rhs) = self.assignment_rhs {
                     if name.ctx.is_store() {
                         let ty = expr.inferred_type(&self.model);
-                        self.add_type_hint(expr, ty, !self.in_no_edits_allowed);
+                        self.add_type_hint(expr, rhs, ty, !self.in_no_edits_allowed);
                     }
                 }
                 source_order::walk_expr(self, expr);
             }
             Expr::Attribute(attribute) => {
-                if self.in_assignment {
+                if let Some(rhs) = self.assignment_rhs {
                     if attribute.ctx.is_store() {
                         let ty = expr.inferred_type(&self.model);
-                        self.add_type_hint(expr, ty, !self.in_no_edits_allowed);
+                        self.add_type_hint(expr, rhs, ty, !self.in_no_edits_allowed);
                     }
                 }
                 source_order::walk_expr(self, expr);
@@ -416,6 +429,26 @@ fn arg_matches_name(arg_or_keyword: &ArgOrKeyword, name: &str) -> bool {
     }
 }
 
+/// Given a function call, check if the expression is the "same name"
+/// as the function being called.
+///
+/// This allows us to filter out reptitive inlay hints like `x: T = T(...)`.
+/// While still allowing non-trivial ones like `x: T[U] = T()`.
+fn call_matches_name(expr: &Expr, name: &str) -> bool {
+    // Only care about function calls
+    let Expr::Call(call) = expr else {
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    match &*call.func {
+        // `x: T = T()` is a match
+        Expr::Name(expr_name) => expr_name.id.as_str() == name,
+        // `x: T = a.T()` is a match
+        Expr::Attribute(expr_attribute) => expr_attribute.attr.as_str() == name,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
 /// Given an expression that's the RHS of an assignment, would it be excessive to
 /// emit an inlay type hint for the variable assigned to it?
 ///
@@ -1829,35 +1862,16 @@ mod tests {
             ",
         );
 
-        assert_snapshot!(test.inlay_hints(), @r#"
+        assert_snapshot!(test.inlay_hints(), @r"
         class A:
             def __init__(self, y):
-                self.x[: int] = int(1)
+                self.x = int(1)
                 self.y[: Unknown] = y
 
-        a[: A] = A([y=]2)
-        a.y[: int] = int(3)
+        a = A([y=]2)
+        a.y = int(3)
 
         ---------------------------------------------
-        info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
-           --> stdlib/builtins.pyi:348:7
-            |
-        347 | @disjoint_base
-        348 | class int:
-            |       ^^^
-        349 |     """int([x]) -> integer
-        350 |     int(x, base=10) -> integer
-            |
-        info: Source
-         --> main2.py:4:18
-          |
-        2 | class A:
-        3 |     def __init__(self, y):
-        4 |         self.x[: int] = int(1)
-          |                  ^^^
-        5 |         self.y[: Unknown] = y
-          |
-
         info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
           --> stdlib/ty_extensions.pyi:20:1
            |
@@ -1871,29 +1885,11 @@ mod tests {
          --> main2.py:5:18
           |
         3 |     def __init__(self, y):
-        4 |         self.x[: int] = int(1)
+        4 |         self.x = int(1)
         5 |         self.y[: Unknown] = y
           |                  ^^^^^^^
         6 |
-        7 | a[: A] = A([y=]2)
-          |
-
-        info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
-         --> main.py:2:7
-          |
-        2 | class A:
-          |       ^
-        3 |     def __init__(self, y):
-        4 |         self.x = int(1)
-          |
-        info: Source
-         --> main2.py:7:5
-          |
-        5 |         self.y[: Unknown] = y
-        6 |
-        7 | a[: A] = A([y=]2)
-          |     ^
-        8 | a.y[: int] = int(3)
+        7 | a = A([y=]2)
           |
 
         info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
@@ -1906,30 +1902,13 @@ mod tests {
         5 |         self.y = y
           |
         info: Source
-         --> main2.py:7:13
+         --> main2.py:7:8
           |
         5 |         self.y[: Unknown] = y
         6 |
-        7 | a[: A] = A([y=]2)
-          |             ^
-        8 | a.y[: int] = int(3)
-          |
-
-        info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
-           --> stdlib/builtins.pyi:348:7
-            |
-        347 | @disjoint_base
-        348 | class int:
-            |       ^^^
-        349 |     """int([x]) -> integer
-        350 |     int(x, base=10) -> integer
-            |
-        info: Source
-         --> main2.py:8:7
-          |
-        7 | a[: A] = A([y=]2)
-        8 | a.y[: int] = int(3)
-          |       ^^^
+        7 | a = A([y=]2)
+          |        ^
+        8 | a.y = int(3)
           |
 
         ---------------------------------------------
@@ -1938,12 +1917,12 @@ mod tests {
 
         class A:
             def __init__(self, y):
-                self.x: int = int(1)
+                self.x = int(1)
                 self.y: Unknown = y
 
-        a: A = A(2)
-        a.y: int = int(3)
-        "#);
+        a = A(2)
+        a.y = int(3)
+        ");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -2937,31 +2916,12 @@ mod tests {
             def __init__(self):
                 self.x: int = 1
 
-        x[: MyClass] = MyClass()
+        x = MyClass()
         y[: tuple[MyClass, MyClass]] = (MyClass(), MyClass())
         a[: MyClass], b[: MyClass] = MyClass(), MyClass()
         c[: MyClass], d[: MyClass] = (MyClass(), MyClass())
 
         ---------------------------------------------
-        info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
-         --> main.py:2:7
-          |
-        2 | class MyClass:
-          |       ^^^^^^^
-        3 |     def __init__(self):
-        4 |         self.x: int = 1
-          |
-        info: Source
-         --> main2.py:6:5
-          |
-        4 |         self.x: int = 1
-        5 |
-        6 | x[: MyClass] = MyClass()
-          |     ^^^^^^^
-        7 | y[: tuple[MyClass, MyClass]] = (MyClass(), MyClass())
-        8 | a[: MyClass], b[: MyClass] = MyClass(), MyClass()
-          |
-
         info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
             --> stdlib/builtins.pyi:2695:7
              |
@@ -2973,7 +2933,7 @@ mod tests {
         info: Source
          --> main2.py:7:5
           |
-        6 | x[: MyClass] = MyClass()
+        6 | x = MyClass()
         7 | y[: tuple[MyClass, MyClass]] = (MyClass(), MyClass())
           |     ^^^^^
         8 | a[: MyClass], b[: MyClass] = MyClass(), MyClass()
@@ -2991,7 +2951,7 @@ mod tests {
         info: Source
          --> main2.py:7:11
           |
-        6 | x[: MyClass] = MyClass()
+        6 | x = MyClass()
         7 | y[: tuple[MyClass, MyClass]] = (MyClass(), MyClass())
           |           ^^^^^^^
         8 | a[: MyClass], b[: MyClass] = MyClass(), MyClass()
@@ -3009,7 +2969,7 @@ mod tests {
         info: Source
          --> main2.py:7:20
           |
-        6 | x[: MyClass] = MyClass()
+        6 | x = MyClass()
         7 | y[: tuple[MyClass, MyClass]] = (MyClass(), MyClass())
           |                    ^^^^^^^
         8 | a[: MyClass], b[: MyClass] = MyClass(), MyClass()
@@ -3027,7 +2987,7 @@ mod tests {
         info: Source
          --> main2.py:8:5
           |
-        6 | x[: MyClass] = MyClass()
+        6 | x = MyClass()
         7 | y[: tuple[MyClass, MyClass]] = (MyClass(), MyClass())
         8 | a[: MyClass], b[: MyClass] = MyClass(), MyClass()
           |     ^^^^^^^
@@ -3045,7 +3005,7 @@ mod tests {
         info: Source
          --> main2.py:8:19
           |
-        6 | x[: MyClass] = MyClass()
+        6 | x = MyClass()
         7 | y[: tuple[MyClass, MyClass]] = (MyClass(), MyClass())
         8 | a[: MyClass], b[: MyClass] = MyClass(), MyClass()
           |                   ^^^^^^^
@@ -3094,7 +3054,7 @@ mod tests {
             def __init__(self):
                 self.x: int = 1
 
-        x: MyClass = MyClass()
+        x = MyClass()
         y: tuple[MyClass, MyClass] = (MyClass(), MyClass())
         a, b = MyClass(), MyClass()
         c, d = (MyClass(), MyClass())
@@ -4097,31 +4057,11 @@ mod tests {
             def __init__(self):
                 self.x: int = 1
                 self.y: int = 2
-        val[: MyClass] = MyClass()
+        val = MyClass()
 
         foo(val.x)
         foo([x=]val.y)
         ---------------------------------------------
-        info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
-         --> main.py:3:7
-          |
-        2 | def foo(x: int): pass
-        3 | class MyClass:
-          |       ^^^^^^^
-        4 |     def __init__(self):
-        5 |         self.x: int = 1
-          |
-        info: Source
-         --> main2.py:7:7
-          |
-        5 |         self.x: int = 1
-        6 |         self.y: int = 2
-        7 | val[: MyClass] = MyClass()
-          |       ^^^^^^^
-        8 |
-        9 | foo(val.x)
-          |
-
         info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
          --> main.py:2:9
           |
@@ -4137,20 +4077,6 @@ mod tests {
         10 | foo([x=]val.y)
            |      ^
            |
-
-        ---------------------------------------------
-        info[inlay-hint-edit]: File after edits
-        info: Source
-
-        def foo(x: int): pass
-        class MyClass:
-            def __init__(self):
-                self.x: int = 1
-                self.y: int = 2
-        val: MyClass = MyClass()
-
-        foo(val.x)
-        foo(val.y)
         ");
     }
 
@@ -4176,31 +4102,11 @@ mod tests {
             def __init__(self):
                 self.x: int = 1
                 self.y: int = 2
-        x[: MyClass] = MyClass()
+        x = MyClass()
 
         foo(x.x)
         foo([x=]x.y)
         ---------------------------------------------
-        info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
-         --> main.py:3:7
-          |
-        2 | def foo(x: int): pass
-        3 | class MyClass:
-          |       ^^^^^^^
-        4 |     def __init__(self):
-        5 |         self.x: int = 1
-          |
-        info: Source
-         --> main2.py:7:5
-          |
-        5 |         self.x: int = 1
-        6 |         self.y: int = 2
-        7 | x[: MyClass] = MyClass()
-          |     ^^^^^^^
-        8 |
-        9 | foo(x.x)
-          |
-
         info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
          --> main.py:2:9
           |
@@ -4216,20 +4122,6 @@ mod tests {
         10 | foo([x=]x.y)
            |      ^
            |
-
-        ---------------------------------------------
-        info[inlay-hint-edit]: File after edits
-        info: Source
-
-        def foo(x: int): pass
-        class MyClass:
-            def __init__(self):
-                self.x: int = 1
-                self.y: int = 2
-        x: MyClass = MyClass()
-
-        foo(x.x)
-        foo(x.y)
         ");
     }
 
@@ -4258,31 +4150,11 @@ mod tests {
                 return 1
             def y() -> int:
                 return 2
-        val[: MyClass] = MyClass()
+        val = MyClass()
 
         foo(val.x())
         foo([x=]val.y())
         ---------------------------------------------
-        info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
-         --> main.py:3:7
-          |
-        2 | def foo(x: int): pass
-        3 | class MyClass:
-          |       ^^^^^^^
-        4 |     def __init__(self):
-        5 |     def x() -> int:
-          |
-        info: Source
-          --> main2.py:9:7
-           |
-         7 |     def y() -> int:
-         8 |         return 2
-         9 | val[: MyClass] = MyClass()
-           |       ^^^^^^^
-        10 |
-        11 | foo(val.x())
-           |
-
         info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
          --> main.py:2:9
           |
@@ -4298,22 +4170,6 @@ mod tests {
         12 | foo([x=]val.y())
            |      ^
            |
-
-        ---------------------------------------------
-        info[inlay-hint-edit]: File after edits
-        info: Source
-
-        def foo(x: int): pass
-        class MyClass:
-            def __init__(self):
-            def x() -> int:
-                return 1
-            def y() -> int:
-                return 2
-        val: MyClass = MyClass()
-
-        foo(val.x())
-        foo(val.y())
         ");
     }
 
@@ -4346,31 +4202,11 @@ mod tests {
                 return 1
             def y() -> List[int]:
                 return 2
-        val[: MyClass] = MyClass()
+        val = MyClass()
 
         foo(val.x()[0])
         foo([x=]val.y()[1])
         ---------------------------------------------
-        info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
-         --> main.py:5:7
-          |
-        4 | def foo(x: int): pass
-        5 | class MyClass:
-          |       ^^^^^^^
-        6 |     def __init__(self):
-        7 |     def x() -> List[int]:
-          |
-        info: Source
-          --> main2.py:11:7
-           |
-         9 |     def y() -> List[int]:
-        10 |         return 2
-        11 | val[: MyClass] = MyClass()
-           |       ^^^^^^^
-        12 |
-        13 | foo(val.x()[0])
-           |
-
         info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
          --> main.py:4:9
           |
@@ -4388,24 +4224,6 @@ mod tests {
         14 | foo([x=]val.y()[1])
            |      ^
            |
-
-        ---------------------------------------------
-        info[inlay-hint-edit]: File after edits
-        info: Source
-
-        from typing import List
-
-        def foo(x: int): pass
-        class MyClass:
-            def __init__(self):
-            def x() -> List[int]:
-                return 1
-            def y() -> List[int]:
-                return 2
-        val: MyClass = MyClass()
-
-        foo(val.x()[0])
-        foo(val.y()[1])
         ");
     }
 
@@ -4697,7 +4515,7 @@ mod tests {
         class Foo:
             def __init__(self, x: int): pass
         Foo([x=]1)
-        f[: Foo] = Foo([x=]1)
+        f = Foo([x=]1)
         ---------------------------------------------
         info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
          --> main.py:3:24
@@ -4715,24 +4533,7 @@ mod tests {
         3 |     def __init__(self, x: int): pass
         4 | Foo([x=]1)
           |      ^
-        5 | f[: Foo] = Foo([x=]1)
-          |
-
-        info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
-         --> main.py:2:7
-          |
-        2 | class Foo:
-          |       ^^^
-        3 |     def __init__(self, x: int): pass
-        4 | Foo(1)
-          |
-        info: Source
-         --> main2.py:5:5
-          |
-        3 |     def __init__(self, x: int): pass
-        4 | Foo([x=]1)
-        5 | f[: Foo] = Foo([x=]1)
-          |     ^^^
+        5 | f = Foo([x=]1)
           |
 
         info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
@@ -4745,22 +4546,13 @@ mod tests {
         5 | f = Foo(1)
           |
         info: Source
-         --> main2.py:5:17
+         --> main2.py:5:10
           |
         3 |     def __init__(self, x: int): pass
         4 | Foo([x=]1)
-        5 | f[: Foo] = Foo([x=]1)
-          |                 ^
+        5 | f = Foo([x=]1)
+          |          ^
           |
-
-        ---------------------------------------------
-        info[inlay-hint-edit]: File after edits
-        info: Source
-
-        class Foo:
-            def __init__(self, x: int): pass
-        Foo(1)
-        f: Foo = Foo(1)
         ");
     }
 
@@ -4778,7 +4570,7 @@ mod tests {
         class Foo:
             def __new__(cls, x: int): pass
         Foo([x=]1)
-        f[: Foo] = Foo([x=]1)
+        f = Foo([x=]1)
         ---------------------------------------------
         info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
          --> main.py:3:22
@@ -4796,24 +4588,7 @@ mod tests {
         3 |     def __new__(cls, x: int): pass
         4 | Foo([x=]1)
           |      ^
-        5 | f[: Foo] = Foo([x=]1)
-          |
-
-        info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
-         --> main.py:2:7
-          |
-        2 | class Foo:
-          |       ^^^
-        3 |     def __new__(cls, x: int): pass
-        4 | Foo(1)
-          |
-        info: Source
-         --> main2.py:5:5
-          |
-        3 |     def __new__(cls, x: int): pass
-        4 | Foo([x=]1)
-        5 | f[: Foo] = Foo([x=]1)
-          |     ^^^
+        5 | f = Foo([x=]1)
           |
 
         info[inlay-hint-location]: Inlay Hint Target
@@ -4826,22 +4601,13 @@ mod tests {
         5 | f = Foo(1)
           |
         info: Source
-         --> main2.py:5:17
+         --> main2.py:5:10
           |
         3 |     def __new__(cls, x: int): pass
         4 | Foo([x=]1)
-        5 | f[: Foo] = Foo([x=]1)
-          |                 ^
+        5 | f = Foo([x=]1)
+          |          ^
           |
-
-        ---------------------------------------------
-        info[inlay-hint-edit]: File after edits
-        info: Source
-
-        class Foo:
-            def __new__(cls, x: int): pass
-        Foo(1)
-        f: Foo = Foo(1)
         ");
     }
 

crates/ty_project/Cargo.toml

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ rustc-hash = { workspace = true }
 salsa = { workspace = true }
 schemars = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 serde = { workspace = true }
-serde_json = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+serde_json = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = { workspace = true }
 toml = { workspace = true }
 tracing = { workspace = true }
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ default = ["zstd"]
 deflate = ["ty_vendored/deflate"]
 schemars = [
     "dep:schemars",
-    "dep:serde_json",
     "ruff_db/schemars",
     "ruff_python_ast/schemars",
     "ty_python_semantic/schemars",

crates/ty_project/src/metadata.rs

@@ -9,13 +9,15 @@ use ty_python_semantic::ProgramSettings;
 
 use crate::metadata::options::ProjectOptionsOverrides;
 use crate::metadata::pyproject::{Project, PyProject, PyProjectError, ResolveRequiresPythonError};
-use crate::metadata::value::ValueSource;
+use crate::metadata::script::{Pep723Error, Pep723Metadata};
+use crate::metadata::value::{RelativePathBuf, ValueSource};
 pub use options::Options;
 use options::TyTomlError;
 
 mod configuration_file;
 pub mod options;
 pub mod pyproject;
+pub mod script;
 pub mod settings;
 pub mod value;
 
@@ -85,6 +87,32 @@ impl ProjectMetadata {
         )
     }
 
+    /// Loads a project from a `pyproject.toml` file.
+    pub(crate) fn from_script(
+        script: Pep723Metadata,
+        script_path: &SystemPath,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ResolveRequiresPythonError> {
+        let project = Some(&script.to_project());
+        let parent_dir = script_path
+            .parent()
+            .map(ToOwned::to_owned)
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        let mut metadata = Self::from_options(
+            script.tool.and_then(|tool| tool.ty).unwrap_or_default(),
+            parent_dir,
+            project,
+        )?;
+
+        // Try to get `uv sync --script` to setup the venv for us
+        if let Some(python) = script::uv_sync_script(script_path) {
+            let mut environment = metadata.options.environment.unwrap_or_default();
+            environment.python = Some(RelativePathBuf::new(python, ValueSource::Cli));
+            metadata.options.environment = Some(environment);
+        }
+
+        Ok(metadata)
+    }
+
     /// Loads a project from a set of options with an optional pyproject-project table.
     pub fn from_options(
         mut options: Options,
@@ -120,6 +148,46 @@ impl ProjectMetadata {
         })
     }
 
+    pub fn discover_script(
+        path: &SystemPath,
+        system: &dyn System,
+    ) -> Result<ProjectMetadata, ProjectMetadataError> {
+        tracing::debug!("Searching for a PEP-723 Script in '{path}'");
+        if !system.is_file(path) {
+            return Err(ProjectMetadataError::NotAScript(path.to_path_buf()));
+        }
+
+        let script_metadata = if let Ok(script_str) = system.read_to_string(path) {
+            match Pep723Metadata::from_script_str(
+                script_str.as_bytes(),
+                ValueSource::File(Arc::new(path.to_owned())),
+            ) {
+                Ok(Some(pyproject)) => Some(pyproject),
+                Ok(None) => None,
+                Err(error) => {
+                    return Err(ProjectMetadataError::InvalidScript {
+                        path: path.to_owned(),
+                        source: Box::new(error),
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        let Some(script_metadata) = script_metadata else {
+            return Err(ProjectMetadataError::NotAScript(path.to_path_buf()));
+        };
+
+        let metadata = ProjectMetadata::from_script(script_metadata, path).map_err(|err| {
+            ProjectMetadataError::InvalidRequiresPythonConstraint {
+                source: err,
+                path: path.to_owned(),
+            }
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(metadata)
+    }
     /// Discovers the closest project at `path` and returns its metadata.
     ///
     /// The algorithm traverses upwards in the `path`'s ancestor chain and uses the following precedence
@@ -319,12 +387,21 @@ pub enum ProjectMetadataError {
     #[error("project path '{0}' is not a directory")]
     NotADirectory(SystemPathBuf),
 
+    #[error("project path '{0}' is not a PEP-723 script")]
+    NotAScript(SystemPathBuf),
+
     #[error("{path} is not a valid `pyproject.toml`: {source}")]
     InvalidPyProject {
         source: Box<PyProjectError>,
         path: SystemPathBuf,
     },
 
+    #[error("{path} is not a valid PEP-723 script: {source}")]
+    InvalidScript {
+        source: Box<Pep723Error>,
+        path: SystemPathBuf,
+    },
+
     #[error("{path} is not a valid `ty.toml`: {source}")]
     InvalidTyToml {
         source: Box<TyTomlError>,

crates/ty_project/src/metadata/script.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+use std::{io, process::Command, str::FromStr};
+
+use camino::Utf8PathBuf;
+use pep440_rs::VersionSpecifiers;
+use ruff_db::system::{SystemPath, SystemPathBuf};
+use ruff_python_ast::script::ScriptTag;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+use crate::metadata::{
+    pyproject::{Project, Tool},
+    value::{RangedValue, ValueSource, ValueSourceGuard},
+};
+
+/// PEP 723 metadata as parsed from a `script` comment block.
+///
+/// See: <https://peps.python.org/pep-0723/>
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Clone)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "kebab-case")]
+pub struct Pep723Metadata {
+    pub dependencies: Option<RangedValue<Vec<toml::Value>>>,
+    pub requires_python: Option<RangedValue<VersionSpecifiers>>,
+    pub tool: Option<Tool>,
+
+    /// The raw unserialized document.
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub raw: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum Pep723Error {
+    #[error(
+        "An opening tag (`# /// script`) was found without a closing tag (`# ///`). Ensure that every line between the opening and closing tags (including empty lines) starts with a leading `#`."
+    )]
+    UnclosedBlock,
+    #[error("The PEP 723 metadata block is missing from the script.")]
+    MissingTag,
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Io(#[from] io::Error),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Utf8(#[from] std::str::Utf8Error),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Toml(#[from] toml::de::Error),
+    #[error("Invalid filename `{0}` supplied")]
+    InvalidFilename(String),
+}
+
+impl Pep723Metadata {
+    /// Parse the PEP 723 metadata from `stdin`.
+    pub fn from_script_str(
+        contents: &[u8],
+        source: ValueSource,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Self>, Pep723Error> {
+        let _guard = ValueSourceGuard::new(source, true);
+
+        // Extract the `script` tag.
+        let Some(ScriptTag { metadata, .. }) = ScriptTag::parse(contents) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        // Parse the metadata.
+        Ok(Some(Self::from_str(&metadata)?))
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_project(&self) -> Project {
+        Project {
+            name: None,
+            version: None,
+            requires_python: self.requires_python.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+{
+  "schema": {
+    "version": "preview"
+  },
+  "target": "script",
+  "script": {
+    "path": "/Users/myuser/code/myproj/scripts/load-test.py"
+  },
+  "sync": {
+    "environment": {
+      "path": "/Users/myuser/.cache/uv/environments-v2/load-test-d6edaf5bfab110a8",
+      "python": {
+        "path": "/Users/myuser/.cache/uv/environments-v2/load-test-d6edaf5bfab110a8/bin/python3",
+        "version": "3.14.0",
+        "implementation": "cpython"
+      }
+    },
+    "action": "check"
+  },
+  "lock": null,
+  "dry_run": false
+}
+*/
+
+/// The output of `uv sync --output-format=json --script ...`
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+struct UvMetadata {
+    sync: Option<UvSync>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+struct UvSync {
+    environment: Option<UvEnvironment>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+struct UvEnvironment {
+    path: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// Ask `uv` to sync the script's venv to some temp dir so we can analyze dependencies properly
+///
+/// Returns the path to the venv on success
+pub fn uv_sync_script(script_path: &SystemPath) -> Option<SystemPathBuf> {
+    tracing::info!("Asking uv to sync the script's venv");
+    let mut command = Command::new("uv");
+    command
+        .arg("sync")
+        .arg("--output-format=json")
+        .arg("--script")
+        .arg(script_path.as_str());
+    let output = command
+        .output()
+        .inspect_err(|e| {
+            tracing::info!(
+                "failed to run `uv sync --output-format=json --script {script_path}`: {e}"
+            );
+        })
+        .ok()?;
+    let metadata: UvMetadata = serde_json::from_slice(&output.stdout)
+        .inspect_err(|e| {
+            tracing::info!(
+                "failed to parse `uv sync --output-format=json --script {script_path}`: {e}"
+            );
+        })
+        .ok()?;
+    let env_path = metadata.sync?.environment?.path?;
+    let utf8_path = Utf8PathBuf::from(env_path);
+    Some(SystemPathBuf::from_utf8_path_buf(utf8_path))
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Pep723Metadata {
+    type Err = toml::de::Error;
+
+    /// Parse `Pep723Metadata` from a raw TOML string.
+    fn from_str(raw: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let metadata = toml::from_str(raw)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            raw: raw.to_string(),
+            ..metadata
+        })
+    }
+}

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/sqlalchemy.md

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ python-platform = "linux"
 dependencies = ["SQLAlchemy==2.0.44"]
 ```
 
-## Basic model
+## ORM Model
 
-Here, we mostly make sure that ty understands SQLAlchemy's dataclass-transformer setup:
+This test makes sure that ty understands SQLAlchemy's `dataclass_transform` setup:
 
 ```py
 from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
@@ -40,14 +40,12 @@ reveal_type(User.__init__)  # revealed: def __init__(self, **kw: Any) -> Unknown
 invalid_user = User(invalid_arg=42)
 ```
 
-## Queries
+## Basic query example
 
-First, the basic setup:
+First, set up a `Session`:
 
 ```py
-from datetime import datetime
-
-from sqlalchemy import select, Integer, Text, Boolean, DateTime
+from sqlalchemy import select, Integer, Text, Boolean
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
 from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ engine = create_engine("sqlite://example.db")
 session = Session(engine)
 ```
 
-Now we can declare a simple model:
+And define a simple model:
 
 ```py
 class Base(DeclarativeBase):
@@ -71,7 +69,7 @@ class User(Base):
     is_admin: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False)
 ```
 
-And perform simple queries:
+Finally, we can execute queries:
 
 ```py
 stmt = select(User)
@@ -84,21 +82,27 @@ for row in session.execute(stmt):
     reveal_type(row)  # revealed: Row[tuple[User]]
 
 stmt = select(User).where(User.name == "Alice")
-alice = session.scalars(stmt).first()
-reveal_type(alice)  # revealed: User | None
+alice1 = session.scalars(stmt).first()
+reveal_type(alice1)  # revealed: User | None
 
+alice2 = session.scalar(stmt)
+reveal_type(alice2)  # revealed: User | None
+
+result = session.execute(stmt)
+row = result.one_or_none()
+assert row is not None
+(alice3,) = row._tuple()
+reveal_type(alice3)  # revealed: User
+```
+
+This also works with more complex queries:
+
+```py
 stmt = select(User).where(User.is_admin == True).order_by(User.name).limit(10)
 admin_users = session.scalars(stmt).all()
 reveal_type(admin_users)  # revealed: Sequence[User]
 ```
 
-This also works with the legacy `query` API:
-
-```py
-users_legacy = session.query(User).all()
-reveal_type(users_legacy)  # revealed: list[User]
-```
-
 We can also specify particular columns to select:
 
 ```py
@@ -106,19 +110,101 @@ stmt = select(User.id, User.name)
 # TODO: should be `Select[tuple[int, str]]`
 reveal_type(stmt)  # revealed: Select[tuple[Unknown, Unknown]]
 
+ids_and_names = session.execute(stmt).all()
+# TODO: should be `Sequence[Row[tuple[int, str]]]`
+reveal_type(ids_and_names)  # revealed: Sequence[Row[tuple[Unknown, Unknown]]]
+
 for row in session.execute(stmt):
-    # TODO: should be `Row[Tuple[int, str]]`
+    # TODO: should be `Row[tuple[int, str]]`
     reveal_type(row)  # revealed: Row[tuple[Unknown, Unknown]]
+
+for user_id, name in session.execute(stmt).tuples():
+    # TODO: should be `int`
+    reveal_type(user_id)  # revealed: Unknown
+    # TODO: should be `str`
+    reveal_type(name)  # revealed: Unknown
+
+result = session.execute(stmt)
+row = result.one_or_none()
+assert row is not None
+(user_id, name) = row._tuple()
+# TODO: should be `int`
+reveal_type(user_id)  # revealed: Unknown
+# TODO: should be `str`
+reveal_type(name)  # revealed: Unknown
+
+stmt = select(User.id).where(User.name == "Alice")
+
+# TODO: should be `Select[tuple[int]]`
+reveal_type(stmt)  # revealed: Select[tuple[Unknown]]
+
+alice_id = session.scalars(stmt).first()
+# TODO: should be `int | None`
+reveal_type(alice_id)  # revealed: Unknown | None
+
+alice_id = session.scalar(stmt)
+# TODO: should be `int | None`
+reveal_type(alice_id)  # revealed: Unknown | None
 ```
 
-And similarly with the legacy `query` API:
+Using the legacy `query` API also works:
+
+```py
+users_legacy = session.query(User).all()
+reveal_type(users_legacy)  # revealed: list[User]
+
+query = session.query(User)
+reveal_type(query)  # revealed: Query[User]
+
+reveal_type(query.all())  # revealed: list[User]
+
+for row in query:
+    reveal_type(row)  # revealed: User
+```
+
+And similarly when specifying particular columns:
 
 ```py
 query = session.query(User.id, User.name)
 # TODO: should be `RowReturningQuery[tuple[int, str]]`
 reveal_type(query)  # revealed: RowReturningQuery[tuple[Unknown, Unknown]]
 
-for row in query.all():
-    # TODO: should be `Row[Tuple[int, str]]`
+# TODO: should be `list[Row[tuple[int, str]]]`
+reveal_type(query.all())  # revealed: list[Row[tuple[Unknown, Unknown]]]
+
+for row in query:
+    # TODO: should be `Row[tuple[int, str]]`
     reveal_type(row)  # revealed: Row[tuple[Unknown, Unknown]]
 ```
+
+## Async API
+
+The async API is supported as well:
+
+```py
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+from sqlalchemy import select, Integer, Text
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
+
+class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+    pass
+
+class User(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "users"
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+    name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(Text)
+
+async def test_async(session: AsyncSession):
+    stmt = select(User).where(User.name == "Alice")
+    alice = await session.scalar(stmt)
+    reveal_type(alice)  # revealed: User | None
+
+    stmt = select(User.id, User.name)
+    result = await session.execute(stmt)
+    for user_id, name in result.tuples():
+        # TODO: should be `int`
+        reveal_type(user_id)  # revealed: Unknown
+        # TODO: should be `str`
+        reveal_type(name)  # revealed: Unknown
+```

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/generics/legacy/paramspec.md

@@ -102,6 +102,38 @@ Other values are invalid.
 P4 = ParamSpec("P4", default=int)
 ```
 
+### `default` parameter in `typing_extensions.ParamSpec`
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-version = "3.12"
+```
+
+The `default` parameter to `ParamSpec` is available from `typing_extensions` in Python 3.12 and
+earlier.
+
+```py
+from typing import ParamSpec
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec as ExtParamSpec
+
+# This shouldn't emit a diagnostic
+P1 = ExtParamSpec("P1", default=[int, str])
+
+# But, this should
+# error: [invalid-paramspec] "The `default` parameter of `typing.ParamSpec` was added in Python 3.13"
+P2 = ParamSpec("P2", default=[int, str])
+```
+
+And, it allows the same set of values as `typing.ParamSpec`.
+
+```py
+P3 = ExtParamSpec("P3", default=...)
+P4 = ExtParamSpec("P4", default=P3)
+
+# error: [invalid-paramspec]
+P5 = ExtParamSpec("P5", default=int)
+```
+
 ### Forward references in stub files
 
 Stubs natively support forward references, so patterns that would raise `NameError` at runtime are

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/invalid_syntax.md

@@ -128,3 +128,16 @@ InvalidEmptyUnion = Union[]
 def _(u: InvalidEmptyUnion):
     reveal_type(u)  # revealed: Unknown
 ```
+
+### `typing.Annotated`
+
+```py
+from typing import Annotated
+
+# error: [invalid-syntax] "Expected index or slice expression"
+# error: [invalid-type-form] "Special form `typing.Annotated` expected at least 2 arguments (one type and at least one metadata element)"
+InvalidEmptyAnnotated = Annotated[]
+
+def _(a: InvalidEmptyAnnotated):
+    reveal_type(a)  # revealed: Unknown
+```

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/regression/paramspec_on_python39.md

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# `ParamSpec` regression on 3.9
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-version = "3.9"
+```
+
+This used to panic when run on Python 3.9 because `ParamSpec` was introduced in Python 3.10 and the
+diagnostic message for `invalid-exception-caught` expects to construct `typing.ParamSpec`.
+
+```py
+# error: [invalid-syntax]
+def foo[**P]() -> None:
+    try:
+        pass
+    # error: [invalid-exception-caught] "Invalid object caught in an exception handler: Object has type `typing.ParamSpec`"
+    except P:
+        pass
+```

crates/ty_python_semantic/src/diagnostic.rs

@@ -58,9 +58,8 @@ pub fn add_inferred_python_version_hint_to_diagnostic(
                     SubDiagnosticSeverity::Info,
                     format_args!("Python {version} was assumed when {action}"),
                 );
-                sub_diagnostic.annotate(Annotation::primary(span).message(format_args!(
-                    "Python {version} assumed due to this configuration setting"
-                )));
+                sub_diagnostic
+                    .annotate(Annotation::primary(span).message("Python version configuration"));
                 diagnostic.sub(sub_diagnostic);
             } else {
                 diagnostic.info(format_args!(
@@ -76,10 +75,8 @@ pub fn add_inferred_python_version_hint_to_diagnostic(
                         "Python {version} was assumed when {action} because of your virtual environment"
                     ),
                 );
-                sub_diagnostic.annotate(
-                    Annotation::primary(span)
-                        .message("Python version inferred from virtual environment metadata file"),
-                );
+                sub_diagnostic
+                    .annotate(Annotation::primary(span).message("Virtual environment metadata"));
                 // TODO: it would also be nice to tell them how we resolved their virtual environment...
                 diagnostic.sub(sub_diagnostic);
             } else {

crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/class.rs

@@ -4168,6 +4168,8 @@ pub enum KnownClass {
     SpecialForm,
     TypeVar,
     ParamSpec,
+    // typing_extensions.ParamSpec
+    ExtensionsParamSpec, // must be distinct from typing.ParamSpec, backports new features
     ParamSpecArgs,
     ParamSpecKwargs,
     ProtocolMeta,
@@ -4239,6 +4241,7 @@ impl KnownClass {
             | Self::TypeVar
             | Self::ExtensionsTypeVar
             | Self::ParamSpec
+            | Self::ExtensionsParamSpec
             | Self::ParamSpecArgs
             | Self::ParamSpecKwargs
             | Self::TypeVarTuple
@@ -4371,6 +4374,7 @@ impl KnownClass {
             | KnownClass::TypeVar
             | KnownClass::ExtensionsTypeVar
             | KnownClass::ParamSpec
+            | KnownClass::ExtensionsParamSpec
             | KnownClass::ParamSpecArgs
             | KnownClass::ParamSpecKwargs
             | KnownClass::TypeVarTuple
@@ -4457,6 +4461,7 @@ impl KnownClass {
             | KnownClass::TypeVar
             | KnownClass::ExtensionsTypeVar
             | KnownClass::ParamSpec
+            | KnownClass::ExtensionsParamSpec
             | KnownClass::ParamSpecArgs
             | KnownClass::ParamSpecKwargs
             | KnownClass::TypeVarTuple
@@ -4543,6 +4548,7 @@ impl KnownClass {
             | KnownClass::TypeVar
             | KnownClass::ExtensionsTypeVar
             | KnownClass::ParamSpec
+            | KnownClass::ExtensionsParamSpec
             | KnownClass::ParamSpecArgs
             | KnownClass::ParamSpecKwargs
             | KnownClass::TypeVarTuple
@@ -4634,6 +4640,7 @@ impl KnownClass {
             | Self::TypeVar
             | Self::ExtensionsTypeVar
             | Self::ParamSpec
+            | Self::ExtensionsParamSpec
             | Self::ParamSpecArgs
             | Self::ParamSpecKwargs
             | Self::TypeVarTuple
@@ -4733,6 +4740,7 @@ impl KnownClass {
             | KnownClass::TypeVar
             | KnownClass::ExtensionsTypeVar
             | KnownClass::ParamSpec
+            | KnownClass::ExtensionsParamSpec
             | KnownClass::ParamSpecArgs
             | KnownClass::ParamSpecKwargs
             | KnownClass::ProtocolMeta
@@ -4806,6 +4814,7 @@ impl KnownClass {
             Self::TypeVar => "TypeVar",
             Self::ExtensionsTypeVar => "TypeVar",
             Self::ParamSpec => "ParamSpec",
+            Self::ExtensionsParamSpec => "ParamSpec",
             Self::ParamSpecArgs => "ParamSpecArgs",
             Self::ParamSpecKwargs => "ParamSpecKwargs",
             Self::TypeVarTuple => "TypeVarTuple",
@@ -5139,11 +5148,18 @@ impl KnownClass {
             Self::TypeAliasType
             | Self::ExtensionsTypeVar
             | Self::TypeVarTuple
-            | Self::ParamSpec
+            | Self::ExtensionsParamSpec
             | Self::ParamSpecArgs
             | Self::ParamSpecKwargs
             | Self::Deprecated
             | Self::NewType => KnownModule::TypingExtensions,
+            Self::ParamSpec => {
+                if Program::get(db).python_version(db) >= PythonVersion::PY310 {
+                    KnownModule::Typing
+                } else {
+                    KnownModule::TypingExtensions
+                }
+            }
             Self::NoDefaultType => {
                 let python_version = Program::get(db).python_version(db);
 
@@ -5247,6 +5263,7 @@ impl KnownClass {
             | Self::TypeVar
             | Self::ExtensionsTypeVar
             | Self::ParamSpec
+            | Self::ExtensionsParamSpec
             | Self::ParamSpecArgs
             | Self::ParamSpecKwargs
             | Self::TypeVarTuple
@@ -5337,6 +5354,7 @@ impl KnownClass {
             | Self::TypeVar
             | Self::ExtensionsTypeVar
             | Self::ParamSpec
+            | Self::ExtensionsParamSpec
             | Self::ParamSpecArgs
             | Self::ParamSpecKwargs
             | Self::TypeVarTuple
@@ -5420,7 +5438,7 @@ impl KnownClass {
             "Iterable" => &[Self::Iterable],
             "Iterator" => &[Self::Iterator],
             "Mapping" => &[Self::Mapping],
-            "ParamSpec" => &[Self::ParamSpec],
+            "ParamSpec" => &[Self::ParamSpec, Self::ExtensionsParamSpec],
             "ParamSpecArgs" => &[Self::ParamSpecArgs],
             "ParamSpecKwargs" => &[Self::ParamSpecKwargs],
             "TypeVarTuple" => &[Self::TypeVarTuple],
@@ -5542,6 +5560,8 @@ impl KnownClass {
             | Self::TypedDictFallback
             | Self::TypeVar
             | Self::ExtensionsTypeVar
+            | Self::ParamSpec
+            | Self::ExtensionsParamSpec
             | Self::NamedTupleLike
             | Self::ConstraintSet
             | Self::GenericContext
@@ -5555,7 +5575,6 @@ impl KnownClass {
             | Self::TypeAliasType
             | Self::NoDefaultType
             | Self::SupportsIndex
-            | Self::ParamSpec
             | Self::ParamSpecArgs
             | Self::ParamSpecKwargs
             | Self::TypeVarTuple
@@ -5970,6 +5989,7 @@ mod tests {
                     KnownClass::Member | KnownClass::Nonmember | KnownClass::StrEnum => {
                         PythonVersion::PY311
                     }
+                    KnownClass::ParamSpec => PythonVersion::PY310,
                     _ => PythonVersion::PY37,
                 };
                 (class, version_added)

crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/infer/builder.rs

@@ -5033,9 +5033,15 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
                         ) => {
                             self.infer_legacy_typevar(target, call_expr, definition, typevar_class)
                         }
-                        Some(KnownClass::ParamSpec) => {
-                            self.infer_paramspec(target, call_expr, definition)
-                        }
+                        Some(
+                            paramspec_class @ (KnownClass::ParamSpec
+                            | KnownClass::ExtensionsParamSpec),
+                        ) => self.infer_legacy_paramspec(
+                            target,
+                            call_expr,
+                            definition,
+                            paramspec_class,
+                        ),
                         Some(KnownClass::NewType) => {
                             self.infer_newtype_expression(target, call_expr, definition)
                         }
@@ -5080,11 +5086,12 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
         target_ty
     }
 
-    fn infer_paramspec(
+    fn infer_legacy_paramspec(
         &mut self,
         target: &ast::Expr,
         call_expr: &ast::ExprCall,
         definition: Definition<'db>,
+        known_class: KnownClass,
     ) -> Type<'db> {
         fn error<'db>(
             context: &InferContext<'db, '_>,
@@ -5101,7 +5108,8 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
 
         let db = self.db();
         let arguments = &call_expr.arguments;
-        let assume_all_features = self.in_stub();
+        let is_typing_extensions = known_class == KnownClass::ExtensionsParamSpec;
+        let assume_all_features = self.in_stub() || is_typing_extensions;
         let python_version = Program::get(db).python_version(db);
         let have_features_from =
             |version: PythonVersion| assume_all_features || python_version >= version;
@@ -5594,7 +5602,10 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
             self.infer_type_expression(&bound.value);
         }
         if let Some(default) = arguments.find_keyword("default") {
-            if let Some(KnownClass::ParamSpec) = known_class {
+            if matches!(
+                known_class,
+                Some(KnownClass::ParamSpec | KnownClass::ExtensionsParamSpec)
+            ) {
                 self.infer_paramspec_default(&default.value);
             } else {
                 self.infer_type_expression(&default.value);
@@ -8440,7 +8451,7 @@ impl<'db, 'ast> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, 'ast> {
                             );
                         }
                     }
-                    Some(KnownClass::ParamSpec) => {
+                    Some(KnownClass::ParamSpec | KnownClass::ExtensionsParamSpec) => {
                         if let Some(builder) = self
                             .context
                             .report_lint(&INVALID_PARAMSPEC, call_expression)

crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/infer/builder/type_expression.rs

@@ -1172,7 +1172,11 @@ impl<'db> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db, '_> {
                     )
                     .in_type_expression(db, self.scope(), None)
                     .unwrap_or_else(|err| err.into_fallback_type(&self.context, subscript, true));
-                self.store_expression_type(arguments_slice, ty);
+                // Only store on the tuple slice; non-tuple cases are handled by
+                // `infer_subscript_load_impl` via `infer_expression`.
+                if arguments_slice.is_tuple_expr() {
+                    self.store_expression_type(arguments_slice, ty);
+                }
                 ty
             }
             SpecialFormType::Literal => match self.infer_literal_parameter_type(arguments_slice) {

crates/ty_server/src/server/api/diagnostics.rs

@@ -349,6 +349,7 @@ pub(super) fn to_lsp_diagnostic(
             sub_diagnostic
                 .annotations()
                 .iter()
+                .filter(|annotation| !annotation.is_primary())
                 .filter_map(|annotation| {
                     annotation_to_related_information(db, annotation, encoding)
                 }),

crates/ty_test/src/matcher.rs

@@ -427,10 +427,16 @@ mod tests {
             let mut diag = if self.id == DiagnosticId::RevealedType {
                 Diagnostic::new(self.id, Severity::Error, "Revealed type")
             } else {
-                Diagnostic::new(self.id, Severity::Error, "")
+                Diagnostic::new(self.id, Severity::Error, self.message)
             };
             let span = Span::from(file).with_range(self.range);
-            diag.annotate(Annotation::primary(span).message(self.message));
+            let mut annotation = Annotation::primary(span);
+
+            if self.id == DiagnosticId::RevealedType {
+                annotation = annotation.message(self.message);
+            }
+
+            diag.annotate(annotation);
             diag
         }
     }

python/py-fuzzer/fuzz.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ from collections.abc import Callable
 from dataclasses import KW_ONLY, dataclass
 from functools import partial
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import NewType, NoReturn, assert_never
+from typing import Final, NewType, NoReturn, assert_never
 
 from pysource_codegen import generate as generate_random_code
 from pysource_minimize import CouldNotMinimize, minimize as minimize_repro
@@ -44,6 +44,12 @@ MinimizedSourceCode = NewType("MinimizedSourceCode", str)
 Seed = NewType("Seed", int)
 ExitCode = NewType("ExitCode", int)
 
+TY_TARGET_PLATFORM: Final = "linux"
+
+# ty supports `--python-version=3.8`, but typeshed only supports 3.9+,
+# so that's probably the oldest version we can usefully test with.
+OLDEST_SUPPORTED_PYTHON: Final = "3.9"
+
 
 def ty_contains_bug(code: str, *, ty_executable: Path) -> bool:
     """Return `True` if the code triggers a panic in type-checking code."""
@@ -51,7 +57,17 @@ def ty_contains_bug(code: str, *, ty_executable: Path) -> bool:
         input_file = Path(tempdir, "input.py")
         input_file.write_text(code)
         completed_process = subprocess.run(
-            [ty_executable, "check", input_file], capture_output=True, text=True
+            [
+                ty_executable,
+                "check",
+                input_file,
+                "--python-version",
+                OLDEST_SUPPORTED_PYTHON,
+                "--python-platform",
+                TY_TARGET_PLATFORM,
+            ],
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
         )
     return completed_process.returncode not in {0, 1, 2}
 
@@ -137,7 +153,10 @@ class FuzzResult:
                 case Executable.RUFF:
                     panic_message = f"The following code triggers a {new}parser bug:"
                 case Executable.TY:
-                    panic_message = f"The following code triggers a {new}ty panic:"
+                    panic_message = (
+                        f"The following code triggers a {new}ty panic with "
+                        f"`--python-version={OLDEST_SUPPORTED_PYTHON} --python-platform={TY_TARGET_PLATFORM}`:"
+                    )
                 case _ as unreachable:
                     assert_never(unreachable)
 

python/py-fuzzer/pyproject.toml

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ requires = ["hatchling"]
 build-backend = "hatchling.build"
 
 [dependency-groups]
-dev = ["mypy", "ruff"]
+dev = ["mypy", "ruff", "ty"]
 
 [tool.hatch.build.targets.wheel]
 include = ["fuzz.py"]

python/py-fuzzer/uv.lock

@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ dependencies = [
 dev = [
     { name = "mypy" },
     { name = "ruff" },
+    { name = "ty" },
 ]
 
 [package.metadata]
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ requires-dist = [
 dev = [
     { name = "mypy" },
     { name = "ruff" },
+    { name = "ty" },
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -196,6 +198,31 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/4f/bd/de8d508070629b6d84a30d01d57e4a65c69aa7f5abe7560b8fad3b50ea59/termcolor-3.1.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:591dd26b5c2ce03b9e43f391264626557873ce1d379019786f99b0c2bee140aa", size = 7684, upload-time = "2025-04-30T11:37:52.382Z" },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ty"
+version = "0.0.1a32"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/26/92/8da015685fb83734a2a83de02080e64d182509de77fa9bcf3eed12eeab4b/ty-0.0.1a32.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:12f62e8a3dd0eaeb9557d74b1c32f0616ae40eae10a4f411e1e2a73225f67ff2", size = 4689151, upload-time = "2025-12-05T21:04:26.885Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/2a/e6/fdc35c9ba047f16afdfedf36fb51c221e0190ccde9f70ee28e77084d6612/ty-0.0.1a32-py3-none-linux_armv6l.whl", hash = "sha256:ffe595eaf616f06f58f951766477830a55c2502d2c9f77dde8f60d9a836e0645", size = 9673128, upload-time = "2025-12-05T21:04:17.702Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/19/20/eaff31048e2f309f37478f7d715c8de9f9bab03cba4758da27b9311147af/ty-0.0.1a32-py3-none-macosx_10_12_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:07f1dce88ad6028fb14665aefe4e6697012c34bd48edd37d02b7eb6a833dbf62", size = 9434094, upload-time = "2025-12-05T21:04:03.383Z" },
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